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Orbital Mechanics and Keplers Laws

Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

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Page 1: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Orbital  Mechanics  and  Kepler’s  Laws

Page 2: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

What  is  the  best  baseball  team  in  Southern  California?

The  Angels

The  Dodgers

A  Simple  Intelligence  Test

x

A

B

Page 3: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

An  Angstrom  is  the  most  suitable  unit  for  describing  a  measurement  of

The  distance  from  the  earth  to  the  sun

A  small  angle

The  wavelength  of  visible  light

The  speed  of  light

A

B

C

D

Page 4: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

(N  × X)  × 10M  × Y

(N  +  M)  × 10X  +  Y

(N  × M)  × 10X  × Y

(N  × M)  × 10X  +  Y

Multiplying  together  two  numbers  N  × 10X and    M  × 10Y in  scientific  notation  yields:

A

B

C

D

Page 5: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Orbits  and  Kepler• One  of  the  first  challenges  to  astronomy  was  the  explanation  of  retrograde motion  (the  apparent  “backtracking” of  planets)  

• Ptolemy,  working  with  an  earth-­centered  model,  used  epicycles  (circles  on  circles)Interactive  Figure  3.15

• Copernicus  proposed  a  sun-­centered  system,  but  still  used  circles

• Kepler  solved  the  problem  in  the  early  17th  century

Page 6: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Kepler’s  Laws• 1st  Law  -­ The  Planets  move  in  elliptical  orbits  with  the  Sun  at  one  focus

• 2nd  Law  -­ Orbits  sweep  out  equal  areas  in  equal  times

• 3rd  Law  -­ More  distant  planets  orbit  at  slower  average  speeds,  obeying  a  simple  mathematical  relationship

where  p is  the  period of  an  orbit,  and  a is  the  semi-­major  axis of  the  planet’s  orbit

p2 ∝ a3

Page 7: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Halley’s comet 17.8 0.967 75.3 1.0054

Solar  system  data

Page 8: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Kepler’s  2nd  Law“Equal  areas  in  equal  times”

• In  a  given  time,  a  line  connecting  the  Sun  to  the  planet  will  sweep  out  an  area  that  is  the  same  in  all  parts  of  the  orbit  (Int.  Fig.  3.20)

• Thus,  the  planet  moves  faster when  it  is  closer to  the  Sun  (Int.  Fig.  Kepler  II)

Page 9: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Kepler’s  2nd  Law  Quiz  I  

The  planet  shown  in  the  drawing  obeys  Kepler’s  Second  Law.    At  which  lettered  position  is  the  planet  speeding  up?

A

B

C

ED

Page 10: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Kepler’s  2nd  Law  Quiz  II  The  planet  shown  in  the  drawing  obeys  Kepler’s  Second  Law.    Each  lettered  position  represents  a  particular  day  during  the  year.    During  which  day  (at  which  lettered  position)  will  the  planet  move  the  shortest  distance?

A

B

C

ED

Page 11: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Kepler’s  2nd  Law  Quiz  III  Which  of  the  three  orbits  shown  below  would  you  say  most  closely  matches  the  shape  of  Earth’s  orbit  around  the  Sun?  

A

B

C

Page 12: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Kepler’s  2nd  Law  Quiz  IV  Which  of  the  three  orbits  shown  below  would  you  say  most  closely  matches  the  shape  of  Halley’s  comet’s  orbit  around  the  Sun?

A

B

C

Page 13: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Kepler’s  3rd  Law• Kepler’s  3rd  Law  concerns  the  relationship  between  the  semi-­major  axis  (a) of  a  planet  from  the  Sun  and  its  orbital  period  (p)

• The  smaller  the  orbit  (a),  the  shorter  its  period  (p)

• This  is  both  because  the  distance  traveled  each  period  is  shorter and  because  the  closer  planets  move  faster  (Interactive  Figure  7.1)

• Kepler’s  3rd  Law  can  be  expressed  mathematically  as  

• In  “solar  system  units” (p  in  yrs,  a  in  AU)  this  becomes

p 2 =  a3

• Note  that  the  period  (and  speed)  do  notdepend  on  the  planet’s  mass

p2 ∝ a3

Page 14: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Kepler’s  3nd  LawPeriod2 Distance3∝

Page 15: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Halley’s comet 17.8 0.967 75.3 1.0054

Solar  system  data

Page 16: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Kepler’s  3rd  Law  Quiz  I  If  a  small  chunk  of  rock  and  the  large  International  Space  Station  are  orbiting  Earth  at  the  same  altitude  above  Earth’s  surface,  which  object  takes  longer  to  orbit  once  around  Earth?

The  large  space  station

The  small  chunk  of  rock

They  would  take  the  same  amount  of  time

A

B

C

Page 17: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Kepler’s  3rd  Law  Quiz  II  Consider  a  planet  orbiting  the  Sun.    If  the  orbital  distance  of  the  planet  doubled,  then  the  planet  would  take

More  than  twice  as  long  to  orbit  the  Sun

Exactly  twice  as  long  to  orbit  the  Sun

The  same  amount  of  time  to  orbit  the  Sun

Exactly  half  as  long  to  orbit  the  Sun

Less  than  half  as  long  to  orbit  the  Sun

A

B

C

D

E

Page 18: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Kepler’s  3rd  Law  Quiz  III  Consider  a  planet  orbiting  the  Sun.    If  the  mass  of  the  planet  doubled,  then  the  planet  would  take

More  than  twice  as  long  to  orbit  the  Sun

Exactly  twice  as  long  to  orbit  the  Sun

The  same  amount  of  time  to  orbit  the  Sun

Exactly  half  as  long  to  orbit  the  Sun

Less  than  half  as  long  to  orbit  the  Sun

A

B

C

D

E

Page 19: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

A  comet’s  orbit  has  an  eccentricity  e=0.8.      How  many  times  faster  is  the  comet  moving  at  perihelion  versus  aphelion?

A

B

C

D

3

4

5

9

Page 20: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

A  new  planet  is  discovered  orbiting  a  2  M¤ star  with  a  period  of  16  years.  

What  is  the  semi-­major  axis  of  that  planet’s  orbit?

A

B

C

D

6  AU

8  AU

16  AU

22  AU

Page 21: Orbital(Mechanicsand( Kepler sLawsalrudolph/classes/phy424/PDF/B2_Kepler.pdf · Kepler’s3rd(Law(QuizII(Consider(a(planet(orbiting(the(Sun.((If(the(orbital(distance(of(the(planet(doubled,(then(the(planet(would(take

Center-­of-­mass