!!!!ORCS

!ANEPIC!!!!!!!!!!!

DavidAshford!

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KELKUMI!I

BURZUMI!I

AKHAGUM-I!I

A!I GURUM

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!

TABLEOFCONTENTS!!! Prologue 7

ORCS:anepic

I.MountDoom 15

II.Uruk-Hai 23

III.TheScouring 31

Appendices

A.NotesontheText 39

B.TheGoblinScript 55

C.OrquianSong 59

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!!!!!!!!!!“AfrightfulhobgoblinstalksthroughoutEurope.”

—Marx,Engels,Macfarlane.!

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PROLOGUE!I

ConcerningOrcs!A spectre begins by coming back. A frightful hobgoblin

appears apropos nothing. Familiar to most English readers

through the Samuel Moore translation of 1888, the famous

spectre one remembers haunting the opening line of The

CommunistManifesto (1848) is a latearrival inEngland, too

late for the [irst English version produced by the Chartist

writer Helen Macfarlane and published by the journal Red

Republican in 1850. Das Gespenst des Kommunismus: the

thing expectedwill not appear. Instead—EinWechselbalg!

— ‘A frightfulHobgoblinstalks throughoutEurope’.Andthis

mightormightnotbethespiritthatfollows:‘Wearehaunted

by a ghost, the ghost of Communism. All the Powers of the

Pasthavejoinedinaholycrusadetolaythisghosttorest…’ 1!Deridedeversinceasacomicalandperverserenderingofthe

Germanoriginal,Macfarlane’sfrightfulHobgoblinshouldnot

be so simply dismissed. As David Black’s remarkable and

richlyrewardinginvestigationintothewriter’slifeandwork

has established,Macfarlane’s knowledge and understanding

of theGermanphilosophywasonly equalled at that time in

the United Kingdom by the novelist George Eliot, and no

!�7

‘Manifesto of the German Communist Party’, Marx and Engels, 1

translated by Helen Macfarlane, Red Republican, ed. David Black (London: Unkant, 2014), 119.

subsequentEnglishtranslatorhasbeenbetterplacedtogain

insights into the composition of the Manifesto than

Macfarlane,who befriendedKarlMarx and Friedrich Engels

shortly after the beginning of their exile following the

counter-revolutionsof1848. Ina letter toEngels,written in

February1851,MarxdescribedMacfarlaneas‘ararebird’—

‘the only collaborator on [the Red Republican] who had

original ideas…’ Herdecision to translateDasGespenst as a2

Hobgoblin therefore merits attention. Not least because it

maintains a distinction between the spectre (Gespenst) and

theSpirit(Geist).!AsJacquesDerridaoncenoted,thespectreandthespiritare

not the same thing, though the spectre is of the spirit and

participatesinitevenasitfollowsandreiteratesit:aghostly

double. ‘The difference between the two is precisely what3

tends todisappear in theghosteffect, justas theconceptof

suchadifferenceortheargumentativemovementthatputsit

to work in the rhetoric tends to vanish.’ In the course of4

sharpening this difference, Derrida observes that ‘what

distinguishes the spectre or the revenant from the spirit,

including the spirit in the sense of the ghost in general, is

doubtlessasupernaturalandparadoxicalphenomenality,the

furtive and ungraspable visibility of the invisible, or an

!�8

Marx to Engels, 23 February 1851. MECW Vol 38, 291. Schoyen’s 2

translation, Chartist Challenge, 215. Reproduced in Macfarlane, xxviii.

Jacques Derrida, Specters of Marx, trans. Peggy Kamuf (London: 3

Routledge, 1994), 5.

Ibid., 157.4

invisibility of a visible X…’ That is to say, a spectre is5

producedbyanincarnationofspirit:‘Onceideasorthoughts

(Gedanke) are detached from their substratum, one

engenders [the spectre] by giving them a body. Not by

returning to the living body fromwhich ideas and thoughts

havebeentornloose,butbyincarnatingthelatterinanother

artiCicial body, a prosthetic body’. And in the chapters that6

follow,Derridasuggeststhecommodity-fetishthatappearsin

Das Kapital would be the given, or rather lent, borrowed

body… 7

Thewood comes alive and is peopledwith spirits: credulity, occultism, obscurantism, lack ofmaturity beforeEnlightenment,childishorprimitivehuman- ity.…But,inversely,thespirit,soul,orlifethatanim- ates it remains caught in the opaque and heavy thingness of the hulē, in the inert thick-ness of its ligneous body, autonomy no more than the mask of automatism… The automatonmimes the living. The Thing is neither dead nor alive, it is dead and aliveatthesametime.Itsurvives.Atoncecunning, inventive, and machine-like, igneous and unpred- ictable, thiswarmachine is a theatricalmachine, a mekhanē.Whatonehas justseencross thestage is anapparition,aquasi-divinity—fallenfromthesky orcomeoutoftheearth. 8!Here, Derrida could be describing the hobgoblin that has

proliferatedintheWest intheModernEra.Fromthegoblins

that haunt the earliest printing-presses and the renaissance

!�9

Ibid., 6.5

Ibid., 158.6

Ibid., 158.7

Ibid., 191-193.8

theatre, to the orcs that now thrive in paperbacks, tabletop

RPG,videogamesandblockbustercinematicfranchises,these

creatures from folklore have drawn increasing and uncanny

vitality from each generation of mass-media entertainment

technology,acquiringatlastwiththemostrecentadvancesin

CGI bodies entirely spectral. No longer requiring even the

silicon prosthetics needed for “practical” orcs, Azog the

De[iler,theleadantagonistinPeterJackson’sHobbittrilogy,is

a digital image created by VFX companyWeta Digital using

real-time facial- and motion-capture and muscle-simulation

software—rotoscopedoverliveactionelementsobtainedon

Red Epic cameras at a resolution of 5K and 48 f.p.s. via a

diversity map and integrated using 3D: white, brutal and

beautiful, this phantasmal war-machine is a theatrical

wonder that compels one to recall the spectacular

inventiveness of ‘the wizard who evoked the powers of

darkness, but could neithermaster them, nor yet get rid of

themwhentheyhadcomeathisbidding.’ 9!LikeDasGespenst,theHobgoblinisanapparitionthatseems

toembodyevenasitrefusesmerelytorepresenttheghostof

thathistoricalprocesswhichunderlies itsevolution intothe

“Orc”.Andthistensionispeculiarlyapparentinthewritingof

themanprimarilyresponsibleforthisdevelopment.‘Thereis

no “symbolism” or conscious allegory in my story’, insisted

J.R.R.Tolkien.‘ToaskiftheOrcs“are”Communistsistomeas

!�10

Dave Trumbore, interview with Joe Letteri of Weta Digital at Collider - 9

http://collider.com/the-hobbit-visual-effects-joe-letteri/. 14 February, 2013. Also, Macfarlane, 124.

sensible as asking if Communists are Orcs.’ But following10

increasing interest in his work and widening knowledge of

hispoliticalpositions,thisextremelyreductivereadingwasto

become increasingly prevalent (to the great distress of the

author). Humphrey Carpenter’s biography (1977), for

instance,revealedthatTolkien‘wassuspiciousnotsomuchof

German intentions asof thoseof SovietRussia’; and thathe

had ‘a loathingofbeingonanyside that includesRussia’. In

his diary, Tolkien is said to have written, ‘One fancies that

Russia is probably ultimately far more responsible for the

present crisis and choice of moment than Hitler.’ And the11

publicationofhis lettersrevealedthattheauthorhadhelda

pro-Fascist position on the Spanish CivilWar: ‘Nothing is a

greater tribute to Red propaganda than the fact that [C.S.

Lewis] (who knows they are in all other subjects liars and

traducers)believesallthatissaidagainstFranco,andnothing

that is said forhim.’ All thishasonly served to compound12

themisapprehensionthatTolkienwassokeentorepudiate-

and that his own translators appear to have shared. The

introduction to the [irst Swedish edition ofThe Lord of the

Rings explained that: Here [in Mordor] rules the personi-

CicationofsatanicmightSauron(readperhaps…asStalin).A

readingthat infuriatedTolkien. ‘There isno“perhaps”about

!�11

J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 203: To Herbert Schiro, 17 November 1957, The 10

Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, ed. Humphrey Carpenter (London: HarperCollins, 2006); 262.

Humphrey Carpenter, J.R.R. Tolkien: a biography (London: Houghton 11

Mifflin, 2000); 193.

Tolkien, Letter 83: To Christopher Tolkien, 6 October 1944; 96.12

it’, he raged. ‘I utterly repudiate any such “reading”, which

angers me. The situation was conceived long before the

Russian revolution. Such allegory is entirely foreign to my

thought.’ Andinhisforewordtothesecondedition,Tolkien13

feltcompelledtopointoutthattheWaroftheRingresemble

the Second World War neither in its process nor its

conclusion. ‘I think that many confuse “applicability” with

“allegory”,’ he suggests. ‘An author cannot of course remain

unaffectedbyhisexperience,but theways inwhichastory-

germusesthesoilofexperienceareextremelycomplex,and

attempts to de[ine the process are at best guesses from

evidence that is inadequate and ambiguous’. In order to be

quite clear,Tolkienexplains that, ‘I cordiallydislike allegory

in all itsmanifestations [and] Imuchprefer history, true or

feigned, with its varied applicability to the thought and

experienceofreaders’. 14

!ButifTolkienisinearnestinwhathesaysabouthistorythis

canonlyinvitefurtherquestionsconcerningthenatureofthe

connectionthatseemstopersistbetweenhisraceofgoblins

and the Zeitgeist. The ‘undisguised ghost-story’ Marx is

attacking in The German Ideology and subverting in The

Communist Manifesto is the History of Spirit, is the very

conceptofWorld-History.AndTolkien’swork(producedinan

era in which wars were waged over the nature and

signi[icance of that concept) is being presented to us

!�12

Tolkien, Letter 229: To Allen & Unwin; 24 January 1961; 307.13

Tolkien, ‘Foreword to the Second Edition [1966], LOTR, xvi-xvii. 14

(apparently in all seriousness!) as a hypothetical model of

historical process extending over some twenty-thousand

years.Icontendthatifwereallyaretoapproachthesetextsin

the spirit intended thatmust require our raising a spectre

whichtheauthorhimselfcouldnotquitelaytorest.Bearing

inmindtheadmonitionagainstallegory—rememberingthat

it isnotTolkienalonebutDerrida toowhocautionsagainst

mistakingtheghostforPlatonicsymbol—Iwanttoexplore

thecircumstanceswherebythegoblinsoftraditionmutate,in

Tolkien’swork, intoOrcsof the21st-centurymassmedia. In

sodoing,Ihopetoestablishnewperspectivesontheimpure

history of spirit (die unreine Geistergeschicte), that is to say,

the history of demonic possessions, that break with the

prevailingviewsintheconsiderablebodyofscholarshipthat

hasbuiltupinrelationtotheDerrideanrevenant.!II

TheScouringoftheShire

!In this brief pamphlet I presentmy preliminary inroads on

thissubject,arecordofthosesuddenintuitiveleapsthatare

theprerequisiteforanyessay,butthatareunlikelytohavea

placewithintheultimateproductofanempiricallygrounded

investigation.Iwasparticularlycurioustotracethepersonal

motivesunderpinningtheseresearchactivities.Igrewupjust

downtheroadfromtheWater-Millthatappearedinthe[irst

colourplate inTheHobbit, andmyGrandfatherhadnoring-

Cinger.FormanyyearsIwasundertheimpressionwemight

!�13

beHobbits.—Ishouldhaveread‘TheScouringoftheShire’

morecarefully!Irememberbeingshockedtodiscoveratlast

thatmyGrandfatherhadnot—asIhadlongthought—lost

his [inger inWWII, butwhile hewas atwork in theBritish

Lioncar-factory.Ithadbeentornoffbyachaininamachine.I

remember being horri[ied to discover thatworkmight hurt

likewar:andIhaveneverstoppedbeingso.ReadingTolkien

nowitistheOrcswithwhomIidentifywithmostcloselyand

sothispoemisforeveryOrcoutthere:forthreegenerations

ofworkersinBirmingham,foreveryinjurywehavesuffered

in theworkplace, for themillionsofuswhohaveexchanged

ourownhistoryforthefantasiesofaShirewherewearenot

wanted. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!�14

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!MOUNTDOOM!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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!!!!!!There, far away, beyond sad Gondor now overwhelmed inshade,theSunwassinking,Cindingatlastthehemofthegreatslow-rolling pall of cloud, and falling in an ominous CiretowardstheyetunsulliedSea.Thebriefglowfelluponahugesitting Cigure, still and solemn as the great stone kings ofArgonath. The years had gnawed it, and violent hands hadmaimed it. Its head was gone, and in its place was set inmockeryaroundrough-hewnstone, rudelypaintedby savagehandsinthelikenessofagrinningfacewithonelargeredeyein themidst of its forehead.Upon its knees andmighty chair,and all about the pedestal, were idle scrawls mixed with thefoulsymbolsthatthemaggot-folkofMordorused.! –J.R.R.Tolkien,TheTwoTowers(1954)!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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�18

Oearsoftin!-Ontachyonspeed-dialthedead potentialyoumustruntospendyrforceagain infectingMiddleEarth-herblackgelasmaand theneyesthatburn3000yearsnoendinsight butseas&riversmoon&sun.ThenailsofGod.!! A : !ERE ÞE #AD$S ARE Inthiswasteundermountainousdarkyouwill hanguponnothingbtheat.inatowerofcloud thatisCireaftersunsetawrithingcarnivorous light.overblack-landsthepassageofTimeisa Blastofhotairthroughtuyères.enterhistories ofspirit.effectsthereductionofearthintomet -ronsofiron&bronze.andofsilver&gold.isa Destinystamp’duponextareCin’dfromtheZoa.!! B :ÞE TABLET OF ÞE GODS! Noeuphemismstraightoutthegutthisslabofgod iswrittenhistorypathogensperpetualamputations movingscarsonmeatIcomprehendthesignsthat openmouthsinmeataleofyearsandspewamolt -enrockfromoutDoom–IcongealaBlackSpeech.! BroadcastthesegallstonesIcommunicatenothing butPower–transformyrreality–IbringthisGift tomenconcealedinringsmymottosmoldersred propellantdrivesindustrialarmiesthrutheweight ofwesternseasinwrathtostrikedownrulingstars.!! C : SKY-BURIAL ! pheupheu:pushthroughtheceilingisvacant proceed—andplugpatientfullissuefuneral phosphorimpuritiescalledactivatorsYrGod isaneye—sluicingtearsofergol.pheupheu

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pushtothepavementgestation—yougobbet ripcustardrunspuckeringfeetthrutobreak- fastonmonsterspectacularpasta—reiterate wingsinthedarkwhistletremblesyourmeat.!

D : ÞE MODERN PROMEÞ%S ! mehatingmelivingwhatcountsasawinshouldI retractmyrighttobroodonthiswaste?HereIsit moldingthesemunchkinsaftermyownheartand sighmedisjectamembra.Nospirittocladeorkill tosuffertoforgivetodefyortoliberate–Justnot!! E : DANCI& GOBLIN F'T! ! Nailedtotherockwearelegion:regional blackoutprovide(r)—ourergativeslang sezthatthesubjectneednotbetheagent! labourcollectiveeconomicconcentration massesofmenthebasistheradicalWork mylanguageisametaltangOrquiansong! hideousandfoul,monotonousinpurport notmerecasualgroupofnastynoisesbut nowadayscorruption:accuratetranscript bestlefttoorcs,international-proletarian poisontongueplasteraTubal-Cainfungal infectionself-consistentartisticadvanced.!! F : VICTORY OVER ÞE SUN ! PullingouttheSunwehaveseenthewhiteroot spatteringarithmetic.Throughthepump-jack pistonspressintotheearththattheshaftbleed blackintoOrc’sheart!

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! Primeval-noonsboundinhydrocarbonsand heldtothatputrefaction–petroleumspews purere[luxtoLight–incineratesnineteenth centurysmog–red! Banners—thatliberatecarcinogens—Hurl empiresthroughtheabyss:degeneratestars shallevacuateatomsinyou—yoursootwill sufferuseating.! Orcs+Wargswillbutcherthecorpseofsunlight crashthisspaceshipearththruanin[initedark PerpetualMotionMachines—onthiswarhead poweredbycobalt.!! 7 : NECEßITY ILLUSTRATED ! Iseestoneswhirlroundinaringandplanets performtheirrevolt–overchildrensleeping undertheEarth–Tûhassaid,LettheObject betwokindsoffruityouareperfectmechan-! icalthingsstrungupforthecrowsabhorrent SIBYLLAANCEPS–|isthat|“JANITOR”will return–antithe|tical|–Force–aslightning phlogiston,throughair–settleringsinmetal

tofracture–theLight–|ason|watersinoil rainbows–sheercorrosive–noabsolutebut onehundredironfortressesmycontainment Soblewforth–ex-orbitant–opticnervesare

[lashingfastwithsong:andthepathisblackI pourdownthruthistonguemyentirerefusal Ignition.“TheGrand|Disqui-|sition”–Spirit isMatter.–Iseize|that–Col|lapsingDialect. !! !

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!!!II

!URUK-HAI!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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!!!!!A strong place and wonderful was Isengard, and long it hadbeenbeautiful;andtheregreatlordshaddwelt,thewardensofGondor upon theWest, andwisemen thatwatched the stars.ButSarumanhadslowlyshapedittohisshiftingpurposes,andmadeitbetter,ashethought,beingdeceived–forallthoseartsandsubtledevices,forwhichheforsookhisformerwisdom,andwhichhefondlyimaginedwerehisown,camebutfromMordor;so thatwhathemadewasnaught,onlya little copy,a child’smodel or a slave’s Clattery, of that vast fortress, armoury,prison, furnace of great power, Barad-Dûr, the Dark Tower,whichsufferednorival,andlaughedatClattery,bidingitstime,secureinitsprideanditsimmeasurablestrength.! –J.R.R.Tolkien,TheTwoTowers(1954)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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A1 : ENVIRONMENT (GR'N) - TSUN OurlivesrevolveroundtheSun.ThatabsenteelandlordisontourintheBlackLandunseen-hispowerisamongusbutpassinghe’llsaygoodnighttothemushroomsandtotheubiquitouspuddles.Totheobservationtowerson!HagleyRoad.Machineturninglightontimeimmemorialmakeeachnewinstantthrough24hoursameasurethatmighthaveframed:achapterring.Butgravitybrokehimtwiceohewillcontinuewhileweprepareareplacement.!OneSunisrisen.OneSunisset.NowanewSunisrising!!!B2 : SPIRIT (BLUE) - MODULOR!WearetheservantsofSarumanthewise:thewhitehandutility[inger-tipredletthe[ightingUruk-Haidotheworkliberty&goodhousekeepingsweepthornsfromtheroadthis[irestolenfromthegodsfortheburningoftheworld!Facethefactsthesegoldennumberscountedfornothinginthereckoningofthewest—neithersunnorthemoonbroughtManthesemiraclestowork:liketheWizardsaidpowertoorderallthingsaswe(thewise)willforthegood ValorizationfollowsprovidedhumancorpsecansupportthenumbersknowledgeorderruleourvictoryisathandWhynot?–InthismatterIputlittleweight,ontheomenofwhalesormountaineagles.Listentothefablesofbees !C1 : FLE# (VIOLET) - BULL CertainastovalueoftangiblepastnowHerbertManzonisentseizuresstraightthroughthetongueoneshiningsunonthehuntthehabitsofmindconditionsofwarappliedtopeaceaninner-ring-roadwearetheCightingUruk-Hai !

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!prefabricationassemblyonsitethekeyisastrainofdeadEntshutteringcompactmountainovertheabzuupendedthearchitect’szigguratparadisecircusLaputaimpendingbulldozerspresseverydayoftheweekpastmywindows!ourvisions&re-visionstheirmatadorsmakeaBullRinggetstyle–thinkstrong.Here:neveradogisleftsleeping.So(after8yearshavepassed)Iremembertheonecalled‘“Brush”mydog.Gonebad–noinkling–Ihadtokillhim.!!!D3 : FUSION (RED) - AL*EMIST!Satonafence.Satthislifeout.Theothersarethere:andnotpro-butanti-:riskaverse,thepeoplesofArdasaynounacceptabletoleratealchemypermiteffusionsofmetalputyourselfoutofthequestion.Itisthroughthatportal!oureyesopenwidethatwemeetthecrusaderswholeadtotheactsofwitheringcommunion–“L’épanouissementlesgrandssilences”…TheSeawithdrawsfromtheworldtoresurgeinwrath,overourbrokenlands,toaNewAge. Comethathourwhateveryouwon’tbesittingtherelong. ! E4 : *ARACTER (CL+R) - BRUTALISM Iamaconstructofmasonsandofprinces;Iliveamongplainmen,religiouscomplex;architectureisacreaturereplenishyrplentytillplenitudecrackundersalienticeCooltothesecomplicationsyouareahappyyoungdog. Cometoorder...TheModernTemplebuilttoalignwithFishandHorse,andShield-Maiden.IamconsistentandpatientIwait…onthesplendorofanewBrutalismandthegrandeurofponderousformsinstronglinesoflight.! !

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F3 : O,ERI& (YELL$) - OPEN HAND Offer(withanopenhand).Itisopen(sinceeverythingnow,inposition,isreadyforseizure).Opentoreceive!Opentoallcomeandtakewhatyouwant!therunningwaterthesunlightthewholestickytissuegodsneezed. But“TheWhiteHand”islovinganduseful.Hehandledthisprospectofplentyinapalantír.Ourhandsarefull. G3 : T-L (PURPLE) - .ILOSO.Y thesignisthecarbontraceonachartagreatringwallisprovenlessstrongthanhopeorfantasymadeitandthisToweraloneleftstanding–TheWizardsdisputedrelevanceandrigourbutconsciencethatwasthesign.!gnawtheendofyroldplots:myresponsemydecision!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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!!!III

!THESCOURING!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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!!!!!I had heard tales of the Orcs and their doings, but I had notbeen interested till then.You turnedmymind to them. I grewoutofmypetty thefts (my fatherwasnot too easy), but I didnot forget the Orcs. I began to feel hatred and think of thesweetnessofrevenge.WeplayedatOrcs,Iandmyfriends,andsometimes I thought: “Shall Igathermybandandgoandcutdown his trees? Then he will think that the Orcs have reallyreturned.”! –J.R.R.Tolkien,‘TheNewShadow’[1968]!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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1 : ÞE GLAß B+D GAME TheMastersoftheUniversalConcord Powerspentongoldenrings&crystal Liebrokenonouraltar,intheirblood: LetritesinthisWhiteTowerbea[inal! Hieroglyph:placedonaNationalGrid Inawargame;imperiumsriseandfall Underenemystarsoutsideinthecold Historymovestothislast-minutegoal! Andwearealonewithourdaynoend Ourvictoriesoverthesunwilleatshit Isinsidemovingbeneathmybellyand! Eyescrythemselvestosalt.AllisLight Orcomplications;ourarmiesonstand Byneveranewspringthisisourremit. ! 2 : ÞE DU&EON MASTER! Snowsdescendingonanancientworld FearfulsymmetriesforgeaWhiteHeat Legionsmarchthroughthefrozenland NHSissueacrylicbitesdownintomeat. Timeisaghost.Weturnuponnothing ButIammyownrotHowlongiscan’t UnderthisFridgethereisaSomething Hungersforblood,barbarityandnight! Thegamesproceedtoapsychicgestalt laywasteanarchitecturebuiltforwars theearthoutsideisemptytorn&quiet Andivyoverrubbleswarmswithbees inrapturetheytoowillriseutterblack honeytoadiscontentseethingmoonshot!

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! 3 : PRINCIPIA DISCORDIA! entropy/equilibrium(S)∝the#probable states(W)intheseourisolatesystemsand isperfectinternaldisorder:i.e.TheOriginal PrometheangiftwasthisAppleofDiscord. Paperspushthroughresidenthatesink ironlawsintotheShire’sredundantfat nobraineref[iciencysavingsascouring in10-steps:denationalization:Theory-X.! Letmerevert.HopeonthatLittlechild “ThusitisCharlesAtlasproclaimsYou toopotentialtoasevenstoneweakling.! IfentropytendtothemaximumWhat shallitpro[ittheseenginesofthesoul fruitpeggedtoRPI–inGoblinMarket?!! 4 : TUNS'N ACADEMICALLY! FallingbackintotheSun:ourignition,a towerblocktelescopedintoitsowndust whilewesternskiesrifClethecloudwrack toshiftingprisms:onatriumphoflight.! policies&stratagems&wars–hismind shookfree–throughouthisrealmsrana tremor–slaves/armies/captainsbereft ofwillwavered&despaired…forgotten. ! England’sdreamingtheblankwebuild overdeadchildrenunderthethreshold becomemycorruptionletstandochrist! laymeastoneonmytongueanepicfail. HereIcrymyselfoutthisuniverse;call timeontheradicalsubjectmyhateis[inal.

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5 : WORLD OF WARCRAFT!Comeoverquickonlythatlowcredit!pusheduponyoulikeapramyrheadispricedparcelled.Topredatorssentsame-day-deliverytosomeplaceyou’d !muchrathernot.“TheAbsoluteSpiritisstructurecantileveredoverthevoidisitShacklesd.poetryischoicesopickthesaltfromyreyesandpreparefora!stormtoeradicateparadise.Itenderumyresignationthatmyheartisboundtorepeat.ButyrLove’slikeabattered!Fishplustheleftovers5000timesthatscampiforthesakeofscroungers:andIcannotlackcharityIhopeyouchoke!

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!!!!!!APPENDIXA!

NOTESONTHETEXT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!�39

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!I.MountDoom!1-31. Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, ed. Mark Grif[ith (CUP,1983),ll.88-127.TheopeningversesinpartonearemodelledontheTitan’s[irstspeech,withalternatingstanzasofiambictrimeterandanapaests,andwithbreak-beatstowardtheend.!5. Mervyn Peake, “When God Had Pared His Finger-nails” [1939],CollectedPoems (Manchester:Carcanet,2008),75-76.!6. “In that kingdom of Abchaz is a great marvel. For aprovince of the country that hath well in circuit threejourneys, that men clepe Hanyson, is all covered withdarkness,withoutanybrightnessorlight;sothatnomanmaysee ne hear, ne noman dare enter into him. And, natheles,they of the country say, that some-timesmen hear voice offolk, and horses neighing, and cocks crowing. Andmenwitwell,thatmendwellthere,buttheyknownotwhatmen.”—TheTravelsofSirJohnMandeville,XXVIII(London:Macmillan,1900),171.!7. “To the north lies Zorzania, near the con[ines of whichthereisafountainofoilwhichdischargessogreataquantityastofurnishloadingformanycamels.…Intheneighbouringcountry no other is used in their lamps, and people comefromdistantpartstoprocureit.”—TheTravelsofMarcoPolo,trans. Benjamin Colbert (Hertfordshire:Wordsworth, 1997),16.!8.Exodus13:21.!10-11. “Vagueknowledgeof theabundanceof copper in theCaucasus,associatedwiththePromethianmythandwiththeidenti[ication of the Biblical Tubal andMeshechwith Uplosand Mtzkhetos, two of the eponymous heroes of theGeorgians, induced earlier students of the origins of theBronze Age to locate in the Caucasus the invention of themetallurgical arts.”—WEDAllen,AHistory of the GeorgianPeople(London:Kegan,1932),14.! !

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12. Daniel 2:31-43. Hesiod,Works and Days, 109-201. Ovid,Metamorphoses 1:89-150. Dante, Inferno 14:94-120. “TheEgyptians divided all of theworld’s history into three ages:(1)theageofthegods,(2)theageofheroes,and(3)theageofmen… Corresponding to these in number and order arethree languages: (1) a hieroglyphic language, using sacredcharacters; (2) a symbolic language,usingheroic characters;and(3)anepistolarylanguage,usingcharactersagreedonbythe people. …My New Science also traces the ideal eternalhistory throughwhich the history of every nation passes intime;anditfollowseachnationinitsbirth,growth,maturity,decline and fall.” — Vico, New Science, 1744, trans. DavidMarsh(London:Penguin,2013),44,129.!13. SeeWilliamBlake,America:AProphecy [1793] andValaorTheFourZoas, [1795-1804],Night theSeventh[a],Poetryand Prose (London: The Nonesuch Library, 1967), 200-208,309-322.!14-18. It is often pointed out that the liver torn fromPrometheuseachmorningbytheemissaryofZeusistheonlyorganinthehumanbodycapableofgrowingback.Iwanttosuggest here that the choice of this particular organ mightextend beyond mere medical contingency. In the AncientWorld the liver was believed to be the seat of prophecy.Having compiled centuries of data on the appearance ofentrails extracted from sheep in a compendium called theBārûtu, haruspices in Mesopotamia and Etruria consideredthevariousmarkingsontheseentrailstobeassociatedwithcertaintypesofrecurringhistoricalevents,andthoughttheymight correctly predict the future by referencing newlyacquiredsignswiththoseonrecord.The liverheldaspecialplacewithinthisdiscipline.Thebloodisthelifeandregardedas thesourceofbloodthe liverwas thusadirect link to thecosmic force that animates each living thing and motivatesthe world historical process. In my opinion the decision toamputate the liverof therebelTitan is thereforesigni[icant.Zeus torturesPrometheus inorder to learnabouthis futureoverthrow: a secret known to theTitanwhosenamemeansforesight.Clearly,Zeusmustbehopingtodiscoverthissecretontheliversbroughttohimeachmorning.Nomerelumpofmeat,thePrometheanliverwouldhaveappearedtotheeyes!

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of this initiate rathermore like that claymodel fromSipparnowintheBritishMuseum:anobjectthatresemblesnothingso much as a [irst-generation computer-console; anergonomickeyboard covered in strange signs, an alien formof information-technology. For details on the Bārûtu seeWestenHolzandUllaKoch,TheBabylonianLiverOmens:TheChaptersManzazu,PadanuandPanTakaltioftheBabylonianExtispicy Series Mainly from Assurbanipal’s Library (Copen-hagen:MuseumTusculanumPress,2000).!24-27.Ovid,MetamorphosesII.1-30.!28-31.Seneca,Thyestes1-53.!32-36. Loosely modelled on J.W. Goethe’s “Prome-theus” [1775], Goethes Werke: Vollständige Ausgabe letzterHand, Vol. II (Stuttgart and Tübingen: J. G. Cotta'scheBuchhandlung,1827),76-78.!35.Horace,Satires, I:4:62—quotedbyMarx inDasKapitalVol. 1 (1867). Capital, Vol. 1, trans. Ben Fowkes, (London:Penguin,1976),485.!38-39. In the Black Speech, linguist Alexandre Nemirovskysees “anagglutinativeergative language—i.e.a languageofnon-Indo-European type, really alien to all others, and of avery archaic type.” He speculates that Tolkien may havemodelled the language on a pre-existing tongue; it is wellknownthatQuenyaandSindarinhadbeenoriginallyinspiredby Finnish and Welsh (and Khuzdul by Hebrew) andNemirovsky suggests that in this instanceTolkienmayhavedrawn on Hurrian, a forgotten language of the Middle EastwhichhadrecentlybeendiscoveredbyE.A.Speiser,andthatseemed to possess some sort of relationship with theCaucasianlanguages.Nemirovsky’scaseiscompelling—andbuildingon this insight Iwant tosuggest thatTolkienmighthave followed up the references in Speiser’s writing to theJapheticTheoryofSovietlinguistNikolaĭYakovlevichMarr—whosework had attained the status of an orthodoxy in theyears prior to Stalin’s denunciation in 1950. I intend topresentmy[indingsfullyinalaterpaper—inthemeantimeIhope this suf[ices to explain the allusions, in this section, to!

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Soviet linguistics and the morphology of the Caucasianlanguages. For details on ergativity in particular the readermight want to consult the de[initive work on the subject:R.M.W.DixonErgativity(CUP,1994).!40-41.“Therootsofhumanspeecharenotinheavenorintheunderworldandnot innatureeitherbutare inmanhimself—not however in his individual and physical nature, in histhroator inhisblood,nor inhis individualexistence,but inthe collective, in the economic concentration of masses ofmen, in the labour to create a general material basis… Thesoundsoflanguage,theso-calledphonemesaretheresultofthe special work of men, of the collective labour whenproducing, they are the result of social labour, probably thecollective or choral song.” — Nikolaĭ Yakovlevich Marr:Izbrannyeraboty,5vols.(Leningrad,1933-37),744.!43-48. “TheBlackSpeechwasnot intentionallymodelledonanystyle,butwasmeanttobeselfconsistent,verydifferentfrom Elvish, yet organised and expressive, as would beexpected of a device of Sauron before his completecorruption. It was evidently an agglutinative language. ... Ihavetriedtoplayfairlinguistically,anditismeanttohaveameaningnotbeamerecasualgroupofnastynoises, thoughan accurate transcription would even nowadays only beprintableinthehigherandartisticallymoreadvancedformofliterature.According tomy taste such things arebest left toOrcs, ancient andmodern.”—Tolkien, “Words, Phrases andPassagesinVariousTonguesinTheLordoftheRings”,ParmaEldalemberon 17 (Linguistic Fellowship of the MythopoeticSociety,2007),11-12.!46. “Japhetic theory rejects the notion of the nationalclasslesslanguagewhichexistsoutsidethestrata;itis,forit,an unscienti[ic notion. Neither in Armenia nor in theApennines,noranywhereelseinEuropehasthereexistednorcould there exist a national language in antiquity save as asociallanguageconditionedbytheclasses.”—Marr,237.!47. “The future economy — its technology — its classlesssocietyanditsclasslessculturedonotyetexist…Inthesameway,itisclearthatthefutureuni[iedworldlanguagewillbea!

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languagewithanewsystem—aspecial system—thathasnotexistedsofar…”—Marr,89.!47. Genesis 4:22. Andy Chambers,Codex: Orks (Nottingham:GamesWorkshop,1999),46-47.!49-64.VerylooselymodelledonpassagesfromthepoetryofAleksei Eliseevich Kruchenykh: the Zaum poetry written inGeorgia,andthelibrettiofhisFuturistOpera,VictoryOvertheSun (1913). The latter has recently been translated andpublished in a beautiful two volume set by Patricia Railing(Artists’Bookworks2008).!57.Ezekiel38.!62. R. Buckminster-Fuller, Operating Manual for SpaceshipEarth(Carbondale:SouthernIllinoisUniversityPress,1968)!64. Cobalt. The “goblin”metal identi[ied by Georg Brandt c.1735; the [irstmetal to be discovered since prehistory. SeeMaryElviraWeeks,“Thediscoveryoftheelements.III.Someeighteenth-century metals” (1932), The Journal of ChemicalEducation,9:22!65-80. Loosely modelled on Rig Veda, IV:4: in the tristubhmetre with four padas of eleven syllables ([inal four introchaic cadence) containing forty-four syllables in eachstanza.!66-67. “Thepalechildrenasasleep in theUnderground/ Inthe rabbit burrows, in the roots of goblin wood.”—NaomiMitchison, “SirenNight”,AGirlMust Live: Stories and Poems(Glasgow:RichardDrew,1990),130.!67.Tû.Earliestextantformoftheword“Sauron”.Inthe[irststoriesinTolkien’slegendarium,latterpublishedasTheBookofLostTales1(1983),this[igureisamysteriousandmorallyambivalent being, a powerfulmagewho has established hiskingdom in caves under a waterfall surrounded by themountainsoftheEast.HereheseemstowatchovertheraceofmenbeforethetimesetfortheirarrivalinMiddleEarth:—childrensleepinginagardenthatTûistryingtokeepsecret.!

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!67-69. Joseph Priestley, The Doctrine of PhilosophicalNecessity Illustrated (1777) The Collected Theological andMiscellaneousWorks,Vol.III,ed.JohnTowillRutt(London:G.Small[ield, 1832), 473. “Since … desire necessarily impliesvolition, we have here a clear case of the will beingnecessarilydeterminedbythecircumstanceswhichthemindis in: and if in one case, why not in all others…? [The]determinations ofwhatwe call thewill are, in fact, nothingmore than a particular case of the general doctrine ofassociation of ideas, and, therefore, a perfectly mechanicalthing…” A member of the Birmingham-based “Lunar Men”,Priestley played a formative role in both the political andindustrialrevolutionsoftheeighteenthcentury.!72.Phlogiston. Before the rise of Lavoisier’sNewChemistrycombustiblematerialhadbeenthought toberich ina [iery-element named phlogiston. This discredited theoryunderpinned those experiments conducted by Priestley,which culminated in the discovery of oxygen. See —Considerations on the Doctrine of Phlogiston and theDecomposition of Water (Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson,1796),26.!72-74. settle rings in metal. See Priestley’s “An Account ofRings Consisting of All the Prismatic Colours, Made byElectrical Explosions on the Surface of Pieces of Metal”,Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London,1768),58:68-74.PriestleywasalsotheauthorofTheHistory&PresentStateofElectricity(1767).!75.RigVeda,IV:27.!76.RigVeda,VIII:19.!77-78.RigVeda,VII:3.!79-80.The Grand Disquisition. Joseph Priestley,DisquisitionsofMatterandSpirit (1777).Withhisphilosophyofnecessity,his attempts to synthesise theism and materialism, and hisbelief thathistory is tobe regardedas “philosophy teachingbyexample”,Priestleymightperhapscometobethoughtofas!

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the bridge linking Reformation theologies of predestinationtothephilosophicalhistorydevelopedbyHegel.!!II.Uruk-Hai!Part II is an abridged mistranslation of Le Corbusier’s Lepoèmedel’angledroit(Paris:ÉditionsTériade,1955).!82. “TheSun isnotnamedbuthispower isamongstus.”—From the T.S. Eliot translation of St John Perse’s Anabasis(London:FaberandFaber,1931,1985),23.!84-85.The observation tower / offHagleyRoad.—Perrott’sFolly(alsoknownastheMonumentortheObservatory)isaninety-six footbrick tower inBirmingham,built in1758 forreasonsunknown.!91. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings (1954): from the one-volume edition published byHarperCollins (London: 1968),436.!93. “Man, though seeing, suffered from blindness. And, forhim,IfoundNumbers,thepurestofinventions.”—Aeschylus,quoted by Corbusier in Modulor 2 (1955), trans. Peter deFranciaandAnnaBostock(London:FaberandFaber,1958),156.!97-99.LOTR,252-253.!98.Marx,293-306.!101.“ThetextoftheFableoftheBees isanallegoricalpoem—‘TheGrumblingHive,orKnavesturnedhonest’,inwhichisset forth the appalling plight of a prosperous community inwhich all the citizens suddenly take it into their heads toabandon luxurious living, and the State to cut downarmaments, in the interests of Saving.” — John MaynardKeynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest andMoney(London:Macmillan,1936,1977),360.!

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102. “I have never been very certain as to the value oftangiblelinkswiththepast.Theyareoftenmoresentimentalthanvaluable...AstoBirmingham’sbuildings,thereislittleofrealworth inourarchitecture. Its replacementshouldbeanimprovement...Asforfuturegenerations,Ithinktheywillbebetter occupied in applying their thoughts and energies toforgingahead,ratherthanlookingbackward.”—SirHerbertManzoni, Birmingham’s “City Engineer and Surveyor” from1935to1963.!104. “In the matter of revolutionary excitement there wasindeednotmuchmoretobegotoutoftheplasticorgraphicarts. Their purely ‘revolutionary’ value exhausted after thewar(whichalsoeclipsedandluckilyputanendtoMarinetti’sbellowings, besides killing off most of the ‘futurists’), theirplay-boys’ place was taken by real, Red Revolution; just asMarinetti’s postnietzschean war-doctrine became War, toutcourt;andthenFascismo,whichasFuturisminpracticeisthehabit of mind and conditions of war applied to peace.” —Wyndham Lewis, Time and Western Man (California: BlackSparrow56.!105. Manzoni had been planning an Inner Ring Road forBirminghamsinceatleast1943.Constructionbeganin1957,andtheorbitwascompletedin1971.!107.Abzu.“HouseoftheWateryVoid”,nameofEnki’stempleinEridu:accordingtotheSumerianking-list,theoldestcityintheworld.En-merkar/Nimrodsoughttorebuildthis temple,but abandoned this half-[inished, following a destabilisingin[lux of refugees from his war in the north, speaking avarietyofforeigntongues.!108.upended/thearchitect’sziggurat.Birmingham’sCentralLibrary.Designedby JohnMadin in1966,andsaid tobethelargestmunicipallibraryinEuropeatthetimeofitsopeningin early 1974. “The library’s outward form is simple andcomprisesthemassivereferenceblockandasmallerlendingblock to the east— [the former] designed around an openlightwell or ‘atrium’ above a public square that could beenteredfromallsidesbywalkingbeneaththebuildingitself,whichisraisedabovetheslopinggroundlevelbytwoorthree!

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storeys… Above this [loat the cantilevered [loors of thelibrary, each larger than the one below, resulting in thedistinctive inverted ziggurat formation… a popularmotif inthe ’60s, derived ultimately from Sant’Elia’s drawings for‘Casa a gradinate’.” — Alan Clawley, John Madin (London:RIBAPublishing,2011),109.!110. Bull Ring. The Bull Ring Centre. Designed by the localmodernist architect JamesA.Roberts andLaingDevelopers.Demolition of the Old Markets began in 1955. The newShopping Centre opened in 1964. The Shopping Centreextended over twenty-three acres and featured now iconicstructuressuchastheRotunda.Thelatterwasscheduledfordemolitionwiththerestofthemodernistcomplexinthelatenineties butwas saved following public protest. For furtherdetails on these buildings see Laing, The Bull Ring Centre(London:LaingDevelopers,1960).!123.ForCorbusier’sinterestinFreemasonryseeJ.K.Birksted,LeCorbusierandtheOccult(TheMITPress,2009).!128.Pisces,Sagittarius,Virgo.Threeofthefourmutablesigns—Water,FireandEarth, respectively—andso signifyingadeep unity, discoveries and puri[ication of the body: thesesigns signify the crisis that is prerequisite for a newbeginning.!134. “The JatravartidpeopleofViltvodleSixbelieve that theentireUniversewasinfactsneezedoutofthenoseofabeingcalled the Great Green Arkleseizure [and] live in perpetualfear of the time they call the Coming of the Great WhiteHandkerchief…”—DouglasAdams,TheRestaurantattheEndoftheUniverse(London:PanMacmillan,1980),1,!137.LOTR,541.!139. this tower alone left standing. Not strictly correct. ThelonelytowerreferredtohereistheCEGB(CentralElectricityGenerating Board) headquarters building on the StratfordRoad. Designed by John Madin, and opened in 1967, thebuildinghasnowstoodemptyfortwentyyears.Butmightyetoutlast the rest of Madin’s public-service buildings. — The!

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BBC’s Pebble Mill and the Birmingham Post and Mail wereboth demolished in 2005. Birmingham’s Central Library isscheduledfordemolitionin2017.Madin’sotherof[icetowershavefaredratherbetterandthereareanumberofthesetobeseenalongBroadStreetandtheHagleyRoad.!141.LOTR,569.!!III.TheScouring!141-155.LooselymodelledontheHermannHessepoem“DasGlasperlenspiel” in the novel of that name (Frankfurt amMain:SuhrkampVerlag,1943,1970),486.!145.TheCEGBbuilding.FollowingtheabolitionoftheCEGB,the building served the newly formed electricity companyPowergenuntil the lattermovedawaytoagreen[ieldsite inthe early nineties. Acquired by a major supermarket chainand permitted to fall into ruin by this owner, who therebyhopedtocompelthelocalpeopletoconsenttoanunwantedsupermarket on neighbouring publicly-owned parkland, theCEGB building has nevertheless survived longer than theprivatised energy companyPowergen,whichwasboughtbyGermanenergy-providerE.ONin2002.!149.Joyce,Ulysses:2:382-386.!150. “We are left alonewith our day, and the time is short,and/Historytothedefeated/MaysayAlasbutcannothelporpardon.”—WHAuden,“Spain”(1937).!156. “Forsomereason, thesightof snowdescendingon [irealwaysmakesmethinkof theancientworld– legionaries insheepskinwarmingthemselvesatabrazier:mountainaltarswhere offerings glow betweenwintry pillars; centaurswithtorches cantering beside a frozen sea – scattered, unco-ordinated shapes from a fabulous past, in[initely removedfromlife;andyetbringingwiththemmemoriesofthingsrealand imagined.”— Anthony Powell, A Dance to the Music ofTime Vol. 1, A Question of Upbringing (London: Heinemann,1951),1-2. !

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!157. “What immortal hand or eye / Dare frame thy fearfulsymmetry” — William Blake, “The Tyger” (1794). Also,Harold Wilson (1963) — “We are rede[ining and we arerestatingoursocialismintermsofthescienti[icrevolution.…TheBritainthatisgoingtobeforgedinthewhiteheatofthisrevolution will be no place for restrictive practices oroutdatedmethodsoneithersideofindustry.”!162-163.Hesse,“Dochheimlichdürstenwir…”,476.!164-167.Hesse,“DerletzteGlasperlenspieler”,473.!170-172.Entropy/Equilibrium(S)[isdirectlyproportionalto]the number of probable states (W = Wahrscheinlichkeit) intheseourisolatesystems.ThisisaslightlyexpandedversionofBoltzmann’sEquation:S=k.logW.—SeeLudwigBoltzmann,Vorlesungen über Gastheorie (J.A. Barth: Leipzig, 1896 &1898), and Sadi Carnot on the Second Law of Thermo-dynamics inRéClexions sur lapuissancemotricedu feu et surlesmachinespropresàdéveloppercettepuissance (Bachelier:Paris,1824)!173-174. The original Promethean gift. “Keynes wished toachieveformalismand‘objectivity’…Butitisthedesireforaperfect formalism which, it seems to me, has impelledtheorists to mistake the nature of unknowledge. It goesagainst the grain of Western man’s whole history andambition to recognize an ultimate stop to his progresstowards ‘control’ of his affairs. The inspired creative power,theoriginalPrometheangift,originalinitscontinuouspowerofperhapsexnihilocontributiontohistory,whichdrivesthehumanaffairalong,isincompatiblewithforeknowledge.Thegiftofchoice(ifchoicemeansanythingworthwhile)deniesusthegiftofknowledgeoftime-to-come.Forhowshouldtherebe knowledge, in every present moment, of what men areabout to originate in the extreme sense, to draw from thevoid. … There is formalism, and there is poetry.” — GLSShackle, Imagination and the Nature of Choice (EdinburghUniversityPress,1979).!

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173. The Apple of Discord.— See Robert Graves, The GreekMyths: Combined and Complete Edition (Penguin: London,1992), 271, and the Doctrine of the Original Snub in thePrincipia Discordia (Loompanic: San Francisco, 1979);00017-00018.!174.hate sink—Management jargon for amember of staffwho isdislikedandpresentedwithagreatmanyunpopularorunnecessarytasksinconsequence.!176. no brainer / efCiciency savings — Two popularmanagerialphrases,intendedbythosewhousethemtomean‘an obviously intelligent thing to do’ and ‘cutting programs,proceduresorpeopletosaveoncosts’.!177. See the blueprint for the second wave of Thatcheriteprivatisation: StephenLittlechild’s “TenSteps toDenational-isation”,JournalofEconomicAffairs,Vol.2:1,1981;11-19.!177.TheoryX.TermcoinedbyDouglasMcGregor,ProfessoratMIT Sloan School of Management, to describe an authori-tarianhierarchicalmanagementstyleandtheimpactthishasonstaffmotivationandproduction“output”. SeeTheHumanSideofEnterprise(McGrawHill:NewYork,1960)!178. Let me revert. Additional management jargon withconnotationsunintendedbythespeaker.!179-180.Froma(trulybizarre)passageexplainingthepublicservice performed by advertising in Stephen Littlechild’sbook on The Fallacy of the Mixed Economy: an “Austrian”critique of recent economic thinking and policy (London:InstituteofEconomicAffairs,1986).!181. “Theenergyof theuniverse is constant; theentropyofthe universe tends to a maximum.”— Rudolf Clausius, TheMechanicalTheoryofHeat,withitsApplicationstotheSteam-Engineand to thePhysicalPropertiesofBodies, ed.T.ArcherHirst(London:JohnVanVoorst,1867).!182. Engines of the soul. “The production of souls is moreimportant than the production of tanks. … And therefore I!

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raise my glass to you, writers, the engineers of the humansoul.”— JosephStalin, 1932. “Wehope thatmore andmorecomrades in their ranks will become real engineers of thehuman soul.” — Deng Xiaoping, 1979. “Economics is themethod, but the object is to change the soul.” — MargaretThatcher,1981.!183. fruitpeggedtoRPI.TheRetailPriceIndex.“Littlechild’ssolution for Britain was to replace the American ceiling onpro[itswith a ceilingonprices. Privatised companieswouldonlybeabletoincreasetheirpriceseachyearbyanamountequal to in[lation, measured by the Retail Price Index, RPI,minus an X-factor, which the regulatorwould set every [iveyears…”Littlechildisreportedlystillproudofthisinnovation:“He once said that instead of RIP, the inscription on hisgravestone should read ‘RPI-X’.” — James Meek, “How WeHappenedtoSellOffOurElectricity”,LondonReviewofBooks,Vol.34,No.17,13September2013;3-12.!188-191.LOTR,925.!192.“Andthere’snoFuture/InEngland’sdreaming.”—TheSexPistols,“GodSaveTheQueen”(1977).!193. “In the sanctuary in Gezer were found two burntskeletons of six-year-old children and the skulls of twoadolescents thathadbeensawn in two.AtMeggidoagirlof[ifteen had been killed and buried in the foundations of alarge structure. Excavations show that the practice ofinterringchildrenundernewbuildingswaswidespreadandsome were evidently buried alive.” — Nigel Davies,HumanSacriCice(Macmillan:London,1981),61.!195. Rev. 2:17. Also, see Steiner: “There is Kabbalisticspeculation, to which I will return, about a day on whichwordswillshakeoff ‘theburdenofhavingtomean’,andwillbe only themselves, blank and replete as stone.” — AfterBabel:AspectsofLanguageandTranslation(OUP,1975),313.!205.W.Benjamin,“ÜberdenBegriffderGeschichte”[1940].!208-211.Mark6:31-44. !

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!�54

!!!!!!!APPENDIXB!

THEGOBLINSCRIPT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !�55

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !

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The Goblin Alphabet from J.R.R. Tolkien’s The FatherChristmas Letters (1976). The two digital fonts, horizontaland vertical, used in this pamphlet were created byBabelstone — and are free to download at the website:www.babelstone.co.uk.

!A / 0 B C D E

A AI AU B C D E!+ 1 % F G 2 H !EA EI EU F G GH H!I J K * L M N !I J K CK L M N!O 3 $ 4 P . Q !O OA OU OI P PH QU!R S # T Þ U V

R S SH T TH U V!! X Y Z & 1 2

WH X Y Z NG 1 2!3 4 5 6 7 8 9 !

Thesectionheadings thatappear throughout theOrcspoemare inEnglishandarereadilydeciphered.Theepigraphandthe Orquian prayer that follows are in the Debased BlackSpeech created by linguist David Salo for the [ilm-trilogiesand readers will need to consult one of the Orc-Englishdictionariesthathavesprungupontheinternetiftheywantto try theirhandat translation.For thosepressed for time Ioffer the followingsimplekey to theOrquianSong ingoblincipher:ÞE B-K OF CO5ON PRAYER - PSALM ÞIRTY FIVE! !

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !�58

!!!!!APPENDIXC!

ORQUIANSONG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!�59

!�60

1 PARFUTAG !A-UL, O GOÞ, AJOG PARFUTAG-AT !A-IZI! : A#

INRAS TARÞUR-UL AJOG INRAS-AT TARÞUR-IZI!.

2 KULL DORAM-LAB MUBI SKUT A# KALKAN : A# GUND NALT

GAGNA-AT-IZI!.

3 ÞRAK !ATI, A# NADAL %UG-OB NUGAKMOG-ULU-IZI! :

GA!NAT-U GUL-IZUB, KULL-IZG !APARBAL&M-LAB.

4 KULL !AKATROG-UGA-UL A# KULL SKA'A-AT-UL, AJOG GAJUP-UT

MABAS-U GUL-IZUB : KULL LAKOG-UGA-UL KU%&Z A# ÞRAK-UL

BURZUM-I!I, AJOG ZIM ILLSKA-IZI!-UR.

5 KULL-UL RYK ORA-I!I : A# DARGUM-OB GOÞ DABOG-UG-UL.

6 KULL %UG-ULUB BURZ A# BAGRONK : A# KULL DARGUM-OB GOÞ

NUGAKMOG-UL.

7 F&H-UGA-ULU JI!OTAS&N-URZ GRAK-ULUB ZADUK-AT-IZI!

NAR URDAN : Y(, NAR URDAN BAJ-UGA-UL RONK-UR GUL-IZUB.

8 KULL ZADUK-AL !APIT-URZ ÞRAK-TALA MUBI-TA NAR-GA!NAT-

URZ, A# GRAK- TAB, AJOG F&H-UGA-TA JI!OTAS&N-URZ, ZA-

TAB-TA : AJOG KULL-AT BI-TA ILLSKA-TAB-TAB-I!I.

9 A#, GUL-IZUB, KULL GOST-URZ GOÞ-I!I : GOST-UB-TA

!APARBAL&M-I!I.

10 A!T-IZUB-UK GA!NAT-UB, GOÞ, NAR BURGUUL-OB KULL-LAT,

NAR A! MAPROG-AT URUK-#AARA AJAG FUK&!-UR-TA-AR SNU :

Y(, URUK, A# VESELL-I!I-TA, PR&!-#AARA-TA-TA ?

11 &GA-Z GLOB-URZ NAGR&FOM-UGA : DULGAT-UGA-ULU GAA!AT-

ULU-U-IZI! ÞI)Z NAR GA!NAT-UGA-IZG.

12 ÞRAK-UGA-ULU ULKUM-UR MIR-IZUB : LA)AT-U MAD GUL-

IZUB-OB

.13 NAR-IZG! AMAL SAMUND-UGA-ULU, VO%OG-UGA-IZG FL&K-I!I,

A# SNAGA-URZ- UGA-IZG GUL-IZUB !A-U : A# LUTOM-IZUB

LAKOG-UB ZEMAR-IZUB-IZUB-I!I.

14 BOSN&K / ROG-VOTAK KULL-UGA-TA-IZG : RAND-UGA-IZG, AMAL

ULURIJAT-IZG STARGU!-IZUB-UR.

15 NAR AJAG! ARM&K-IZUB-I!I GOST-UGA-ULU, A# ÞRAK-ULU-

UL-UK : Y(, BAGAL-AR SNU ÞRAK-ULU-UL-UK TARÞER-IZI!

NAR-GA!NAT-URZ, BAJ-UG-OR-IZI! GOJ-U, A# NAR NADAL.

16 SKRIÞURZU-!A PUN-UGA MO*-URZ : KAFSOG-UGA-UL MUBI-

IZI! KASAK-U-UL- !A.

17 GOÞ, !OF MUBI : O MAPROG GUL-IZUB-#AARA ULKUMU-U AJAG

ÞRAK-ULU MUBI-IZI!, A# NAZG-IZUB-#AARA LATAGU-Z.

18 ÞRAK-UB-LAT-IZG KANDOG-Z KA!&L-I!I BUBHO!: KANDOG-

AL-UB-LAT-IZG H+ !UM-!A.

19 O KULL NAR KULL-UL ARM&K-IZUB-U MUNDAS-TALA MUBI-IZI! :

NAR KULL B OLVAG-UL &GA-ULUB-U-!A AJAG HATUR-IZI! NAR

URDAN.

!�61

20 A# MAL? GA!NAT-UG-ULUB NAR PASUN-UR : NAR, GA!NAT-Z

GLOB-URZ TARÞUR-UL AJAG KULL HO!AT-URZ UZG-I!I.

21 GAJUP-UGA-ULU MUBI-IZI!-!A GOJUL-U, A# GA!NAT-UL :

SK+ MAB-LAT, SK+ MAB-LAT, S,-UGA-IZGU-TA WIÞ &GA-IZUBU-

Z.

22 NAR !OF-UGA-LAT-TA? O GOÞ : MABAJ NAR GUJABUL? KULL-

IZI! NAR KRAAT-

#AARA, O GOÞ.

23 GUND NALT DURBAT MUND-IZUB : HAK-LAT URDAN-IZUB,

#AA!-IZUB, A# GOÞ-IZUB.

24 DURB-IZI!, O GOÞ #AA!-IZUB, DURB-UG-I!I RGOÞURZ-UM-

LAB-U : A# KULL NAR MUNDAS-UL MUBI-IZI!.

25 KULL NAR GA!NAT-UL ZEMARUL-ULUB-U, AHA! AHA! SO

MABAJ-UB-IZGU : NAR KULL GA!NAT-UL, ÞROQ-TA-UGA-IZGU.

26 KULL ÞRAK-UL BURZUM-I!I A# SKA'A-I!I, AJAG GOST-AT

MUBI SKAGZA-Z : KULL VA%OG-UGA-UL SNORKUM-!A A# SKA'A,

AJAG KANDOG-ULUB-UL-IZI!-!A.

27 KULL GORURZ-UL A# HURURZ-UL, AJAG GA!NAT LUFUT-UG-

IZUB GOÞURZ : Y(, KULL GA!NAT-UL PARHOR-URZ, KULL-GOÞ

!AKALAKOG-UGA, MABAJ-TA DAFRIM-AT MABROTNOG-I!I-OB

!ARBTUR-TAB.

28 A# GUJAB-IZUB GA!NAT-UG-UB-OB GOÞURZUM-LAB : A#

KANDOG-LAB-OB DR&TAS-KOL-UK.

!�62