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Oregon Department of Transportation
Emergency Response Emergency Response Training ClassTraining Class
Gary Bowling, Oregon DOTGary Bowling, Oregon DOT
Bridge Engineering SectionBridge Engineering Section
Oregon Department of Transportation
PresentationPresentation
PurposePurpose
Bridge ComponentsBridge Components
Preparation for the InspectionPreparation for the Inspection
Performing the inspectionPerforming the inspection
Reporting the resultsReporting the results
Oregon Department of Transportation
PurposePurpose
Make some ordered sense of the chaos and Make some ordered sense of the chaos and provide you with a clear understanding of how provide you with a clear understanding of how you fit into the big picture.you fit into the big picture.
Maximize the use of available personnel.Maximize the use of available personnel.
Minimize duplication of effort.Minimize duplication of effort.
Oregon Department of Transportation
PurposePurpose
Minimize Confusing and Conflicting Reports.Minimize Confusing and Conflicting Reports.
Provide an accurate accounting of the condition of Provide an accurate accounting of the condition of the bridges under your jurisdiction.the bridges under your jurisdiction.
Bottom line: Insure the safety of the driving Bottom line: Insure the safety of the driving public.public.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Major Bridge ComponentsMajor Bridge Components
Oregon Department of Transportation
Major Bridge ComponentsMajor Bridge Components
DeckDeck
SuperstructureSuperstructure
SubstructureSubstructure
FoundationFoundation
UtilitiesUtilities
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bridge ComponentsBridge Components
Deck
Superstructure
Substructure
Railing
Girders
Cap
Columns
Foundation
Oregon Department of Transportation
DeckDeck
The deck carries the roadway / sidewalk.The deck carries the roadway / sidewalk.
The deck is supported by the superstructure.The deck is supported by the superstructure.
Transfers vehicular loads to the superstructure.Transfers vehicular loads to the superstructure.
Oregon Department of Transportation
DeckDeck
Oregon Department of Transportation
SuperstructureSuperstructure
Superstructure members transfer traffic Superstructure members transfer traffic loads from the deck to the substructure.loads from the deck to the substructure.
Superstructure members can be exposed Superstructure members can be exposed to tension, compression, and bending to tension, compression, and bending forces.forces.
Oregon Department of Transportation
SuperstructureSuperstructure
Superstructure
Oregon Department of Transportation
SubstructureSubstructure The substructure transfers loads from The substructure transfers loads from
the superstructure to the foundation the superstructure to the foundation material.material.
The substructure is generally exposed to The substructure is generally exposed to axial compressive forces.axial compressive forces.
Can be supported by spread footings or Can be supported by spread footings or piling.piling.
Oregon Department of Transportation
SubstructureSubstructure
Substructure
Oregon Department of Transportation
FoundationFoundation
Foundation
Oregon Department of Transportation
Major Bridge ComponentsMajor Bridge Components(Utilities - APWA Color Code)(Utilities - APWA Color Code)
ElectricalElectrical GasGas CommunicationCommunication Potable WaterPotable Water IrrigationIrrigation SewerSewer
Company & Phone No.
Company & Phone No.
Company & Phone No.
Company & Phone No.
Company & Phone No.
Company & Phone No.
Red
Yellow
Orange
Blue
Purple
Green
Oregon Department of Transportation
UtilitiesUtilities
Sewer Line
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bridge NomenclatureBridge Nomenclature
Describing where the problem is?
Oregon Department of Transportation
Rules of Orientation and Rules of Orientation and member numberingmember numbering
Look ahead at increasing milepost or city Look ahead at increasing milepost or city street addresses.street addresses.
All bridge items are numbered in All bridge items are numbered in consecutive order from the leading end of consecutive order from the leading end of the bridge and left to right.the bridge and left to right.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bridge NomenclatureBridge Nomenclature
BentBent - a substructure unit that supports the - a substructure unit that supports the superstructure of a bridge and is supported superstructure of a bridge and is supported by the foundation. by the foundation.
BentsBents are numbered consecutively in the are numbered consecutively in the same direction as increasing highway same direction as increasing highway mileposts, or city street addresses.mileposts, or city street addresses.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bent 3
Bent 4
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bridge NomenclatureBridge Nomenclature SpanSpan - portion of the bridge superstructure - portion of the bridge superstructure
that is located between two bents.that is located between two bents.
SpansSpans are numbered numerically, in are numbered numerically, in consecutive order, in the same direction consecutive order, in the same direction as increasing highway mileposts, or city as increasing highway mileposts, or city street addresses.street addresses.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bridge NomenclatureBridge Nomenclature
Increasing Mileposts
Span 9Span 11
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bridge NomenclatureBridge Nomenclature Superstructure MembersSuperstructure Members can be timber, can be timber,
steel or concrete.steel or concrete.
Superstructure MembersSuperstructure Members are numbered are numbered numerically, in consecutive order, from left numerically, in consecutive order, from left to right, while looking ahead, on line, at to right, while looking ahead, on line, at increasing mileposts, or city street increasing mileposts, or city street addresses.addresses.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Span 3Girder 1
Span 3Girder 2
Span 3Girder 3
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bridge NomenclatureBridge Nomenclature Substructure MembersSubstructure Members can be steel, can be steel,
concrete or timber.concrete or timber.
Substructure MembersSubstructure Members are number are number numerically, in consecutive order, from left numerically, in consecutive order, from left to right, when looking ahead, on line, at to right, when looking ahead, on line, at increasing mileposts or city streets.increasing mileposts or city streets.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bent 3, Column 4
Bent 3, Column 5
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bridge NomenclatureBridge Nomenclature When the structure has Intermediate When the structure has Intermediate
Spans or Columns that are founded on Spans or Columns that are founded on larger spans.larger spans.
The columns/spans are numbered The columns/spans are numbered consecutively, with the bent/span consecutively, with the bent/span number along with an alphabetical number along with an alphabetical letter.letter.
Commonly occurs on an arch span.Commonly occurs on an arch span.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Span 5
Span 5A Span 5B
Bent 5AColumn 4
Bent 5BColumn 4
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bridge NomenclatureBridge Nomenclature A TrussA Truss is a structure that is made up of is a structure that is made up of
individual members that are arranged and individual members that are arranged and connected, in triangular patterns, to create a connected, in triangular patterns, to create a long span.long span.
A Truss is made up of at least two chords, an A Truss is made up of at least two chords, an upper chordupper chord and a and a lower chordlower chord..
Truss Panel PointsTruss Panel Points - are located on the chords - are located on the chords where two or more truss members are where two or more truss members are connected.connected.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Upper Chord
Lower ChordPanel PointL0
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bridge NomenclatureBridge Nomenclature Panel pointsPanel points are numbered consecutively, in are numbered consecutively, in
the same direction as the designated bent or the same direction as the designated bent or span, starting with “0”, along with an span, starting with “0”, along with an identifier to show whether the panel point is identifier to show whether the panel point is on the upper chord, lower chord, an on the upper chord, lower chord, an intermediate point, intermediate point, andand whether it is on the whether it is on the left or right truss.left or right truss.
Truss Members are identified by using two Truss Members are identified by using two panel point designations.panel point designations.
Oregon Department of Transportation
L5R
U6R
U8RL9R
L12RU13R
Increasing Mileposts
Bridge MechanicsBridge Mechanics
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bridge MechanicsBridge Mechanics
Load PathsLoad Paths
Bending, Tension, and CompressionBending, Tension, and Compression
Oregon Department of Transportation
Load Paths
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bridge MechanicsBridge Mechanics
Compression Tension (Tension)
(Compression)
Bending
Oregon Department of Transportation
Deck is in bending
Girders are in bending
Cap is in bending
Columns are in compression
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bridge MechanicsBridge Mechanics
Visualize a rope
hanging from two
panel points.
Members in Tension will
be much thinner in
section.
Members in compression will be much
thicker members.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Properties of Bridge Properties of Bridge MaterialsMaterials
Design CriteriaDesign Criteria - Seismic forces that develop - Seismic forces that develop during the vibratory response of a structure to during the vibratory response of a structure to earthquake ground shaking at its foundation earthquake ground shaking at its foundation are inertia forces whose intensity depends on are inertia forces whose intensity depends on the product of the mass and acceleration.the product of the mass and acceleration.
(Force = Mass of the bridge X Ground (Force = Mass of the bridge X Ground Acceleration)Acceleration)
Oregon Department of Transportation
Properties of Bridge Properties of Bridge MaterialsMaterials(Timber)(Timber)
If the structure is provided with proper lateral If the structure is provided with proper lateral bracing and all of the components are adequately bracing and all of the components are adequately tied together, timber is one of the more efficient tied together, timber is one of the more efficient earthquake resistant materials for low-rise earthquake resistant materials for low-rise structures.structures.
Timber is a very resilient material.Timber is a very resilient material.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Properties of Bridge Properties of Bridge MaterialsMaterials
(Reinforced Concrete)(Reinforced Concrete) Even though Reinforced Concrete tends to be Even though Reinforced Concrete tends to be
very massive, it can be used effectively if it is very massive, it can be used effectively if it is properly reinforced.properly reinforced.
The proper amount of steel reinforcement and The proper amount of steel reinforcement and correct detailing plays a very important role in correct detailing plays a very important role in the seismic response of the structure.the seismic response of the structure.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Typical Reinforced Concrete Typical Reinforced Concrete GirderGirder
Primary Steel Reinforcement
Rebar Stirrups
Oregon Department of Transportation
Reinforced Concrete SectionReinforced Concrete Section
Oregon Department of Transportation
Typical Pre-stress Concrete Girder
Prestressing Strands or Post-tensioning
ConduitsPrestress Strand
Jacking Load+ 160,000 psi
Oregon Department of Transportation
Properties of Bridge Properties of Bridge MaterialsMaterials
(Steel)(Steel) Because of its high strength per unit weight, Because of its high strength per unit weight,
Structural Steel members are usually very Structural Steel members are usually very slender. Thus buckling becomes a serious slender. Thus buckling becomes a serious problem.problem.
Member Connections can also be a problem for Member Connections can also be a problem for steel structures.steel structures.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Typical Structural Steel Typical Structural Steel SectionsSections
Web
Flange
Oregon Department of Transportation
Structural Steel MembersStructural Steel Members
Oregon Department of Transportation
Preparing for the InspectionPreparing for the Inspection
Oregon Department of Transportation
Employee Safety and Employee Safety and EquipmentEquipment
ODOT is committed to a safe and healthy ODOT is committed to a safe and healthy workplace through prevention, equipment workplace through prevention, equipment maintenance, education, training and maintenance, education, training and compliance with all state and federal compliance with all state and federal regulations.regulations.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Dissect the job into sequential steps.Dissect the job into sequential steps.
Identify the potential hazards of each step.Identify the potential hazards of each step.
Specify how each hazard will be mitigated.Specify how each hazard will be mitigated.
Follow the game plan.Follow the game plan.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Sequence of Job
Steps Potential Hazards Recommended
Procedures
Step 1: WorkingAlone (not in directcontact with others)
Struck by vehicle,Tripping, Slipping,Falling, Caught on orin Hazard, ConfinedSpace, Exposure totoxic Elements,Exposure to extremetemperatures, andtransients.
Don’t work alone.Follow ODOTWorking AlongGuideline: establish
communication net establish check-in
time acknowledge
completion
Oregon Department of Transportation
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Sequence of Job
Steps Potential Hazards Recommended
Procedures
Step 2: TrafficControl
Struck by vehicle,Creating trafficcongestion,Presenting hazard totraffic, tripping,slipping, falling.
Match traffic planwith site conditions &work: Lane closure with
signs & flaggers. Warning signs &
establish escaperoutes. Traffic spotter to
accompany inspector Walk against
traffic.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Sequence of Job
Steps Potential Hazards Recommended
Procedures
Step 3: DoningEquipment.
Not clearly visible totraffic, head injuries,slipping, falling, handinjuries, eye injuries,cuts & skinabrasions, exposureto toxic materials.
Match equipmentneeds to the workbeing performed.Review with co-worker and follow“ODOT PersonalProtective EquipmentPolicy”.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Sequence of Job
Steps Potential Hazards Recommended
Procedures
Step 4: Planning &Implementing Access
Injuries caused bythings in motion, hightemperatures,chemical exposure,harmfulatmospheres, lightradiation (welding),Falling Objects,Sharp Objects,Rolling or Pinching,Electricity, layout ofworkplace andlocation of co-workers.
Pre-assess the worksite using the ODOTHazard AssessmentWorksheet anddiscuss with teammembers beforeleaving the vehicle. Devise plan to
mitigate knownhazards. Assure that all
team members fullyunderstands thegame plan.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Performing the Bridge Performing the Bridge InspectionInspection
Remember: The ground could be shaking and/or Remember: The ground could be shaking and/or changed dramatically.changed dramatically.
The terrain could be very unfamiliar.The terrain could be very unfamiliar.
There will be an urgency to get the assessments There will be an urgency to get the assessments completed so the bridge can be cleared or completed so the bridge can be cleared or actions can be implemented to get the structure actions can be implemented to get the structure back into service.back into service.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Unstable GroundUnstable Ground
Oregon Department of Transportation
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Sequence of Job
Steps Potential Hazards Recommended
Procedures
Step 5: Working inConfined Space.
No air to breath,Breathing PoorQuality Air, HeadInjuries, No lights,tripping, being lockedin the confined space,transients.
Review and follow the“ODOT ConfinedSpace Policy &Procedures”: Establish
Communication net.(check-in / out) Establish rescue
plan. Lock-out / tag-out Use appropriate
equipment forconditions. Notify Completion.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Sequence of Job
Steps Potential Hazards Recommended
Procedures
Step 6: Meet withInspection Team,discuss findings,document and re-access bridge ifnecessary.
Struck by traffic,Creating a trafficdistraction, falling,slipping, tripping, offbalance while takingphotos and/or takingmeasurements,public image.
Follow the originalinspection plan andmake sure trafficcontrol measures arestill in place.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Job Safety Analysis (JSA)Sequence of Job
Steps Potential Hazards Recommended
Procedures
Step 7: Pickup TrafficControl.
Step 8: Notify Others
Same as Step 2.
Same as Step 1.
Same as Step 2.
Same as Step 1.
Oregon Department of Transportation
EquipmentEquipment Personal ClothingPersonal Clothing
Personal SuppliesPersonal Supplies
Inspection EquipmentInspection Equipment
ODOT Identification CardsODOT Identification Cards
Oregon Department of Transportation
Personal ClothingPersonal Clothing Hard Hat w/
chin strap Safety Vest Soft Cap Stocking Cap
Work Boots Rubber Boots Work Gloves Extra Socks Rubber Gloves
Extra Sweatshirt Safety Glasses Rain Gear Coveralls
Oregon Department of Transportation
Personal SuppliesPersonal Supplies First Aid Kit Food / Munchies
Fresh Water Drinking Cup
Toilet Paper Sleeping Bag or
Blanket
Oregon Department of Transportation
Inspection EquipmentInspection Equipment Clipboard Notepad Pens & Pencils Safety Harness Binoculars Flagging Tape Duct Tape
Portable Ladder 25’ Pocket Tape Hammer 2 Lanyards Cell Phone 50’ of ½” rope Flashlight
Red Paint Marker Green Paint Marker Keel / Crayon Life Vest Safety Rope Slide Camera w/film Color Coded Bags Permanent Marker
Oregon Department of Transportation
Identification CardIdentification Card DMV Id Card Photo Working Title
Oregon Department of Transportation
Preparing for an Emergency Preparing for an Emergency ResponseResponse
Oregon Department of Transportation
Emergency Response Emergency Response PreparationPreparation
► Response Threshold.Response Threshold.
► Define the different inspection levels.Define the different inspection levels.
► Zero-in on the First Response Level 1 Zero-in on the First Response Level 1 InspectionsInspections
Oregon Department of Transportation
When Should You When Should You Respond?Respond?
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (Earthquake Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (Earthquake Training Handout, pg 4.)Training Handout, pg 4.)
I. Not felt by most people, only I. Not felt by most people, only instruments detect the earthquake.instruments detect the earthquake.
II. People lying down might feel the II. People lying down might feel the earthquake.earthquake.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Determining Response Determining Response TriggerTrigger
III. People on upper floors of buildings will feel III. People on upper floors of buildings will feel it, but may not know it is an earthquake. it, but may not know it is an earthquake. Hanging objects swing.Hanging objects swing.
IV. People indoors will probably feel it, but IV. People indoors will probably feel it, but those outside may not. Houses may crack.those outside may not. Houses may crack.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Determining Response Determining Response TriggerTrigger
V. Nearly everyone feels it. Sleepers are V. Nearly everyone feels it. Sleepers are awakened. Doors swing, pictures move, awakened. Doors swing, pictures move, things tip over.things tip over.
VI. Everyone feels the earthquake. It’s hard VI. Everyone feels the earthquake. It’s hard to walk. Windows and dishes broken. Books to walk. Windows and dishes broken. Books fall from shelf.fall from shelf.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Determining Response Determining Response TriggerTrigger
VII. It’s hard to stand. Plaster, bricks, and VII. It’s hard to stand. Plaster, bricks, and tiles fall from buildings. Small land slides.tiles fall from buildings. Small land slides.
VIII. People will not be able to drive cars. VIII. People will not be able to drive cars. Poorly built buildings may collapse, Poorly built buildings may collapse, chimneys may fall.chimneys may fall.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Determining Response Determining Response TriggerTrigger
IX. Most foundations are damaged. Masonry IX. Most foundations are damaged. Masonry heavily damaged. Pipes are broken. The heavily damaged. Pipes are broken. The ground cracks.ground cracks.
X. Most buildings are destroyed. Water is X. Most buildings are destroyed. Water is thrown out of rivers and lakes. Large thrown out of rivers and lakes. Large landslides.landslides.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Determine Response TriggerDetermine Response Trigger
XI. Rails are bent. Bridges and underground XI. Rails are bent. Bridges and underground pipelines unusable.pipelines unusable.
XII. Most things are leveled. Large objects XII. Most things are leveled. Large objects may be thrown into the air. Large rocks may be thrown into the air. Large rocks masses displaced.masses displaced.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Determine Response TriggerDetermine Response Trigger
► Where are you when the shaking starts: Where are you when the shaking starts: Home, Work, Somewhere in between.Home, Work, Somewhere in between.
► Lines of Communication vs ExpectationsLines of Communication vs Expectations
► Work Assignments: Traffic Control, Work Assignments: Traffic Control, Highway patrol, Highway patrol, Inspecting BridgesInspecting Bridges, , Manning the ICC, Gearing-up for repairs.Manning the ICC, Gearing-up for repairs.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Bridge Inspection LevelsBridge Inspection Levels
► First LookFirst Look
► Level 1 InspectionsLevel 1 Inspections
► Level 2 InspectionsLevel 2 Inspections
► Level 3 InspectionsLevel 3 Inspections
Oregon Department of Transportation
First LookFirst Look► First LookFirst Look - Information source is from - Information source is from
untrained, non-transportation personnel.untrained, non-transportation personnel.
► Taken at face value - whether a bridge has Taken at face value - whether a bridge has collapsed or not.collapsed or not.
► Provides the first estimate as to the size of Provides the first estimate as to the size of the affected area and level of the response the affected area and level of the response effort that’s required.effort that’s required.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 1 InspectionLevel 1 Inspection► Who determines whether a Level 1 Who determines whether a Level 1
Inspection effort will be deployed?Inspection effort will be deployed? Crew Supervisor?Crew Supervisor? District Manager?District Manager? Region Bridge Inspector?Region Bridge Inspector? Bridge Engineer?Bridge Engineer? Local Agency (Director of Public Works)?Local Agency (Director of Public Works)?
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 1 Bridge InspectionsLevel 1 Bridge Inspections► Level 1 InspectionLevel 1 Inspection - Source of Information is - Source of Information is
from trained, transportation personnel (You).from trained, transportation personnel (You).
► Provides the first reliable information on which Provides the first reliable information on which decisions can be made: Is the bridge damaged? decisions can be made: Is the bridge damaged? If so, how badly? Is it useable? What’s needed to If so, how badly? Is it useable? What’s needed to get the bridge back into service?get the bridge back into service?
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 1 Bridge InspectionsLevel 1 Bridge Inspections
► The guideline used by the personnel The guideline used by the personnel performing these inspections is: “Would performing these inspections is: “Would you feel comfortable, driving over the you feel comfortable, driving over the bridge, in a loaded truck”.bridge, in a loaded truck”.
► Partial bridge closure decisions should Partial bridge closure decisions should only be made by a Licensed Engineer.only be made by a Licensed Engineer.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 1 Bridge InspectionsLevel 1 Bridge Inspections
► Expectation - A Level 1 inspection will be Expectation - A Level 1 inspection will be performed on all bridges in the affected area performed on all bridges in the affected area within the first 24 hours.within the first 24 hours.
► Urgency - The sooner the agency Urgency - The sooner the agency determines the condition of the determines the condition of the infrastructure, the sooner emergency infrastructure, the sooner emergency actions can be implemented.actions can be implemented.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 1 Bridge Inspection Level 1 Bridge Inspection ExpectationsExpectations
► If the magnitude of the event is If the magnitude of the event is from 4.0 to 5.0from 4.0 to 5.0 with an epicenter within the State of Oregon, or with an epicenter within the State of Oregon, or within 50 miles of the Oregon Coast, or State within 50 miles of the Oregon Coast, or State border –border –
► The district will log observations and The district will log observations and information from the police, public, and media.information from the police, public, and media.
► Primary task – make sure the notification, Primary task – make sure the notification, communication, and response plans are communication, and response plans are working. Structural damage – unlikely.working. Structural damage – unlikely.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 1 Bridge Inspection Level 1 Bridge Inspection ExpectationsExpectations
► If the magnitude of the event is If the magnitude of the event is from 5.0 to from 5.0 to 6.06.0 with an epicenter within the State of with an epicenter within the State of Oregon, or within 50 miles of the Oregon Oregon, or within 50 miles of the Oregon Coast, or State border –Coast, or State border –
► Bridge maintenance crews will perform a Bridge maintenance crews will perform a condition assessment on all structures condition assessment on all structures within 50 miles of the epicenter within the within 50 miles of the epicenter within the first 24 hours.first 24 hours.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 1 Bridge Inspection Level 1 Bridge Inspection ExpectationsExpectations
► If the magnitude of the event is If the magnitude of the event is from 6.0 to 8.0from 6.0 to 8.0 with an epicenter within the State of Oregon, or with an epicenter within the State of Oregon, or within 100 miles of the Oregon Coast, or State within 100 miles of the Oregon Coast, or State border –border –
► Bridge maintenance crews will perform a condition Bridge maintenance crews will perform a condition assessment on all structures within 100 miles of assessment on all structures within 100 miles of the epicenter within the first 24 hours. the epicenter within the first 24 hours.
► All damaged structures will receive a follow-up All damaged structures will receive a follow-up condition assessment by engineering personnel condition assessment by engineering personnel within the first 72 hours.within the first 72 hours.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 1 Bridge Inspection Level 1 Bridge Inspection ExpectationsExpectations
► If the magnitude of the event is If the magnitude of the event is greater than 8.0greater than 8.0 with an epicenter within the State of Oregon, or with an epicenter within the State of Oregon, or within 300 miles of the Oregon Coast, or State within 300 miles of the Oregon Coast, or State border –border –
► Bridge maintenance crews will perform a condition Bridge maintenance crews will perform a condition assessment on all structures within 300 miles of assessment on all structures within 300 miles of the epicenter. the epicenter.
► A timeframe can not be established due to the A timeframe can not be established due to the magnitude of the damage and the uncertainty of magnitude of the damage and the uncertainty of being able to navigate the terrain.being able to navigate the terrain.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 1 Bridge InspectionsLevel 1 Bridge Inspections
► Inspection Priorities:Inspection Priorities: Priority 1: Lifeline RoutesPriority 1: Lifeline Routes Priority 2: Lifeline Alternate RoutesPriority 2: Lifeline Alternate Routes Priority 3: Interstate RoutesPriority 3: Interstate Routes Priority 4: Major Arterial RoutesPriority 4: Major Arterial Routes Priority 5: Secondary HighwaysPriority 5: Secondary Highways
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 1 InspectionsLevel 1 Inspections
► Definition of a Lifeline Route:Definition of a Lifeline Route: Routes that are Routes that are essential for emergency services during the essential for emergency services during the first 72 hours after an event.first 72 hours after an event.
► Determine Route Itinerary:Determine Route Itinerary:Inspect bridges as you come to them, or Inspect bridges as you come to them, or Drive to the end of the route and inspect bridges Drive to the end of the route and inspect bridges
back to back to place of origin.place of origin.
► Determine Route ConfigurationDetermine Route Configuration
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 2 InspectionsLevel 2 Inspections► Who determines whether a Level 2 Who determines whether a Level 2
Inspection effort will be deployed?Inspection effort will be deployed? Crew Supervisor?Crew Supervisor? District Manager?District Manager? Region Bridge Inspector?Region Bridge Inspector? Bridge Engineer?Bridge Engineer? Local Agency (Director of Public Works)?Local Agency (Director of Public Works)?
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 2 Bridge InspectionsLevel 2 Bridge Inspections
► Level 2 InspectionsLevel 2 Inspections - are performed by - are performed by Certified Bridge Inspection Team Certified Bridge Inspection Team Leaders or Licensed Engineers.Leaders or Licensed Engineers.
► Obtain information so that repairs can Obtain information so that repairs can be designed and a detailed scope of be designed and a detailed scope of repair work can be identified.repair work can be identified.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 2 Bridge InspectionsLevel 2 Bridge Inspections► Anticipate that these inspectors will be teamed Anticipate that these inspectors will be teamed
and deployed with district personnel in order to and deployed with district personnel in order to maximize their expertise.maximize their expertise.
► District personnel are much more familiar with the District personnel are much more familiar with the affected area and potential detour routes.affected area and potential detour routes.
► Districts have delegated bridge closure authority.Districts have delegated bridge closure authority.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 2 Bridge InspectionsLevel 2 Bridge Inspections
► Expectation - A level 2 inspection will be Expectation - A level 2 inspection will be performed on all bridges in the affected performed on all bridges in the affected area within the first 72 hours.area within the first 72 hours.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 3 Bridge InspectionsLevel 3 Bridge Inspections► A A Level 3 InspectionLevel 3 Inspection is an in-depth is an in-depth
assessment and a structural analysis of assessment and a structural analysis of the damaged portions of a structure.the damaged portions of a structure.
► Purpose is to obtain detailed information Purpose is to obtain detailed information for load posting, future design criteria, for load posting, future design criteria, and/or initiate the first steps for a full and/or initiate the first steps for a full restoration project.restoration project.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Level 3 Bridge InspectionsLevel 3 Bridge Inspections► Expectation - A Level 3 Inspection will Expectation - A Level 3 Inspection will
only be performed on a structure that only be performed on a structure that has been closed.has been closed.
► The level 3 inspection could result in:The level 3 inspection could result in: Opening a bridge with a load posting.Opening a bridge with a load posting. Opening a bridge after temporary shoring.Opening a bridge after temporary shoring. Opening a bridge after repaired.Opening a bridge after repaired.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Emergency Response KitsEmergency Response Kits(Contents of Notebooks)(Contents of Notebooks)
► Specified RouteSpecified Route► Possible Alternate RoutesPossible Alternate Routes► MapMap► Bridge Inventory for both routesBridge Inventory for both routes► Damage Assessment FormsDamage Assessment Forms► Bridge Tagging Instructions & Bridge Tagging Instructions &
MarkersMarkers
Oregon Department of Transportation
Suggested Additional Suggested Additional TrainingTraining
► Bridge Inspector TrainingBridge Inspector Training► ODOT Working Alone GuidelineODOT Working Alone Guideline► Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective Equipment► Work Zone Traffic ControlWork Zone Traffic Control► Environmental Health Hazard Environmental Health Hazard
AwarenessAwareness
Oregon Department of Transportation
Suggested Additional Suggested Additional TrainingTraining
► Defensive DrivingDefensive Driving► First Aid with CPRFirst Aid with CPR► Confined Space TrainingConfined Space Training► Fall Protection / Self RescueFall Protection / Self Rescue► Lead Exposure AwarenessLead Exposure Awareness► Lock-out / Tag-outLock-out / Tag-out► Performing a Job Safety AnalysisPerforming a Job Safety Analysis
Oregon Department of Transportation
Performing the InspectionPerforming the Inspection
Oregon Department of Transportation
Performing the InspectionPerforming the Inspection
When should you start inspecting bridges?When should you start inspecting bridges?
Clearly understand the response trigger Clearly understand the response trigger expectations.expectations.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Responsibilities of the 1st Responsibilities of the 1st ResponderResponder
Safely access the structure.Safely access the structure. Evaluate the structural condition of Evaluate the structural condition of
a damaged structure.a damaged structure. Report your Condition Assessment.Report your Condition Assessment. Tag the Bridge accordingly.Tag the Bridge accordingly. Continue on assigned route.Continue on assigned route.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Safely Access the BridgeSafely Access the Bridge Park Vehicle in a safe location.Park Vehicle in a safe location.
Walk against traffic.Walk against traffic.
Walk beside bridge footprint, not under Walk beside bridge footprint, not under the bridge.the bridge.
Use binoculars and flashlights. Climb Use binoculars and flashlights. Climb only when absolutely necessary.only when absolutely necessary.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Condition Assessment Report Condition Assessment Report FormForm
Report Form HeaderReport Form Header Fill it out ahead of time.Fill it out ahead of time.
Condition Assessment:Condition Assessment: 1- (Closed Bridge, rebuild to open)1- (Closed Bridge, rebuild to open) 2- (Closed Bridge, shore to open)2- (Closed Bridge, shore to open) 3- (Bridge is Open)3- (Bridge is Open)
Oregon Department of Transportation
What to Look ForWhat to Look For
Condition Assessment Form SketchesCondition Assessment Form Sketches
Bridge Closure ThresholdsBridge Closure Thresholds
Oregon Department of Transportation
Vertical Movement of BridgeVertical Movement of Bridge
Vertical Movement > 2”
Abutment or Pile Cap
Sketch 1
Oregon Department of Transportation
Vertical MovementVertical Movement
Oregon Department of Transportation
Horizontal MovementHorizontal Movement
HorizontalMovement
> 6”
Bridge RailSidewalk
Deck Joint
Bridge
Deck
Sketch 2Sketch 2
Oregon Department of Transportation
Horizontal MovementHorizontal Movement
HorizontalMovement > 6”
Oregon Department of Transportation
Concrete ColumnsConcrete Columns
Bent Vertical Rebar
Broken Column Ties
Concrete turned to
rubble
Sketch 3
Oregon Department of Transportation
Concrete ColumnsConcrete Columns
Oregon Department of Transportation
Concrete ColumnsConcrete Columns
Oregon Department of Transportation
Concrete ColumnsConcrete Columns
Adequacy of the ColumnsAdequacy of the Columns
Column Offset
Bent Vertical Rebar
Broken Column
Ties
Sketch 4
Oregon Department of Transportation
Concrete ColumnsConcrete Columns
Oregon Department of Transportation
Concrete ColumnConcrete Column
Oregon Department of Transportation
Concrete ColumnsConcrete Columns
Critical Position
0.1 X “H” or 6 inches Max.
“H”
Superstructure
Concrete Column
Expect to see cracks and spalling outside of the
column ties near the top and bottom of the column. Sketch 5
Oregon Department of Transportation
Concrete ColumnsConcrete Columns
Oregon Department of Transportation
Concrete ColumnsConcrete Columns
Oregon Department of Transportation
Concrete ColumnsConcrete Columns
Oregon Department of Transportation
Concrete ColumnsConcrete Columns
Oregon Department of Transportation
Steel ColumnsSteel Columns
Buckled Flange
Steel Column
Flange and web cracked
Sketch 6
Oregon Department of Transportation
Oregon Department of Transportation
Timber Cap / Pile ConnectionsTimber Cap / Pile Connections
Timber Post or
Pile
Timber Cap
Bolts Severe Splitting
Diagonal Bracing Sketch 7
Oregon Department of Transportation
Steel Crossbeams or CapsSteel Crossbeams or Caps
Buckled Flange
Steel Crossbeam
Buckled Web & Broken Web
Stiffener
Buckled Web
> 25% Bolts or Rivets in a
connection are broken
Sketch 8
Oregon Department of Transportation
Rocker BearingsRocker Bearings
> 1/3 X “H” Max
Plumb Line
Superstructure
Deck
Rocker“H”
Sketch 9
Oregon Department of Transportation
Sketch 9
BearingsBearings
“S”Original
Beam Seat
< 0.5 X “S” or 4” Min. Remaining
Abutment or Pile Cap
Movement
Sketch 10
Oregon Department of Transportation
Loss of BearingLoss of Bearing
Oregon Department of Transportation
Loss of BearingLoss of Bearing
Oregon Department of Transportation
Pre-stressed Concrete Pre-stressed Concrete SuperstructureSuperstructure
Deck
Pre-stressed Concrete
Superstructure
Abutment or Pile Cap
Severe Diagonal Shear Cracks at 1/4 points in
concrete girder
Sketch 11
Oregon Department of Transportation
SuperstructureSuperstructure
Side angle or channel
buckled
Lattice bars stretched or
broken
Sketch 12
Oregon Department of Transportation
Steel SuperstructureSteel Superstructure
Oregon Department of Transportation
Steel SuperstructureSteel Superstructure
Oregon Department of Transportation
Steel SuperstructureSteel Superstructure
> 25% of Connection Rivets or Bolts are broken
Oregon Department of Transportation
SuperstructureSuperstructure
Rebar
Concrete Cap or
Crossbeam
Pile
Concrete Girder
Deck
Stirrups
Shear Offset
Sheared Concrete Girder
Sketch 13
Oregon Department of Transportation
Concrete GirderConcrete Girder
Oregon Department of Transportation
SuperstructureSuperstructure
“S”
Sag in Concrete Girder
Sag @ center > 1% of span length
Sketch 14
Oregon Department of Transportation
FootingsFootings
“W”
“L”
Undermined Footing
Shear Cracks > 3/8” near column Footing Undermined
> 20% of bearing area (L x W)
Sketch 15
Oregon Department of Transportation
ConcreteConcrete FootingsFootings
Oregon Department of Transportation
FootingsFootings
Piling Punching thru Footing
Concrete Column
Concrete Footing on Steel Piling
Sketch 16
Oregon Department of Transportation
ApproachesApproaches
Superstructure
Deck
Approach Slab / AC Settlement > 3”
Abutment or End Bent
AsphaltApproach Slab
Sketch 17
Oregon Department of Transportation
ApproachesApproaches
Oregon Department of Transportation
ApproachesApproaches
Deck
Superstructure
Approach Embankment / Slab
Abutment / Back wall / End Bent
Plumb Line
“H”
Ground line or top of footing
0.1 X “H” or 6 inch Max.
Sketch 18
Oregon Department of Transportation
ApproachesApproaches
Oregon Department of Transportation
UtilitiesUtilities
Oregon Department of Transportation
Miscellaneous StructuresMiscellaneous Structures
Oregon Department of Transportation
Using the Condition Assessment Using the Condition Assessment FormForm
ThresholdsThresholds that warrant closing the bridge. that warrant closing the bridge.
Communication toolCommunication tool - report all damage - report all damage information to your ICC. Refer to sketches with information to your ICC. Refer to sketches with measurements.measurements.
Damage DocumentationDamage Documentation - send completed - send completed condition assessment form to ODOT Bridge condition assessment form to ODOT Bridge Operations.Operations.
Oregon Department of Transportation
Standard Bridge Tagging Standard Bridge Tagging ProcedureProcedure
ColorColorGreen - Bridge Open / Safe to useGreen - Bridge Open / Safe to useRed - Bridge is Closed / UnsafeRed - Bridge is Closed / Unsafe
WhereWhereVisible Vertical Surface, Right Side, Visible Vertical Surface, Right Side, Both Ends.Both Ends.
How - Paint Sticks, Keel, or Bags How - Paint Sticks, Keel, or Bags
Oregon Department of Transportation
Standard Bridge Tagging Standard Bridge Tagging ProcedureProcedure
Agency
Level of Inspection
Initials of the Inspector
Date Time
Oregon Department of Transportation
Standard Bridge Tagging Standard Bridge Tagging Procedure (Example)Procedure (Example)
ODOT
1GLB
2/28/01 10:58 AM
Oregon Department of Transportation
Standard Bridge Tagging Standard Bridge Tagging Procedure (Example)Procedure (Example)
ODOT1
GLB
2/28/01 10:58 AM
ODOT
2/28/01
2IS
3:15 PM
Oregon Department of Transportation
Acceptable Methods for Acceptable Methods for Closing a BridgeClosing a Bridge
► Flagging TapeFlagging Tape
► Flag PersonFlag Person
► VehicleVehicle
► BarricadesBarricades
Oregon Department of Transportation
Reporting Your Condition Reporting Your Condition AssessmentAssessment
► Your NameYour Name► Bridge Name, Hwy, MP, Bridge No.Bridge Name, Hwy, MP, Bridge No.► Where on the bridge is the damage located.Where on the bridge is the damage located.► Report the amount of damage - refer to the Report the amount of damage - refer to the
inspection form sketch, give measurements.inspection form sketch, give measurements.► What actions you have initiated.What actions you have initiated.► Turn in your completed inspection forms.Turn in your completed inspection forms.
Oregon Department of Transportation
For Additional InformationFor Additional Information
► Bruce Johnson : State Bridge Engineer : 503-986-3344
► Gary Bowling : Bridge Operations Engineer : 503-986-3402
► Jeff Swanstrom : Senior Bridge Inspector : 503-986-3337
► Bert Hartman : Bridge Program Manager : 503-986-3395