Organic Chemistry

Chapter 9

Carbon or Organic Chemistry• The study of elements

and compounds found in living things

• “carbon compounds” – carbon (element of life)

• Carbon forms millions of compounds

The element carbon

• Atomic mass – 12 amu• Atomic number – 6• Protons – 6; electrons – 6; neutrons – 6• Valence electrons: 4 • Allotropes – different molecular configurations

»A number of these exist.»The most commonly found –

diamond, graphite, amorphous carbon such as charcoal, fullerenes

Properties of Organic Compounds

• Contain C and H, often combined with a few other elements such as O and N

• Exist as a gas, liquid or low melting solids with strong odors;

nonelectrolytes

When carbon is bonding with itself, describe as a covalent bond and/or a carbon to carbon bond

Ways C atoms can bond with other C atoms:C-C Single BondC=C Double BondCΞC Triple Bond

Carbon can form up to four(4) covalent bonds.

Three types of formulas used for carbon compounds:

molecular formula – C2H8

graphic formula – CH3CH2CH3

structural formula -

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Isomers• Branches of the same

compounds• Showing a different order of

the elements in the compound• Have same empirical formula,

but different structural formula

• Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose

Hydrocarbons – contain carbon and hydrogen bonded by covalent bonds• Saturated – bond of

hydrogen and carbon in a single bond / only singles

• Unsaturated – bond of hydrogen and carbon in a double or triple bonds/ at least one double or triple

Alkanes

• Straight chains, branched chains, or rings of H and C

• Single bonds only • Saturated • Formula: 2n + 2

Examples

Methane: CH4

Ethane: C2H6

Propane: C3H8

Alkenes• Straight or branch

chained hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon to carbon double bonds

• Unsaturated• Formula: 2n

Examples

Ethene: C2H4

Propene: C3H6

Alkynes• Straight or branch

chained hydrocarbons having one or more carbon to carbon triple bonds

• Unsaturated• Most reactive type• Formula: 2n-2

Examples

Ethyne or acetylene:

C2H2

Propyne: C3H4

Aromatic Hydrocarbon• Ring of 6 carbon

atoms joined by single and double bonds

• Benzene – simplest aromatic hydrocarbon

• Many have strong odors or aromas

Benzene C6H6

Substituted Hydrocarbons• Alcohols – take out an H and replace it with OH propanol (rubbing alcohol) ; ethanol • Organic Acids – double bonded and have COOH acetic acid (vinegar), citric acid• Esters – combination of alcohol and organic

acids. Formulas have OH and COOH. polyesters

• Amines – contain an amino group -NH2

amino acids

Important biological compounds• Also known as biochemicals• Essential to life• Are usually polymers – large molecules made up of

smaller repeating units called monomers

• Types include– Carbohydrates – have H, O, and C. Sugars,

starches, cellulose (basic units are sugars)- basic monomers are monosaccharides or simple sugars- supply energy for organisms, store energy and serve as building materials for cells

– Lipids – Fats (solid at room temp) and oils (liquid at room temp) and waxes (made up of fatty acids and glycerol)- contain C, H, O – provide large amounts of energy, store energy, serve as building materials for cells

– Nucleic Acids – DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) –C, H, O, N and P – basic monomers are nucleotides- store and transmit hereditary information, serve as blueprints for building living things

– Proteins – build and repair body parts- made up of amino acids (building blocks of proteins) – C, H, O, N, and some other elements such as S and Fe- control rate of cell processes, serve as building materials for muscles and bones, transport substances

Polymers• Monomer –Single block

of material that can be repeated and connected.

• Polymer – long chain of monomers linked together.

• Plastics – polymer based material that can be easily molded into shapes.

• Synthetic Fibers – strand of a man-made synthetic polymer. (polyester and dacron)

• Natural polymer – made in nature. Cocoon, silk, proteins in the body.

Important reactions in cells

• Cells are basic building blocks of organisms (living things).

• Two important chemical processes – photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Photosynthesis

• Process of converting carbon dioxide and water to simple sugars

• 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 carbon dioxide + water yields glucose

• Occurs in organisms that have chlorophyll – usually plants

Cellular Respiration