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Organic Chemistry IntroductionDr. Ashley Faris
Page 1
Organicchemistry:
Why do we care ?- carbon is unique in the
- millions of compounds are present in :-
=-
* Basis
If youwant to be . . .
an engineer : a knowledgeof Cochem can help
you choose the rightmaterial for the appropriate
application.A doctor : a knowledge of oChem can help youdecide the best drug to prescribe
so why is carbon so unique?
1) Carbon's tendency to form four covalent bonds .- carbon has
- in many cases ,elements want to
achieve
Page 2
ex : CHy covalent bond :
e-
pair geometry:molecular geometry:bond angle :
* Rule of thumb :
2) carbon's ability to form double and triplebonds
ex:
Page 3
Side note:
Silicon has similar properties to carbon but cannot
form double or triple bonds readily because
3) carbon's tendency to catenateex : ②①
c - c - c - c c - q- c
C
③ c - cl lc - c
- constitutional isomers :
Page 4
When we study ahem , there are patterns sowe group compounds together based on their
some common families of organic compounds :aka functional groups :
CHM001B WS21:OrganicChemistry
MissionCollege2|P a g e
Q4.Circleandidentifythefunctionalgroupsincortisoneacetate,theactiveingredientinsteroidskincream.
Q5.Circleandidentifythefunctionalgroupsinwarfarin,themedicationusedtotreatbloodclots.
CC
CC
C
CC
CC
C
CCC
CC
CC
CH3CH(CH3)CH(C2H5)CH2CH3
O
O
O
O
O
OH
O O
OH
O
Br
Br
ClCl
CC
CC
C
CC
CC
C
CCC
CC
CC
CH3CH(CH3)CH(C2H5)CH2CH3
O
O
O
O
O
OH
O O
OH
O
Br
Br
ClCl
Page 5
Page 6
If you take ochem you will learn:
c) nomenclature
2) properties3) synthesis of functional groups4) reactions of functional groups5) characterization of functional groups
* This is like the TED talk overview of OChem .
You
will immerse yourself if you take cochem inthe
future in learning the languageof Cochem . We are
focusing on nomenclatureand identifying functional
groups so you can begin learningthe language of
OChem .
How do we draw structures?
1) structural formulas:
ex : butane , CyH to
2) condensed structuralformula :
ex :
3) skeletal formula:
ex:
Page 7
Rules for drawing skeletal structures :
1) Every bend represents acarbon
.
2) We do not draw hydrogens attached to carbons.
3) Draw other atoms like oxygen , nitrogen ,and any
hydrogens attached .
LetspracticetDraw the structural formulas and
skeletal formulas
for the threeconstitutional isomers of pentane ,
Cs H 12 '
Page 8
Nomenclature :
Rulesfornamingalkanesii) Find the parent chain
2) Identify the substituent(s)
3) Number the parent chainto givesubstituents the lowest number
4) If you have morethan one of the
same substituent, then use prefixes2
34
5) write substituents alphabetically(not including prefix) . Separatenumbers with commas and separatenumbers and letters with hyphens.
Page 9
LetspracticelName the following skeletal structures :
i ) ¥
2) if
3)-
I
Page 10
Alkenesanl.tl#ynes- Alkanes are- hydrocarbons -
ex :
* Non cyclic alkaneshave the formula-
- Alkenes are hydrocarbons thatcontain at least one
-
and alkynes contain at least one
-
→ These compounds are missing hydrogensand therefore are referred
to as
#u
* Noncyclic alkenes have theformula-
ex:
* Noncyclic alkynes have the formula-
ex:
Page 11
Rules for nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes:
-
1) The parent chain is the longest continuous chainthat contains the double or triple bond .
2) The parent name has the ending- ene for alkenes
and - ynefor alkynes .
3) Number theparent chain to give thedouble or
triple bond thelowest number .
4) Follow the rest of the rules in naming as youwould
in naming an alkane .
Letspracticel
-E-
¥I I
Page 12
Geometric isomerism in alkenes →
- major difference betweena single bond and a double
bond is the-
ex:
Page 13
Ar#iHydrcabE- contain benzene
⇐' c →Ol "
CTC-C Resonance:
1) All bonds have the-- .
2) The true structure of benzeneis
fI
3) React differently than- .
1) monosubstituted benzenes -
ex:
* The are some common names you shouldlearn :
Nitz °"A
Page 14
2) If the parent chain is longer than sixcarbons
,then
benzene is a substituent- .
ex :
3) Disubstituted benzeneS - two hydrogenshave been
substituted
→
ex:Br
"
OH
I
Page 15
4) It is very commonto use ortho ( l , 2) , meta (1,33,
and para C 1,4)in place of numbering .
ex :
Br
"
Br
no ,
Br
Cl