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Organic Chemistry Polymers. Hydrocarbons. Carbon Hydrogen molecules. Methane CH4. hydrocarbons. Aromatic compounds. Aliphatic compounds. Single bonds. Double. Triple. Benzene element. Rings (NOT Benzene). Groups. Methy -CH3 Ethyl –CH2-CH3 Amino –NH3 Flouro –F - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Organic ChemistryOrganic ChemistryPolymersPolymers
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
Carbon Hydrogen moleculesCarbon Hydrogen molecules
Methane CH4
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
hydrocarbons
Aliphatic compounds Aromatic compounds
Benzene element
Single bonds
Triple
Double
Rings (NOT Benzene)
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
GroupsGroups
Methy -CH3Methy -CH3
Ethyl –CH2-CH3Ethyl –CH2-CH3
Amino –NH3Amino –NH3
Flouro –FFlouro –F
Nitro -NO3Nitro -NO3
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
GroupsGroups
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
PolymerPolymer
large molecule (macromolecule) composed large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units connected by of repeating structural units connected by covalent chemical bonds.covalent chemical bonds.
Monomer is a small molecule chemically Monomer is a small molecule chemically bonded to other monomers to form a bonded to other monomers to form a polymer polymer
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
A linear polymer one molecule after another, forming a long chain, the backbone.
POLYPROPYLENE
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Amino acidsAmino acids polymerizepolymerize to form to form proteinsproteins. .
NucleotidesNucleotides polymerize to form polymerize to form nucleic acidsnucleic acids
GlucoseGlucose polymerize to form polymerize to form starchesstarches, , amylopectinsamylopectins and and glycogenglycogen polymers. polymers.
IsopreneIsoprene polymerizes to form polymerizes to form natural rubbernatural rubber
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Cellulose Cellulose • RayonRayon
StarchStarch
RubberRubber
Proteins Proteins • Keratin Keratin • Collagen Collagen • GelatinGelatin
Epoxy ResinsNylonPolycarbonatePolyethylenePolyesterPMMAPolyurethanePolystyrenePVCSBS RubberSilicone
COMMON POLYMERS
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
carbohydratecarbohydrateMonosaccharides [SUGAR] are the building blocks Monosaccharides [SUGAR] are the building blocks
polysaccharidespolysaccharides such as such as cellulosecellulose and and starchstarch. . (also,of (also,of disaccharidesdisaccharides such as such as sucrosesucrose))
Complex carbohydrates are chains of sugar molecules and are Complex carbohydrates are chains of sugar molecules and are found in plant foods everywhere. found in plant foods everywhere.
A A carbohydratecarbohydrate is an is an organic compoundorganic compound with general with general formula Cformula Cmm(H2O)(H2O)nn, that is, consisting only of , that is, consisting only of carboncarbon, , hydrogenhydrogen and and oxygenoxygen
Starch is a polymer or long string of glucose molecules, just as Starch is a polymer or long string of glucose molecules, just as a protein is a long string of amino acids. a protein is a long string of amino acids.
Sugar: informal term for class of edible Sugar: informal term for class of edible crystallinecrystalline substances, substances, mainly mainly sucrosesucrose, , lactoselactose, and , and fructosefructose..
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
CelluloseCellulosechain of glucosechain of glucose
Paper, cotton, wood, leaves, stems
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
STARCHSTARCH StarchStarch or or amylumamylum is a is a polysaccharidepolysaccharide
carbohydratecarbohydrate consisting of a large number of consisting of a large number of glucoseglucose units joined together by units joined together by glycosidicglycosidic bonds bonds
Straight & BranchedStraight & Branched
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
starch and cellulose starch and cellulose connected glucose moleculesconnected glucose molecules
You can eat starch, but you can't digest cellulose.You can eat starch, but you can't digest cellulose. Your body contains enzymes that will break Your body contains enzymes that will break
starch down into glucose to fuel your body. starch down into glucose to fuel your body. Termites have bacteria that can break down Termites have bacteria that can break down
cellulosecellulose
Cellulose β-glucose, with the -OH pointed out
Starch α-glucose, with the -OH pointed down
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
FAT (LIPID)FAT (LIPID)
Not generally considered a polymerNot generally considered a polymer All fats consist of All fats consist of fatty acidsfatty acids (chains of carbon and (chains of carbon and
hydrogen atoms, with a carboxylic acid group at one end) hydrogen atoms, with a carboxylic acid group at one end) bonded to a backbone structure, often glycerol (a bonded to a backbone structure, often glycerol (a "backbone" of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen). "backbone" of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen).
Triglycerides make up most of fats digested by humans
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
DNADNADNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Functional groups
Amine NH2
Carboxylic acid HCO2
[same C]
R varies and determines which amino acid
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Amino AcidsAmino Acids
building blocks of building blocks of proteinsproteins, which are , which are Proteins linear chains of amino acidsProteins linear chains of amino acidsdefined by this defined by this primary structureprimary structure (its (its
unique sequence of amino acid) unique sequence of amino acid)
three-dimensional structurethree-dimensional structure of the of the protein often the critical component protein often the critical component in its function. in its function.
21 amino acids 21 amino acids huge variety of huge variety of proteinsproteins
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes. Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence that is specified by the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding this protein. The genetic code is a set of three-nucleotide sets called codons and each three-nucleotide combination designates an amino acid, for example AUG (adenine-uracil-guanine) is the code for methionine.
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Plastic Plastic [http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/pvc.htm][http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/pvc.htm]
Polyethylene is the most popular plastic Polyethylene is the most popular plastic grocery bags, shampoo bottles, toysgrocery bags, shampoo bottles, toys
Polystyrene Monomer
PVC
Polypropylene
April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010
In this case the In this case the polymerizationpolymerization reaction is reaction is known as a dehydration or known as a dehydration or condensation reactioncondensation reaction (due to the (due to the formation of formation of waterwater (H2O) as one of the (H2O) as one of the products) where a products) where a hydrogenhydrogen atom and a atom and a hydroxylhydroxyl (-OH) group are lost to form H2O (-OH) group are lost to form H2O and an and an oxygenoxygen molecule bonds between molecule bonds between each monomer unit.each monomer unit.
Isoprene is a natural monomer and Isoprene is a natural monomer and polymerizes to form polymerizes to form natural rubbernatural rubber, most , most often often cis-cis-1,4-polyisoprene, but also 1,4-polyisoprene, but also trans-trans-1,4-polyisoprene1,4-polyisoprene