Organic Compounds: Organic Compounds: The Molecules of LifeThe Molecules of Life

Any compound containing carbon (also Any compound containing carbon (also oxygen and hydrogen)oxygen and hydrogen)

Two exceptions: COTwo exceptions: CO22 and CO and CO Also called organic chemistryAlso called organic chemistry Four Macromolecules (large molecules):Four Macromolecules (large molecules):

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates ProteinsProteins LipidsLipids Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Carbon’s Bonding Behavior Carbon’s Bonding Behavior Outer shell of C has Outer shell of C has

4 e-’s4 e-’s

Can hold 8 e-’sCan hold 8 e-’s

Each C atom can Each C atom can form covalent bonds form covalent bonds with up to 4 atomswith up to 4 atoms

C may form single, C may form single, double, or triple double, or triple bondsbonds

Bonding ArrangementsBonding Arrangements

Carbon atoms Carbon atoms can form chains can form chains or ringsor rings

Other atoms Other atoms project from the project from the carbon backbonecarbon backbone

Glucose(ball-and-stick model)

Polymers & MonomersPolymers & Monomers Polymer Polymer

Large molecule (macromolecule)Large molecule (macromolecule) Made up of many small subunits called Made up of many small subunits called

monomersmonomers Monomer Monomer

Small molecule that can be linked Small molecule that can be linked

together to form a large moleculetogether to form a large molecule

Ex: carbohydrate Ex: carbohydrate polymer polymer

simple sugar (glucose) simple sugar (glucose) monomer monomer

Condensation Reactions or Condensation Reactions or Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis

Form polymers from subunits (monomers) Form polymers from subunits (monomers) of organic compounds of organic compounds

Enzymes remove Enzymes remove ––OH from one molecule, H OH from one molecule, H from another, form bond between two from another, form bond between two moleculesmolecules

Discarded atoms join to form waterDiscarded atoms join to form water

HydrolysisHydrolysis A type of cleavage (to break) reactionA type of cleavage (to break) reaction Breaks polymers into smaller units, called Breaks polymers into smaller units, called

monomersmonomers Enzymes split molecules into two or more partsEnzymes split molecules into two or more parts An An ––OH group and an H atom derived from water OH group and an H atom derived from water

are attached at exposed sitesare attached at exposed sites

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Ratio is always 1 C: 2 H: 1 O or CRatio is always 1 C: 2 H: 1 O or C11HH22OO11

Functions Functions provide QUICK energy provide QUICK energy Structural supportStructural support

Energy comes from breaking the C-H Energy comes from breaking the C-H bondsbonds

Subunit/Building Block is a monosaccharide Subunit/Building Block is a monosaccharide Aka -- simple sugarAka -- simple sugar

MonosaccharideMonosaccharide

Building block of carbohydratesBuilding block of carbohydrates AKA, simple sugarAKA, simple sugar Examples:Examples:

GlucoseGlucose FructoseFructose GalactosreGalactosre RiboseRibose DeoxyriboseDeoxyribose

Monosaccharide ExamplesMonosaccharide Examples

glucoseglucose

DisaccharideDisaccharide Two monosaccharides that have Two monosaccharides that have

been linked togetherbeen linked together ExamplesExamples

Sucrose: glucose + fructoseSucrose: glucose + fructose Lactose: glucose + galactoseLactose: glucose + galactose

Disaccharide ExamplesDisaccharide Examples

SucroseSucrose

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

Many monosaccharides linked together Many monosaccharides linked together (usually more than 8)(usually more than 8)

Some provide energySome provide energy Starch Starch plants plants Glycogen Glycogen animals (stored in liver & muscle) animals (stored in liver & muscle)

Some provide structural supportSome provide structural support Cellulose Cellulose plant cell walls plant cell walls Chitin Chitin fungi cell walls & insect exoskeleton fungi cell walls & insect exoskeleton

Polysaccharides ExamplesPolysaccharides Examples

GlycogenGlycogen

Carbohydrates: ExamplesCarbohydrates: Examples

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides Simple sugars Simple sugars Glucose, fructose, galactoseGlucose, fructose, galactose

DisaccharidesDisaccharides Two simple sugarsTwo simple sugars Sucrose, Maltose, and LactoseSucrose, Maltose, and Lactose

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides Complex carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates Glycogen Glycogen & & starch starch (storage)(storage) ChitinChitin & & cellulosecellulose (structural) (structural)

Cellulose fibers in the plant cell wall.

LipidsLipids

Primary function Primary function store energy store energy Contain C, H, and OContain C, H, and O Contain more C-H bonds than carbs Contain more C-H bonds than carbs

better energy sourcebetter energy source Subunits are…Subunits are…

Glycerol (containing a hydroxyl group -OH) Glycerol (containing a hydroxyl group -OH) Fatty acids (containing a hydrocarbon chain)Fatty acids (containing a hydrocarbon chain)

Combine to form a triglycerideCombine to form a triglyceride

Types of LipidsTypes of Lipids

Fats (triglycerides)Fats (triglycerides) PhospholipidsPhospholipids SterolsSterols WaxesWaxes

TriglyceridesTriglycerides 3 fatty acids attached to 1 glycerol3 fatty acids attached to 1 glycerol Triglycerides are most commonTriglycerides are most common Triglycerides store twice as much energy as complex Triglycerides store twice as much energy as complex

carbscarbs Unsaturated Unsaturated one or more double bonds one or more double bonds Saturated with only single bondsSaturated with only single bonds

Glycerol

Fatty Acid (saturated)

Fatty acid(unsat.)

PhospholipidsPhospholipids

Hydrophobic fatty acid Hydrophobic fatty acid tails tails

Phosphate head is Phosphate head is hydrophillic (orange area)hydrophillic (orange area) b/c it is polarb/c it is polar

Main component of cell Main component of cell membranesmembranes

SterolsSterols

4 fused carbon rings 4 fused carbon rings with functional groupswith functional groups

CholesterolCholesterol: most : most

common type in common type in

animalsanimals

Functions include: Functions include:

membrane components membrane components

and hormones and hormones

(testosterone & (testosterone &

estrogen)estrogen)

WaxesWaxes

Tightly packed long-chain fatty acids Tightly packed long-chain fatty acids linked to long-chain alcohols or linked to long-chain alcohols or carbon ringscarbon rings

All repel waterAll repel water Found on the outer covering of a leaf Found on the outer covering of a leaf

(cuticle)(cuticle)

ProteinsProteins Subunits are amino acidsSubunits are amino acids Made up of C, H, O, N, and sometimes SMade up of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

FunctionFunction ExampleExample

Structure/supportStructure/support collagencollagen

Fight infectionFight infection antibodies (immune antibodies (immune system)system)

TransportTransport hemoglobin carries Ohemoglobin carries O22

CatalystCatalyst enzymeenzyme

MovementMovement actin & myosin in actin & myosin in musclemuscle

Amino AcidsAmino Acids

Consists of…Consists of… Central carbon (brown)Central carbon (brown) Amino group (blue)Amino group (blue) Carboxyl group (orange)Carboxyl group (orange) Hydrogen atom (white)Hydrogen atom (white) R group (green)R group (green)

20 different R groups form 20 different amino acids

Linking Amino AcidsLinking Amino Acids Condensation reaction/dehydration Condensation reaction/dehydration

synthesis links amino group of one amino synthesis links amino group of one amino

acid with carboxyl group of next acid with carboxyl group of next Forms a peptide bond between amino Forms a peptide bond between amino

acidsacids

Water forms as a by-product

Bonding in ProteinsBonding in Proteins

2 amino acids 2 amino acids dipeptide dipeptide More than 2 amino acids More than 2 amino acids

polypeptidepolypeptide DNA determines the sequence of DNA determines the sequence of

amino acids in a protein or amino acids in a protein or polypeptide chain.polypeptide chain.

Sequence of amino acids is unique to Sequence of amino acids is unique to each proteineach protein

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Subunits is a nucleotideSubunits is a nucleotide Contains C, H, O, N, and PContains C, H, O, N, and P Function Function store & retrieve heritable store & retrieve heritable

informationinformation Examples: DNA, RNA, & ATPExamples: DNA, RNA, & ATP

NucleotidesNucleotides

Function Function energy carriersenergy carriers chemical messengerschemical messengers building blocks of nucleic building blocks of nucleic

acids & coenzymesacids & coenzymes Subunits Subunits

1 sugar (ribose or 1 sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)deoxyribose)

1 phosphate group 1 phosphate group 1 nitrogen containing 1 nitrogen containing

basebase

Adenine (a base)

Phosphate group

Deoxyribose sugar

Examples of NucleotidesExamples of Nucleotides

ATP: adenosine triphosphateATP: adenosine triphosphate 3 phosphate groups attached to sugar3 phosphate groups attached to sugar ATP is an energy carrier important to ATP is an energy carrier important to

metabolismmetabolism

Single strand of RNA

sugar

phosphateconnected bycovalent bond

base

Nitrogen Base

DNA DNA