Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies(c. 600 BCE – 500 CE)

PERIOD 2

They helped justify and preserve social inequality Although most Westerners do not associate this with

Christianity, numerous biblical passages advice the poor and the slaves to accept their lots in life and obey their masters.

40. WHAT DO CONFUCIANISM, HINDUISM, AND CHRISTIANITY HAVE IN COMMON?

Eastern Mediterranean Sea

Southern end of the Balkan peninsula

Southeastern EuropeSurrounded by the

Aegean and Ionian Seas

41. LOCATION OF CLASSICAL GREECE

Preferences for silk garments among the Roman elite

The spread of Buddhism and Christianity

42. EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL DIFFUSION IN CLASSICAL SOCIETY

Australia

43. WHICH REGION OF THE WORLD DID NOT EXPERIENCE THE NEOLITHIC TRANSITION BY 600

CE?

Middle EastMediterraneanSouth Asia

44. REGIONS OF THE WORLD AFFECTED BY HELLENISTIC

CULTURE

Both the Republic and the Empire recruited local elites in recently conquered areas to represent the interests of the imperial center

45. POLITICAL PRACTICES OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC COMPARED THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Greek leaders who exercised “practical” political leadership

Laid the foundation for future democracyEnded exclusive aristocratic control of the

governmentSubstituted a system of control by the

wealthy Political positions allotted by wealth, not birth

Introduced a new and more humane law codeWas also a noted poet.

46. SOLON

In regards to divorce and property rights women in classical Athens had far fewer rights compared to women in classical Rome

Despite their vital role in Ancient Greek and Roman society, women were not considered full citizens and in most instances required a guardian – their fathers, and later husbands – to represent them.

The quality of life largely depended on class and status, for example, upper class women generally did not work, although poor women had to toil in the fields to survive.

47. ROLE OF WOMEN IN CLASSICAL ATHENS COMPARED TO CLASSICAL ROME

Teacher-student relationshipSocrates – PlatoPlato – AristotleAristotle – Alexander the Great

48. CONNECTION BETWEEN SOCRATES, PLATO, ARISTOTLE, AND ALEXANDER THE GREAT

Both dealt with mounting costs associated with defending imperial frontiers

These costs led to economic and political crises

49. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ROMAN AND HAN EMPIRES

Social hierarchy - although their structures varied, each had divisions between economic and social classes; slavery existed to some extent in al l

Patriarchal family structures - Like the river valley civilizations that preceded them, they valued male authority within families, as well as in most other areas of life.

Agricultural-based economies - Despite more sophisticated and complex job specialization, the most common occupation in all areas was farming.

Complex governments - Because they were so large, these three civilizations had to invent new ways to keep their lands together politically. Their governments were large and complex, although they each had unique ways of governing

Expanding trade base - Their economic systems were complex. Although they generally operated independently, trade routes connected them by both land and sea.

50. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICAL GREECE, ROME, INDIA, AND CHINA

Both allowed women to enter monastic life

51. ROLE OF WOMEN IN EARLY BUDDHISM AND EARLY CHRISTIANITY

Both underwent a religious conversion process that had a broad-based impact on the lands under their controlAshoka converted to BuddhismConstantine converted to Christianity

52. CONNECTION BETWEEN ASHOKA AND CONSTANTINE

Both gave relative autonomy for local elites who were cooperative with them

53. COMMON METHOD OF POLITICAL CONTROL FOR ROMAN AND HAN EMPIRES

Interacted intermittently with civilizations, often through trade

54. ROLE OF EURASIAN NOMADS BEFORE 600 CE

The Eastern Roman empire was traditionally more economically vibrant due to is more active trade links with the East.

As a result, the Western Roman Empire suffered a greater breakdown of Roman imperial unity.

55. COMPARING THE EASTERN AND WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE

Most trade routes were focused around the Mediterranean Sea.

“All roads lead to Rome”The main trading partners were in Spain,

France, the Middle East and North Africa.Trade was vital. The empire cost a vast sum

of money to run and trade brought in much of that money. The population of the city of Rome was one million and such a vast population required all manner of things brought back via trade.

56. CHARACTERISTICS OF ANCIENT ROMAN TRADE

It was too vast to impose unity and order among all of the regions.

Roman civilization depended almost exclusively on the ability of the government and the military to control territory.

Even though Christianity emerged as a major religion, it appeared so late in the life of the empire that it provided little to unify people as Romans after the empire fell.

Instead, the areas of the empire fragmented into small parts and developed unique characteristics, and the Western Roman Empire never united again

57. REASONS FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

The name given to the eastern half of the Roman empire after the fall of Rome

58. BYZANTINE EMPIRE

The ROMAN republic allowed citizen to choose representatives who made laws for them.

59. WHICH ANCIENT OR CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION INVOLVED THE GREATEST

DEGREE OF CITIZEN INPUT INTO GOVERNMENT POLICY?

Christianity’s rise is most accurately viewed as a modification of Judaism

60. CONNECTION BETWEEN JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY

ColumnsDoric IonicCorinthian

Parthenon

61. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICAL GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Persia

62. GREATEST MILITARY THREAT TO THE CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION

Fertile river valleysIsolating mountain rangesDependable monsoon weather patternsDecentralized rule by local princes

punctuated by Mauryan and Gupta period of unification

63. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICAL INDIAN CIVILIZATION

Widely practiced and similar Hindu tradition, including the caste system

64. THE MOST UNIFYING FORCE IN EARLY INDIAN CULTURE

Absence of a central founding figureFostered the formation of rigid social and

economic groups through the caste system

65. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF HINDUISM COMPARED TO THE OTHER MAJOR RELIGIONS

Belief in an afterlife/reincarnationConcern with and reverence for beauty in natureOrnate temple architectureCentrality of ritual in worship

66. HINDUISM INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUDDHISM

It fostered the formation of rigid social and economic groups

67. CONNECTION BETWEEN DHARMA AND INDIAN SOCIETY

Judaism – The TorahChristianity – The Bible Islam – The Koran (Qu’ran)Hinduism – The Vedas

68. ANCIENT TEXTS OF THE MAJOR RELIGIONS

The concept of zero

69. IMPACT OF THE GUPTA EMPIRE

Diffi culty in maintaining centralized imperial rule

70. HISTORICAL POLITICAL PATTERN OF ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL INDIA

Stable imperial authority provided safe passage for merchants

71. WHY DID LONG-DISTANCE TRADE FLOURISH IN THE CLASSICAL

WORLD?

It spread through trade routes to… Southeast Asia China Japan Central Asia

72. THE SPREAD OF BUDDHISM – WHERE AND HOW?

Thousands of casts have developed in India over the millenia (a thousand years)

Based on hereditary statusUsually unchangeableBecame more complex with the addition of jati with

their own occupations, rules, and ritualsEach jati had very little contact with others;

intermarried within the jati

73. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CASTE SYSTEM

Relying mainly on diplomacy and not military force to achieve territorial expansion

Appointing bureaucrats to rule the provinces, displacing regional aristocrats

Building the Great Wall to guard against invasionEstablishing uniform currency and measurements

74. HOW DID QIN SHI HUANGDI UNIFY CHINA INTO ONE EMPIRE?

Late Zhou dynasty “Era of Warring States”

75. DURING WHAT TIME IN CHINESE HISTORY DID CONFUCIUS LIVE?

Legalism relied on harsh laws to maintain order while Confucianism depended on rituals, customs, and obligations rooted in family relations

76. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEGALISM AND CONFUCIANISM

Shi Huangdi (Qin dynasty)Empress Wu (Tang dynasty)

77. EARLY CHINESE EMPERORS WITH NON-CONFUCIAN

WORLDVIEWS

Imperial authority was strong in the opening years of each

78. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE QIN AND HAN DYNASTIES

Sponsorship of scientific inquiryMaintenance of the Great WallGrain requisition from the peasantrySuppression of banditry

79. POLITICAL FOCUS OF HAN CHINA

Emphasis on harmony with natureBalance and harmonyDetachment from human aff airs (not a political threat

to dynastic rule)

80. CHARACTERISTICS OF DAOISM

Control or ownership of extensive farmlandAbility to aff ord preparation of gentry youth for civil

service examsDurable positions as local tax collectors and

intermediaries for the imperial centerAbility to call in military resources of the imperial

state to put down local peasant rebellions

81. REASONS FOR THE HIGHER SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF THE

CHINESE GENTRY

China was a unique and superior civilization surrounded by barbarians of one sort or another

The “Middle Kingdom”

82. HOW DID CHINESE IMPERIAL ELITES VIEW THEIR CIVILIZATION COMPARED TO

THE REST OF THE WORLD?

Ruler-subjectFather-son (parent-child)Friend-friendHusband-wifeOlder-younger brother

83. “FIVE BASIC RELATIONSHIPS” AS DEFINED BY CONFUCIUS

Its ability to model large-scale relations between groups in the body politic on familial or personal relationships

Its ability to unify a massive imperial bureaucracy around a common set of moral precepts over time

A set of widely agreed-on and accepted essential texts, beginning with the Analects, which formed a common basis for study over time

Its exclusively Chinese origin, which meshed well with prevalent notions of the superiority of the “Middle Kingdom” over other civilizations

84. WHY HAS CONFUCIAN IDEOLOGY ENDURED THROUGHOUT CHINESE

HISTORY?

Confucianism emphasized earthly obligations without regard to concerns relating to afterlife and birth

Hinduism was based on it's caste system and hereditary in which the only way to better one's social position is to die with good karma.

Confucianism's social hierarchy was based on the educational system and work ethic when it comes to determining a person's position.

85. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONFUCIANISM AND HINDUISM

Both achieved long periods of centralized government and expanding economies

Both became centers for artistic and scientific achievements

Each built walls and maintained forts for defense spending a great deal of time, eff ort and money

Both economies were based on agriculture but grew into wealthy urban empires

Confl ict between the wealthy and the peasants were common in both

Both brought cultural unity to their lands

86. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE ROMAN AND THE HAN DYNASTY

Military genius of peasant originRegional feudal ruler who defeats rivals in battleNomadic chieftan

87. WHAT TYPES OF INDIVIDUALS ESTABLISHED CHINESE DYNASTIES?

Dynastic China would return to equal and even greater prominence

88. THE FALL OF HAN CHINA COMPARED TO THE FALL OF THE

ROMAN EMPIRE

In terms of land space, the Mauryan Empire was larger than the Gupta Empire

89. SIZE OF THE GUPTA COMPARED TO THE MAURYAN EMPIRES

Athens placed a higher value on trade and luxuries than Sparta

Athens was a democracy while Sparta was an oligarchy

Sparta – mandatory military serviceAthens – more intellectual and cosmopolitan

90. SPARTA VS. ATHENS

To fight for control of the Mediterranean Sea since Carthage was the primary port city in North Africa

91. WHY DID ROME GO TO WAR WITH CARTHAGE?

China Scholar-gentry Artisans and merchants Ordinary, but free, citizens The Underclass (bandits, beggars, and vagabonds)

India Brahmins = priests and scholars Kshatriya = warriors and government offi cials Vaishya = landowners, merchants, and artisans Shudra = common peasants and laborers

92. SOCIAL HIERARCHY IN CLASSICAL CHINA COMPARED TO

CLASSICAL INDIA

All of life is suff ering.All suff ering is caused by desire for things that

ultimately won’t fulfi ll usDesire can only be overcome by ending all desireDesire can only be ended by following the Eightfold

Path

93. WHAT ARE THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS?

The Five Basic RelationshipsXiao = fi lial piety (devotion to family)Ren = kindness or benevolenceLi = orderly rituals that demonstrate respect

94. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CONFUCIANISM

Trade allowed both Christianity, Islam and Buddhism to flourish and migrate to other regions

95. CONNECTION BETWEEN TRADE AND THE SPREAD OF RELIGION

Eastern Africa (Swahili coast)West coast of IndiaEast coast of IndiaSoutheast Asia

96. INDIAN OCEAN TRADE NETWORK (REGIONS AFFECTED BY

IT)

Slavery existed in China, but it was far less prominent than it was in Rome

Slavery was central to the Roman economySpartan helots provided agricultural laborExisted in India but not as extensively as Rome

97. SLAVERY IN CLASSICAL SOCIETIES