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Organization of the Human Body
Chap 46
Cell specialization• Zygote
– Forms three germ layers• Ectoderm; outher layer, skin & nervous system• Mesoderm: middle layer, muscles, bones and
connective tissue• Endoderm: Inner layer, organs
Germ Layers
Cell specialization• Tissue types
– Connective: binds and supports other structures (bones, elastins)
• Function: gives strength to softer tissues• Origin: mesoderm
Connective Tissue
Cell specialization (cont)– Muscle
• Function: movement• Origin: mesoderm
Muscle tissue
Cell specialization (cont)– Nerve
• Function: communication, coordination, information
• Origin: ectoderm• Types of nervous transmission
– Afferent: sensory– Efferent: motor
Nerve Tissue
Afferent vs Efferent nerves
Afferent
Efferent
Tissues make organs
Organs make up Organ systems
Organ systems (cont)
Skeletal System
– Endoskeleton• Advantages
• Flexible• No molting• Greatest support with
least weight• Disadvantages
• less protection than exo-
• Depend on nervous system for protection
– Skeleton Functions• Support• Muscle attachment• Protection: organs and CNS• Store minerals• Marrow storage
– Bone development• Long bones
– Develop from cartilage: Ossification– Remove minerals from blood
» Calcium phosphate ions» Calcium carbonate ions
– Continues throughout childhood
Long bones
Long bone Developement
– Bone development (cont)• Flat bones: cranium, sternum, jaw
– Develop from membrane layers– Sutures: joints in bones– Bones not fused in baby: allows brain to grow
Flatbones
Bone Structure
– Diaphysis: shaft of bone
– Epiphysis: ends of long bones– Epiphyseal line: growth line/plate– Haversian system
– Haversian canal: channels through bones
– Functions: delivers blood to bone, nutrients, osteocytes
– Marrow– Red
– Found: flat bones, epiphyseal portion of long bones
– Function: RBC, WBC (erythrocytes, leucocytes)
– Yellow– Found: central cavity of
long bones (diaphysis)– Function: fat storage (in
emergency may produce RBC’s
Bone Structure
Buffalo Humerus- Identify the parts of the long bone
Joints– Types
– Hinge: elbow– Ball and socket: hip– Angular: wrist– Gliding: vertebrae– Pivotal: Atlas and Axis
– Top 2 vertebrae that allow head rotation
– Attachment– Bone to bone:
ligaments– Muscle to bone:
tendons
Ligaments and Tendons
Muscle systems– Muscle tissue
• Made of cells that are able to shorten
Muscle fibers
– Fibers are single cells
– Energy provided by ATP (lots of mitochondria)
– Bundle of fibers is a motor unit
Muscle structure- made of may fibers
Muscle contraction video
• http://www.metacafe.com/watch/1748253/
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DK7Z-Z7kKEY
Three Muscle types
(get notes from descriptions of pictures)
Identify these Muscle types
Flexors vs Extensors– Flexor- pulls bone toward
each other (flex)
– Extensors- pulls bones away from each other (extend)
– Work in opposites- each flexor has and extensor to control the range of motion
Heart Contractions– Sinoatrial node
(pacemaker): in right atrium, impulse start here and causes contraction
– Atrioventricular node: Causes ventricle contraction
– Atria contract, then ventricles, moves right to left
Heart contractions
Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG)
Figure 8.15B, C