Organizational CommitmentOrganizational commitment was measured by the Organizational CommitmentQuestionnaire (OCQ) developed by Mowday, Porter, and Steers (1982). The OCQcontains 15 items tapping three areas: (1) a strong belief in and acceptance of theorganization’s goals and values, (2) a willingness to exert considerable effort onbehalf of the organization, and (3) a strong desire to maintain membership in theorganization. Each item used a seven-point scale ranging from “Strongly Disagree”(weighted 1) to “Strongly Agree” (weighted 7) to rate agreement or disagreement onwith a statement. The average of the 15 items was used as the total scale score foreach respondent. The coefficient alpha of this sample was 0.82.Personal CharacteristicsThe personal characteristics included in this study were age, marital status, length ofservice with the current organization (organizational tenure), trust in universitymanagement and job involvement. These variables were measured as follows:Age. Respondents were requested to report their age in years as of their last birthday.Organizational Tenure. Respondents were asked to report the total number of yearsthey had been employed in their current university or institution.Marital Status. Respondents were asked to report whether they were married (coded1) or single (coded 0).Level of Education. Respondents were asked to report the highest degree they hadattained. A doctorate was coded as 1 and all other degrees coded as a 0.Trust in University Management. Trust in university management was measuredby three items developed by Brockner, Siegel, Daly, Tyler, and Martin (1997). Eachitem was measured on a five-point scale with responses ranging from “StronglyDisagree” (weighted 1) to “Strongly Agree” (weighted 5). The scores on these three

items were averaged to obtain a single score for trust in university management. Thecoefficient alpha for this sample was 0.66.49Job Involvement. Job involvement was measured by 12 items taken from the jobinvolvement scale developed by Lodahl and Kejner (1965). Each item was measuredon a five-point scale where a value of one corresponded to “Strongly Disagree” and avalue of 5 corresponded to “Strongly Agree”. The scores obtained on each of the 12items were averaged to produce a single score for job involvement. The coefficientalpha of this sample was 0.64