Chapter 11

Organizing your main ideas▪ There are five organization patterns often used

Chronological▪ Organization by time from earliest to most recent

or opposite▪ Past -> Present or Present -> Past

How-To Speeches Sequence or series of steps

Chronological sequence Points are ordered based on linear time

First to last -> last to first Example – 1

Making a cake 1 – first step is to mix ingredients 2 – second step is to bake the cake 3 – third step is to decorate the cake

Example – 2 Topic viewed over time “Baseball”

1 – invented as simple game 2 – had a period called "glory days" 3 – became a high profit business

Also Past Present Future

Use logical sequencing when ordering speeches Make sure that what you say makes sense to the audience

Example 1 How a car engine works

1 – The engine burns the fuel 2 – The exhaust system vents the engine 3 – The ignition system starts the car

Topical▪ Used when there are natural division in your

central idea▪ Main points can be covered in any order▪ Points are independent of each other

▪ Controversial topics▪ Want to think about placement of points in this situation

▪ Complex topics▪ Consider putting simplest points first

Example # 2 of logical sequencing When information has no clear logical order to follow

Get audience involved, but save the best for last 1 – Second most interesting point

This will pique their interest and get them listening 2 – Least interesting point

You already got them so they might slip away a little (but their still there)

3 – Most interesting point You bring them back all the way and go out with a bang

When you are discussing a controversial topic How do I keep my audience from disconnecting from the

beginning? Important when audience may be hostile

Death Penalty, Abortion, Gun Control 1 – The point audience will agree with most

Audience “Let me see what this speakers talking about” Get them listening, even if your not really with them

2 – The point audience will agree with somewhat Audience “Hey buddy, I don’t know if I like where this is going” Their still listening but maybe more critically

3 – The most controversial point Audience “I don’t agree with what you’re saying I’m not listening

anymore” Too late, that was my last point, your done listening, well I’m done

talking

Organizing your main ideas Spatial Organization▪ Points are arranged based on their location or

direction▪ Near to far or East to West▪ Can be used to discuss a place or object

▪ State or Country Can be discussed basing main points on landmarks

▪ Earth Main points can be layers of the earth

▪ Giving directions ▪ Using landmarks to guide person

Spatial Sequence Points are ordered based on physical location

East/West, top to bottom, left to right Example – Earths layers

1 – the core of the earth is in the center of the sphere 2 – The earths mantle is the next layer outward from the

center 3 – The crust of the earth is on the outside of the sphere

Geographical pattern helps audience see movement from point to point

Organizing your main ideas Causal Organization

▪ Used to identify a situation then discuss the effect that results▪ Cause -> Effect

Or opposite Effect -> Cause

▪ Toxic emissions harm the environment▪ Cause = Toxic Emissions▪ Effect = Air Pollution▪ Effect = Damaged Ozone

Organizing your main ideas Problem / Solution

▪ Organization that shows how to best solve an existing problem Problem – There has been an increase in crime on campus Solution – More emergency phones for students Solution – Security escorts at night Solution – Security cameras on campus

Subdividing your main ideas After deciding organization pattern

▪ Identify supporting points for main ideas

▪ I . The county fair has many activities for visitors▪ There are a variety of games to win prizes

Ball toss…. Shooting baskets…

▪ The many rides will give you hours of fun The huge Ferris wheel… The merry go round…

Integrating your supporting material Once main points and subpoints are organized

▪ Incorporate content from supporting material

▪ Word-processing files▪ If you are typing out your speech plan/outline ▪ Print out sources▪ Identify what points information supports▪ Incorporate the support in your outline to strengthen speech

▪ Photocopies▪ If supporting material is photocopied▪ Type information into the speech outline as you develop it

Integrating your supporting material Note Cards▪ If you are developing your speech using note

cards▪ Write main points and subpoints

with necessary details on notecards▪ If main point or subpoint uses info from sources

Write source info on notecard Place it behind the point it supports

Developing signposts▪ Transitions, Previews & Summaries

Transitions▪ Verbal or Non-verbal movement from one point to the

next

▪ Verbal Transitions▪ “In addition to”, ”also” more examples (Pg 104)

▪ Avoid signaling the end of the speech▪ Saying “In conclusion” or “Finally”▪ Will incite audience to stop listening

Transitions and signposts Transitions

Phrases used to connect the major parts of your speech together

Where do you put them? Intro -> 1st main point 1st main point -> 2nd main point 2nd main point -> 3rd main point 3rd main point -> conclusion

Simple transitions Introduce what’s coming

Summary transitions Review previous point Carry into next point

Previews▪ Initial previews ▪ Preview of points used in introduction

▪ Internal Previews▪ Previewing some of the upcoming support for main point

claims▪ “Now that I have discussed some of the plant life, lets

take a look at animals that reside there”

▪ Questions as previews▪ Identifying upcoming points using a question▪ “Now that we know some of the reasons for increased

crime on campus What can we do to solve this problem"

Summaries▪ Final Summary▪ Occurs just before the end of the speech▪ Summarize main points prior to closing statement▪ “Today I have discussed the wildlife, activities, & nature

sights at Yosemite National Park”

▪ Internal Summary▪ Statements that sum up the information covered to

support a main point "Now that I have shared with you the plantlife and

animals in YNP, letts take a look at some of the activities for visitors"