Origin of the Bible: How Our Bible Came To Us, Form #17.002

8/16/2019 Origin of the Bible: How Our Bible Came To Us, Form #17.002

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Vnfahtfa ]fdhniry @fmturf Nctfs

Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f

Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs

Orccby ]tcmbtcn, [GA Nhbf _fsfirmg, [C Ocx, 771, Qhefris, ND-7


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf ? cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

? Qhdctgy =59:

I`` ]mrhpturf hs orfitgfa cut oy Lca ina

prcjhtio`f jcr tfimghnl, jcr rfprccj, jcr

mcrrfmthcn, ina jcr trihnhnl hn rhlgtfcusnfss,

Nct jcr ]i`f

Oy tgf Lrimf cj Lca

I`` _hlgts _fsfrvfa ©

Lritfju` tc I`dhlgty Lca jcr tgf diny rfscurmfs ivih`io`f jcr tghs rfsfirmg ‑

hj tgfrf irf iny mcpyrhlgt vhc`ithcns, jihr wirnhnl rfquhrfa ina ipprfmhitfa.


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf = cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

Qio`f cj Mcntfnts

[_FJIMF ..................................................................................................................... 8

9 _F]QHNL HN _FZF@IQHCN ............................................................................ 99

9.9 Hntrcaumthcn ............................................................................................... 99 9.? Qgf ]uoefmt cj _fvfìthcn .......................................................................... 9? 9.= Qgf [csshoh̀ hty cj _fvfìthcn ..................................................................... 9? 9.1 Qgf Nfmfsshty cj _fvfìthcn....................................................................... 9= 9.6 Qgf [rcoioh`hty cj _fvfìthcn .................................................................... 91 9.: Qgf Mìsshjhmithcn cj _fvfìthcn ................................................................ 91

9.<

Qgf Jimt cj _fvfìthcn ............................................................................... 96 9.7

Qgf Afjhnhthcn cj _fvfìthcn ...................................................................... 9:

? HNQF_NI@ FZHAFNMF CJ _FZF@IQHCN ................................................... 9


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf 1 cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

?.?; Qgf Mgirimtfr cj _fvfìthcn....................................................................... ?6 ?.?9

Qgf Fvishvfnfss cj Lca ............................................................................. ?:

=

FWQF_NI@ FZHAFNMF CJ _FZF@IQHCN .................................................. ?<

=.9

Qgf Qfsthdcny cj Ecsfpgu ......................................................................... ?7

=.?

I Qfsthdcny cj Hnjùfnmf .......................................................................... ?8

=.=

I Qfsthdcny cj Iutgfnthmhty ...................................................................... ?8

1 Q_V]QHNL HN][H_IQHCN ............................................................................... =9

1.9

Hntrcaumthcn ............................................................................................... =9

1.? Qgf Ghstcrhmi` [rco`fd .............................................................................. =?

1.=

Oho h̀mi` Afjhnhthcn cj Hnsphrithcn................................................................ =?

1.1 \git Hnsphrithcn Acfs Nct Dfin ............................................................... == 1.6 Qgfc`clhmi` Afjhnhthcn cj hnsphrithcn.......................................................... =6 1.: ]uppcrthnl Mìhds cj Hnsphrithcn ............................................................... =: 1.


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf : cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

9?.9= Qgf Dfssilf Oho`f (DF]) ....................................................................... 96:

9= ]FFBHNL H@@VDHNIQHCN ........................................................................... 967

9=.9 Hntrcaumthcn ............................................................................................. 967 9=.?

Afjhnhthcn ................................................................................................ 968

9=.=

Qgf Nffa jcr H``udhnithcn ........................................................................ 9:;

9=.1

Qgf [csshoh̀ hty cj H``udhnithcn ................................................................. 9:6

91 \C_BHNL IQ HNQF_[_FQIQHCN .............................................................. 9


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf < cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

98 IDIUHNL OHO@F JIMQ] .............................................................................. ?==

98.9 Qgf Nidf ‐Oho`f— ................................................................................... ?==

98.?

]trumturf .................................................................................................. ?==

98.= Iutgcrs .................................................................................................... ?=1 98.1 \rhthnl cj tgf Oho`f ................................................................................. ?=1 98.6 Qrins`ithcn ina Mhrmu`ithcn ...................................................................... ?=1 98.: Mincnhzithcn ............................................................................................ ?=6 98.


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[_FJIMFH id jcrfvfr lritfju` tc dy dfntcrs wgc nfvfr acuotfa Lca‘s \cra ina wgc trfitfa ht whtg tgf

ghlgfst rfspfmt. Out, H id nct i jhafhst, ina `hbf fdphrhmi` Qgcdis, H gia tc fxidhnf tgf fvhafnmfrflirahnl tgf ghstcrhmhty cj tgf Oho`f ina hts mìhd cj Ahvhnf hnsphrithcn. H wis nct ahsippchntfa.

Qghs wcrb hs i mcdphìthcn cj dy sfdhniry `fmturf nctfs cn gcw cur Oho`f midf tc us. Ht hsmcdpcsfa cj twc afmiafs cj gina wrhttfn nctfs, fir`y mcdputfr smrhpts cn tgrff cr jcur ahjjfrfntmcdputfrs ushnl ahjjfrfnt sty f̀s, gfiahnls, ina jcnts. Qgculg unfahtfa, ina iwbwira`ymcdph`fa, stuafnts isbfa jcr i mcpy cj tgfsf `fmturf nctfs. ]c, is wf siy, ‐gfrf ht ths, is ht ths.—

\gc sgcuà rfia tghs occb3 Qgfsf `fmturf nctfs wfrf lhvfn tc pcst lriauitf stuafnts, out wh`` ofcj hntfrfst tc iny pistcr, prcjfsscr cj Oho`hmi` stuahfs, ina sfrhcus sfdhniry stuafnts. Qgculgtfmgnhmi`, tgfsf nctfs mcuà of turnfa hntc sfrdcns jcr mgurmgfs. Ht tccb df afmiafs tc ac tghsrfsfirmg, out tgrculg ht i``, H ofmidf dcrf ina dcrf mcnvhnmfa tgf Oho`f hs hnaffa tgf vfrhtio`f\cra cj Lca ina ju``y, mcdp`ftf`y trustwcrtgy cn wghmg i din min rfst ghs jihtg. Ijtfr 1; pùsyfirs cj stuayhnl tgf Gc`y ]mrhpturfs, ycu wh`` nfvfr mcnvhnmf df tghs Occb hs dfrf`y i prcaumtcj din. Hts ghstcry, lrina trutgs, ftghms, `cjty hafi`s, primthmi`hty, mìrhty, irthsthm ofiuty,shdp`hmhty, ina fjjhmhfnmyhs nctghnl sgcrt cj idizhnl. Ht hs tgf wcrb Lca.

It cnf thdf, cn`y mgurmgfs ina f`htf smgcìrs gia immfss tc tgf Oho`f. Out, whtg tgf hnvfnthcn cjtgf prhnthnl prfss, immfss tc i Oho`f hs ivihìo`f tc crahniry dfn. Ht gis offn tgf vhshcn cj

Mgrhsthin crlinhzithcns tc pìmf tghs idizhnl Occb hntc tgf ginas cj mcddcn din. Ina wgh`f hths wcnafrju` hnaffa tgit i mcddcn din min cwn i Oho`f, ht hs nct wcnafrju` wgfn tgit dinvhfws tgf Oho`f is i mcddcn occb. Ofmiusf tgf Idfrhmin scmhfty hs swhddhnl hn Oho`fs, scrt cjspfib, tgfrf hs fvhafnmf tgit dfn, fspfmhi``y sfmuìr dfn, vhfw tgf Oho`f is in crahniry, jìwfa,gudin wcrb. Hj cur mu`turf `csfs shlgt cj tgf jimt tgit Lca gis spcbfn ina tgf rfmcra cj Ghsrfvfìthcn hs tgf ]imrfa ]mrhpturfs, tgfn cphnhcns cj dfn rusg hn tc jh`` tgf vcha.

Qgfsf `fmturfs rfdhna us tgit tgf crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f hs nct tgf dhna cj din, out tgf dhna cj Lca2tgit tgf Oho`f gis i ghstcry, i rfi`, lfnuhnf ghstcry ‑ i ghstcry wghmg fvfry Mgrhsthin nffas tcunafrstina ina ipprfmhitf. Ht hs i trilfay hnaffa wgfn pfcp`f jih` tc ipprfmhitf tgf ghstcrhmi`strull`f tc prctfmt ina prcvhaf tgf \cra cj Lca jcr tgf mcddcn din. Ina wgh`f mcddcn din

diy pcssfss tghs unmcddcn occb, `ft us unafrstina hts Ahvhnf crhlhn ina trfit ht jcr wgit ht hs,tgf Gc`y ]mrhpturfs, tgf fnafirhnl ina prfmhcus \cra cj Lca.

[rcjfsscr Orccby ]tcmbtcn


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf 9; cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn


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9 _F]QHNL HN _FZF@IQHCN

9 Mcrhntghins ?59; Out Lca gitg rfvfi`fa tgfd untc us oy Ghs ]phrht5

9.9 Hntrcaumthcn

Cn fvfry Idfrhmin mchn hs tgf pgrisf, ‐Hn Lca wf trust.— Out, wgc hs tghs Lca3 Acfs Gf givf inidf3 Ina, min Gf of bncwn3

\f `hvf hn i aiy cj rf`hlhcus pùri`hsd wgfrf Idfrhmi prhafs htsf`j hn hts pc`hthmi` mcrrfmtnfss inarf`hlhcus tc`frinmf. _f`hlhcus of`hfjs iocuna. Itgfhsts ac nct of`hfvf tgfrf hs i Lca. Qgfy of`hfvf tgit din hs i prcaumt cj Qhdf + Mginmf. Ilncsthms ac nct bncw hj tgfrf hs i Lca. Qgf_cdins‘ of`hfj hn diny lcas fxpìhnfa tgf mcntriahmthcns hn tgf unhvfrsf oisfa cn wirs oftwffnlcas. Ghnaus of`hfvf tgit ht hs hdpcssho`f tc sfpiritf Lca jrcd niturf. Dcs`fds of`hfvf tgfrf hscnf Lca ina tgit ghs nidf hs ‐I`ìg— ina Dcgiddfa hs Ghs prcpgft. Diny Efws of`hfvf tgfrf hs

i Lca ina tgit tgf Qcrig midf jrcd Lca, out tgfy ac nct of`hfvf tgit Efsus hs jrcd Lca cr cjLca. Mgrhsthins iavinmf tgf mcnmfpt cj cnf Lca \gc fxhsts hn i trhunf Ofhnl bncwn is Jitgfr,]cn, ina Gc`y ]phrht. Dcrdcns of`hfvf tgit is ‐din hs Lca cnmf wis, ina is Lca hs, din sgi``

ofmcdf.— Diny irf sc mcnjusfa tgfy ac nct bncw wgit tc of`hfvf.

I dhnhstfr wis ti`bhnl tc i Efwhsg din wgc fdorimfa i jcrd cj pintgfhsd, tgf hafi tgit Lca hsi pirt cj niturf. Hn tgf afoitf, tgf dhnhstfr isbfa tgf pintgfhst hj gf tgculgt gf wis hneurhnl Lcawgfn gf prunfa ghs trffs. Qgf Efw rfspcnafa, ‐\f``, ycu givf pchntfa cut tgf cnf ispfmt cj dy

tgfc`cly wghmg dibfs df unmcdjcrtio`f. Fvfry thdf H dcw tgf lriss, H jff` `hbf H id gurthnlLca.—

\git ycu of`hfvf iocut Lca wh`` aftfrdhnf ycur afsthny. I`` rf`hlhcns irf nct tgf sidf, ina htdittfrs wgit ycu of`hfvf. Hn scdf rf`hlhcns, pfcp`f gcncr tgfhr pirfnts ina hn ctgfrs, tgfy fit

I tgculgt hn tgfdhna cj Lca

I tgculgt hn tgfdhna cj din

_FZF@IQHCN


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf 9? cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

tgfhr pirfnts. Cnf rf`hlhcn i``cws tgf din tc givf du`thp`f whvfs out acfs nct i``cw whvfs tgfsidf hnau`lfnmf. Inctgfr i``cws tgf wcdin tc givf du`thp`f gusoinas, out acfs nct pfrdht tgfdin tc givf du`thp`f whvfs. _iahmi` Dcs`fds tghnb nctghnl iocut irdhnl tgfdsf`vfs whtg

fxp`cshvfs ina o`cwhnl tgfdsf`vfs up, ina tgf Idhsg wh`` nct tibf irds fvfn tc afjfnatgfdsf`vfs. ‐\gfrf ac dfn lft tgfhr bncw`falf ina cn wgit hs tgfhr jihtg oisfa3— gis ofmcdfcnf cj tgf lrfit hssufs cj cur thdf.

Qgf lrfit qufsthcns irf tgfsf5 Hs tgfrf i Lca3 Gis Gf spcbfn3 \git acfs Gf wint din tc bncwiocut Ghdsf`j3 Jcr tgf Mgrhsthin, tgfsf qufsthcns irf inswfrfa oy tgf Acmtrhnf cj _fvfìthcn. Qgf junaidfnti` prfdhsf cj tghs wcrb hs tgit tgf crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f hs tgf dhna cj Lca.

9.? Qgf ]uoefmt cj _fvfìthcn

Qgf suoefmt cj rfvfìthcn hs tgf stuay cj wgftgfr cr nct Lca gis spcbfn tc dfn ina rfvfi`faghdsf`j tc dfn hn i wiy tgfy mcuà bncw ina unafrstina ghs mcddunhmithcn whtg tgfd. Qghsstuay sffbs tc hnvfsthlitf tgf qufsthcn, ‐Gis Lca rfvfi`fa Ghdsf`j tc din, ina hj sc, gcw ina

wgfn3—

Qgf Mgrhsthin issfrts tgit Lca gis, it virhcus thdfs hn virhcus wiys, spcbfn tc dfn. Ghs jihtg hs oisfa cn tgf prfsudpthcn tgit tgf Oho`f hs in immuritf rfmcra cj tgit rfvfìthcn. Ghsbncw`falf cj tgf Qrhnhty, si`vithcn, gfivfn ina gf``, tgf ftfrni` eualdfnt, ina tgf ilf tc mcdf hsnct oisfa cn gudin rfiscn, ncr nituri` rfvfìthcn, out cn wcras lfrdinf tc tgf \cra cj Lca.

9.= Qgf [csshoh`hty cj _fvfìthcn

Dfn wgc rfefmt tgf Oho`f ac sc ofmiusf tgfy pcssfss i mfrtihn inth-supfrnituri` ohis. _ithcni`hstsjìt rfjusf tc immfpt tgf pcsshoh`hty cj ahvhnf hntfrvfnthcn hntc gudin ijjihrs. Covhcus`y, hj Lcaacfs nct hntfrvfnf, tgfn tgfrf hs nc sumg tghnl is tgf Acmtrhnf cj _fvfìthcn. Out, tghs prfsuppcshthcn ippfirs tc of irohtriry ina unwirrintfa, affp`y rcctfa hn i pgh`cscpghmi` ohis tgitacfs nct suppcrt tgf jimts cj ghstcry.

Hj tgfrf hs in hnjhnhtf Lca \gc gis mrfitfa tghs unhvfrsf ina din whtg i`` ghs mcdp`fxhthfs, wfmin issudf Gf hs io`f tc rfvfi` Ghdsf`j tc dinbhna hn i wiy tgit din min `firn iocut Ghd. Qgf]mrhpturf issfrts tghs pcsshoh`hty wgfn ht siys, ‐I`` tghnls irf pcssho`f whtg Lca— (Dirb 9;5?


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf 9= cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

9.1 Qgf Nfmfsshty cj _fvfìthcn

Qgf unhvfrsf hs hnjhnhtf ina din hs jhnhtf. Hj in hnjhnhtf Lca mrfitfa in hnjhnhtf wcrà, gcw minthny, jhnhtf din fvfr gcpf tc ahsmcvfr Lca cn ghs cwn pcwfr3 Jcr fxidp`f5 Hj tghs hnjhnhtf Lca`hvfs hn Liìxy ?=


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[si`d 975?7 Jcr Qgcu wh`t `hlgt dy mina`f5 tgf @C_A dy Lca wh`` fn`hlgtfn dyairbnfss.

‐\htgcut rfvfìthcn, tgfrf hs nct trutg2 jcr rfvfìthcn hs tgf `hlgt hn wghmg wf sff`hlgt— (Mirnf``, 9817, p. 96:).

9.6 Qgf [rcoioh`hty cj _fvfìthcn

Dfn irf pfrscni` ofhnls. Ht hs cn`y rfiscnio`f tc issudf tgit hj din hs i mrfithcn cj Lca, tgfn ghsniturf hs i prcaumt cj ahvhnf wh``. Hj jitgfrs wgc irf diaf hn tgf hdilf cj Lca `cvf tcmcddunhmitf whtg tgfhr mghàrfn, ht hs cn`y `clhmi` tgit Lca \gc hs lrfitfr tgin dfn, wcuà `cvftc mcddunhmitf whtg Ghs mrfiturfs. Hj Lca `cvfs Ghs mrfithcn, wf wcuà fxpfmt Ghd tc

mcddunhmitf whtg tgfd ina dibf Ghdsf`j bncw tc tgfd hn i wiy tgfy mcuà unafrstina inaipprfmhitf Ghd.

Hj Lca acfs fxhst ina gis nct rfvfi`fa Ghdsf`j tc dfn, Gf dust of vfry mruf` hnaffa. Hj Lcaminnct rfvfi` Ghdsf`j tc dinbhna iocvf tgf nituri` crafr, Gf dust of i vfry `hdhtfa ofhnl. Hjtghs lrfit unhvfrsf hs hn tgf ginas cj i gf`p`fss ofhnl, wf irf, cj i`` mrfiturfs, tgf dcst dhsfrio`fina dcst mcnjusfa. Jcr tghs rfiscn, tgf psi`dhst af`hlgtfa hn tgf bncw`falf cj Lca siyhnl, ‐Jcr

whtg Qgff hs tgf jcuntihn cj `hjf2 Hn Qgy `hlgt wf sff `hlgt.— ([si`d =:58).

9.: Qgf Mìsshjhmithcn cj _fvfìthcn

Qgf Mgrhsthin jihtg gcàs tgit nct cn`y min Lca rfvfi` Ghdsf`j, out Gf gis rfvfi`fa Ghdsf`j hn it`fist twc wiys5 oy lfnfri` rfvfìthcn (mrfithcn) ina oy spfmhi` rfvfìthcn (tgf ]mrhpturfs).


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9.


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf 9: cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

tgf wcras, ‐LFL_I[QIF— hn unmhi` `fttfrs. Hn cur thdfs, wf wcuà mi`` ht in Ittfstfa Mcpy

fstio`hsghnl tgf jimt tgit nc din gia tgf iutgcrhty tc mginlf i wcra hn tgf acmudfnt. Efsus usfatghs wcra diny thdfs tc fdpgishzf tgf iutgcrhty ina mginlf`fss mgirimtfr cj tgf Oho`f.

Qgf Fnl`hsg wcra Oho`f nfvfr ippfirs hn ]mrhpturf. Qgf wcra Oho`f mcdfs jrcd tgf Lrffb wcraoho`hcn ina tgf @ithn wcra oho`hi wghmg dfins ‐smrc``— cr ‐i `htt`f occb.— Oho`hcn hs afrhvfa jrcdohoìs, tgf oirb cj tgf pipyrus pìnt, i rffa lrcwn hn wird mcuntrhfs `hbf Flypt. Qgf wcraoho`cs rfjfrs tc iny occb jrcd tghs pìnt. Qgf jhrst wcra hn tgf Lrffb Nfw Qfstidfnt, Dittgfw959, hs tgf wcra ‐oho`f— (Oh,o`ce). Qgf Oho`f hs mi``fa ‐Qgf ]mrhpturf— (Imts 75=?), ‐Qgf]mrhpturfs— (Dittgfw ?951?), ‐Qgf Gc`y ]mrhpturfs— (_cdins 95?), ‐Qgf Crim`fs cj Lca—

(_cdins. =5?2 Gforfws 659? ), ina tgf ‐\cra cj Lca— (Dirb


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf 9< cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

? HNQF_NI@ FZHAFNMF CJ_FZF@IQHCN

?.9 Lfnfshs

Ina tgf @C_A Lca mcddinafa tgf din, siyhnl, "Jrcd iny trff cj tgf lirafnycu diy fit jrff`y . . .— (Lfnfshs ?59:).

Ht cn`y dibfs sfnsf tgit hj Lca mrfitfa din Gf wcu`a spfib tc dfn. Jrcd tgf vfry oflhnnhnl cjmrfithcn, wf givf i rfmcra cj Lca spfibhnl tc tgf Iaid, tgf gfia cj mrfithcn. Qgit rfmcra wisrfmcrafa ina pissfa acwn tgrculg ghstcry.

Hn tgf Occb cj Oflhnnhnls, wf sff vfry fir`y tgit Lca spcbf tc Ncig (Lfnfshs 857), tc Iorigid(Lfnfshs 9?59, 9=591, 9


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ina tc rfmhtf (shd 4 ippchnt, isshln, sft) ht tc Ecsgui. Qghs acmudfnt wis tgf oflhnnhnl cj tgfwrhttfn rfvfìthcn wf bncw is tgf Qcrig. Jurtgfr, wf givf in fahtcrhi` mcddfnt, pcssho`y oyEcsgui, tgit siha, ‐Dcsfs . . . wrctf acwn i`` tgit tgf @C_A gia siha— (Fxcaus ?1512 Ecsgui

?15:).

Afutfrcncdy 9=59-= Hj tgfrf irhsf idcnl ycu i prcpgft, cr i arfidfr cj arfids,ina lhvftg tgff i shln cr i wcnafr, Ina tgf shln cr tgf wcnafr mcdf tc piss,wgfrfcj gf spibf untc tgff, siyhnl, @ft us lc ijtfr ctgfr lcas, wghmg tgcu gistnct bncwn, ina `ft us sfrvf tgfd2 Qgcu sgi`t nct gfirbfn untc tgf wcras cj tgit prcpgft, cr tgit arfidfr cj arfids5 jcr tgf @C_A ycur Lca prcvftg ycu, tc bncwwgftgfr yf `cvf tgf @C_A ycur Lca whtg i`` ycur gfirt ina whtg i`` ycur scu`.

Afutfrcncdy 975?9 Ina hj tgcu siy hn tghnf gfirt, Gcw sgi`` wf bncw tgf wcrawghmg tgf @C_A gitg nct spcbfn3 ?? \gfn i prcpgft spfibftg hn tgf nidf cj tgf

@C_A, hj tgf tghnl jc``cw nct, ncr mcdf tc piss, tgit hs tgf tghnl wghmg tgf@C_A gitg nct spcbfn, out tgf prcpgft gitg spcbfn ht prfsudptucus`y5 tgcu sgi`tnct of ijriha cj ghd.

Inycnf mcuà mìhd tc of i prcpgft cr tc givf i dfssilf jrcd Lca. Out, hn Hsrif`, Dcsfs pìmfai sfvfrf pfni`ty cn tgf din wgc mìhdfa tc givf i rfvfìthcn jrcd Lca, out aha nct. Hj i prcpgft prfahmtfa i mfrtihn fvfnt, ina ht aha nct mcdf tc piss, tgfn gf wis i ji`sf prcpgft. Lca livfHsrif` i prccj tfst cj 9;;% immurimy. Hj i prcpgft wis nct 9;;% immuritf, gf wis nct Lca‘s

prcpgft.

?.= Afutfrcncdy ?85?8

Qgf sfmrft tghnls (rt2s', sitir) of`cnl untc tgf @C_A cur Lca5 out tgcsf tghnls

wghmg irf rfvfi`fa (t`{l>NHg2w> , liì) of`cnl untc us ina tc cur mghàrfnjcrfvfr, tgit wf diy ac i`` tgf wcras cj tghs ìw (gr'îIQg2, Qcrig) (Afutfrcncdy?85?8).

Qgf wcra ‐sfmrft— (rt2s', sitir) rfjfrs tc scdftghnl tgit hs ghaafn cr mcnmfi`fa. Qgf tfrd rfvfi`

(g`'L", liì ) hs usfa hn hts rcct iocut 97; thdfs hn tgf CQ. Ht dfins ‐tc unmcvfr— cr ‐lc hntcfxh`f2— tgit hs, ht rfjfrs prhdirh`y tc tgf jimt tgit tgf ìna cj Miniin wis unmcvfr fa ofmiusf hts pfcp`f wfrf rfdcvfa jrcd hts cmmupithcn oy jcrmfa fxh`f. Gfrf ht hs tgf Qcrig tgit hs fxpcsfa


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ina rfvfi`fa tc Hsrif`. Qgfrf hs hnjhnhtf idcunt cj bncw`falf tgit din acfs nct pcssfss. Gf acfsnct ju``y unafrstina tgf pist, bncws nctghnl cj tgf juturf, hs `hdhtfa hn ghs qufst tc unafrstinacutfr spimf, ina mcnjusfa iocut ghs hnnfr spimf. Qgfsf, ina ctgfr tghnls, irf hdpcssho`f tc bncwipirt jrcd tgf rfvf`ithcn cj Lca. Qgfy irf tgf ‐sfmrft tghnls— rfjfrrfa tc hn Afutfrcncdy ?85?8 .Qgfy of`cnl tc Lca. Xft, tghs vfrsf i`sc tfimgfs tgit tgfrf irf scdf tghnls tgit Lca mgccsfs tcrfvfi` tc dfn. Qgfsf trutgs irf tgf suoefmt cj spfmhi` rfvf`ithcn.

?.1 9 ]iduf` =5


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf ?; cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

?.


21/247

Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf ?9 cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

?.9; Dittgfw 9:59<

Ina Efsus inswfrfa ina siha tc ghd, "O`fssfa irf ycu, ]hdcn Oirecni, ofmiusfj`fsg ina o`cca aha nct rfvfi` (ivpfbi,`uyf,n, ipcbi`uptc) tghs tc ycu, out DyJitgfr \gc hs hn gfivfn (Dittgfw 9:59


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf ?? cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

?.9= Liìthins 9599, 9?

‐Qgf lcspf` wghmg wis prfimgfa cj df hs nct ijtfr din . . . out tgrculg i

rfvfìthcn (ivpcbiù,yfwe) cj Efsus Mgrhst— (Liìthins 9599, 9?).

[iu` mìhds ghs lcspf`, wghmg gf tiulgt tgf Liìthins, aha nct mcdf jrcd dfn cr crhlhnitf whtgdfn. Gf aha nct cotihn ghs bncw`falf cj tgf lcspf` jrcd ctgfr ipcst`fs. Gf aha nct cotihn ghsbncw`falf oy dfahtithcn, out oy rfvfìthcn. Lca fxpcsfa Ghs tgculgts tc [iu` hn i wiy tgit [iu`mcuà bncw ina `firn tgfd. Is in ipcst`f, gf siw tgf @cra (9 Mcrhntghins 859).

?.91 9 Mcrhntghins ?58-9?

Out, eust is ht hs wrhttfn, "Qghnls wghmg fyf gis nct sffn ina fir gis nct gfira,Ina wghmg givf nct fntfrfa tgf gfirt cj din, I`` tgit Lca gis prfpirfa jcr tgcsfwgc `cvf Ghd.— Out Lca gitg rfvfi`fa (ivpfbi,ùyfn) tgfd untc us (tgfipcst`fs) oy ghs ]phrht5 jcr tgf ]phrht sfirmgftg i`` tghnls, yfi, tgf affp tghnls cjLca. Jcr wgc idcnl dfn bncws tgf tgculgts cj i din fxmfpt tgf sphrht cj tgfdin, wghmg hs hn ghd3 Fvfn sc tgf tgculgts cj Lca nc cnf bncws fxmfpt tgf]phrht cj Lca. 9? Ncw wf givf rfmfhvfa, nct tgf sphrht cj tgf wcrà, out tgf ]phrht wgc hs jrcd Lca, tgit wf dhlgt bncw tgf tghnls jrff`y lhvfn tc us oy Lca.

Qgf Lrffbs prhafa tgfdsf`vfs hn tgfhr bncw`falf. Out, [iu` wintfa tghs ycunl mgurmg tc of

fstio`hsgfa, nct cn tgf prfsmhfnmf cj dfn, out upcn tgf pcwfr cj Lca (?5?). Gf hnjcrds tgfMcrhntghins tgit tgfhr bncw`falf cj tgf Mgrhsthin jihtg wis nct rcctfa hn tgf smhfnmf cj dfn crtgf bncw`falf cj tghs ilf, out upcn rfvfìthcn2 tgit hs, spfmhi` bncw`falf tgit min cn`y ofcotihnfa wgfn Lca hntfrsfmts ghstcry ina fxpcsfs Ghdsf`j tc dinbhna. Qgf pùri` prcncun, ‐us—

rfjfrs tc tgf Ipcst`fs. Qgf lcspf` [iu` tiulgt tc tghs mgurmg aha nct crhlhnitf whtg din, out whtgLca. Qgfhr bncw`falf, tgfrfjcrf, cj tgf lcspf` midf tgrculg rfvfìthcn.

?.96 Fpgfshins 151-<

Ina oy rfjfrrhnl tc tghs, wgfn ycu rfia ycu min unafrstina dy hnshlgt hntc tgf dystfry cjMgrhst, wghmg hn ctgfr lfnfrithcns wis nct diaf bncwn tc tgf scns cj dfn, is ht gis ncw offnrfvfi`fa tc Ghs gc`y ipcst`fs ina prcpgfts hn tgf ]phrht2 tc of spfmhjhm, tgit tgf Lfnth`fs irfjf``cw gfhrs ina jf``cw dfdofrs cj tgf ocay, ina jf``cw pirtibfrs cj tgf prcdhsf hn Mgrhst Efsus


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf ?= cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

tgrculg tgf lcspf`, cj wghmg H wis diaf i dhnhstfr, immcrahnl tc tgf lhjt cj Lca's lrimf wghmgwis lhvfn tc df immcrahnl tc tgf wcrbhnl cj Ghs pcwfr (Fpgfshins 151-


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?.97 9 [ftfr 959;-9?

Is tc tghs si`vithcn, tgf prcpgfts wgc prcpgfshfa cj tgf lrimf tgit wcuà mcdf tc ycu diafmirfju` sfirmg ina hnquhry, sffbhnl tc bncw wgit pfrscn cr thdf tgf ]phrht cj Mgrhst whtghn tgfdwis hnahmithnl is Gf prfahmtfa tgf sujjfrhnls cj Mgrhst ina tgf l`crhfs tc jc``cw. Ht wis r fvfi`fa tc tgfd tgit tgfy wfrf nct sfrvhnl tgfdsf`vfs, out ycu, hn tgfsf tghnls wghmg ncw givf offninncunmfa tc ycu tgrculg tgcsf wgc prfimgfa tgf lcspf` tc ycu oy tgf Gc`y ]phrht sfnt jrcdgfivfn-- tghnls hntc wghmg inlf`s `cnl tc `ccb (9 [ftfr 959-9?).

Qgf CQ prfahmtfa tgf mcdhnl cj Mgrhst ina tgf jfist cj si`vhm o`fsshnls. Out, tgf prcpgftswintfa tc bncw ‐wgfn— Mgrhst wcuà ippfir ina fnacw dfn whtg tgf rhmgfs cj si`vithcn.

[ftfr siys tgf prcpgfts `firnfa tgrculg rfvfìthcn tgit tgfy wfrf nct sfrvhnl tgfdsf`vfs

out tgit tgf tghnls tgfy wfrf prfahmthnl wfrf jcr Mgrhsthins (‐ycu—).

?.98 Gforfws 959-=

Lca, wgc it sunary thdfs ina hn ahvfrs dinnfrs spibf hn thdf pist untc tgfjitgfrs oy tgf prcpgfts, Gitg hn tgfsf ìst aiys spcbfn untc us oy Ghs ]cn, wgcdGf gitg ippchntfa gfhr cj i`` tghnls, oy wgcd i`sc Gf diaf tgf wcràs2 \gcofhnl tgf orhlgtnfss cj Ghs l`cry, ina tgf fxprfss hdilf cj ghs pfrscn, inaupgcàhnl i`` tghnls oy tgf wcra cj ghs pcwfr, wgfn Gf gia oy Ghdsf`j purlfacur shns, sit acwn cn tgf rhlgt gina cj tgf Diefsty cn ghlg2 Ofhnl diaf sc dumg ofttfr tgin tgf inlf`s, is Gf gitg oy hngfrhtinmf cotihnfa i dcrf fxmf``fnt nidftgin tgfy (Gforfws 959-=).

Qgf iutgcr hnjcrds us tgit Lca gis hnaffa spcbfn tc dfn it virhcus thdfs ina hn ahjjfrfnt wiys5

Oy i vchmf jrcd gfivfn (Fxcaus ?;59-98).

Oy tgf Inlf` cj tgf @cra (Lfnfshs 9:5?9, ??2 Euaf ?, :, 9=).

Oy prcpgfts (Hsihig-Diìmgh).

Oy Ghs ]cn (Gforfws 959-=).

Qgf ]mrhpturf hs tgf coefmthvf rfvfìthcn cj Lca. Out, hn tgf aiys cj tgf ipcst`fs, Lca audpfabncw`falf cn Hsrif` tgrculg Ghs u`thditf, suoefmthvf _fvfìthcn, Ghs ]cn. Efsus hs mi``fa tgf,


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‐fxprfss hdilf— (miribtg.r ) cj Lca, tgit hs, ‐tgf mut, dirb, cr fximt rfprfsfntithcn— cj Lca. Gf hssiha ‐tc of— hn tgf hdilf cj Lca. ‐Ofhnl— (w'n) stinas hn mcntrist ‐tc ofmcdhnl.— Qgf tfrd‐hdilf— (ukpcsti,sfwe) rfjfrs tc Ghs rfprfsfntithcn cj tgf fssfnmf cj Lca. Efsus hs tgf suostinmf,tgf jcunaithcn, tgf ju``nfss cj wgit Lca wints us tc bncw iocut Ghd. Efsus, tgfrfjcrf, hs Lca‘s

lrfitfst rfvfìthcn cj Lca tc din.

Qgfrf hs i stcry iocut i jirdfr wgc wis shtthnl oy ghs jhrf cn i mcà whntfr nhlgt wgfn gf gfira ohras mrisghnl cn ghs whnacw. Qgfy wfrf tryhnl tc fsmipf tgf stcrd. Qgf jirdfr wfnt cutshaf,cpfnfa up ghs oirn, ina trhfa tc gfra tgfd hntc ghs oirn, out nc dittfr wgit tgf jirdfr aha, tgf ohras wcuà nct mccpfritf. Gf tgculgt tc ghdsf`j, ‐Hj cn`y H mcuà of mcdf i ohra ina sgcw tgfdtgf wiy tc tgf oirn . . .— \f``, tghs hs wgit Lca aha hn Mgrhst. Mgrhst ofmidf i din hn crafr tc

sgcw us tgf wiy tc ftfrni` `hjf.

Out, gcw ac dfn lft tghs bncw`falf3 Ht min cn`y mcdf oy rfvfìthcn. Jcr fxidp`f5 Qgf ohrtg cjtgf ]cn cj Lca hs tgf lrfitfst fvfnt hn ghstcry. Out, gcw diny pfcp`f bnfw cr unafrstcca tgfdfinhnl cj tgf jhrst Mgrhstdis3

Hj wf `ccb it tgf Mgrhstdis stcry, wf jhna tgf jc``cwhnl pfcp`f bnfw iocut tgf ohrtg cj Mgrhst5Diry, Ecsfpg, tgf sgfpgfras, tgf whsf dfn, Ufmgirhig ina F`hsioftg, Inni, ina ]hdfcn2 tgit hs,iocut 9? tc 96 pfcp`f. Gcw aha tgfsf pfcp`f mcdf tc bncw iocut tgf ohrtg cj tgf EfwhsgDfsshig3 Cn`y oy rfvfìthcn! Ht wis rfvfi`fa tc tgfd hn arfids ina oy inlf`s. Qcaiy, ycu diybncw Mgrhst is ycur ]ivhcr ina @cra. Gcw aha ycu mcdf hntc tghs bncw`falf3 Cn`y oy

rfvfìthcn! Lca rfvfi`fa ht tc ycu.

?.?; Qgf Mgirimtfr cj _fvfìthcn

Qgf Oho`f hs trutg. Efsus priyfa tgit tgf Jitgfr wcuà sinmthjy Ghs pfcp`f oy Ghs trutg. QgfnEfsus stitfa tgf scurmf cj tgit trutg, ‐Qgy wcra hs trutg— (Ecgn 9


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf ?: cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

NI] ? [ftfr 95= sffhnl tgit Ghs ahvhnf pcwfr gis lrintfa tc us fvfrytghnl pfrtihnhnl tc `hjf ina lca`hnfss, tgrculg tgf truf bncw`falf cj Ghd wgc mi``fa us oy Ghs cwn l`cry ina fxmf``fnmf.

Fvfrytghnl i pfrscn nffas tc of lca`y hs mcntihnfa hn Mgrhst ina tgf scurmf cj bncw`falf iocutGhd, tgf \cra cj Lca. Cnf acfs nct nffa i `horiry cj occbs tc ofmcdf lca`y. I`` cnf nffas hsLca‘s \cra. Cnf acfs nct nffa psymgc`clhsts, tgfriphsts, pgh`cscpgfrs, psymghms, scmhc`clhsts,cr sphrhtui` lurus tc luhaf ghd tc trutg. ‐Qgy \cra hs trutg— siha Efsus.

?.?9 Qgf Fvishvfnfss cj Lca

Ina jhni``y, givhnl ahsmussfa tgf jimt cj rfvfìthcn, wf dust rf-mcnshafr wgy rfvfìthcn hs

nfmfssiry hn tgf jhrst pìmf.Zfrh`y tgcu irt i Lca tgit ghafst tgysf`j, C Lca cj Hsrif`, tgf ]ivhcur (Hsihig16596).-

Qgf nfmfsshty cj rfvfìthcn hs ouh`t cn i junaidfnti` rfi`hty ina tgit rfi`hty hs tgit trutg iocutLca hs ghaafn. Cnf gis tc qufsthcn tgf vi`hahty cj iny rf`hlhcn tgit acfs nct ijjhrd tgfghaafnnfss cj Lca. I truf rf`hlhcn dust i`sc cjjfr in fxpìnithcn cj Lca‘s ìmb cj sf`j -ahsm`csurf. Qwfnty-shx thdfs wf irf tcà tgit Lca ghafs Ghs jimf jrcd dfn hn ]mrhpturf(Afutfrcncdy =959


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf ?< cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

= FWQF_NI@ FZHAFNMF CJ_FZF@IQHCN

Cnf wcuà fxpfmt tgit hj tgf Oho`f hs i prcaumt cj rfvfìthcn jrcd i truf Lca tgit hts mcntfntswcuà of truf. Qgculg cnf mcuà wrhtf i occb cn tghs suoefmt, mcnshafr tgf jc``cwhnl orhfjs5

Lfclripghmi` Fvhafnmf5 \gfn tgf Oho`f ti`bs iocut Efrusi`fd, Gforcn, ]idirhi, Mipfrniud,Aidismus, Flypt, Dcio, cr Efrhmgc, cr inmhfnt Ih, ht hs ti`bhnl iocut rfi` pìmfs, scdf cj wghmg,

`hbf Mipfrniud ina Ih, givf eust offn unfirtgfa hn cur thdf ina ahsmcvfrfa tc jht tgf jimts cj tgf oho`hmi` stcry whtg idizhnl immurimy.

Qcpclripghmi` Fvhafnmf5 \gfn tgf Oho`f dfnthcns mhthfs, gh``s, dcuntihns, rcmbs, strfids,wf``s, sprhnls, tgf Ecrain _hvfr, tgf ]fi cj Li`h`ff, ina dh`htiry oitt`fs tibhnl pìmf it i mfrtihnshtf upcn wghmg tgf stcrhfs cj tgf Oho`f tccb pìmf, tgfsf pìmfs irf rfi`2 h.f., tgfy gippfnfa cntgf ìnasmipf cj ghstcry wgfn ina wgfrf tgf Oho`f siys tgfy tccb pìmf.

Irmgifc`clhmi` Fvhafnmf5 Jcr yfirs mrhthms givf acuotfa mfrtihn fvfnts hn tgf Oho`f. Out,tgrculg tgf wcrb cj irmgifc`clhsts, ahsmcvfrhfs wfrf diaf tgit vfrhjhfa ahsputfa stcrhfs. Jcr

fxidp`f, ghstcrhins acuotfa tgf fxhstfnmf cj [hìtf, Lcvfrncr cj Euafi, ofmiusf nc rfmcras mcuà of jcuna sgcwhnl gf imtui``y fxhstfa unth` i pìquf wis ahsmcvfrfa it Mifsirfi Dirhthdi, whtgtgf hnsmrhpthcn, ‐[cnthus [hìtf, [rfjfmt cj Euaifi,— ncw hn tgf dusfud cj irmgifc`cly hn

Efrusi`fd.

Ghstcrhmi` Fvhafnmf5 \gfn tgf Oho`f dfnthcns fvfnts `hbf tgf ji`` cj Efrhmgc, cr tgf ji`` cj Ih, crtgf ouhàhnl cj ]c`cdcn‘s tfdp`f, tgf hnvishcn oy Oioy`cn hn 678 OM, cr tgf rfouhàhnl cj tgf

sfmcna tfdp`f hn tgf thdf cj Ufruooiof`, cr Efsus‘ ohrtg hn tgf thdf cj Mifsir Iulustus, tgftfdp`f mc`cnniaf, cr tgf sprfia cj Mgrhsthinhty hntc tgf _cdin wcrà, ht spfibs cj gudin fvfnts

tgit min of prcvfa oy ghstcrhmi` hnvfsthlithcn.

Mu`turi` Fvhafnmf5 Hj tgf Oho`f wfrf tgf prcaumt cj tgf sfmcna cr tghra mfntury mgurmg, mfrtihnmustcds `hbf fithnl, wisghnl, ina shtthnl tgit wfrf pfmu`hir tc tgf thdfs cj Mgrhst wcuà nfvfrgivf offn afsmrhofa whtg sumg immurimy gia tgfy offn wrhttfn mfnturhfs ijtfr tgf fvfnt.


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Qriahthcns ina mustcds pfrjcrdfa it Efwhsg jfists, wfaahnls, ina scmhi` litgfrhnls irfafsmrhofa whtg suprfdf aftih` ina immurimy.

[rcpgfthm Fvhafnmf5 Qgf Oho`f prfahmts tgf ruhn cj Qyrf, ]hacn, ]idirhi, Efrusi`fd, ]yrhi,Issyrhi, Oioy`cn, Qgfofs-Dfdpgfs, [ftri-Facd, Lizi-Isbf`cn, ina Dcio-Iddcn, cr tgfmcdhnl cj Mgrhst whtg sumg prfmhshcn, cnf min cn`y mcnmùaf tgit tgf prcpgfmhfs wfrf wrhttfnijtfr tgf fvfnt cr tgfy midf oy rfvfìthcn jrcd in cdnhsmhfnt Lca.

Qgfc`cly ina Ftghmi` Fvhafnmf5 Qrutgs `hbf tgf Qrhnhty, scvfrfhlnty ina jrff wh``, eusthjhmithcn,rfafdpthcn, prcphthithcn, suosthtuthcn, sinmthjhmithcn, tgf ahvhnhty cj Mgrhst, jihtg, ina tgfacmtrhnfs cj lrimf givf bfpt dfn ina wcdfn spf`òcuna ina hn gct pursuht tc lrisp tgf wfi`tg cj oho`hmi` hafc`cly.

Ftghmi` Fvhafnmf5 Cnf wcuà tghnb tgit hj tgf Oho`f hs jrcd Lca, ht wcuà mcntihn `cjty dcriìna ftghmi` prfmfpts, ina ht acfs! Is cnf `ccbs it tgf Qfn Mcddinadfnts, tgf prcpgfthm rfoubfs,tgf ]frdcn cn tgf Dcunt, ina tgf fphstcìry iadcnhthcns, cnf wh`` sff tgit tgfy mcntihn tgfghlgfst, dcst unhjhfa ftghmi` prfmfpts bncwn tc din oir ncnf! Nc nithcn hn inthquhty cr hndcafrn thdfs gis i occb hn hts pcssfsshcn tgit mcntihns i dcrf ahlnhjhfa ina oiìnmfa critcry cjftghms ina dcri`hty tgin tgf Gc`y ]mrhpturfs. I`` tgit hs lcca ina nco`f hn cur mu`turf min ofittrhoutfa tc tgf hnjùfnmf cj tgf rfli` vhrtufs whtghn tgf Mgrhsthin ru`fs cj mcnaumt. Oymcdpirhscn, i`` tgit hs wrcnl whtg cur scmhfty hnmùahnl, out nct `hdhtfa tc jriua, tgfjt, iocrthcn, pcrnclripgy, gcdcsfxui`hty, tffn prflninmy, tfrrcrhsd ina tgf `hbf min of ittrhoutfa tc tgf

hnjùfnmf cj gudinhsthm itgfhsd ina ji`sf rf`hlhcns hnjùfnmhnl cur mu`turf.

=.9 Qgf Qfsthdcny cj Ecsfpgu

‐Gcw jhrd`y wf givf lhvfn mrfaht tc tgfsf occbs cj cur cwn nithcn hs fvhafnt oy wgit wf ac2 jcraurhnl sc diny ilfs is givf i`rfiay pissfa nc cnf tgit offn sc ocà is fhtgfr tc iaa inytghnl tctgfd, tc tibf inytghnl jrcd tgfd, cr tc dibf iny mginlf2 out ht hs ofmcdf nituri` tc i`` Efws,hddfahitf`y ina jrcd tgfhr vfry ohrtg, tc fstffd tgfsf occbs tc mcntihn ahvhnf acmtrhnfs, ina tc pfrshst hn tgfd, ina hj cmmishcn of, wh``hnl`y tc ahf jcr tgfd— (Jìvhus Ecsfpgus, Ilihnst Iphcn,

h. 7).


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=.? I Qfsthdcny cj Hnjùfnmf

Qgf Oho`f hs tgf lrfitfst trivf`fr hn tgf wcrà. Ht pfnftritfs tc fvfry mcuntry,mhvh`hzfa ina unmhvh`hzfa. Ht hs sffn hn tgf rcyi` piìmf ina hn tgf gudo`f mcttilf.Ht hs tgf jrhfna cj fdpfrcrs ina ofllirs. Ht hs rfia oy tgf `hlgt cj tgf ahd mina`fina idha Irmthm sncws. Ht hs rfia hn mhty ina mcuntry, idha mrcwas ina hn sc`htuaf.\gfrfvfr hts dfssilf hs rfmfhvfa ht jrffs tgf dhna jrcd ocnailf ina jh``s tgfgfirt whtg lìanfss (I.Q. [hfrscn, quctfa oy Oh`` Dm_if, Oho`f Qipf, Mc`criac]prhnls).

Ht minnct of qufsthcnfa tgit tgf dcst puo`hsgfa occb hn tgf wcrà hs tgf Oho`f, hn pirt ina is i wgc`f . . . Ht wis tgf jhrst wcrb trinsìtfa jrcd cnf ìnluilf tc

inctgfr . . . Ht wis tgf jhrst prhntfa occb . . . Ht hs tgf dcst viùio`f occb hn tgfwcrà (rfjfrrhnl tc tgf Lutfnofrl‘s Oho`f piha jcr oy tgf Orhthsg (_idd, 986=, p.??


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf =; cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

ina afitg cj Efsus Mgrhst irf tgcsf cj Lca— (Yuctfa oy Bfysfr , 9816, pp. 9;;,9;9).

Hn mcnmùshcn, rfiscn gis jih`fa us. \htg sc diny hafis ina cphnhcns iocut Lca, tgfrf hs i nffajcr in iutgcrhtithvf scurmf cn tgf bncw`falf cj Lca. Qgit scurmf `hfs hn Lca‘s _fvfìthcn, tgf

Gc`y Oho`f. \gh`f Lca gis rfvfi`fa diny tghnls tc din (lfnfri` rfvfìthcn), tgf tfsthdcny cj]mrhpturf hs tgit hts mcntfnts irf tgf rfsu`ts cj spfmhi` rfvfìthcn, tgf fnafirhnl ina fnaurhnl\cra cj Lca. Qgf u`thditf rfvfìthcn cj Lca hs Efsus Mgrhst, tgf ]cn cj Lca. Gf hs tgf pgyshmi`dinhjfstithcn cj tgf hnvhsho`f Lca, tgf fxprfss hdilf cj Ghs [frscn. Qgrculg Ghd wf min bncwtgf trutg iocut Lca ina Ghs si`vithcn. \f min jhna rfst jcr cur scu`s oy rfsthnl hn Ghs_fvfìthcn.


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf =9 cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

1 Q_V]QHNL HN][H_IQHCN

‐I`` ]mrhpturf hs hnsphrfa oy Lca— (? Qhdctgy =59:)

1.9 Hntrcaumthcn

Hn cur ìst stuay cn rfvfìthcn wf cosfrvfa tgit din minnct oflhn whtg ghdsf`j inaahsmcvfr tgf trutg iocut Lca. Gf minnct rfiscn ghs wiy tc Lca. ]cdf tghnls min nfvfr of`firnfa oy gudin rfiscn ncr sc`vfa oy gudin `clhm. Qgf hnjhnhtf Lca dust stfp hntc tgffxpfrhfnmf cj jhnhtf din ina rfvfi` ghdsf`j tc din. Qgf Mgrhsthin jihtg rfsts cn tgf

prfdhsf tgit Lca hs ina tgit Gf gis spcbfn. Jurtgfr, tgf Mgrhsthin rf`hfs upcn tgf prfdhsftgit Lca gis spcbfn tc dfn ina tgit Gf luhafa oho`hmi` iutgcrs hn wrhthnl acwn tgitrfvfìthcn hn tgf crhlhni` iutclripgs. Qghs luhainmf hs mi``fa ‐hnsphrithcn.—

Qgf ahjjfrfnmf oftwffn tgf rfvcùthcn hn Jrinmf ina tgf Idfrhmin _fvcùthcn cj 9


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf =? cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

Jcr tghs rfiscn, wf nffa tc hnvfsthlitf tgf qufsthcns5 Min wf trust tgf Oho`f3 Hs htimmuritf3 Hs ht hnsphrfa3

1.? Qgf Ghstcrhmi` [rco`fd

\gh`f ht hs nct whtghn tgf smcpf cj tghs pipfr tc htfritf i`` mrhthmhsds tgf Oho`f gis rfmfhvfa, isgcrt `hst givhnl tc ac whtg hnsphrithcn diy sujjhmf5 Qgf sfmuìrhst `ccbs it tgf Oho`f is i prcaumtcj gudin hdilhnithcn.

]cdf @fvinthnf smgcìrs of`hfvf scdf pirts cj tgf Oho`f irf jrcd Lca, out ctgfr pirts irf nct2tgit tgf Oho`f‘s tgfc`cly diy of mcrrfmt, out tgf ghstcrhmi` sfmthcns irf untrustwcrtgy. Ctgfrs

issfrt tgf Oho`f hs hnsphrfa hj ht spfibs tc ycu. Diny tghnb tgf wrhtfrs wfrf hnsphrfa, out tgf tfxt

htsf`j minnct of trustfa. ]cdf suppcsf tgf fvfnts cj tgf Oho`f wfrf hnsphrfa, out nct tgf tfxt.]cdf suppcsf tgf tgculgts cj tgf oho`hmi` wrhtfrs wfrf hnsphrfa, out nct tgfhr wcras. Qgfsf hafisj`y hn tgf jimf cj tgf m`fir tfimghnl cj Lca‘s \cra iocut hnsphrithcn.

1.= Oho`hmi` Afjhnhthcn cj Hnsphrithcn

I`` ]mrhpturf hs hnsphrfa oy Lca ina prcjhtio`f jcr tfimghnl, jcr rfprccj, jcrmcrrfmthcn, jcr trihnhnl hn rhlgtfcusnfss (? Qhdctgy =59:)

Qgf wcra ‐]mrhpturf— hs hn tgf shnluìr ofmiusf ht rfjfrs tc tgf wgc`f cj hnsphrfa tfxt. Qgf tfrd

‐hnsphrfa— (qfc,pnfustce) hs diaf up cj twc Lrffb wcras, ‐Qgfcs,— wghmg hs tgf Lrffb wcra jcrLca, ina ‐ pnfustce,— wghmg dfins ‐whna— cr ‐sphrht— cr ‐orfitg.— [iu` hs siyhnl tgit i``]mrhpturf hs ‐Lca orfitgfa.— \gfn ycu irf m`csf tc scdfcnf, ycu min gfir tgfd orfitghnl. Qgftfrds ‐hnsphrithcn,— ‐pfrsphrithcn,— ina ‐rfsphrithcn— i`` fna whtg ‐sphrithcn— hnahmithnl scdf

jcrd cj orfitghnl.

Qfrds `hbf pnfudithm arh`` (run oy ihr), pnfudcnhi (i ahsfisf tgit ijjfmts tgf orfitg) ina pnfuditc`cly (i tfmgnhmi` wcra jcr tgf acmtrhnf cj tgf Gc`y ]phrht) mcdf jrcd tgf oho`hmi` wcra‐orfitg.— Qgf wcra ‐hnsphrf— rfjfrs tc hngi`hnl cr rfmfhvhnl scdf bhna cj orfitg, ina tgf wcra

‐fxphrf— rfjfrs tc fxgi`hnl cr `cshnl orfitg. [iu` hs siyhnl tgit Lca wis sc m`csf tc tgf oho`hmiìutgcrs wgfn tgfy wrctf tgf ]mrhpturfs tgit tgf orfitg cj Lca hs cn tgf tfxt2 h.f., tgf ]mrhpturf hsi prcaumt cj Lca‘s orfitg.


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf == cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

1.1 \git Hnsphrithcn Acfs Nct Dfin

Oy hnsphrithcn, [iu` hs nct siyhnl tgit i`` rfvfi`fa bncw`falf jrcd Lca hs hnsphrfa. Lca gisrfvfi`fa diny tghnls tc dfn, out nct i`` bncw`falf ofmidf pirt cj tgf ]mrhpturf. \git hshnsphrfa3 I`` ]mrhpturf hs hnsphrfa.

Oy hnsphrithcn, [iu` hs nct siyhnl tgit i`` iutgcrs wfrf hnsphrfa, out tgit tgfhr iutclripgi wisLca-orfitgfa. Hnsphrithcn hs nct i occst cj fdcthcni` fnfrly isscmhitfa whtg i dushmhin wgcdiy of dcthvitfa tc wrhtf i lrfit scnl. Hnsphrithcn hs nct iocut dcthvithcn cr lfnhus. Qgffdpgishs hs cn tgf iutgcrhty cj tgf tfxt. Zfrsf 9: cmmurs it tgf fna cj mgiptfr tgrff ofmiusf[iu` wirnfa ilihnst i ‐ji``hnl iwiy— hn tgf ìst aiys. Cn`y oy givhnl tgf tfxt is cnf‘s inmgcr cjjihtg min i of`hfvfr bffp ghs jf``cwsghp whtg Lca jrcd arhjthnl iwiy. Cnf min of i dcthvitfa

lfnhus ina sth`` of hn frrcr. oho`hmi` iutgcrs wfrf nct fdcthcni``y mgirlfa tc wrhtf. Qgfy wfrfhnsphrfa hn tgf sfnsf tgfy wfrf luhafa oy tgf Gc`y ]phrht tc wrhtf Lca‘s hafis immuritf`y hn i

tfxt.

Oy hnsphrithcn, [iu` hs nct siyhnl tgit tgf trinsìthcns cj ]mrhpturf irf hnsphrfa. Cn`y tgf crhlhniìutclripg hs hnsphrfa.

Oy hnsphrithcn, [iu` hs nct siyhnl tgit tgf iutgcr‘s tgculgts wfrf hnsphrfa, out tgit tgf wcras cjtgf crhlhni` tfxt wfrf hnsphrfa. Qgculgts dust of put hntc wcras. ]hnmf wcras irf tgf sghps tgitmirry tgculgt-mirlc, ht hs tgf wcras tgit ofmcdf tgf vfghm`f cj tgculgt. Qc suppcsf tgit tgculgt-

mirlc hs luhafa oy i Miptihn‘s mcdpiss, out nct tgf sghp, acfs vhc`fnmf fvfn tc tgf tgculgt-mirlc. Hj i sghp hs nct prcpfr`y luhafa, hts mirlc wh`` nct rfimg pcrt. @hbfwhsf, hj wcras irf ncthnsphrfa, tgfy wh`` nct immuritf`y mcnvfy tgculgts.

Oy hnsphrithcn, [iu` hs nct siyhnl tgit scdf pirts irf dcrf hnsphrfa tgin ctgfr pirts. \gh`f scdf pcrthcns cj tgf Oho`f diy of dcrf hdpcrtint tgin ctgfr pirts, i`` cj ]mrhpturf hs fqui``y hnsphrfa,tgf ghstcrhmi` pcrthcns is wf`` is tgf acmtrhni` pcrthcns.

[iu` hs nct siyhnl tgit tgf ]mrhpturf hs hnsphrithcni` hn tgf sfnsf tgit i rfiafr diy jff` lcca wgfngf rfias tgf Oho`f. \gh`f tgf Oho`f mfrtihn`y lfnfritfs lrfit hafis ina dcthvitfs pfcp`f tc sfrvf

Lca, tghs hs nct wgit wf dfin oy hnsphrithcn. \f dust dibf i ahsthnmthcn oftwffn hnsphrithcn cjtgf tfxt, ina tgf fxmhtfdfnt cj i rfiafr cj tgf tfxt2 oftwffn hnsphrithcn ina h`ùdhnithcn2 oftwffnhnsphrithcn ina dcthvithcn.


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Oy hnsphrithcn, [iu` hs nct siyhnl tgit tgf Oho`f mcntihns ‐hnsphrfa mcnmfpts,— ‐hnsphrithcni`tgfdfs,— ina ‐dcthvithcni` hafis.— \gh`f tgf Oho`f acfs ac i`` tgfsf tghnls, hnsphrithcn gis tc ac

whtg tgf trinsjfr cj Lca‘s tgculgts tgrculg i gudin hnstrudfnt tc i pirmgdfnt.

Oy hnsphrithcn, [iu` hs nct siyhnl Lca hnsphrfs tgf fvfnts cj tgf Oho`f, out tgit Lca hnsphrfs tgftfxt. ]cdf smgcìrs irf siyhnl tgf [isscvfr, ina tgf fxcaus, tgf lhvhnl cj tgf ìw, crahnithcn cjtgf Efwhsg simrhjhmfs, ina tgf mcnqufst cj Efrhmgc wfrf hnsphrfa2 h.f., tgf fvfnt ofghna tgf tfxt hshnsphrfa. Hj tgf fvfnt hs hnsphrfa ina nct tgf tfxt, tgfn hntfrprfthvf iutgcrhty rfshafs whtghn tgfhntfrprftfr ina nct tgf tfxt. Out, tghs hs nct wgit [iu` dfint oy tgf tfrd hnsphrithcn. Hnsphrithcnrfjfrs tc Lca‘s supfrhntfnafnmf cvfr tgf hnsmrhpthcn cj tgf tfxt (]ih`gidfr, 9886, pp. =:-7:).

Oy hnsphrithcn, [iu` hs nct siyhnl tgit fvfrytghnl i oho`hmi` iutgcr wrctf wis hnsphrfa, ncr acfs

gf dfin tgit wgfn tgf iutgcr wis wrhthnl ]mrhpturf tgit it thdfs gf wis hnsphrfa. Jcr fxidp`f,[iu` wrctf diny `fttfrs, out nct i`` cj tgfd wfrf hnstrudfnts cj rfvfìthcn. Cn`y mfrtihn `fttfrswfrf cj ahvhnf crhlhn ina tgfy irf mcntihnfa hn tgf NQ. @hbfwhsf, fvfry wcra hn [iu`‘s

iutclripgs hs hnsphrfa, nct eust pirt cj tgf wcras.

Oy hnsphrithcn, [iu` hs nct ijjhrdhnl i acmtrhnf cj ahmtithcn. Lca aha nct ahmtitf fimg wcra jcr tgfiutgcr tc wrhtf. Lca usfa tgf gudin iutgcr‘s dhna ina vcmiouìry tc hnsmrhpt Ghs \cra. Hn tghs

sfnsf, tgf \cra cj Lca, `hbf Mgrhst, gis octg i ahvhnf niturf ina gudin niturf.

Mcntrist tgf Oho`f‘s mìhd cj hnsphrithcn whtg tgf Occb cj Dcrdcn, wghmg mìhds tc of i

ahmtithcn jrcd Lca tc Ecsfpg ]dhtg. Immcrahnl tc tgf Ecsfpg ]dhtg stcry, Lca‘s wcras ippfirfacn scdf lcàfn pìtfs. Gf wcuà wrhtf tgfd acwn fximt`y is tgfy ippfirfa cn tgf pìtfs inatgfy wcuà nct lc iwiy unth` ]dhtg wrctf tgfd acwn mcrrfmt`y. Hj tghs wfrf tgf misf, tgfn tgfrfsgcuà of nc frrcrs hn iny cj tgf Dcrdcn acmudfnts. Gcwfvfr, tghs hs nct tgf misf. Qgf Occb cDcrdcn mcntihns tgcusinas cj spf``hnl, lriddithmi`, ina ghstcrhmi` oùnafrs9 cj wghmg, tgfDcrdcn `fiafrs givf ah`hlfnt`y fahtfa jcr tgf pist 96; yfirs.

9 Qgf dirbs hn tgf jc``cwhnl pilfs rfprfsfnt tgf mginlfs wghmg wcuà givf tc of diaf tc tgf crhlhni` 97=; fahthcntc orhnl ht hntc `hnf whtg tgf murrfnt 9879 fahthcn. Qgf mginlfs irf dirbfa hn strhbfcut jcnt jcr wcras ina mgirimtfrsaf`ftfa ina rfa jcnt jcr wcras ina mgirimtfrs iaafa. Qgf jc``cwhnl hs tibfn jrcd tgf [@IQF] CJ NF[GH5\gfrfjcrf, ht hs in iorhaldfnt cj tgf _ r fmcra cj tgf [ pfcp`f cj Nfpgh2, ina i`sc cj tgf @idinhtfs2--w\rhttfn tc tgf@idinhtfs, wghmg wgc irf i rfdnint cj tgf Ggcusf cj Hsrif`2 ina i`sc tc Efw ina Lfnth`f2--w\rhttfn oy wiy cj


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1.6 Qgfc`clhmi` Afjhnhthcn cj hnsphrithcn

Qgf tfrd ‐hnsphrithcn— diy of afjhnfa is tgf wcrb cj tgf Gc`y ]phrht wgfrfoy gf ihafa oho`hmi`

iutgcrs tc immuritf`y trinsjfr Lca‘s tgculgts tc tgf crhlhni` pirmgdfnt. Oy hnsphrithcn wf rfjfrtc Lca‘s supfrhntfnafnmf cvfr tgf wrhthnl cj tgf tfxt hn tgf crhlhni` iutclripg. Qgit hs, wf ijjhrd

tgf hnfrrinmy cj ]mrhpturf hn tgf iutclripgi. Gfnmf, oho`hmi` smgcìrs givf mchnfa tgf tfrds‐vfroi`, p`fniry hnsphrithcn— hnjfrrhnl tgit I@@ cj ]mrhpturf gis i ahvhnf crhlhn ina tgit fvfry

wcra min of trustfa.

Out, sumg i afjhnhthcn acfs nct dfin tgit cur dcafrn trinsìthcns irf hnsphrfa cr tgit mcphfs irf9;; % immuritf. \f givf nc crhlhni`s ‑ cn`y mcphfs. Ina is whtg iny mcpy cj iny wcrb cjinthquhty, ilf, thdf, gudin usf hdpimt tgf qui`hty cj dinusmrhpts . . . ina tghs hs truf jcr i``

dinusmrhpts wgftgfr wf irf rfjfrrhnl tc Oho`hmi` tfxts cr tgf tfxts cj Lrffb, _cdin, Gforfw, crMghnfsf crhlhn. Qgfrf hs nc sumg tghnl is i pfrjfmt mcpy cj iny wcrb cj inthquhty!!

mcddinadfnt, ina i`sc oy tgf sphrht cj [ prcpgfsmy ina cj _ r fvfìthcn.--\rhttfn, ina sfi`fa up, ina gha up untc tgf@C_Acra, tgit tgfy dhlgt nct of afstrcyfa2--tQc mcdf jcrtg oy tgf lhjt ina pcwfr cj LCAca, untc tgfhntfrprftithcn tgfrfcj2--s]fi`fa oy tgf gina cj Dcrcnh, ina gha up untc tgf @C_Acra, tc mcdf jcrtg hn auf thdf oytgf wiy cj tgf Lfnth`f2--tQgf hntfrprftithcn tgfrfcj oy tgf lhjt cj LCAca2. iIn iorhaldfnt tibfn jrcd tgf Occb cj

Ftgfr.

Ii`sc, wghmg hs i _rfmcra cj tgf [pfcp`f cj Eirfa, wghmg wgc wfrf smittfrfa it tgf thdf tgf @C_Acra mcnjcunafatgf ìnluilf cj tgf pfcp`f, wgfn tgfy wfrf ouhàhnl i tcwfr tc lft tc Ggfivfn5--w\ghmg hs tc sgfcw untc tgfrfdnint cj tgf Gcusf cj Hsrif` gcw wgit lrfit tghnls tgf @C_Acra gitg acnf jcr tgfhr jitgfrs2 ina tgit tgfy diybncw tgf mcvfnints cj tgf @C_Acra, tgit tgfy irf nct mist cjj jcrfvfr2--iIna i`sc tc tgf mcnvhnmhnl cj tgf Efw inaLfnth`f tgit EF]V] hs tgf MG_H]Q, tgf FQF_NI@ LCA, dinhjfsthnl Gghdsf`j untc i`` nithcns.--Ina ncw, hj tgfrf

of irf jiu`ts, ht of tgfy irf tgf dhstibfs cj dfn2 wgfrfjcrf, mcnafdn nct tgf tghnls cj LCAca, tgit yf diy of jcunaspct`fss it tgf eualdfnt-sfit cj MG_H]Qgrhst.

Q_IN]@IQFA OX EC]F[G ]DHQG, EVNHC_,

IVQGC_ INA [_C[_HFQC_.

(]curmf5 gttp5//www.mcnnfmt-i.nft/usfrs/arsgiafs/irmghvfs/;;;prfji.gtd, Cmtcofr ?;;=)

http://www.connect-a.net/users/drshades/archives/000prefa.htmhttp://www.connect-a.net/users/drshades/archives/000prefa.htm


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf =: cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

1.: ]uppcrthnl Mìhds cj Hnsphrithcn

Zfry jfw occbs mìhd tc of cj ahvhnf crhlhn, out tgf Oho`f acfs. Ht mìhds tc of i occb hnsphrfa oy Lca Ghdsf`j. Qgf wcras, ‐Qgus sihtg tgf @cra,— irf jcuna cvfr ?;;; thdfs. Lca gisahsm`csfa Ghdsf`j ina tgit rfvfìthcn gis offn hnsmrhpturitfa. @ft‘s tibf i `ccb it scdf cj tgf

oho`hmi` mìhds.

‐H wh`` of whtg ycur dcutg, ina tfimg tgff wgit ycu sgi`` siy— (Fxcaus 159;-9?).

\gfn Lca mi``fa Dcsfs, Dcsfs bnfw gf wis nct i sbh``fa hn critcr, ina gf qufsthcnfa Lca‘s

eualdfnt. Gf isbfa i qufsthcn cn gcw gf wis lchnl tc of io`f tc pfrsuiaf tgf pfcp`f cj Lca.Lca tcà Dcsfs tgit Gf wcuà of whtg ghd ina tfimg ghd wgit tc siy. Ofmiusf cj tghs hnquhry,

wf bncw tgit Dcsfs spcbf is gf wis luhafa oy XG\G.? ]iduf`


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf =< cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

Qgf wcra ‐ect— hs i rfjfrfnmf tc tgf sdi``fst Gforfw `fttfr bncwn is i yca ( y ), wghmg `ccbs`hbf in Fnl`hsg ipcstrcpgf. Qgf wcra thtt`f (@ithn5 thtuùs) rfjfrs tc iny eut cr inl`f cr sdi`` dirb

( O ).

Efsus siha tgit fvfry wcra cj tgf simrfa tfxt wh`` of ju`jh``fa. Oy siyhnl tghs, Efsus ijjhrdfa tgfhnsphrithcn ina iutgcrhty cj tgf tfxt.

\ghmg tghnls wf i`sc spfib, nct hn wcras tiulgt oy gudin whsacd, out hn tgcsftiulgt oy tgf ]phrht, mcdohnhnl sphrhtui` tgculgts whtg sphrhtui` wcras (9Mcrhntghins ?59=).

Qgf ipcst`f siha ‐tgf tghnls— wf (ipcst`fs) spcbf wfrf tiulgt2 h.f. Lca‘s rfvfìthcn aha

nct mcdf hn i dfmginhmi` wiy ncr wis tgf rfvfìthcn ahmtitfa tc ghd. Jurtgfr, ht wis nctmcnmfpts cr hafis tgit wfrf hnsphrfa out tgf vfry wcras tgfdsf`vfs. Ht wis nct tgfipcst`fs wgc wfrf hnsphrfa, out tgf tfxt.

Hj iny cnf tghnbs gf hs i prcpgft, cr sphrhtui`, gf sgcuà imbncw`falf tgit wgit Hid wrhthnl tc ycu hs i mcddina cj tgf @cra (9 Mcrhntghins 915=


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‐ . . . wf i`sc mcnstint`y tginb Lca tgit wgfn ycu rfmfhvfa jrcd us tgf wcra cj

Lca's dfssilf, ycu immfptfa ht nct is tgf wcra cj dfn, out jcr wgit ht rfi``y hs,tgf wcra cj Lca . . .— (9 Qgfssi`cnhins ?59=).

[iu` dibfs ht m`fir tgit wgfn tgf Qgfssi`cnhins rfmfhvfa ghs dfssilf, tgfy rfmfhvfa dcrf tgintgf wcra cj dfn. Qgfy rfmfhvfa tgf \cra cj Lca. [iu` sffds tc of mclnhzint tgit gf gia ofmcdf i gudin hnstrudfnt wgfrfoy tgf \cra cj Lca wis hnsmrhpturitfa.

Lca, ijtfr Gf spcbf `cnl ilc tc tgf jitgfrs hn tgf prcpgfts (fvn tch/e prcjg,tihe) hndiny pcrthcns ina hn diny wiys (Gforfws 959).

Qgf tfxt rfias tghs wiy, ‐Hn diny thdfs ina hn diny wiys, Lca spcbf. . .— Nctf tgf mfrtihnty,

‐Lca spcbf!— Ina gf gis hn it `fist jcur wiys5 (9) ahrfmt`y (?) hnahrfmt`y tgrculg tgf inlf` cj tgf

@cra, (=) hnahrfmt`y oy tgf prcpgfts, ina (1) ahrfmt`y tgrculg tgf ]cn. Qgf pgrisf ‐oy tgf prcpgfts— mcuà of trinsìtfa ‐oy tgf prcpgfts— cr ‐hn tgf prcpgfts.— Lca wis tgf spfibfr ina

tgf prcpgfts wfrf Ghs hnstrudfnts cj rfvfìthcn.

Jcr tgf wcra cj Lca hs `hvhnl (zcf) ina imthvf ina sgirpfr tgin iny twc-falfaswcra, ina phfrmhnl is jir is tgf ahvhshcn cj scu` ina sphrht, cj octg echnts inadirrcw, ina io`f tc eualf tgf tgculgts ina hntfnthcns cj tgf gfirt. (Gforfws159?).

Ncthmf tgf tfrd, ‐`hvhnl— cr ‐quhmb— hn tgf BEZ. Ht mcdfs jrcd tgf Lrffb wcra, ‐zic— (Uw/n)jrcd wghmg wf lft tgf tfrd ftfrni` ‐`hjf.— Qgfrf irf twc Lrffb wcras jcr `hjf. Cnf hs ohcs wghmg

rfjfrs prhdirh`y tc tgf `hjf cj tgf ocay, ina zwg, (zcf) hs tgf `hjf cj Lca. @ccb it Lfnfshs ?5


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Jcr nc prcpgfmy wis fvfr diaf oy in imt cj gudin wh``, out dfn dcvfa oy tgfGc`y ]phrht spcbf jrcd Lca (? [ftfr 95?9).

Qgf wcra, ‐prcpgfmy— rfjfrs tc tgf CQ ]mrhpturfs cr tgf \cra cj Lca. Qgf tfrd ‐wh``— hs iaithvf ncun (hnstrudfnti`) ina tgf wcra ‐din— hs hn tgf lfnhthvf, wghmg sgcws scurmf cr crhlhn.

[ftfr, spfibhnl iocut ipcstisy, hnjcrds us tgit tgf CQ hs nct cj din. Gf ijjhrds i jimt, ‐dfn wfrf dcvfa oy tgf Gc`y ]phrht spcbf jrcd Lca.— Qgf wcra ‐dcvfa— ( jf,rw, pgfrc) hs i prfsfnt, pisshvf, pirthmhp`f.

Qgf pisshvf hnahmitfs tgit tgf Gc`y ]phrht imtfa upcn dfn.

Qgf pirthmhp`f min of trins`itfa ‐mirrhfa,— ‐`hjtfa up,— ‐luhafa,— ‐wgh`f ofhnl dcvfa,— cr

‐sustihnfa.—

Qgf hdilf ofjcrf us hs tgit cj i sghp ofhnl arhvfn i`cnl oy tgf whnas. H mcdpirf ht tc dfn cn isghp whtgcut i ruaafr ofhnl o`cwn oy tgf whna. Qgf dfn givf i mfrtihn idcunt cj jrffacd tcdcvf ircuna cn tgf sghp, out tgfy min‘t stffr tgf sghp. @hbfwhsf, hnsphrithcn hnvc`vfs tgf ]phrhtushnl dfn, tgfhr vcmiou`iry, ina tgfhr pfrscni`hty, out ht wis tgf ]phrht wgc dcvfa tgf sghp jrcd pcrt tc pcrt.

Ina immcunt tgit tgf `cnlsujjfrhnl cj cur @cra hs si`vithcn2 fvfn is cur of`cvfa orctgfr [iu` i`sc immcrahnl tc tgf whsacd lhvfn untc ghd gitg wrhttfn untc ycu2Is i`sc hn i`` ghs fphst`fs, spfibhnl hn tgfd cj tgfsf tghnls2 hn wghmg irf scdftghnls gira tc of unafrstcca, wghmg tgfy tgit irf un`firnfa ina unstio`f wrfst, istgfy ac i`sc tgf ctgfr smrhpturfs, untc tgfhr cwn afstrumthcn (? [ftfr =596-9:).

\gfn [ftfr hafnthjhfs [iu`‘s `fttfrs ina ‐tgf rfst cj ]mrhpturfs,— gf hafnthjhfs [iu`‘s wrhthnls is

]mrhpturf. Gf `hnbs i`` cj [iu`‘s `fttfrs whtg tgf ]mrhpturf ijjhrdhnl tc us tgf p`fniry niturf cjhnsphrithcn, ina tgf jimt tgit tgf Ipcstc`hm ilf wis in ilf cj hnsmrhpturithcn.

1.


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]fmcna, tgf vfry niturf cj hnsphrithcn hdp`hfs tgit tgf Oho`f hs hnji``ho`f ina hnfrrint2 tgiths, ht hs nct ji`sf, dhstibfn, ncr afjfmthvf. Hj tgf Oho`f hs ‐Lca orfitgfa— ina Lca minnct `hf, tgfntgf Oho`f hs truf ina acfs nct `hf. Qghs mcnm`ushcn hs `clhmi``y mcnshstfnt. Lca minnct `hf (Qhtus

?5=), ina hj Gf orfitgfa cut tgf ]mrhpturfs (? Qhdctgy =59:), tgfn tgf ]mrhpturfs dust of truf(Ecgn 9


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1.7 Qgf Ofnfjhts cj ]mrhpturf

Hn cur prhdiry tfxt, ? Qhdctgy =59:, [iu` issfrtfa jcur ofnfjhts cj `firnhnl tgf ]mrhpturf5tfimghnl, rfprccj, mcrrfmthcn, ina trihnhnl hn rhlgtfcusnfss. Qgf wcra ‐prcjhtio`f— (wvjf,`hdce)rfjfrs tc i pcshthvf iavintilf cr ofnfjht cj ]mrhpturf hn mcntrist tc tgf tfimghnls cj dfn wghmgusui``y `fia tc afoiumgfry. Qgf jhrst ofnfjht hs ‐tfimghnl.— Qgf wcra ‐tfimghnl— rfjfrs tc

‐hnstrumthcn— cr ‐acmtrhnf.— Hn ctgfr wcras, tgf Oho`f tf``s us wgit hs rhlgt ina truf.

Qgf sfmcna ofnfjht hs ‐mcrrfmthcn.— Qgf wcra ‐mcrrfmthcn— min of trinsìtfa ‐rfoubf— cr

‐mcnvhmthcn.— Ht rfoubfs fvh` tghnbhnl ina ofgivhcr. Nct cn`y acfs tgf \cra cj Lca tf`` us wgit hs truf, ht tf``s us wgit hs wrcnl whtg cur `hvfs.

Qgf tghra ofnfjht dfnthcnfa hs ‐mcrrfmthcn.— Qgf wcra ‐mcrrfmthcn— (fvpinc,rqwshn) hs i dfahmi`wcra dfinhnl ‐tc sft strihlgt.— \gfn i pfrscn jrimturfa i `hdo, gf wcuà nffa i pgyshmhin tc sft(fvpinc,rqwshn) tgf orcbfn ocnf. \f lft tgf wcra ‐crtgcpfahms— jrcd tghs wcra (]ff usilf hnQhtus 956). Qgf \cra cj Lca min strihlgtfn cut tgf ofnt, orcbfn pirts cj cur `hvfs.

Qgf jcurtg ofnfjht hs ‐trihnhnl hn rhlgtfcusnfss— ( prc.e pihafh,in tg.n fvn ahbihcsu,ng|). Qgf wcra‐trihnhnl— rfjfrs tc mghàgcca hnstrumthcn oy i tutcr wgc hs isshlnfa tgf auty cj orhnlhnl i ycutg

tc diturhty sc gf cr sgf min issudf tgf rfspcnshoh`hty cj in iau`t. Qgf \cra cj Lca imts `hbf itutcr tc trihn us hn rhlgtfcus `hvhnl.

Acmtrhnf5 Qgf Oho`f tf``s us wgit hs rhlgt ina truf.

_fprccj5 Qgf Oho`f tf``s us wgit hs wrcnl ina untruf.

Mcrrfmthcn5 Qgf Oho`f tf``s us gcw tc mcrrfmt wgit hs wrcnl ina untruf.

Hnstrumthcn5 Qgf Oho`f tf``s us gcw tc ac wgit hs rhlgt ina truf.


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I`` tghs hs tc gf`p tgf ‐din cj Lca— cr ‐wcdin cj Lca— (intgrcpcs) tc ofmcdf pfrjfmt, tgit hs,‐diturf— hn tgf jihtg. ]cdfcnf orculgt tc dy ittfnthcn tghs jcrdu`i hn ? Qhdctgy =596-9< wgfnH wis i ycunl Mgrhsthin, ina ht stumb5

96 + 9: 4 9<

Qgf mgh`a cj Lca (v. 96) + tgf \cra cj Lca (v. 9:) 4 i din cj Lca (v. 9


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M`fdfnt5 ‐Xcu givf mirfju``y stuahfa tgf ]imrfa ]mrhputrfs, wghmg irf tgf trufuttfrinmfs cj tgf Gc`y ]phrht— (@hnasf``, p. 1


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ihdfa it rfijjhrdhnl tgf hnsphrithcn cj ]mrhpturf ina inswfrhnl \f``giusfn‘s mrhthmi` dcvfdfnt,

wghmg hs sth`` rhpp`hnl tgrculg cur unhvfrshthfs ina hnsthtuthcns. \f wh`` ahsmuss tgf suoefmt cjghlgfr ina `cwfr mrhthmhsd ìtfr.

Hn mcnmùshcn, wgh`f wf givf nct prcvfa hnsphrithcn, wf givf afdcnstritfa tgit tgf]mrhpturf mìhds tc of hnsphrfa. Jurtgfrdcrf, tgf mgurmg jitgfrs givf mcnshstfnt`yijjhrdfa tgf iutgcrhty ina pfrjfmthcn cj ]mrhpturf. \f irf cn sc`ha lrcuna wgfn wf gcàjist tghs mcnjhafnmf.

Jhrst, wf issfrt tgf Oho`f hs nc crahniry occb. Ht hs i `hvhnl occb tgit gis tgf pcwfr tcsivf scu`s ina mginlf `hvfs.

]fmcna, hnsphrithcn ipp`hfs tc tgf crhlhni` iutclripgy ina nct tc trinsìthcns. Cur

trinsìthcns irf cn`y i whtnfss tc tgf iutclripgy.

Qghra, tgf Oho`f hs vfroi``y hnsphrfa2 tgit hs, fvfry wcra hs hdpcrtint ina hssufs diy ofafmhafa cn tgf rfprfsfntithcn cj i shnl`f wcra.

Jcurtg, tgf Oho`f is i wgc`f hs hnsphrfa2 tgit hs, tgfrf hs i mincn cj simrfa `htfriturf,wghmg hs `hdhtfa tc hnsphrfa occbs. Qgfrf irf diny jhnf occbs hn tgf wcrà, out cn`y cnfgis i ahvhnf stidp.

Jhjtg, ofmiusf tgf Oho`f hs hnsphrfa, smgcìrs issfrt tgf hnji``hoh`hty cj tgf crhlhni` tfxt2

tgit hs, tgf iutclripgy hs whtgcut frrcr ina min of ju``y trustfa. \gfn wf rfia tgf]mrhpturf, wf rf`y upcn tgf prfdhsf tgit Lca luhafa tgf wrhthnl cj tgf simrfa tfxt.


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6 MCNQFNAHNL JC_ QGF JIHQGEuaf 95= Of`cvfa, wgfn H livf i`` ah`hlfnmf tc wrhtf untc ycu cj tgf mcddcnsi`vithcn, ht wis nffaju` jcr df tc wrhtf untc ycu, ina fxgcrt ycu tgit yf sgcuàfirnfst`y mcntfna jcr tgf jihtg wghmg wis cnmf af`hvfrfa untc tgf sihnts.

6.9 Hntrcaumthcn tc tgf Mcntrcvfrsy

Qgf ]cutgfrn Oipthsts irf rfmclnhzfa is i ncn-mrffai` pfcp`f whtg i m`hmgè, ‐NC mrffa

out tgf Oho`f— ina givf lfnfri``y rfdihnfa jihtgju` tc tgf ]mrhpturfs. Out, stuafnts cjGhlgfr Mrhthmhsd hnjh`tritfa tgf afncdhnithcn ina tgf AFNCDHNIQHCN wis fdorch`fa hn iOitt`f jcr Hnfrrinmy cvfr tgf ìst gi`j cj tgf ?;tg mfntury.

Jcr fxidp`f, wgit hs wrcnl whtg tghs stitfdfnt3 ‐Qgf Orciadin [rfss dhnhstfrs tc tgf

afncdhnithcn hn bffphnl whtg tgf ghstcrhm Oipthst prhnmhp`f cj tgf jrffacd cj tgf hnahvhaui` tchntfrprft tgf Oho`f jcr ghdsf`j, tc gcà i pirthmuìr tgfcry cj hnsphrithcn cj tgf Oho`f wghmg sffdsdcst rfiscnio`f tc ghd {shm}, ina tc afvf`cp ghs of`hfjs hn immcrainmf whtg ghs tgfcry— (Yuctfa

oy tgf ]unaiy ]mgcc` Ocira hn afjfnsf cj [rcjfsscr F``hct ina tgf puo`hmithcn cj i afvhint occbcn tgf Cà Qfstidfnt).

Acfs tghs dfin inycnf min mcnthnuf tc of i ]cutgfrn Oipthst ina afny tgf vhrlhn ohrtg, cr tgfafhty cj Mgrhst, cr tgf hnsphrithcn cj ]mrhpturf3 Qgfsf wfrf tgf hssufs jimhnl tgf afncdhnithcncn`y i jfw yfirs ilc. Qc ipprfmhitf tgf suoefmt cj hnsphrithcn ina mincnhmhty, tgf stuafnt cj tgfOho`f dust unafrstina scdftghnl cj tgf ghstcrhmi` strull`f hnvc`vfa hn tgf jcrdithcn cj tgfMincn ina tgf mgi``fnlf dcuntfa ilihnst tgf hnsphrithcn cj ]mrhpturf cvfr tgf ìst tgrff gunarfayfirs.

Euaf fxgcrts tgf of`hfvfrs siyhnl ht wis nfmfssiry jcr ghd tc wrhtf ina mi`` tgf sihnts hntc imthcnsc tgfy dhlgt oin tclftgfr ina mcntfna jcr tgf jihtg. Qgf wcra ‐mcntfna— mcdfs jrcd i

mcdpcuna hnjhnhthvf fpilcnhzcdih (fvpilwnh,zfsqih) ina dfins ‐tc mcntfst— cr ‐tc ilncnhzf.—Qgf wcra ilcnhzf hs i`rfiay i strcnl wcra dfinhnl ‐tc strihn fvfry dusm`f,— out Euaf iaas tgf prfpcshthcn ‐fph— tc ilcnhzf hn crafr tc strfnltgfn tgf mgi``fnlf. Qgf prfpcshthcn ‐fph— hs usfawgfn i spfibfr wints tc ph`f cn iaahthcni` rfspcnshoh`hty. Jcr fxidp`f, [iu` siys tc tgf


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf 1: cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

Mc`csshins ‐ put cn `cvf— out gf oflhns ghs fxgcrtithcn whtg ‐fph i``— wghmg hs trins`itfa ‐iocvfi`` tghnls2— h.f, ‐iocvf i`` tghnls put cn `cvf.— Qgf trins`itcrs iaafa ‐firnfst`y— tc fdpgishzffph, ‐iocvf i`` tghnls firnfst`y jhlgt ina smripf jcr tgf jihtg.— Ina, tgf dcst junaidfnti`

pcssfsshcn jcr wghmg wf dust jhlgt hs jcr tgf lrcuna upcn wghmg cur jihtg rfsts, tgf hnsphrithcncj ]mrhpturf.

6.? Hnsphrithcn Qgrculg GhstcrX

6.?.9 Fir`y Mgurmg Ghstcry (=6-1


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ghstcrhmi` fvfnts wfrf cjtfn sphrhtui`hzfa, `fivhnl tgf Mgurmg whtgcut i prcpfr unafrstinahnl cjwgit tgf Oho`f siha.

6.?.= Qgf _fjcrdithcn (9:tg Mfntury)

Aurhnl tgf Dhaa`f Ilfs, tgf Mgurmg, whtg hts pcpfs ina mcunmh`s, strull`fa whtg gcw tc hntfrprfttgf Oho`f. Qgf ivfrilf Mgrhsthin aha nct pcssfss i Oho`f ina bnfw nctghnl cj Lca‘s \cra fxmfptwgit i prhfst tcà ghd. Is cphnhcn sghjtfa ina mgurmgdfn acuotfa tgf hntfrprftithcn cj tgf Oho`f,iutgcrhty jcr hntfrprftithcn sghjtfa jrcd tgf Oho`f tc tgf hntfrprftfr. _u`hnls oy pcpfs inamcunmh`s ofmidf dcrf hdpcrtint tgin tgf Oho`f htsf`j.

\htg tgf hnvfnthcn cj tgf prhnthnl prfss hn 916; oy Ecginn Lutfnofrl, cj Dihnz, Lfrdiny, inatgf fdfrlfnmf cj tgf [rctfstint _fjcrdithcn, i oimb-tc-tgf-Oho`f dcvfdfnt swfpt cvfr Furcpf.

Is rfjcrdfrs stuahfa tgf Oho`f, tgfy oflin tc mgi``fnlf mgurmg acldi ina pipi` iutgcrhty.Hntfrprftithcn, nct hnsphrithcn, wis tgf dihn hssuf cj tgf aiy. It nc thdf aha iny acuot tgfhnsphrithcn cj ]mrhpturf.

Aurhnl tgf _fjcrdithcn, tgf Oho`f ofmidf dcrf tgin i Occb cj acmtrhnf, ht ofmidf sphrhtui`jcca ‑ i scurmf cj mcdjcrt ina hnsphrithcn tc tgf Furcpfin Mgrhsthins. Out, gfit wis prcaumfa istgf [rctfstints sculgt tc rfjcrd tgf Mgurmg ina orhnl ht oimb unafr tgf iutgcrhty cj tgf Gc`y]mrhpturfs. Ofmiusf cj ghs hntfrprftithcn cj Eidfs ? cn tgf rfìthcnsghp oftwffn jihtg ina wcrbs,@utgfr qufsthcnfa tgf mincnhmhty cj Eidfs. Gf unafrstcca eusthjhmithcn oy jihtg hn _cdins, out

mcuà nct rfmcnmh`f Eidfs ? ina tgf rfìthcnsghp cj wcrbs tc eusthjhmithcn.

@utgfr, gcwfvfr, wis tcc ousy stuayhnl tgf acmtrhnfs cj tgf Oho`f tc fnlilf ghdsf`j hn stuayhnlmincnhmhty. Jutgfr, ht wis aurhnl tgf Mcuntfr _fjcrdithcn, hn i afspfritf ittfdpt tc of ahjjfrfnttgin tgf [rctfstints, tgit 6= _cdin Mitgc`hm prfìtfs, ncnf cj wgcd wfrf smgcìrs, jculgt tcunhjy tgfhr mcnsthtufnts it tgf Mcunmh` cj Qrfnt (961:) oy iaahnl tgf Ipcmrypgi tc tgf Oho`f inatc rfvfrf tgf Ipcmrypgi is tgf \cra cj Lca. ‐Initgfdi— (mursfa) wis prcncunmfa cn iny wgcaha nct immfpt tghs afmhshcn.

Is tgf jhrfs cj tgf _fjcrdithcn swfpt cvfr Furcpf, vhc`fnt mcntrcvfrsy fruptfa, ina tgf Mgurmg

fntfrfa hntc i pfrhca tgit mi``fa jcr strhmt afjhnhthcn rflirahnl mincnhmhty, tgf Oho`f ina htsiutgcrhty. Cut cj tgf jìdfs cj tgf _fjcrdithcn, tgf [rctfstints ijjhrdfa tgf jc``cwhnl5 (i) tgfhnsphrithcn ina hnji``hoh`hty cj tgf ]mrhpturfs (nct tgf pcpf)2 (o) tgf ahvhnf iutgcrhty cj tgf]mrhpturfs is tgf sc`f ru`f cj jihtg ina primthmf (scì ]mrhpturi, scì jhaf, scì lrithi)2 (m) tgfjcrdi` hafnthjhmithcn cj tgf mincn ( tgf rfefmthcn cj tgf Ipcmrypgi)2 (a) tgf sujjhmhfnmy cj


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]mrhpturf jcr si`vithcn ina sinmthjhmithcn (rfefmthcn cj mcddunhcn, wcrbs, ina mgurmg primthmf)2(f) tgf pfrsphmuhty cj ]mrhpturf2 h.f., ht hs sf`j fxp`initcry (is cppcsfa tc tgf _M mgurmg mincns,acldi, ina afmrffs)2 ina, (j) tgf fjjhmimy cj ]mrhpturf is i dfins cj lrimf ina pcwfr tc sivf

ina sustihns scu`s.

Mi`vhn siha, ‐\f cwf tc tgf ]mrh pturf tgf sidf rfvfrfnmf wghmg wf cwf tc Lca, ofmiusf ht gis prcmffafa jrcd Ghd i`cnf, ina gis nctghnl of`cnlhnl tc din dhxfa whtg ht— (Dh` f̀r, 98:;, p.


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6.=.= Lfrdin _ithcni`hsd (9


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[rcjfsscr Lrij (9796-:8) ina [rcjfsscr Bufnfn (97?7-89), i Autmg ilncsthm, spfmuìtfa tgf[fntitfumgi` ìws wfrf nct wrhttfn oy Dcsfs, out wfrf wrhttfn oy iutgcrs `hvhnl aurhnl tgf pcstOioy`cnhin Fxh`f (67:-1;; OM)

\f``giusfn (9711-9897) phmbfa up cn Airwhn‘s Qgfcry cj Fvcùthcn ina ipp`hfa ht tc tgf Oho`f.\f``giusfn pcstuìtfa ‐dhrim`fs ac nct gippfn,— tgit ghstcrhmi` sfmthcns cj ]mrhpturf mcuà of

ittrhoutfa tc in fir`y aitf ina tgf pissilfs mcntihnhnl `cjty hnshlgts mcuà of ittrhoutfa tc i ìtfaitf2 tgit Dcsfs bnfw nctghnl cj cnf Lca2 tgit Xigcvig ofmidf i trhoi` lca2 tgit dcnctgfhsdfvc`vfa hn Efwhsg ghstcry cut cj gfitgfnhsd.

Qgfsf tgfcrhfs fvc`vfa hntc tgf EF[A Qgfcry, i`sc bncwn is tgf Acmudfntiry GypctgfshsQgfcry. Ht gcàs tgf vhfw Dcsfs aha nct wrhtf tgf [fntitfumg. Qgf tgfcry pcstuìtfs tgf CQ wis

diaf up cj jcur phfmfs wrhttfn dumg ìtfr hn ghstcry. Qgf `fttfrs stina jcr tgf suppcsfa iutgcrswrhthnl it virhcus pfrhcas hn ghstcry5

E Qgf ‐E— stinas jcr tgf ‐Efgcvhst Acmudfnt— suppcsfa`y aitfa 76; OM.

F Qgf ‐F— rfprfsfnts tgf ‐F`cghst— acmudfnt— suppcsfa`y wrhttfn iocut


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6.=.1 Ghlgfr Mrhthmhsd Hnjh`tritfs Idfrhmi

Fnl`hsg Afhsd, Jrfnmg ]bfpthmhsd, ina Lfrdin _ithcni`hsd i`sc hnjfmtfa Idfrhmi, ina hts jruhts

irf vfry fvhafnt fvfn tcaiy. I tcumg cj afhsd min of sffn hn tgf Afmìrithcn cj Hnafpfnafnmfwgfn ht rfjfrs tc tgf ‐ìws cj niturf ina cj niturf's Lca.— Cur jcunahnl jitgfrs wfrf vfry dumg

hdpimtfa oy _ithcni`hsd, wghmg min of nctfa hn tgf crafr cj tgf wcras hn cur Mcnsthtuthcn, ‐`hjf,`hofrty, ina prcpfrty.— _ithcni`hsd eudpfa hn ofa whtg ‐smhfnthjhm fvcùthcn— ina tgf Lfrdin

\f``giusfn ]mgcc` cj Ghlgfr Mrhthmhsd tc prcaumf tgf \ir cj i`` \irs, Junaidfnti`hsd vs. @hofri`hsd, oftwffn 989;-98=;. Nc o`cca wis sgfa, out prfimgfrs sgcutfa, pcunafa pu`phts,ina sgccb tgf pfws.

Nc afncdhnithcn wis unijjfmtfa. Afncdhnithcns wfrf sp`ht ina pistcrs wfrf jhrfa is

mcnlrflithcns `ccbfa cn hn ahsdiy ina mcnjushcn it tgf afoim`f. Oftwffn 989; ina 98:;, tgfmgurmg wis giddfrfa oy ‐Ghlgfr Mrhthmhsd2— h.f., afstrumthvf mrhthmhsd tgit issiu`tfa tgfghstcrhmi` vfrimhty cj Lca‘s \cra. Mgrhsthins `cst mcnjhafnmf hn tgf Oho`f, ina tgf mgurmg jf``hntc i stitf cj afm`hnf. Qgf ]mcpfs Qrhi` hn ìw ina smhfnmf2 Jrfua, _clfrs, ina Ia`fr hn tgf psfuac smhfnmfs2 tgf Lrfit Afprfsshcn hn ghstcry2 twc wcrà wirs2 ina Bfynfs Qgfcry cjFmcncdhms hn fmcncdhms2 Afwfyhsd ina Gudinhsd hn faumithcn2 tgf ‐Lca hs Afia Dcvfdfnt—hn tgfc`cly2 Bitgfrhnf Bfnycn hn tgf jhfà cj irmgifc`cly2 tgf usurpithcn cj tgf acmtrhnf cj tgf‐]fpirithcn cj Mgurmg ina ]titf— hn tgf mcurts2 tgf sfhzurf cj tgf puo`hm smgcc`s oy ohl

lcvfrndfnt2 tgf rhsf cj jfdhnhsd, iocrthcn, pcrnclripgy, tffn prflninmy2 ina, crahnithcn cjgcdcsfxui`s hn mgurmgfs irf i jfw cj tgf wffas tgit sprinl up oy ‐prclrfsshvfs— scwhnl tgf

sffas cj `hofri`hsd.

@hofri`hsd put tgf mgurmg hn i giddfr`cmb cj psfuac hntf``fmtui`hsd miushnl diny Mgrhsthins tcioahmitf tgf iutgcrhty cj tgf \cra cj Lca . . . ina hts hdpimt hs sth`` ofhnl jf`t.

6.1 _fvhvi`hsd hn Idfrhmi

Dcrf hdprfsshvf tgin tgf prclfnhfs cj itgfhsd, gcwfvfr, gis offn tgf ioh`hty cj tgf Oho`f tcsurvhvf ina tgrhvf. Jc``cwhnl @utgfr ina Mi`vhn, i oimb tc tgf Oho`f dcvfdfnt sncwoi``fa i``

cvfr Furcpf. Jcr tgf jhrst thdf, pfcp`f wfrf `firnhnl fximt`y wgit tgf Oho`f siys.Qgf fir`y sftt`frs hn Idfrhmi wfrf jhrd`y mcddhttfa tc tgf jihtg cj tgf _fjcrdithcn.

Qgf [urhtins iacptfa mcvfnint tgfc`cly ina of`hfvfa upgcàhnl Lca‘s ìw hn scmhfty wis i

dfins cj prcmurhnl Lca‘s lrimf.


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\gh`f tgf whnas cj tgf Fn`hlgtfndfnt, cr diyof wf sgcu`a siy, ‐Qgf Fnairbfndfnt,— fnlu`jfa

Furcpf, Mi`vhnhsthm [rfimgfrs sumg is Qgfcacrf Jrf`hnlguysfn (9:89-9


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Gcwfvfr, Ghlgfr Mrhthmhsd aha hdpimt scdf hn cur rinbs tc tgrfitfn cur rf`hinmf upcn tgfhnji``hoh`hty cj ]mrhpturf is min of sffn oy tgf jc``cwhnl5

_cofrt I``fn, [g.A., [rcjfsscr cj _f`hlhcn it tgf Vnhvfrshty cj _hmgdcna afnhfa tgf hnji``hoh`htycj ]mrhpturf wgfn gf wrctf, ‐\gh`f scdf pfrscns diy mcnthnuf tc gcà tgit ‗tgf ghstcrhmMgrhsthin of`hfj hn oho`hmi` hnji``hoh`hty ina hnfrrinmy hs tgf cn`y vi`ha stirthnl pchnt inajridfwcrb jcr i tgfc`cly cj rfvfìthcn, sumg mcntfnthcns sgcuà of gfira whtg i sdh`f inahnmcr pcritfa hn tgf oyìws cj tgf Jìt Firtg ]cmhfty— (Yuctfa oy G. @hnasf` ,̀ 988:, p. 8?).

Gcwira Mc`scn, fahtcrhi` sfmrftiry cj tgf ]unaiy ]mgcc` Ocira puo`hsgfa in irthm`f hn wghmg gfwr ctf, ‐\git hs tgf niturf cj frrcr cj wghmg tgf Oho`f dfssilf hs mcdp`ftf`y jrff3 \f givf sihatgit tgf trutg, wghmg mcnsthtutfs tgf oho`hmi` dfssilf hs rf`hlhcus cr sphrhtui` trutg. Oy i `hbf

tcbfn, wf dfn ncw siy tgit tgf frrcr jrcd wghmg oho`hmi` trutg hs mcdp`ftf`y jrff hs sphrhtui`frrcr— (Yuctfa oy G. @hnasf``, 988:, p. 8=).

Aurhnl tgf 98


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_cdins 96512 9:5?6-?:2 ? Qhdctgy =596-9


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H`ùstrithcn I

Aflfnfritf ]cmhfty Lrcwtg ina [rclrfss

Fvh` Jruhts Jruhts cj tgf ]phrht

]f`j Imtui`hzithcn I `hjf cj `cvf ina gc`hnfss

_fìthvhsthm viùfs Dcri` ioscùtfs

Ht acfs nct dittfr gcw H `hvf Ht dittfrs gcw H `hvf

Qgfrf hs nc gcpf Qgfrf hs gcpf

Qgf lrivf hs tgf fna Mgrhst rcsf jrcd tgf afia

H id dy cwn distfr Efsus hs @cra

GVDIN _FI]CN LCA‘] _FZF@IQHCN


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gcpf wis i rfsurrfmtfa Mgrhst ncw ismfnafa hntc gfivfn is @cra ina Distfr (?65?=). Ghs gcpf orculgt ghd hntc i mc``hshcn mcursf whtg tgf _cdin wcràvhfw wgfrfhn gf wis eih`fa. [iu` ahanct ipc`clhzf jcr ghs stirthnl pchnt (rfvfìthcn). Hn jimt, gf mgi``fnlfa dfn ‐tgit tgfy sgcuàrfpfnt ina turn tc Lca— (?:598)2 h.f., gf mgi``fnlfa dfn tc lhvf up tgfhr jìwfa rfiscn, tc turn

jrcd tgfhr airb dhna, tc lhvf up tgfhr prcua tgculgts, tc rfncunmf intilcnhsthm rfiscnhnl, ina tcfdorimf i nfw systfd cj tgculgt oisfa cn tgf \cra cj Lca.

Hn tgf Mgrhsthin wcràvhfw, tgfrf hs nctghnl ghlgfr cr dcrf iutgcrhtithvf tgin tgf \cra cj Lca.

Jurtgfrdcrf, tgf oho`hmi` wcràvhfw wh`` orhnl Mgrhsthins hntc i mc``hshcn mcursf whtg prcua,irrclint dfn wgc fxi`t scdftghnl iocvf rfvfìthcn. Qgf junaidfnti` prco`fd hn cur mu`turf hstgit dfn pìmf scdftghnl iocvf tgf \cra cj Lca is dcrf iutgcrhtithvf tgin tgf \cra cj Lca.

Qgf `hofri` fxi`ts rfiscn iocvf Lca‘s \cra.

Qgf iocrthcnhst puts ghs ilfnai iocvf tgf ]mrhpturf.

Qgf smhfnthst puts ghs tgfcrhfs iocvf tgf ]mrhpturf.

_fiscn

]mrhpturf

V[[F_ ]QC_X5 XCV_ GHLGF]Q IVQGC_HQy

@C\F_ ]QC_X5 QGHNL] HN ]VODH]]HCN QC IVQGC_HQX


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Qgf gudinhst puts ghs jff`hnls iocvf tgf ]mrhpturf.

Qgf Mitgc`hm Mgurmg puts mgurmg mincns iocvf tgf ]mrhpturf.

Dcrdcns put tgf Occb cj Dcrdcn iocvf Lca‘s \cra.

Qgf hnfvhtio`f rfsu`t cj fxi`thnl scdftghnl iocvf tgf iutgcrhty cj ]mrhpturf hs mcrrupthcn.

Qgf Oho`f hs tgf of`hfvfr‘s stirthnl pchnt ina jhni` stinaira jcr jihtg ina primthmf. Qgf Oho`f dust

of cur u`thditf ina hnahsputio`f jcunaithcn cn wghmg wf `hvf, irluf, ina ahf.

Qgf Oho`f wis Efsus‘ stirthnl pchnt wgfn jimhnl tgf afvh` (Dittgfw 15


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Qgf jhni` stinaira oy wghmg i`` wh`` of trhfa hs tgf ipcstc`hm wcra (H Ecgn 15?-=).

Fvfry tgculgt dust of tibfn mipthvf tc tgf \cra cj Lca (? Mcrhntghins 9;51-6).

Qc rfefmt Lca‘s \cra hs tc hnvhtf ruhn ina afstrumthcn (Dittgfw


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf :; cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

:.9 Dfinhnl cj tgf \cra Mincn

Qgf wcra ‐mincn— (bincn) hs afrhvfa jrcd tgf Gforfw wcra binfg (qinfg), dfinhnl i‐dfisurhnl rca— cr ‐i ru`f— cr ‐dfisurhnl tcc`.— I binfg wis i oir cr tcc` usfa tc dirb

ahstinmfs cr i tcc` usfa is i strihlgt falf. Qgf tfrd hs usfa jhvf thdfs hn tgf NQ ina min oftrins`itfa ‐ru`f— (? Mcrhntghins 9;59=-9:2 Li`ithins :59:, [gh`hpphins =59:). Dftipgcrhmi``y, tgfwcra mincn rfjfrs tc iny stinaira cr tfst jcr ftghms, rf`hlhcn, dushm, rgftcrhm, cr `clhm. Hn tfxtui`mrhthmhsd, tgf tfrd mincn rfjfrs tc tgf tfst cr stinaira jcr iadhttinmf hntc tgf ocay cj ]imrfa@htfriturf wf bncw is tgf Oho`f. Ohsgcp Itginishus (?8:-=


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf :9 cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

jcuna cvfr 6,;;; m`iy tio`fts mcntihnhnl oushnfss mcntrimts, affas, ina trinsimthcns. \f bncwtgit tgf Flypthins wfrf in iavinmfa mhvh`hzithcn tgit afvf`cpfa in i`pgioft ina hnsmrhofaghfrcl`ypghms cn tgf tcdos ina dcnudfnts.

\f bncw tgit Dcsfs wis `htfritf hn i`` tgf bncw`falf cj Flypt (Fxcaus 9


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf :? cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

pcssfss2 gcwofht, tgf Gforfw Oho`f hs irrinlfa ahjjfrfnt`y ina it thdfs wfrf mcdohnfaahjjfrfnt`y tgin tgf Mgrhsthin crafr.

Qgf Qcrig5 Lfnfshs, Fxcaus, @fvhthmus, Nudofrs, ina Afutfrcncdy. Qgf Efws mi``fa tgfsf occbs ‐Jhvf-jhjtgs cj tgf @iw,— ina tgf Lrffbs mi``fa tgf jhrst jhvf occbs ‐tgf [fntitfumg.—

Qgf N‘oghhd ([rcpgfts)5 Ecsgui, Eualfs, ]iduf`, ina Bhnls (Qgf jcrdfr prcpgfts)2 ina Hsihig,Efrfdhig, ina Fzfbhf` (tgf @ittfr [rcpgfts), ina tgf twf`vf Dhncr [rcpgfts wghmg wfrf mcuntfais cnf occb. Qgfsf occbs mcntihn tgf Lca-luhafa ghstcry cj i Lca-sf`fmtfa pfcp`f. Qgfy mcntihntgf ghstcry cj tgf Efwhsg pfcp`f is wf`` is i ahvhnf mcddfntiry cn tgf ghstcry cj Hsrif` tgrculgtgf fna cj tgf tgfcmrithm bhnlacd (67: OM). Qgf Dhncr [rcpgfts irf mi``fa ‐Dhncr— nct ofmiusftgfy irf iny `fss hnsphrfa tgin tgf ctgfr occbs, out ofmiusf cj tgfhr orfvhty hn `fnltg. @hbfwhsf,tgf ‐Diecr— [rcpgfts wfrf mi``fa ‐Diecr— nct ofmiusf cj tgfhr lrfitfr hdpcrtinmf, out ofmiusf

cj tgfhr lrfitfr `fnltg.

Qgf B‘tguoghd (\rhthnls)5 [si`ds, [rcvfros, ina Eco2 ]cnl cj ]c`cdcn, _utg, @idfntithcns,Fmm`fshistfs, ina Fstgfr2 Ainhf`, Fzri-Nfgfdhig, Mgrcnhm`fs. Qgf Lrffbs mi``fa tghs sfmthcn cjQinimg tgf Gilhclripgi cr ‐Gc`y \rhthnls—. Qgf pcfthmi` sfmthcn wis lfnfri``y mi``fa ‐tgf

[si`ds.— Qgf sfmcna sfmthcn wis mi``fa tgf ‐Dflh``ctg— (Jhvf _c``s) ofmiusf tgfy fimg gia hts

cwn sfpiritf rc`` jcr usf is i rfiahnl it cnf cj tgf Gforfw jfists=. Dfn wgc gia tgf prcpgfthmlhjt out aha nct givf i prcpgfthm cjjhmf wrctf Ainhf` ina tgf ctgfr wcrbs. Jurtgfrdcrf, ht sgcu`a of nctfa tgit tgf `ist tgrff occbs irf prhdirh`y ghstcrhmi .̀

@ccb it @ubf ?1511.

Ncw Gf siha tc tgfd, "Qgfsf irf Dy wcras wghmg H spcbf tc ycu wgh`f H wis sth``whtg ycu, tgit i`` tghnls wghmg irf wrhttfn iocut Df hn tgf @iw cj Dcsfs ina tgf[rcpgfts ina tgf [si`ds dust of ju`jh``fa.—

Ncthmf gcw Efsus ahvhafa ]imrfa @htfriturf hntc tgrff ahvhshcns5 Dcsfs, tgf [rcpgfts, ina tgf[si`ds. Qghs hs tgf ahvhshcn dfnthcnfa iocvf5 Qgf Qcrig, tgf N‘oghhd, ina tgf B‘tguoghd.

= Gforfw jfists ina tgf Dflh``ctg5 [isscvfr (]cnl cj ]c`cdcn)2 [fntfmcst (_utg)2 Jfist cj Qiofrnim`fs(Fmm`fshistfs)2 Jfist cj [urhd (Fstgfr)2 Innhvfrsiry cj tgf Afstrumthcn cj Efrusi`fd (@idfntithcns).


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf := cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

\gy wis tgf Qinimg ahvhafa tghs wiy3 Mcnsfrvithvf smgcìrs of`hfvf tgf ahvhshcn min offxpìhnfa oy tgf stitus ina cjjhmhi` pcshthcn cj tgf wrhtfrs5 (i) Qgf Qcrig mcdfs jhrst ofmiusf cjtgf stitus cj Dcsfs, tgf lrfit ìwlhvfr cj tgf CQ2 (o) Qgf N‘oghhd hs mcdpcsfa cj occbs wrhttfn

oy iutgcrs wgc gia tgf prcpgfthm lhjt ina tgf prcpgfthm cjjhmf2 (m) tgf B‘tguoghd wis wrhttfn oy iutgcrs wgc gia tgf prcpgfthm lhjt, out nct tgf prcpgfthm cjjhmf.

Bihsfr (?;;9) siys tghs lrcuphnl wis rfmclnhzfa is fir`y is ?;;-97; OM hn tgf Ipcmrypgiwrhthnl cj Fmm`fshisthmus i`sc bncwn is tgf \hsacd cj ofn ]hrimg (]hrimg 1857-9;, 11-6;) wghmgsgcwfa tgf CQ crlinhzfa unafr tgrff lr cups5 tgf @iw, tgf [rcpgfts, ina ‐tgf ctgfrs tgitjc``cwfa.—

:.=.= Ji`sf Issudpthcns Iocut Mincnhmhty

Ji`sf mcnmùshcns iocut mincnhmhty afvf`cpfa cvfr thdf, ina scdf rfiafrs diy pcssfss iji`sf issudpthcn iocut wgit hs mcnshafrfa i mincnhmi` tfst jcr immfptinmf hntc tgf mincn.]cdf givf hnmcrrfmt`y issudfa tgit tgf tfst cj mincnhmhty hs ilf, cr tgf survhvi` cj mfrtihntfxts, cr occbs wrhttfn hn tgf Gforfw ìnluilf, cr `htfriturf tgit fxprfssfs mcnjcrdhty tctgf Qcrig, cr tgit cn`y occbs whtg i rf`hlhcus f`fdfnt wfrf sf`fmtfa hntc tgf Mincn. Qgf prco`fd whtg tgfsf tgfcrhfs hs tgit ctgfr occbs wrhttfn hn Gforfw whtg i rf`hlhcus ofntirf dfnthcnfa hn tgf CQ, out cn`y tgf hnsphrfa occbs jcuna tgfhr wiy hntc tgf ]imrfaMincn. Qgf tfst jcr mincnhmhty hs nct ilf cr `htfriturf mcntihnhnl Gforfw, out iutgfnthmrfvfìtcry, hnsphrfa tfxt.

:.=.1 Qgf Qfsts jcr Mincnhmhty

Hn crafr jcr i occb tc of mcnshafrfa mincnhmi`, jcur tfsts wfrf ipp`hfa oy tgf stfwiras cjtgf ]mrhpturf.

Ahvhnf iutgcrsghp5 Hs tgf wcrb hnsphrfa3 Acfs tgf wcrb mìhd tc of hnsphrfa ina wis ht lhvfn oyLca tgrculg Ghs ]phrht, cr wis ht lfrdinf tc tgf dhna cj din3

Gudin iutgcrsghp5 \is tgf wcrb wrhttfn, fahtfa, cr fnacrsfa oy i din cj Lca, i prcpgft cj

Lca, cr scdfcnf wgc gia i rf`hlhcus iutgcrhty3

Lfnuhnfnfss5 Hs tgf wcrb lfnuhnf2 h.f., acfs ht ofir tgf mgirimtfr cj tgf ilf hn wghmg ht mìhdfatc of wrhttfn3 Acfs tgf wcrb, wcras, fvfnts, pìmfs, ina mu`turi` hnjfrfnmfs jht tgf thdf hn wghmgtgf wcrb wis wrhttfn3


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Iutgfnthmhty5 Hs ht truf3 Irf tgf jimts mcntihnfa hn tgf wcrb truf3 Hs tgf wcrb i rfmcra cj imtui`jimts3

:.=.6 Qgf Jcrdithcn cj tgf Mincn

:.=.6.9 Qgf Qfsthdcny cj Ecsfpgus

Ht wis ijtfr tgf Oioy`cnhin Fxh`f (67: OM) tgit Efwhsg pfcp`f rfi`hzfa tgit tgfhr mrcwn efwf` wis nct tgfhr tfdp`f, Efrusi`fd, ncr fvfn tgf Gc`y @ina, out tgf ]imrfa ]mrhpturfs.Qgf survhvcrs cj tgf fxh`f siw tgf wcras cj tgfhr prcpgfts ju`jh``fa ofjcrf tgfhr vfry fyfsina tgf nithcn, ina i rfvhvi` orcbf cut tc hafnthjy ina prfsfrvf tgfhr ]pfmhi` Qrfisurf.Inmhfnt triahthcn ittrhoutfs Fzri ina ghs oina cj smrhofs bncw is ‐tgf Lrfit ]ynilcluf—

is tgf cnfs rfspcnsho`f jcr hafnthjyhnl, jcrdhnl, ina prfsfrvhnl tgf CQ Mincn (Fzri


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:.=.6.? Qgf @WW

\f i`sc bncw tgf ]fptuilhnt Zfrshcn (@WW), i Lrffb trinsìthcn cj tgf CQ ]mrhpturfs

jrcd Gforfw hntc tgf Lrffb ìnluilf, oflin scdfwgfrf ircuna ?7;-?6; OM ina wismcdp`ftfa iocut 96; OM. Ofmiusf i`` ?? occbs irf mcntihnfa hn tgf @WW vfrshcn, wf minissudf tgf Mincn wis rfmclnhzfa ina mcdp`ftfa is Ecsfpgus hnahmitfa ircuna 1?1 OM.

:.=.6.= Fahthnl ina Iaahthcns

\f i`sc min nctf tgit mfrtihn sfmthcns cj tgf CQ givf offn fahtfa jcr mìrhjhmithcn inatgit tgfrf gis offn in fxpinshcn cj tgf crhlhni` tfxt5

Afutfrcncdy =1 spfibs iocut tgf afitg ina ourhi` cj Dcsfs.

Nudofrs 9?5= dfnthcns tgf gudh`hty cj Dcsfs, wghmg sffds un`hbf`y tc givf mcdf jrcdDcsfs ghdsf`j.

[rcvfros ?659 spfibs cj prcvfros iaafa oy tgf smrhofs cj Bhnl Gfzfbhig.

[rcvfros =;59 hs ittrhoutfa tc tgf ‐siyhnl cj Ilur.—

[rcvfros =959 dfnthcns Bhnl @fduf`.

[rcvfros ?15?=-?1 irf afmìrfa ‐siyhnl cj tgf whsf.—

Efrfdhig =:5=? dfnthcns i sfmcna occb wrhttfn oy Efrfdhig ijtfr ghs jhrst wcrb wisafstrcyfa.

Fahtcrs sffbhnl tc mìrhjy mfrtihn tfxts min fxpìhn scdf cj tgfsf fxpinshcns. Ht ippfirscovhcus tgit Ecsgui iaafa in fxpìnithcn iocut Dcsfs‘ afitg, jcr tgf ]mrhpturf siys gf

wrctf hn tgf @iw cj Lca (Ecsgui ?15?:). Gfzfbhig, givhnl jcuna tgf Occb cj tgf @iw cjLca, ippfirs tc givf crafrfa tgf simrfa tfxt tc of mc``fmtfa ina mcdph`fa. [cssho`y,scdf fahthnl dhlgt givf cmmurrfa aurhnl tghs pfrhca ([rcvfros ?659). Jurtgfr, ijtfr tgf

mipthvhty (67: OM), Fzri tgf smrhof `fias in faumithcni` dcvfdfnt ina aurhnl tghs pfrhca, Nfgfdhig ina Fzri ippfir tc wcrb tclftgfr hn mc``fmthnl ina prfsfrvhnl tgf\cra cj Lca (Fzri


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf :: cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

:.=.: Qgf Ipcmrypgi

I qufsthcn irhsfs, wgit iocut tgf Ipcmrypgi ina tgf Mitgc`hm Oho`f3

Qgf Ipcmrypgi mcntihns tgf jc``cwhnl occbs5 9 Faris, ? Faris, Qcoht, Euahtg, Qgf _fst cjFstgfr, Qgf \hsacd cj ]c`cdcn, Fmm`fshistfs, Oirumg whtg tgf Fphst`f cj Efrfdhig, Qgf]cnl cj tgf Qgrff Mgh`arfn, Qgf Ghstcry cj ]usinni, Of` ina tgf Arilcn, Qgf [riyfr cjDinissfs, 9 Dimmioffs, ina ? Dimmioffs.

Qgf wcra ‐Ipcmrypgi— dfins ‐mcnmfi`fa— cr ‐ghaafn.— Ht rfmfhvfa hts nidf ofmiusf cj

hts fsctfrhm niturf. Qgf occbs wfrf wrhttfn hn mcaf jcr dfdofrs cj i Efwhsg sfmt ina wfrfnct dfint tc of unafrstcca oy tgcsf cutshaf tgf sfmt2 Qgus, ht gia tgf dystfrhcusmgirimtfr isscmhitfa whtg i mu`t. Qgf Ipcmrypgi mcntihns 91 occbs tgit wfrf wrhttfn

aurhnl tgf Hntfrtfstidfnt [frhca (1;; OM- 1; OM). Qgculg tgfsf occbs givf offn usfju`jcr unafrstinahnl tgf niturf cj tghs mu`t ina dcst cj tgf ghstcry aurhnl tgf ]h`fnt Xfirs,tgf Ipcmrypgi gis offn rfefmtfa jrcd fn`hstdfnt hntc tgf ]imrfa Mincn jcr tgf jc``cwhnlrfiscns (Dh``fr, p. 99


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Crhlhn cj tgf Oho`f5 Gcw Cur Oho`f Midf tc Vs [ilf :< cj ?1<Mcpyrhlgt Orccb ]tcmbtcn

Qgf Ipcmrypgi wis nct rfmclnhzfa is pirt cj tgf Mincn unth` tgf Mcunmh` cj Qrfnt hn961: IA wgfrf 6= prfìtfs, whtgcut tgf fxpfrthsf cj i shnl`f Lfrdin smgcìr, hnaumtfatgf Ipcmrypgi hntc tgf Mitgc`hm Mincn oy in fdcthcni` afmhshcn hn rfimthcn tc tgf

[rctfstint _fjcrdithcn. Hn ctgfr wcras, tgf Ipcmrypgi wis nct i smgcìr`y afmhshcn, outin fdcthcni` rfimthcn isscmhitfa whtg tgf Mcuntfr _fjcrdithcn.

Qgf Ipcmrypgi hs nfhtgfr quctfa ncr fnacrsfa oy Mgrhst.

Qgf Ipcmrypgi hs nfhtgfr quctfa ncr fnacrsfa oy tgf Ipcst`fs.

Qgf stitfdfnt oy Ecsfpgus hnmùafa tgf mincnhmi` ?? occbs ina fxmùafa tgf 91Ipcmrypgi` wrhthnls.

[gh`c, tgf lrfit Efwhsg pgh`cscpgfr jrcd I`fxinarhi (?; OM ” 6; IA), wrctf prc`hjhmi``yina quctfa jrcd tgf CQ. Out, gf nfvfr quctfa jrcd tgf Ipcmrypgi.

Ncnf cj tgf 91 Ipcmrypgi occbs jcuna hts wiy hntc iny mincnhmi` `hsts ofjcrf 1;; IA.

Efrcdf (1tg mfntury) `hstfa tgf 91 occbs sfpiritf jrcd tgf CQ Mincn ina fdpgithmi``yrfefmtfa tgfhr iutgcrhty.

Ncnf cj tgf iutgcrs cj tgf Ipcmrypgi siy, ‐Qgus sihtg tgf @cra,— cr spfibs i rfvfìtcrydfssilf jrcd Hsrif`‘s Lca.

Qgfsf occbs mcntihn diny ghstcrhmi`, lfclripghmi`, ina mgrcnc`clhmi` frrcrs inaahstcrthcns cj tgf CQ nirrithvfs2 h.f., tgfy mcntriahmt tgfdsf`vfs, CQ ghstcry, ina sfmuìrghstcry.

Qgf Ipcmrypgi sinmthcns suhmhaf, ississhnithcns, ina lfnfri` tfrrcrhsd hn mcntriahmthcntc CQ ftghmi` stinairas jcr Efwhsg ofgivhcr.

Qgf Ipcmrypgi hs mgirimtfrhzfa oy afjhmhfnmhfs h

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Origin of the Bible: How Our Bible Came To Us, Form #17.002