Chapter 36: The Origins and Spread of Christianity

361. Introduction Christianity spread through the Roman empire

o Christians are followers of Jesus Christ, who was put to death on a Roman cross in the first century C.E

Many Romans saw Christianity as a threat to Roman order and traditionso Several emperors tried to stop the spread of the new religion through violent

persecutions Then in 312 C.E, the emperor Constantine had a dream about Jesus the

night before going into battle against a rival. The next day, he had a vision of a cross hanging in the sky in front on the sun. Around the cross were the words “In this sign, you will conquer.”

36.2 Judea: The Birthplace of Christianity The birthplace of Chrisitianty was a remote territory on the eastern end of the

Mediterranean Sea where Jesus was borno The Romans called it Judea

Once it had been part of the ancient kingdom of Israel ruled by Kings David and Solomon

Came under rule by the Romans in 63 B.C.E In 37 B.C.E, Rome appointed a man named Herod to be the king of

Judeao Converted to the Jewish religion and rebuilt the Temple of

Jerusalemo When Herod died in 4 B.C.E, his kingdom was divided

among his 3 sons, but unrest broke out, so they replaced his son’s with a prefect, or military governor

At the time of Jesus’ birth, Judea was outwardly peaceful, but many Jews hated the Romans

o In their sacred writings, they saw prophecies that one day God would send a savior to restore the glorious kingdom of David This savior was called the Messiah or “anointed one”

36.3 Writings about the Life of Jesus Most of the writings of Jesus, a little known teacher, came from the writings of his

followerso These writings make up the New Testament of the Christian Bible

Among them are four gospels which are accounts of Jesus’ life that were written by four of his followers (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)

The word gospel means “good news”o The gospels were written down from oral and written

sources 30 to 70 years after Jesus died

They describe him as working miracles, healing the sick, and befriending the poor and the friendless

o The Greek word for Messiah was “Christos” (Christ) In time, Jesus became known as Jesus the Christ, or simply Jesus Christ

He preached of God’s mercy and love, and urged his followers to love one another

36.4 The Birth of Jesus Jesus was probably born in 6 B.C.E during the reign of King Herod

o According to the gospel, Jesus’ mother, Mary, lived in a town called Nazareth, in the Roman territory of Galilee Gospels told Mary that she would have a child and that she would name

him Jesus Joseph, a carpenter, was Mary’s husband

Mary and Joseph set out for Bethlehem for a empire-wide censuso “the City of David”o Mary and Joseph has to seek shelter in a stable, where she

gave birth to Jesus, because the inns were already filled and occupied

There is little known about Jesus’ childhood, but at the age of 12, he astonished his rabbis with his wisdom and knowledge of Jewish law

When he was 30, Jesus was baptized (ritual by which a person is welcomed into religion) in the Jordan river by a preacher known as John the Baptist

Jesus became known as “the savior of the Jews”

36.5 Jesus’ Teachings Jesus began his ministry in the towns and villages of Galilee

o Jesus called a small number to be his followers, or disciples Laborers and fishermen

o Based his teachings on traditional Jewish beliefs Told his followers that the kingdom of God was coming soon

Meant a time when people would live according to God’s willo Taught through parables, simple stories with moral or religious messages

People worried that Jesus’ growing following would stir up trouble with the Romans

36.6 The Crucifixion and Resurrection Jesus went to Jerusalem for the Jewish festival of Passover

o Celebrated God’s rescue of the Jews from Egypt more than a thousand years before Jesus’ time Jesus saw the traders and money-changers who were allowed to do

business in the outer court. In a fury he drove them from the Temple. “This is a house of prayer,” he cried, “but you have made it into a den of thieves!” Jesus’ bold action enraged the temple’s priests

Judas Iscariot, one of Jesus’ disciples, had decided to betray him.

After the Last Supper with his disciples, Jesus went to pray and Judas then reported where Jesus could be found.

o Romans were afraid that Jesus himself might lead such a revolt. To end his threat, they decided that he must die Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, found

Jesus guilty and ordered him to die on a cross because that was proper Roman punishment

Nailed him to a cross and left him to die with two other condemned men. A few hours later, Jesus died and a few followers took his body and buried it that Friday in a tomb carved out of rock.

36.7 The Missionary Work of Paul When Jesus’ followers began preaching that he was the Son of God, they ran into

oppositiono Saul from Tarus, enemy of Jesus, was riding on a horse one day and fell and heard

the voice the Jesus Convinced that Jesus was the promised Messiah and the son of God and

became a missionary, someone who tries to persuade others to believe in his or her religious teachings.

Known as “paul” Early converts to Christianity were Jews, just as Jesus and his disciples were

o Paul tried to convert people, but that caused riots, which ended in decapitation (head cut off)

36.8 Persecution and Triumph Christians refused to worship the other Roman gods and would not admit that the

emperor was a godo As the number of Christians grew, many Romans saw them as a threat to Roman

order and patriotism Christian religion became illegal

Christians died in brutal wayso (crucified, burn to death, hauled in arenas, and devoured by

wild animals in front of cheering crowds) Christianity taught that even the poor and slaves could look forward to a better life after

death if they followed the way of Christo Entire world adopted Christianity

Emperor Constantine gave Christians the freedom to practice their religion openly