OS (ME-I) Journal Without Conclusion.doc

8/10/2019 OS (ME-I) Journal Without Conclusion.doc

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K. J. Somaiya College of EngineeringK. J. Somaiya College of Engineering

Department of Computer EngineeringDepartment of Computer Engineering

LIST OF EXPERIMENTSLIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Subject : Open Source Lab - 1

Class : M. E. Computer Engineering Semester ! "#

$ear$ear :: %&1% - %&1' (irst )erm#%&1% - %&1' (irst )erm#

1. a. Installation of Linu OS in Dual !oot En"ironment

!. #asi$ Linu Comman% Pra$ti$e

&. a. #asi$ Linu Net'or(ing Comman%s

!. Multiple IP a%%ress to Single L)N

$. )%%ing Stati$ Route in Routing ta!le

%. Configure Linu Ser"er as a Router an% $onfigure IP For'ar%ing

*. Configuration of Linu as FTP an% +e! ser"er

,. Configuration of Linu as DNS Ser"er

-. Configuration of Linu as a Fire'all SN)T an% DN)T

/. IT Infrastru$ture monitoring using NE0IOS

. 2irtuali3ation on Linu

4. +or(ing +it5 LaTeX

6. Mini Pro7e$t 8Configuration of Pri"ate $lou% using Open Sour$e te$5nolog9


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E*periment no. 1a

+im:Installation of Linu OS in Dual !oot En"ironment

),eory:

/0Linu*

Linu is an operating s9stem: a series of programs t5at let 9ou intera$t 'it5 9our $omputer an% run ot5er programs.

Linu is mo%elle% on t5e ;ni operating s9stem. From t5e start Linu 'as %esigne% to !e a multi


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;!untu in$lu%es more t5an 1 pie$es of soft'are starting 'it5 t5e Linu (ernel "ersion *.& an% 0NOME *., an%

$o"ering e"er9 stan%ar% %es(top appli$ation from 'or% pro$essing an% sprea%s5eet appli$ations to internet a$$ess

appli$ations 'e! ser"er soft'are email soft'are programming languages an% tools an% of $ourse se"eral games.

"mplementation etails:"nstallation of /buntu 1%.&2 3recise 3angolin:

T5ese instru$tions appl9 for ;!untu 1&.,an% ma9 $ause serious %amage to ot5er "ersions.

;!untu 1&., Pre$ise Pangolin $ame out on )pril t5e &/t5. It features an impro"e% "ersion of ;nit9 t5e ne' =ea%s


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Turn 9our $omputer !a$( on tapping F1& to sele$t a !oot %e"i$e '5en 9our s$reen s5o's t5e name of t5e

manufa$turer. Aou $an t5en use t5e arro' (e9s finall9 5itting enter to sele$t eit5er ;S# or Dis$ Dri"e.

Once /buntu ,as boote9 you 6ill be presente 6it, a screen t,at loo;s li;e t,is:

Cli$( Install ;!untu to install.

If 9ou %ont 'ant to install all up%ates '5ile installing t5en 9ou $an lea"e t5e rele"ant !oBes un$5e$(e%.

If 9ou %ont 5a"e at least ,.-0# of a"aila!le %ri"e spa$e t5en 9ou $ant $ontinue. If 9oure not plugge% in t5en plug in

!efore $ontinuing. If 9oure not $onne$te% to t5e internet t5en 9oull !e prompte% to $onne$t '5en 9ou $li$( $ontinue.

Aou $an %o it no' using t5e i$on to t5e left of t5e soun% menu to $onne$t. Aou $an $ontinue 'it5out $onne$ting !ut

9ou 'ont !e a!le to get up%ates or an9 language pa$(s 9ou ma9 reGuire.
http://howtoubuntu.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/2-Check.pnghttp://howtoubuntu.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/1-Welcome.png


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e*t you get to c,oose ,o6 to install:

C5oose eit5er to use t5e '5ole %is( or spe$if9 partitions manuall9.

It ma9 sa9 Delete +in%o's an% Install ;!untu an% S5rin( +in%o's an% Install ;!untu )longsi%e.

C5oosing to install alongsi%e 'ill mean 9ou are presente% 'it5 a menu 'it5 t5e option to $5oose '5i$5 operating

s9stem 'it5 t5e arro' (e9s an% enter e"er9 time 9ou turn on 9our $omputer.

+fter clic;ing continue9 you


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4,ere are you=

No' 9ou get to $5oose 9our lo$ation !9 %ropping a pin on t5is nift9 loo(ing map. T5is is to sele$t 9our time3one an%

appl9 an9 regional a%7ustments.

Keyboar Layout
http://howtoubuntu.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/6-How.pnghttp://howtoubuntu.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5-Where.png


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No' 9ou get to enter 9our name t5e name 9ou 'ant 9our $omputer to !e 9our username a pass'or% '5et5er or not

to log in automati$all9 an% '5et5er or not to en$r9pt 9our 5ome fol%er B'5i$5 is '5ere %o$uments musi$ an% "i%eo

fol%er $an !e foun% among ot5ers.

E*periment no.1b

+im:Ee$ution of #asi$ Linu Comman%s

),eory:

H Primar9 8 man Bmanual pages.

man $omman%J s5o's all information a!out t5e $omman%

$omman%J 5elp s5o's t5e a"aila!le options for t5at $omman%

H Se$on%ar9 8 #oo(s an% Internet

(ile >anling commans

H m(%ir8 ma(e %ire$tories

;sage: m(%ir KOPTION DIRECTORA...
http://howtoubuntu.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/7-Who.png


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eg. m(%ir pra!5at

H ls8 list %ire$tor9 $ontents

;sage: ls KOPTION... KFILE...

eg. ls ls l ls pra!5at

H $%8 $5anges %ire$tories

;sage: $% KDIRECTORA

eg. $% pra!5atH p'% print

name of $urrent 'or(ing %ire$tor9

;sage: p'%

H "im8 2i Impro"e% a programmers tet e%itor

;sage: "im KOPTION Kfile...

eg. "im file1.tt

H cp8 $op9 files an% %ire$tories

;sage: $p KOPTION... SO;RCE DEST

eg. $p sample.tt sample$op9.tt

$p sample$op9.tt target%ir

H m?8 mo"e Brename files

;sage: m" KOPTION... SO;RCE DEST

eg. m" sour$e.tt target%ir

m" ol%.tt ne'.tt

H rm remo"e files or %ire$tories

;sage: rm KOPTION... FILE...

eg. rm file1.tt


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e$5o =OME

H grep print

lines mat$5ing a pattern

;sage: grep KOPTION P)TTERN KFILE...

eg. grep


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H ps8 report a snaps5ot of t5e $urrent pro$esses

;sage: ps KOPTION

eg. ps ps


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&. finger< finger $omman% is use% to loo(up information a!out an user. finger $omman% 'ill %ispla9 login username

5ome %ire$tor9 s5ell information a!out a parti$ular user

*. ifconfig< T5e if$onfig $omman% allo's t5e operating s9stem to setup net'or( interfa$es an% allo' t5e user to

"ie' information a!out t5e $onfigure% net'or( interfa$es

S9nta Yif$onfig interfa$tnameJ Eg.Yif$onfiget5t5is "ie's t5e $onfiguration of interfa$e et5

To set up ip a%%ress follo'ing $omman% $an !euse%.

S9nta: if$onfig interfa$enameJ ipa%%ressJ netmas( su!netmas(a%%ressJ!roa%$ast!roa%$ast


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1Displa9 Eisting Routes

S9nta : route optionJ

E.g

route


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OR

su%o s!inif$onfig et5: 16&.1/4.1.11 up

2erif9 t5at alias is up an% running using follo'ing t'o $omman%Bs:

s!inif$onfig

ping 16&.1/4.1.11

ping 9our


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E*periment no. %c

+im:)%%ing Stati$ Route in Routing ta!le

),eory:

Stati$ routing is t5e term use% to refer to t5e manual met5o% use% to set up routing. )n a%ministrator enters routes into

t5e router using $onfiguration $omman%s. T5is met5o% 5as t5e a%"antage of !eing pre%i$ta!le an% simple to set up. Itis eas9 to manage in small net'or(s !ut %oes not s$ale 'ell.

)%"antages of Stati$ Routes

H Eas9 to $onfigure

H No routing proto$ol o"er5ea%

Disa%"antages of Stati$ Routes

H Net'or( $5anges reGuire manual re$onfiguration

H Net'or( outages $annot !e automati$all9 route% aroun%

H Does not s$ale 'ell in large net'or(s.

"mplementation 5etails:

+ a Static route using route comman

route a%% K


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up route a%% K


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E*periment no. %

+im:Configure Linu Ser"er as a Router an% $onfigure IP For'ar%ing

),eory:

FO/)EF

T5e router t5at 'ill !e $reate% is an Internet gate'a9 for 'ire% an%or 'ireless $lients to s5are an internet $onne$tion

'it5 one IP a%%ress.

T5e essential $omponents are:

routing of pa$(ets from 9our lo$al net'or(s to t5e internet 'it5 IPmasGuera%ing

5an%ling DNS reGuests

pro"i%ing IP a%%resses to %e"i$es on 9our lo$al net'or(s BD=CP

T5is router $an also pro"i%e:

) fire'all

port for'ar%ing

"3 (OF4+F5"

#9 %efault an9 mo%ern Linu %istri!utions 'ill 5a"e IP For'ar%ing %isa!le%. T5is is normall9 a goo% i%ea as mostpeoples 'ill not nee% IP For'ar%ing !ut if 'e are setting up a Linuroutergate'a9 or ma9!e a 2PN ser"er Bpptp oripse$ or 7ust a plain %ial


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a Setting up Eternal Net'or( Interfa$e

=ere 'e $onfigure t5e ;!untu net'or(ing s9stem to !ring t5e t5e lo$al loop!a$( an% eternal net'or( interfa$es up

!9 e%iting et$net'or(inginterfa$es. T5e primar9 goal 5ere is to set up 9our eternal net'or( interfa$e Bet,& or

'5ate"er 9oure using in pla$e of it to !e !roug5t up !9 t5e net'or(ing su!s9stem.

For D9nami$ IP )%%resses BD=CP Onl9

Open et$net'or(interfa$es. Delete e"er9t5ing an% paste in '5at is !elo'. Follo' t5e $ommente% out instru$tions

$arefull9.

Y Set up t5e lo$al loop!a$( interfa$eauto loifa$e lo inet loop!a$(

Y Set up t5e eternal interfa$eYY Dont forget to $5ange et5 to t5e proper name of t5e eternal

Y interfa$e if appli$a!le.Yauto et5ifa$e et5 inet %5$p

For Stati$ IP )%%ress Onl9

Open et$net'or(interfa$es. Delete e"er9t5ing an% paste in '5at is !elo'. Follo' t5e $ommente% out instru$tions

$arefull9.

Y Set up t5e lo$al loop!a$( interfa$e

auto loifa$e lo inet loop!a$(

Y Set up t5e Eternal interfa$eYY For e"er9 ... enter t5e numeri$ a%%ress gi"en to 9ouY !9 9our Internet pro"i%er. Dont forget to $5ange et5 to t5e properY name of t5e eternal interfa$e if appli$a!le.Yauto et5ifa$e et5 inet stati$ a%%ress ... netmas( ...

gate'a9 ...

No' set up 9our DNS ser"ers as gi"en to 9ou !9 9our ser"i$e pro"i%er in et$resol".$onf '5i$5 s5oul% loo(

somet5ing li(e t5is

nameser"er ...nameser"er ...

! Testing Conne$ti"it9

Reloa% t5e net'or( $onfiguration an% test for $onne$ti"it9

su%o et$init.%net'or(ing restartping


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2. Configuring t,e "nternal et6or; "nterfaces

+ppent5e follo'ing to et$net'or(interfa$es an% follo' t5e $ommente% out instru$tions $arefull9.

Y Set up t5e internal 'ire% net'or(YY Dont forget to $5ange et51 to t5e proper name of t5e internalY 'ire% net'or( interfa$e if appli$a!le.

Yauto et51ifa$e et51 inet stati$ a%%ress 16&.1/4..1 net'or( 16&.1/4.. netmas( &--.&--.&--. !roa%$ast 16&.1/4..&--

Aour internal net'or( interfa$e is: et,1

G. Enable "3 for6aring an MasHueraing

Doing t5e a!o"e mig5t not !e enoug5 to ma(e t5e ;!untu ma$5ine a real router '5i$5 %oes N)T BNet'or( )%%ress

Translation an% IP For'ar%ing. T5e follo'ing s$ript $onfigures t5e [ernel IPTa!le an% IP for'ar%ing. Aou 'ill 5a"e to

$onfigure at least t5e s$ripts & "aria!les@ t5e 1st is t5e eternal net'or( interfa$e@ t5e &n% is t5e internal net'or(

interfa$e.

EXTIFQet5INTIFQet51

e$5o


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e$5o 1 J pro$s9snetip",ip%9na%%re$5o Clearing an9 eisting rules an% setting %efault poli$9..

ipta!les


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E*periment no. '

+ i m


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s5o's listing of files an% %ire$tories on ser"er.ftpJget filenameJ

use% to %o'nloa% file from ser"erftpJput filenameJuse% to uploa% file on ser"er

8I Configuration of +pac,e 4eb ser?er on /buntu

T5e )pa$5e +e! ser"er is a free =TTP B+e! ser"er %e"elope% !9 t5e )pa$5eSer"er Pro7e$t. It is arelia!le effi$ient an% easil9 etensi!le +e! Ser"eritreGuire% follo'ing $onfigurations

H Pa$(ages ))3 ser?er1. Installing t5e )pa$5e pa$(age:

su%o apt


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2irtual=ost J

2irtual=ost 1.1.1.1JDo$umentRoot 5ome'''site&

2irtual=ost J

/. Test from t5e $lientOpen !ro'ser an% t9pe ;RL of ser"ers

5ttp: 1&.1.1,.&&

Aou 'ill get a page of first 'e! site Bin%e.5tml in site1T5is is Site1..

5ttp: 1.1.1.1

Aou 'ill get a page of se$on% 'e! site Bin%e.5tml in site&T5is is Site&..

C o nc lus io n:


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E*periment no. 2

+ i m

Yrpm 8i"5 !in%

Y rpm 8i"5 Ca$5ing


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,No' open (7s$e.for file in "i e%itor an% in t5at file repla$e all lo$al5ost 'it5 Ser"er.(7s$e.e%u an% at t5e en% of

file a%% t'o linesW sa"e t5at file

Ser"er.(7s$e.e%u IN ) 16&.1/4.1.1

''' IN CN)ME Ser"er.(7s$e.e%u

-Simillarl9 open (7s$e.re" file in "i e%itor an% in t5at file also repla$e all lo$al5ost 'it5 Ser"er.(7s$e.e%u an% att5e en% of file7ust$5ange PTR "alue if nee%e%.PTR "alue is last num!er of 9our net'or( segment so 5ere 'e

5a"e 1 so %ont $5ange it W sa"et5at file

1 IN PTRSer"er.(7s$e.e%u

/ no' restart name%ser"i$e

Yser"i$e name%restart

8I Client sie Configuration

)t $lient si%e open terminal an% tr9 to ping ser"er.(7s$e.e%u if it gi"es repl9 means our ser"er is 'or(ing fineot5er'ise$5e$( $onfiguration again

C o n c l u s ion


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E*periment no. G

+ i m


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)fter $onfiguring t5is file restart t5e ser"er using follo'ing $omman% to ta(e effe$t

S5ut%o'n 8r no'

C o n c l u s ion


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E*periment no. 7

+im: ") "nfrastructure monitoring using +"OS

),eory:

agios

Nagios is an open sour$e $omputers9stem monitornet'or( monitoring an% infrastru$ture onitoring soft'are

appli$ation. Nagios offers monitoring an% alerting for ser"ers s'it$5es appli$ations an% ser"i$es. It'at$5es5osts an% ser"i$es. It alerts users '5en t5ings go 'rong an% alerts t5em again '5en t5ose 'rong t5ings get

!etterresol"e%.

Nagios 'as originall9 %esigne% to run un%er Linu !ut also runs 'ell on ot5er ;ni"ariants.

Nagios is Open Sour$e Soft'are li$ense% un%er t5e 0N; 0PL 2&.

agios +gents

i. 1. F3E

Nagios Remote Plugin Ee$utor BNRPE is a Nagios agent t5at allo's remote s9stems monitoring using

s$ripts t5at are 5oste% on t5e remote s9stems. It allo's for monitoring resour$es su$5 as %is( usage s9stem loa% ornum!er of users $urrentl9 logge% in. Nagios perio%i$all9 polls t5e agent on t5e remote s9stem using

t5e $5e$(nrpe plugin.

ii. %. F53

Nagios Remote Data Pro$essor BNDRP is a Nagios agent 'it5 a flei!le %ata transport me$5anism an%

pro$essor. It is %esigne% 'it5 an ar$5ite$ture t5at allo's it to !e easil9 eten%e% an% $ustomi3e%. NRDP uses

stan%ar% ports an% proto$ols B=TTPBS an% XML an% $an !e implemente% as a repla$ement for NSC).

iii. '. SClient

T5is program is mainl9 use% to monitor +in%o's ma$5ines. #eing installe% on a remote s9stem NSClient

listens to port TCP 1&,4. Nagios plugin t5at is use% to $olle$t information from t5is a%%on is $alle% $5e$(nt. )sNRPE NSClient allo's to monitor t5e so $alle% pri"ate ser"i$es Bmemor9 usage CP; loa% %is( usage running

pro$esses et$.

"mplementation 5etails:

FeHuire 3ac;ages

Ma(e sure 9ou"e installe% t5e follo'ing pa$(ages on 9our ;!untu installation !efore $ontinuing.

)pa$5e &

P=P 0CC $ompiler an% %e"elopment li!raries

0D %e"elopment li!raries

Aou $an use apt


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+it5 ;!untu .1 t5e g%& li!rar9 name 5as $5ange% so 9oull nee% to use t5e follo'ing:

su%o apt


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Compile t5e Nagios sour$e $o%e.

make all

Install !inaries init s$ript sample $onfig files an% set permissions on t5e eternal $omman% %ire$tor9.

make install

make install-init

make install-config

make install-commandmode

Dont start Nagios 9et < t5eres still more t5at nee%s to !e %one...

2# Customie Configuration

Sample $onfiguration files 5a"e no' !een installe% in t5e usrlo$alnagioset$ %ire$tor9. T5ese sample files s5oul%'or( fine for getting starte% 'it5 Nagios. Aoull nee% to ma(e 7ust one $5ange !efore 9ou pro$ee%...

E%it t5e usrlo$alnagioset$o!7e$ts$onta$ts.$fg $onfig file 'it5 9our fa"orite e%itor an% $5ange t5e email a%%ressasso$iate% 'it5 t5e nagiosa%min $onta$t %efinition to t5e a%%ress 9ou% li(e to use for re$ei"ing alerts.

"i usrlo$alnagioset$o!7e$ts$onta$ts.$fg

G# Configure t,e 4eb "nterface

Install t5e Nagios 'e! $onfig file in t5e )pa$5e $onf.% %ire$tor9.

make install-webconf

Create a nagiosa%min a$$ount for logging into t5e Nagios 'e! interfa$e. Remem!er t5e pass'or% 9ou assign to t5isa$$ount < 9oull nee% it later.

htpasswd -c /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd"users nagiosadmin

Restart )pa$5e to ma(e t5e ne' settings ta(e effe$t.

/etc/init"d/apache2 reload

Note: Consi%er implementing t5e e5an$e% C0I se$urit9 measures %es$ri!e% 5ereto ensure t5at 9our 'e!aut5enti$ation $re%entials are not $ompromise%.

7# Compile an "nstall t,e agios 3lugins

Etra$t t5e Nagios plugins sour$e $o%e tar!all.

cd /downloads

tar x$f nagios-plugins-%"&"%%"tar"g$

cd nagios-plugins-%"&"%%
http://nagios.sourceforge.net/docs/nagioscore/3/en/config.htmlhttp://nagios.sourceforge.net/docs/nagioscore/3/en/cgisecurity.htmlhttp://nagios.sourceforge.net/docs/nagioscore/3/en/config.htmlhttp://nagios.sourceforge.net/docs/nagioscore/3/en/cgisecurity.html


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Compile an% install t5e plugins.

"/configure --with-nagios-user'nagios --with-nagios-group'nagios

make

make install

# Start agios

Configure Nagios to automati$all9 start '5en t5e s9stem !oots.

ln -s /etc/init"d/nagios /etc/rc("d/())nagios

2erif9 t5e sample Nagios $onfiguration files.

/usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios"cfg

If t5ere are no errors start Nagios.

/etc/init"d/nagios start

# Login to t,e 4eb "nterface

Aou s5oul% no' !e a!le to a$$ess t5e Nagios 'e! interfa$e at t5e ;RL !elo'. Aoull !e prompte% for t5e usernameBnagiosa%min an% pass'or% 9ou spe$ifie% earlier.

http!//localhost/nagios/

Cli$( on t5e Ser"i$e Detail na"!ar lin( to see %etails of '5ats !eing monitore% on 9our lo$al ma$5ine. It 'ill ta(e afe' minutes for Nagios to $5e$( all t5e ser"i$es asso$iate% 'it5 9our ma$5ine as t5e $5e$(s are sprea% out o"ertime.

N# Ot,er Moifications

If 9ou 'ant to re$ei"e email notifi$ations for Nagios alerts 9ou nee% to install t5e mail BPostfi pa$(age.

sudo apt-get install mailx

sudo apt-get install postfix

Aoull 5a"e to e%it t5e Nagios email notifi$ation $omman%s foun% in usrlo$alnagioset$o!7e$ts$omman%s.$fg an%$5ange an9 !inmail referen$es to usr!inmail. On$e 9ou %o t5at 9oull nee% to restart Nagios to ma(e t5e$onfiguration $5anges li"e.

sudo /etc/init"d/nagios restart

Configuring email notifi$ations is outsi%e t5e s$ope of t5is %o$umentation. Refer to 9our s9stem %o$umentationsear$5 t5e 'e! or loo( to t5e Nagios Support PortalorNagios Communit9 +i(ifor spe$ifi$ instru$tions on $onfiguring

9our ;!untu s9stem to sen% email messages to eternal a%%resses.
http://support.nagios.com/http://wiki.nagios.org/http://support.nagios.com/http://wiki.nagios.org/


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Stopping agios

1. Init S$ript: T5e easiest 'a9 to stop t5e Nagios %aemon is !9 using t5e init s$ript li(e so:

et$r$.%init.%nagios stop

&. +e! Interfa$e: Aou $an stop t5e Nagios t5roug5 t5e 'e! interfa$e !9 $li$(ing t5e

Pro$ess Info na"igation lin( an% sele$ting S5ut%o'n t5e Nagios pro$ess:

*. Manuall9: Aou $an stop t5e Nagios pro$ess !9 sen%ing it a SI0TERM signal li(e so:

kill ,nagiospid.

Obser?ation:


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Conclusion:

E*periment no. +im:2irtuali3ation on Linu


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),eory:

irtualiation

2irtuali3ation allo's an unmo%ifie% operating s9stem 'it5 all of its installe% soft'are to run in a spe$ial en"ironment

on top of 9our eisting operating s9stem.

=ost operating s9stem B5ost OS < T5is is t5e operating s9stem of t5e p59si$al $omputer on '5i$5 2irtual#o 'asinstalle%.

0uest operating s9stem Bguest OS < T5is is t5e operating s9stem t5at is running insi%e t5e "irtual ma$5ine.

2irtual ma$5ine B2M < T5is is t5e spe$ial en"ironment t5at 2irtual#o $reates for 9our guest operating s9stem '5ile it

is running. In ot5er 'or%s 9ou run 9our guest operating s9stem in a 2M. Normall9 a 2M 'ill !e s5o'n as a 'in%o'

on 9our $omputers %es(top

Oracle ?irtualbo*

Ora$le "irtual!o is a $ross


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$5oose >ar is; file typeas >5" irtual8o* 5is; image#an% >(i*e sie? for Storage on p,ysical ,ar

ri?eB Fie% si3e 'ill in$rease 2irtual ma$5ine performan$e . No' $li$( >Create>.

No' "irtual ma$5ine 5as

!een su$$essfull9 $reate%

7ust li(e assem!ling t5e 5ar%'are for a p59si$al ma$5ine. No' 'e nee% to install OS B+in%o's XP.

-. Sele$t t5e "irtual ma$5ine an% $li$( >Settings>.

/. Cli$( >Storage? Ta! an% Cli$( ?Empty? un%er t5e "5E Controller. No' 9ou $an see t5e C5055 5ri?eun%er t5e

+ttributes$olumn. No' $li$( t5e CD i$on an% $5oose t5e %o'nloa%e% +in%o's XP iso file.

. )not5er option is to

%o'nloa% pre installe%

OS 2irtual#o images

as 2DI files for

$ompletel9 free. Ea$5 2irtual#o image sa"es 9our installation an% $onfiguration time. Its not reGuire% to get CD

or ISO an% install on 2irtual#o. bust Do'nloa% t5ese Free 2DI B2# 5ar% %is( files an% start using t5em.


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4. Sele$t t5e "irtual ma$5ine 9ou 'ant to use an% $li$( t5e Start !utton. Cli$( >O[? for all messages an% 'arnings.

Obser?ation:

Aou 'ill noti$e XP is insi%e of a 'in%o'. +it5in t5at 'in%o' is a menu 'it5 t5ree $5oi$es. One of t5ose menus 9ou 'ill

use Guite often is t5e Ma$5ine menu.


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Conclusion:


41/44

E* pe ri men t no.

+ i m: To Stu%9 Stru$ture of LaTeX %o$ument.

),eory:

". "ntro1uction

LaTeX is a ma$ro pa$(age t5at ena!les aut5ors to t9peset an% print t5eir 'or( at t5e 5ig5est t9pograp5i$al

Gualit9 using apre%efine% professional la9out. It uses t5e TeX formatter as its t9pesetting engine. T5e approa$5

of LaTeX is Guite %ifferent from t5e +ASI+A0 approa$5 t5at most mo%ern 'or% pro$essors su$5 as MS

+or% ta(e. +5en using LaTeX it is not normall9 possi!le to see t5e final output '5ile t9ping t5e tet !ut t5e

final output $an !e pre"ie'e% on t5e s$reen afterpro$essing t5e file.

+?antages of La)eP:

1. Rea%9


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itali$s: \tetit`some tet


43/44

)ut5or an% %ate a!stra$tIn or%er to ma(e a simple %o$ument 5ea%er t5ere are $omman%s to spe$if9 t5e aut5or title an% %ate of t5e%o$ument:

(or e*ample\aut5or`bo5n Smit5\title`) simple %o$ument\%ate`\to%a9 \^ a%%s t5e $urrent %ate

" Mat,ematicsMat5emati$s $an !e t9peset inline 'it5in a paragrap5 or t5e paragrap5 $an !e !ro(en to t9peset it

separatel9. Mat5emati$al tet 'it5in a paragrap5 is entere% !et'een \Ban% \ !et'een an% or !et'een

\!egin`mat5 an%

\en%`mat5. Eample:

\!egin`%ispla9mat5

\lim`n \to \inft9

\sum`(Q1n \fra$`1`(&

Q \fra$`\pi&`/

\en%`%ispla9mat5

'illpro%u$et5eoutputas

Some of In!uilt Fun$tions are as follo's


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. )ables

Ta!les $an !e 'ritten using t5e \!egin`ta!ular s9nta. )n eample is illustrate% !elo':

Co n c lu s io n:

Documents

OS (ME-I) Journal Without Conclusion.doc