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ИIЯNИR
Oscillations into hidden photonsand direct searches
Dmitry Gorbunov
Institute for Nuclear Research of RAS, Moscow
XIVth Rencontres du Vietnam’Windows on the Universe’
ICISE,Quy Nhon, Vietnam, 09.08.2018
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 1 / 28
ИIЯNИR
Talk is based on and aimed at stimulating
D.G., A.Makarov, I.Timiryasov, arXiv:1411.4007M.Danilov, S.Demidov, D.G., arXiv:1804.10777S.Demidov, S.Gninenko, D.G., arXiv:1809.xxxxx. . .TEXONO, DANSS,. . .NA64, invisible and visible modesSHiP ντ -detector. . . , when it is fixedDUNE Near Detector. . . , when it is fixedexps at Fermilab ?, T2K ?, . . .
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 2 / 28
ИIЯNИR
Talk is based on and aimed at stimulating
D.G., A.Makarov, I.Timiryasov, arXiv:1411.4007M.Danilov, S.Demidov, D.G., arXiv:1804.10777S.Demidov, S.Gninenko, D.G., arXiv:1809.xxxxx. . .TEXONO, DANSS,. . .NA64, invisible and visible modesSHiP ντ -detector. . . , when it is fixedDUNE Near Detector. . . , when it is fixedexps at Fermilab ?, T2K ?, . . .
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 2 / 28
ИIЯNИR
In short
A new (massive) vector field Xµ singlet with respect to SM gaugegroup
εXµνF µν
Xµ can be emitted and absorbed in the Compton processFor light Xµ , that is MX � 1 MeV, only missing/recoil E aresignaturesIn a relativistic case, MX � EX , nothing depends on mass MX
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 3 / 28
ИIЯNИR
In short
A new (massive) vector field Xµ singlet with respect to SM gaugegroup
εXµνF µν
Xµ can be emitted and absorbed in the Compton processFor light Xµ , that is MX � 1 MeV, only missing/recoil E aresignaturesIn a relativistic case, MX � EX , nothing depends on mass MX
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 3 / 28
ИIЯNИR
Results based on Compton scattering PRL(2017) 1705.02470
[eV]'Am10
Log18− 15− 12− 9− 6− 3− 0 3 6
ε10
Log
15−
12−
9−
6−
3−
0
Jupiter Earth
CMBCoulomb
FIRA
S+hC
MB
LSW
Rydberg
CA
STSolar
Lifetime
HB
EW
dDM
NEOS
TEXONO
λ
1014 cm = 2π1018 eV
mA′10 astronomical units !!
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 4 / 28
ИIЯNИR
The sensitivity DOES depend on MX
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
-2 0 2 4 6
AC
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
-2 0 2 4 6
AC
Log 1
0ε
Log10 mX , [eV]-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
-2 0 2 4 6
EWRydberg
SolarLifetime
HB
dDM
CAST
TEXONO
Log 1
0ε
Log10 mX , [eV]-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
-2 0 2 4 6
EWRydberg
SolarLifetime
HB
dDM
CAST
TEXONO
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 5 / 28
Motivation for New Physics at 1 GeVИIЯNИR
Widely accepted statements: phenomenology
Standard Model nicely explainsalmost all results of particle physics experimentsWe definitely need New particle Physics
I neutrino oscillations (Nobel Prize 2015)I baryon asymmetryI dark matterI inflation-like stage in the early Universe
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 6 / 28
Motivation for New Physics at 1 GeVИIЯNИR
Widely accepted statements: phenomenology
Standard Model nicely explainsalmost all results of particle physics experimentsWe definitely need New particle Physics
I neutrino oscillations (Nobel Prize 2015)I baryon asymmetryI dark matterI inflation-like stage in the early Universe
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 6 / 28
Motivation for New Physics at 1 GeVИIЯNИR
Widely accepted statements: theory
Standard Model nicely explainsalmost all results of particle physics experimentsWe definitely need New particle Physics
I neutrino oscillationsI baryon asymmetryI dark matterI inflation-like stage in the early Universe
New Heavy particle contribution to the Higgs boson mass lifts it upbut miraculously mh ∼ EEW
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 7 / 28
Motivation for New Physics at 1 GeVИIЯNИR
Guesswork: a logically possible option
All the new particles are at (below) EEWthen quantum contributions to mh ∼ EEW are safeWhy so far no evidences for such light New Particles ?They are only feebly coupled to the Standard Model
I they are SM gauge singlets (not a GUT)I new Yukawa-type couplings ?I portal-like couplings ?
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 8 / 28
Motivation for New Physics at 1 GeVИIЯNИR
Guesswork: a logically possible option
All the new particles are at (below) EEWthen quantum contributions to mh ∼ EEW are safeWhy so far no evidences for such light New Particles ?They are only feebly coupled to the Standard Model
I they are SM gauge singlets (not a GUT)I new Yukawa-type couplings ?I portal-like couplings ?
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 8 / 28
Motivation for New Physics at 1 GeVИIЯNИR
Guesswork: a logically possible option
All the new particles are at (below) EEWthen quantum contributions to mh ∼ EEW are safeWhy so far no evidences for such light New Particles ?They are only feebly coupled to the Standard Model
I they are SM gauge singlets (not a GUT)I new Yukawa-type couplings ?I portal-like couplings ?
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 8 / 28
Illustration with concrete examplesИIЯNИR
Three Portals to the hidden WorldRenormalizable interaction including SM field and new (hypothetical) fields singlets with respectto the SM gauge group
Attractive feature: couplings are insensitive to energy in c.m.f.,hence low energy experiments (intensity frontier) are favorable
Scalar portal: SM Higgs doublet H and hidden scalar Sthe simplest dark matter
Lscalar portal =−β H†HS†S
Spinor portal: SM lepton doublet L, Higgs congugate field H̃ = εH∗ and hidden fermion Nsterile neutrino !!
Lspinor portal =−yL̄H̃N
Vector portal: SM gauge field of U(1)Y and gauge hidden field of abelian group U(1)′
hidden photon
Lvector portal =− ε
2BU(1)Y
µν BU(1)′µν
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 9 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Massive vectors (paraphotons) NA64
Vector portal to a secluded sector: e.g. with Dark matter Ψone more U(1)′ gauge group [spontaneously broken] in secluded sector 0711.4866
LDM+mediator = Ψ̄(
iγµ∂µ −e′ γµ A′µ −mΨ
)Ψ−1
4A′µν A′µν +
m2γ ′
2A′µ A′µ + εA′µ ∂ν Bµν
when mΨ > mγ ′ ∼ 1 GeV
limit from BBN:
τV <1s , =⇒ ε2(
mγ ′
1GeV
)&10−21
light for (g−2)
light for Pamela, Fermi, etc
Production by virtual photon σ ∝ ε2
Decay through virtual photon, Γ ∝ ε2
V → e+e− , µ+µ− , etc
E774
E141
OrsayKEK
E137
Ν-Cal I HΠ0LΝ-Cal IHp-Brems-
strahlungL
CHARMNOMAD& PS191
aΜae
HADES
SINDRUMKLOE
WASA
APEX A1BaBar
10-2 10-1 1
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
mΓ' @GeVD
Ε
1311.5104
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 10 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Massive vectors: decays are under control
Decay into SM via mixing with photon
into leptons
Γl+ l−A′ =
13
αQEDmA′ε2
√1−
4m2l
m2A′
(1 +
2m2l
m2A′
),
into hadrons
ΓhadronsA′ =
13
αQEDmA′ε2 ·R(mA′ ),
where
R(√
s) =σ(e+e−→ hadrons)
σ(e+e−→ µ+µ−)
and
ΓtotA′ = Γe+e−
A′ + Γµ+µ−
A′ + ΓhadronsA′
e+e-
μ+μ-
hadrons
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
mA' , GeV
Br
e+e-
μ+μ-
hadrons
1 2 5 100.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
mA' , GeV
Br
ϵ=10-8
ϵ=10-7
ϵ=10-6
0.1 0.5 1 5 10
0.1
10
1000
105
107
m,GeV
l,m
1411.4007
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 11 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Massive vectors: production by protons
decays of π0, η0 and ρ±, ρ0, ω
Brπ0→A′γ ' 2ε
2
(1−
m2A′
m2π0
)3
Brπ0→γγ
proton bremsstrahlungconcervatively corrected bythe Dirac (electric) form factor ofproton
F1 =1(
1 + q2
m2D
)2 →1
m4A′
with Dirac mass squared m2D = 12/r2
Dand the Dirac radius rD ≈ 0.8 fm
quark bremsstrahlung
�����������
����
�����
��������
1411.4007
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 12 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
High Intensity frontier: photon sources
modern proton beams: JPARC, Fermilab, CERN SPSpresently operating or under construction1020−1021 PoT per yearT2K, DUNE, SHiP,. . .Nuclear power plants, thermal power ThP ∼GWmeasurements of photon spectrum(Eγ > 200 keV) from FRJ-1 reactor core
dNγ
dEγ
≈ 0.6×1021× ThPGW
×e−Eγ
0.91MeV ,
TEXONO, NEOS, DANSS,. . . H.Bechteler et al (1984)
Actually all neutrino oscillation experimentslight shining through the wall
reactor: γ → γ ′
detector: γ ′+ e−→ e− mimics ν̄ + e−→ e−
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 13 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
High Intensity frontier: photon sources
modern proton beams: JPARC, Fermilab, CERN SPSpresently operating or under construction1020−1021 PoT per yearT2K, DUNE, SHiP,. . .Nuclear power plants, thermal power ThP ∼GWmeasurements of photon spectrum(Eγ > 200 keV) from FRJ-1 reactor core
dNγ
dEγ
≈ 0.6×1021× ThPGW
×e−Eγ
0.91MeV ,
TEXONO, NEOS, DANSS,. . . H.Bechteler et al (1984)
Actually all neutrino oscillation experimentslight shining through the wall
reactor: γ → γ ′
detector: γ ′+ e−→ e− mimics ν̄ + e−→ e−
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 13 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Results based on Compton scattering 1705.02470
[eV]'Am10
Log18− 15− 12− 9− 6− 3− 0 3 6
ε10
Log
15−
12−
9−
6−
3−
0
Jupiter Earth
CMBCoulomb
FIRA
S+hC
MB
LSW
Rydberg
CA
STSolar
Lifetime
HB
EW
dDM
NEOS
TEXONO
λ
1014 cm = 2π1018 eV
mA′10 astronomical units !!
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 14 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Something is wrong. . .
How do we describe very light particles which mix to each other ? . . .
say, neutrino. . . ?
. . . but oscillations, of course !
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 15 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Something is wrong. . .
How do we describe very light particles which mix to each other ? . . .
say, neutrino. . . ?
. . . but oscillations, of course !
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 15 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Something is wrong. . .
How do we describe very light particles which mix to each other ? . . .
say, neutrino. . . ?
. . . but oscillations, of course !
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 15 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Something is wrong. . .
How do we describe very light particles which mix to each other ? . . .
say, neutrino. . . ?
. . . but oscillations, of course !
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 15 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Description
L =−14
F 2µν −
14
X 2µν −
ε
2XµνF µν +
m2X
2X 2
µ −eAµ jµ
em
One can make kinetic term diagonal by Xµ → Xµ + εAµ
L =−14
F 2µν −
14
X 2µν +
m2X
2(Xµ + εAµ
)2−eAµ jµ
em +O(ε2)
keeping Xµ sterile with respect to U(1)em
and similar to the neutrino having mixing in the mass matrix
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 16 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Production of a mixed state
vacuum oscillations: P(A→ X ) = (2ε)2 sin2
(m2
X L4E
)
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 17 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Mass-state separation : coherence loss in vacuum
photons come from decaying fission fragments τ = 10−12−10−11 sinitial size: σ ∼ 1/τ ∼ 0.03−0.3 cm shorter than oscillation length
Losc ≈ 2.5cm×Eγ
1MeV(10eV)2
m2X
lcoh ∼ 6×108−9 cm ×(
Eγ
1MeV
)2 (10eV)2
m2X
always exceeds Losc
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 18 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Hidden photons from reactor: matter effect
photons ’get mass’ in matter
in water mγ ∼ 20eV
hence m2X →∆m2 ≡
√(m2
X −m2γ )2 + 4ε2m4
X
always exceed mγ ∼ 20 eV (except resonance mX = mγ )photons rescatter and ’get absorbed’ in matter
in water for E = 1−10MeV we have 1/Γ' 10cm
the net result at distances� 1/Γ
P = ε2×
m4X
(∆m2)2
+ E2γ Γ2
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 19 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Oscillations at various situationsIn the source (reactor core) of size� 1/Γ
P = ε2×
m4X(
∆m2)2
+ E2γ Γ2
=
(εm2
X)2(
m2X −m2
γ
)2+ E2
γ Γ2
low absorption Eγ Γ≈ 2×(
Eγ
1 MeV
)(10cm1/Γ
)eV2�m2
γ ∼ (20eV)2
mX �mγ =⇒ P = ε2
mX �mγ =⇒ P = ε2× (mX /mγ )4
resonance mX ≈ 10eV =⇒ P = 105ε2
In the detector (e.g. prompt e−) of size� 1/Γ
P = ε2×
m4X(
∆m2)2
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 20 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Limits from TEXONO: Ns ∝ ε2× ε21804.10777
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
-2 0 2 4 6
AC
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
-2 0 2 4 6
AC
Log 1
0ε
Log10 mX , [eV]-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
-2 0 2 4 6
EWRydberg
SolarLifetime
HB
dDM
CAST
TEXONO
Log 1
0ε
Log10 mX , [eV]-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
-2 0 2 4 6
EWRydberg
SolarLifetime
HB
dDM
CAST
TEXONO
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 21 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Resonance region. . . mX = mγ
both reactor core and detector are highly inhomogeneous
Requires a good knowledge of the source internal structure
Can be done by the Neutrino Collaborations
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 22 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Accelerator experiments: NA64, invisible mode, ∝ ε2
1710.00971
e− A’
γ
Z
e− Dark Sector
10−5
10−4
10−3
10−2
1 1010−3 10−2 10−1
𝜖
𝑚𝐴′, 𝐺𝑒𝑉
BaBar
E787, E949
𝑎𝜇
𝑎𝜇 favored
𝑎 𝑒
NA64
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 23 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Accelerator experiments: NA64, invisible mode, ∝ ε2
’missed’ secondary photons of Eγ ∼ 50−100 GeV
Losc ≈ 25cm×Eγ
100GeV(1keV)2
m2X
lead dump: mγ ' 60 eV 1/Γ = 1 cmhigh absorption
Eγ Γ'(
Eγ
100 GeV
)(1cm1/Γ
)(1keV)2�m2
γ ∼ (60eV)2
ConsequentlymX � 1keV =⇒ P = ε2
mX � 1keV =⇒ P = ε2× (mX/1keV)4
no resonance at mX = mγ
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 24 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
NA64 sensitivity to invisible vectors 1712.05706
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
ε
MA’[GeV]
BaBarE787, E949
(g-2)µ
(g-2
) e
NA64: EOT=4*1010
NA64: EOT=4*1011
NA64: EOT=4*1012
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 25 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Exploiting resonance region with NA64
m2γ > ΓEγ
Other material? No way. . .
m2γ ∝ n , Γ ∝ n
need lower energies Eγ ∼ 1 GeV
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 26 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Developing projects: SHiP, . . . DUNE ?
SHiP: protons of E = 400 GeV on target (W-Mo) produce pions:Eγ . 10 GeV mγ ' 100eV , 1/Γ' 0.5cmlook for a hit in the ντ -detector, Ns ∝ ε2× ε2
non-resonance case: high absoption
Losc ≈ 5cm×Eγ
10GeV(700eV)2
m2X
Eγ Γ≈(
Eγ
10 GeV
)(0.5cm
1/Γ
)(700eV)2�m2
γ ∼ (100eV)2
critical mass is mX = 700 eVresonance case: take soft neutral pions, Eπ ∼ 0.5 GeV
Eγ Γ≈(
Eγ
250 MeV
)(0.5cm
1/Γ
)(100eV)2 'm2
γ ∼ (100eV)2
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 27 / 28
Illustration with concrete examples Vector portal: hidden photonИIЯNИR
Summary
Oscillations generically suppress production of light hiddenphotons
P = ε2 −→ P = ε
2×(
mX
mcrit
)4
wheremcrit = MAX
[mγ , Eγ Γ
]so the sensitivity to light vectors is lostOne can check for resonance amplification, when . . .
m2X = m2
γ & Eγ Γ
Extra bonus: secondary photons. . .
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 28 / 28
ИIЯNИR
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 29 / 28
ИIЯNИR
Backup slides
Dmitry Gorbunov (INR) Oscillations to hidden photons 09.08.2018, XIVth Rd Vietnam 30 / 28