exposure is highly irritating to the eyes, nose, andthroat and can make anyone exposed cough andwheeze. Subsequent exposure may cause severeallergic reactions of the skin, eyes and respiratorytract. Ingestion of formaldehyde can be fatal, andlong-term exposure to low levels in the air or onthe skin can cause asthma-like respiratory prob-lems and skin irritation such as dermatitis anditching. Concentrations of 100 ppm are immedi-ately dangerous to life and health (IDLH).

Note: The National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health (NIOSH) considers 20 ppm offormaldehyde to be IDLH.

Routes of ExposureWorkers can inhale formaldehyde as a gas orvapor or absorb it through the skin as a liquid.They can be exposed during the treatment of tex-tiles and the production of resins. In addition tohealthcare professionals and medical lab techni-cians, groups at potentially high risk include mor-tuary workers as well as teachers and studentswho handle biological specimens preserved withformaldehyde or formalin.

How Employers Can Protect WorkersAirborne concentrations of formaldehyde above0.1 ppm can cause irritation of the respiratorytract. The severity of irritation intensifies as con-centrations increase.

Provisions of the OSHA standard require employ-ers to do the following:

• Identify all workers who may be exposed toformaldehyde at or above the action level orSTEL through initial monitoring and determinetheir exposure.

Although the term formaldehyde describes vari-ous mixtures of formaldehyde, water, and alcohol,the term “formalin” is used to describe a saturatedsolution of formaldehyde dissolved in water,typically with another agent, most commonlymethanol, added to stabilize the solution. Formalinis typically 37% formaldehyde by weight (40% byvolume) and 6-13% methanol by volume in water.The formaldehyde component provides the disin-fectant effects of formalin.

What Employers Should KnowThe OSHA Formaldehyde standard (29 CFR1910.1048) and equivalent regulations in stateswith OSHA-approved state plans protects workersexposed to formaldehyde and apply to all occupa-tional exposures to formaldehyde from formalde-hyde gas, its solutions, and materials that releaseformaldehyde.

• The permissible exposure limit (PEL) forformaldehyde in the workplace is 0.75 partsformaldehyde per million parts of air (0.75 ppm)measured as an 8-hour time-weighted average(TWA).

• The standard includes a second PEL in the formof a short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 2 ppmwhich is the maximum exposure allowed dur-ing a 15-minute period.

• The action level – which is the standard’s trig-ger for increased industrial hygiene monitoringand initiation of worker medical surveillance –is 0.5 ppm when calculated as an 8-hour TWA.

Harmful Effects on WorkersFormaldehyde is a sensitizing agent that cancause an immune system response upon initialexposure. It is also a cancer hazard. Acute

FactSheetFormaldehydeFormaldehyde is a colorless, strong-smelling gas often found in aqueous (water-based) solutions. Commonly used as a preservative in medical laboratories andmortuaries, formaldehyde is also found in many products such as chemicals, particleboard, household products, glues, permanent press fabrics, paper product coatings,fiberboard, and plywood. It is also widely used as an industrial fungicide, germicideand disinfectant.

This is one in a series of informational fact sheets highlighting OSHA programs, policies orstandards. It does not impose any new compliance requirements. For a comprehensive list ofcompliance requirements of OSHA standards or regulations, refer to Title 29 of the Code of FederalRegulations. This information will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request.The voice phone is (202) 693-1999; the teletypewriter (TTY) number is (877) 889-5627.

• Reassign workers who suffer significantadverse effects from formaldehyde exposure tojobs with significantly less or no exposure untiltheir condition improves. Reassignment maycontinue for up to 6 months until the worker isdetermined to be able to return to the originaljob or to be unable to return to work – which-ever comes first.

• Implement feasible engineering and work prac-tice controls to reduce and maintain workerexposure to formaldehyde at or below the 8-hour TWA and the STEL. If these controls can-not reduce exposure to or below the PELs,employers must provide workers with respira-tors.

• Label all mixtures or solutions composed ofgreater than 0.1 percent formaldehyde andmaterials capable of releasing formaldehydeinto the air at concentrations reaching orexceeding 0.1 ppm. For all materials capable ofreleasing formaldehyde at levels above 0.5 ppmduring normal use, the label must contain thewords “potential cancer hazard.”

• Train all workers exposed to formaldehyde con-centrations of 0.1 ppm or greater at the time ofinitial job assignment and whenever a newexposure to formaldehyde is introduced intothe work area. Repeat training annually.

• Select, provide and maintain appropriate per-sonal protective equipment (PPE). Ensure thatworkers use PPE such as impervious clothing,

gloves, aprons, and chemical splash goggles toprevent skin and eye contact with formalde-hyde.

• Provide showers and eyewash stations ifsplashing is likely.

• Provide medical surveillance for all workersexposed to formaldehyde at concentrations ator above the action level or exceeding theSTEL, for those who develop signs and symp-toms of overexposure, and for all workersexposed to formaldehyde in emergencies.

Recordkeeping RequirementsEmployers are required to do the followingregarding worker exposure records:

• Retain exposure records for 30 years.

• Retain medical records for 30 years afteremployment ends.

• Allow access to medical and exposure recordsto current and former workers or their designat-ed representatives upon request.

Additional InformationFor more information on this, and other health-related issues affecting workers, visit OSHA’s website at www.osha.gov.

Occupational Safetyand Health Administrationwww.osha.gov 1-800-321-6742

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DSG 4/2011