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OTC pain management in the community Module B32PAI Tony Shaw

OTC Analgesics

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Page 1: OTC Analgesics

OTC  pain  management  in  the  community  

Module  B32PAI    

Tony  Shaw  

Page 2: OTC Analgesics

Analgesics

•  Used to alleviate aches and pains •  OTC oral analgesics •  NSAIDS and Aspirin – Aspirin –  Ibuprofen – Diclofenac – Naproxen

•  Paracetamol •  Combinations containing the above •  Topical analgesics

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NSAIDS  and  Aspirin  

•  Part  of  a  group  of  drugs  called  NSAIDs  – Non-­‐steroidal  anC-­‐inflammatory  agents  

•  Act  by  blocking  prostaglandin  synthesis  •  Analgesic  and  anCpyreCc  •  Licensed  for  mild  to  moderate  pain  from  a  wide  range  of  causes  and  as  anCpyreCc  

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NSAIDS  and  Aspirin  

•  Side-­‐effects  – Gastric  irritaCon  and  bleeding  

•  CauCons  – Asthma  –  may  precipitate  aKacks  – Renal  and  hepaCc  disease  (so  elderly)  – Pregnancy,  parCcularly  1st  and  3rd  trimesters  

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NSAIDS  and  Aspirin  

•  ContraindicaCons  – Current  or  history  of  ulcers  or  gastric  problems  – Aspirin  in  children  under  16  

•  InteracCons  include:  – Aspirin  –  Warfarin  and  Methotrexate  –  Ibuprofen  –  Lithium  and  DiureCcs  

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Aspirin  

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Ibuprofen  

OTC  supply  Adult  

   

•  Should  be  taken  with  or  just  aVer  food  or  a  meal  (label  21)  

On  prescrip/on  Adult  

   

 

•  Should  be  taken  with  or  just  aVer  food  or  a  meal  (label  21)  

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Diclofenac  Potassium  

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Diclofenac  Potassium  

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Naproxen  250mg  tablets  

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Paracetamol  

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CombinaCon  products  

•  Codeine  /  Dihydrocodeine  – Mild  opiates  not  thought  to  increase  the  efficacy  significantly  

– Side-­‐effects  include  consCpaCon,  dizziness  •  Caffeine  – Evidence  is  not  conclusive  but  not  thought  to  have  much  effect  

– Less  caffeine  than  in  a  cup  of  tea  or  coffee  •  But  these  products  tend  to  be  more  expensive!  

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Topical  preparaCons  

•  NSAIDs  – Short-­‐term  use  (<2  weeks)  – Can  have  systemic  effects  and  side-­‐effects  

•  Rubefacients  – Salicylates  (aspirin  cauCons  apply)  – NicoCnates  

 

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Pain  assessment  

•  Can’t  measure  or  see  •  Need  to  rely  on  paCent’s  report  – LocaCon  – DuraCon  – Severity  – Recurrence    

•  Also  need  to  check  for  accompanying  symptoms  

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Common  painful  condiCons  

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Back  Pain    

•  SoV  Cssue  injury:  strain  of  spinal  muscles  and  ligaments  e.g.  lumbago  and  fibromyalgia  –  twisCng  or  liVing  

•  The  pain  may  spread  right  across  the  back  along  the  level  of  the  top  of  the  pelvic  girdle  or  verCcally  on  one  side  of  the  spine  

• Pain  may  radiate  to  buKock  or  thigh,  restricCng  movement  and  causing  paCent  to  adopt  a  posture  leaning  forward  or  to  one  side  

• PaCent  is  otherwise  well  –  90%  of  acute  aKacks  usually  resolved  in  six  weeks  

NHS  choices  

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Back  Pain  

•  Trapping  of  nerve  root,  usually  sciaCc  nerve,  due  to  slipped  vertebral  disc  (sciaCca)  • felt  in  lower  back  and  oVen  radiates  down  one  leg,  someCmes  as  far  as  foot  

• Pain  can  be  intense  and  burning  • Pain  is  constant  and  made  worse  by  movement  • PaCent  limps  and  unable  to  flex  the  hip  very  far  making  signg  and  climbing  stairs  uncomfortable    

• gait  is  sCff  and  awkward  • PaCents  hold  themselves  rigid  to  avoid  movement  

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Back  Pain  Treatment  

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Back  Pain  Refer  if  •  Backache  not  related  to  movement  •  Upper  back  pain  not  obviously  due  to  muscle  or  ligament  

strain  •  Associated  with  other  symptoms  of  illness  •  Associated  with  neurological  symptoms  eg  Cngling  or  

numbness  in  legs  or  feet  •  Bowel  or  bladder  funcCon  problems  •  Severe  pain  at  night  •  Cyclical  low-­‐back  pain  in  middle  to  second  half  of  menstrual  

cycle  •  Unresponsive  to  7  day  treatment  with  OTC  products  

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Injuries  

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Injuries  Refer  if  •  Severe  pain  •  Severe  swelling  •  Numbness  •  Limb  unable  to  bear  weight  •  Limb,  hand,  foot  of  digit  is  immobilised  •   Pain/ache  in  old  injury  •  Swelling  occurs  in  old  injury  •  Joint  feels  abnormal  or  unstable  

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Injuries  Treatment  

               

         

       

                 

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Dental  Pain  

   

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Dental  Pain  

•  Caused  by  inflammaCon  of  pulp  or  peridontal  membrane  of  a  tooth    – Rich  nerve  supply  in  both  structures  –  Impulse  sent  to  cerebral  cortex  –  pain  perceived  

•  Not  self  limiCng  –  requires  referral  in  all  cases  

•  Analgesics  give  symptomaCc  relief  unCl  dental  assessment  and  treatment  available    

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Headache  

•  Tension  

•  Vascular  

•  TracCon  

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Tension  Headache  

– Pericranial  muscle  contracCon  – Psychogenic  origin  – Pain  is  oVen  at  base  of  skull  but  can  be  over  top  of  head  to  eyes  – Bilateral    (frontal/occipital)  – Dull  pain,  can  be  described  as  a  band  – Can  last  a  few  hours  to  several  days  – Triggerred  by  tension,  anxiety  and  faCgue  – Most  common  cause  of  headache  

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Chronic  Daily  Headache  

•  Occurs  at  least  15  days  of  the  month  •  It  lasts  at  least  four  hours  each  episode  •  Seems  to  be  present  from  morning  to  night  •  Ache  or  dull  throbbing  pain  •  PaCents  taking  simple  or  combinaCon  pain  relief  on  more  than  three  days  a  week  

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Vascular  Headache  

•  DilataCon  or  constricCon  of  blood  vessels  in  brain  and  cranium  

•  Headache  associated  with  febrile  illness  – Caused  by  vasodilataCon  

•  Migraine  is  vascular  in  origin  – Neurochemical  pathology  also  involved  

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Migraine  

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Migraine  

•  AKacks  lasCng  4  to  72  hours  •  At  least  two  of:  – Throbbing  or  pulsaCng  pain  – Moderate  to  severe  intensity  pain  – Unilateral  pain  – Pain  aggravated  by  movement  

•  At  least  one  of:  – Nausea  and  /  or  vomiCng  – Photophobia  and  phonophobia  

•  Can  have  aura  symptoms  before  pain  

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Migraine  

•  Recurrent    – Associated  with  menstrual  cycle  – May  occur  at  regular  Cmes  e.g.  Weekends  

•  Triggered  by  certain  foods  

•  Triggered  by  stress  

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Treatment  

 

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Cluster  Headache  

•  Largely  affects  men  aged  40  to  60  years    •  Lasts  10  minutes  to  3  hours  •  Usually  occurs  same  Cme  of  day  •  50%  of  sufferers  experience  night  Cme  symptoms  

•  Steady  intense  unilateral  orbital  boring  pain  •  Refer  

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TracCon  headache  

•  InflammaCon  or  compression  of  brain  – MeningiCs  – EncephaliCs    – Haematomas  (including  head  injury  related)  – Tumours  – Cerebral  abscesses      

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DifferenCal  diagnosis  

•  Eye  strain  –  Spasm/faCgue  of  ciliary  and  periorbital  muscles  of  eye  

•  Glaucoma    •  Neuropathic  pain  from  shingles  •  Temporal  arteriCs  – Almost  exclusively  in  the  elderly  

•  Referred  pain  from  jaw    •  Muscle  strain  and  pulled  ligaments  in  neck  or  upper  back  

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Headache  red  flags  

•  Refer  if:  – Sudden  onset  ‘first’  headache  –  ‘worst  ever  headache’  (may  be  Subarachnoid  haemorrhage)  

– Late  onset  new  headache  (>  40  years)  – Headache  with  sCff  neck    – Headache  with  sCff  neck  or  rash  in  under  12’s  – Progressively  increasing  headache  – Headache  with  drowsiness,  unsteadiness,  visual  disturbances  or  vomiCng  

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Recommended  texts  

•  Non-­‐PrescripCon  Medicines  •  Alan  Nathan  (4th  edn,  2010)  

•  Managing  Symptoms  in  the  Pharmacy  •  Alan  Nathan  (Pharm  press,  FASTtrack)  

•  Symptoms  in  the  Pharmacy  •  Alison  Blenkinsopp,  Paul  Paxton,  John  Blenkinsopp  (6th  edn,  2009)  

•  Minor  Illness  or  Major  Disease?    •  Clive  Edwards  &  Paul  SCllman  (4th  edn,  2006)  

•  Community  Pharmacy:  Symptoms,  Diagnosis  and  Treatment  •  Paul  RuKer  (2nd  Edn,  2009)  

•  Symptoms,  diagnosis  and  treatment  :  a  guide  for  pharmacists  and  nurses  •  Paul  RuKer  

•  BriCsh  NaConal  Formulary  (BNF  66)  •  BriCsh  AssociaCon  for  the  Study  of  Headache  (BASH)  Guidelines  2007  •  Electronic  Medicines  Compendium    

•  hKp://www.medicines.org.uk/  •  Chemist  &  Druggist  OTC  Directory