OTHER Requested Topics

Insomnia

Fasting

High Soy Diet Bad for Women?

Coffee makes you sleepy

http://video.answers.com/the-estrogen-in-soy-compared-to-a-womans-natural-estrogen-231378451

Caffeine – inhibits Fe absorption

Combating a Cold . . . Boost Your Immunity

Chapter 16Chapter 16Anti-aging, Anti-aging,

Cancer, Cancer, Preventative Preventative

MedicineMedicine

OUTLINE

Nutrition & Aging

Alternative Medicine

Alcohol

Nutrition & Cancer

Summary and Conclusions

Four Stages of AdulthoodFour Stages of Adulthood

Ages 19-30 (very young adulthood)Ages 19-30 (very young adulthood) Ages 31-50 (young adulthood)Ages 31-50 (young adulthood) Ages 51-70 (middle-age adulthood)Ages 51-70 (middle-age adulthood) Ages 70 and up (older adulthood)Ages 70 and up (older adulthood) Nutritional needs changeNutritional needs change Lifestyle and nutrition play important Lifestyle and nutrition play important

rolesroles

Diet for Younger AdultsDiet for Younger Adults

Emphasis on plant/ whole grain productsEmphasis on plant/ whole grain products Moderate intake of cured and smoked Moderate intake of cured and smoked

foodsfoods Adequate fluorideAdequate fluoride Plenty of fluidsPlenty of fluids Iron-rich foods for womenIron-rich foods for women Folate concerns for womenFolate concerns for women Calcium and vitamin B-12 concerns for Calcium and vitamin B-12 concerns for

vegansvegans

How Are We Doing – How Are We Doing – the U.S. since 1950s?the U.S. since 1950s?

Eating less saturated fatEating less saturated fat Eating more cheese . . .sat fat.Eating more cheese . . .sat fat. Eating less animal fat and more Eating less animal fat and more

vegetable oilsvegetable oils Leaner cattle and hogs available Leaner cattle and hogs available

(farmers)(farmers) High intakes of white bread, beef, High intakes of white bread, beef,

chicken, milk, donuts, cakes, cookies, chicken, milk, donuts, cakes, cookies, soft drinks, mayonnaise, sugar/sweetssoft drinks, mayonnaise, sugar/sweets

Life SpanLife Span

Maximum number of years a Maximum number of years a human can livehuman can live

RecordRecord – 122 years (woman) 122 years (woman) – 114 years (man)114 years (man)

Dependent on genes and Dependent on genes and environmentenvironment

Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy

Number of years an average person, Number of years an average person, born in a specific year, is expected to born in a specific year, is expected to live live

In North America: In North America: – 75 yrs for men75 yrs for men– 80 yrs for women80 yrs for women– Only 64 “healthy years”Only 64 “healthy years”

Anticipate a tremendous growth in Anticipate a tremendous growth in the 85+ years old population by 2020the 85+ years old population by 2020

Graying of AmericaGraying of America People over 65:People over 65:

– Account for 13% of the US populationAccount for 13% of the US population– Account for ~25% of all prescription Account for ~25% of all prescription

medicationmedication– Account for 40% of all hospitalizationsAccount for 40% of all hospitalizations– Account for 50% of federal health Account for 50% of federal health

budgetbudget

65% have nutrition-related problems65% have nutrition-related problems

What is Aging?What is Aging?

““Process of slow cell death”Process of slow cell death”– Cells age and dieCells age and die– Aging body can no longer replenish cells Aging body can no longer replenish cells

or meet physiological demands or meet physiological demands Organs retain reserve capacityOrgans retain reserve capacity

– Maintain normal function with decreased Maintain normal function with decreased cell number or activity for a whilecell number or activity for a while

– After reserve capacity is exhausted, After reserve capacity is exhausted, function decreasesfunction decreases

Challenge QuestionChallenge Question

What is the reserve capacity of an What is the reserve capacity of an organ?organ?

What happens when the bodies reserve capacity of certain organ cells starts depleting?

The extent to which an organ can preserve normal function despite decreasing cell number or cell activity

Organ function and body function deteriorate (e.g. kidney failure)

Decline of Physiological Decline of Physiological FunctionFunction

What Causes Aging?What Causes Aging?Mutagens, Pesticides, too much SUN!

Free radicals, Oxygen

Reduce Quantity of Calories!

Resveratrol and Anti AgingResveratrol and Anti Aging

SIRt -1 Activator – SIRt -1 Activator – – Mimics Calorie Restriction (CR) diet effectMimics Calorie Restriction (CR) diet effect

Increases mitochondria turnoverIncreases mitochondria turnover– Replaces worn out mitochondriaReplaces worn out mitochondria

(less free radical production, cell damage)(less free radical production, cell damage) Forms New Mitochondria - more efficientForms New Mitochondria - more efficient

– Higher E returns . . More ATP, less free radicals . . ?Higher E returns . . More ATP, less free radicals . . ?

resveratrol

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3TGKOQeTrc&NR=1&feature=fvwp

Fountain of Youth?Fountain of Youth?

National Institute on Aging National Institute on Aging www.nia.nih.govwww.nia.nih.gov– Free fact sheetFree fact sheet– Diet and lifestyle practices to minimize declineDiet and lifestyle practices to minimize decline

Avoid excessive sun exposureAvoid excessive sun exposure Avoid exposure to environmental hazards Avoid exposure to environmental hazards

and chemicals (herbicides, toxins, oil, and chemicals (herbicides, toxins, oil, carcinogens)carcinogens)

Healthy diet; low calorie diet?Healthy diet; low calorie diet?– Why Vegos live longer. . . Why Vegos live longer. . .

OUTLINE

Nutrition & Aging

Alternative Medicine

Alcohol

Nutrition & Cancer

Summary and Conclusions

Alternative MedicineAlternative Medicine

Not evaluated by FDANot evaluated by FDA Questionable purity and quantityQuestionable purity and quantity Possible health risks Possible health risks Use only one product at a timeUse only one product at a time Keep a diary of symptomsKeep a diary of symptoms Check with physician before Check with physician before

discontinuing prescribed medicationdiscontinuing prescribed medication

Alternative MedicineAlternative Medicine

tannins

Alternative Medicine – See class Alternative Medicine – See class website website

Alternative Medicine Foundation Alternative Medicine Foundation www.amfoundation.orgwww.amfoundation.org

NCCAM Complementary and Alternative Medicine NCCAM Complementary and Alternative Medicine Citation Index Citation Index nccam.nih.gov/nccam.nih.gov/

American Botanical Council American Botanical Council abc.herbalgram.orgabc.herbalgram.org

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Complementary and Alternative Medicine Program at Stanford Program at Stanford camps.stanford.edu/camps.stanford.edu/

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements Supplements ods.od.nih.gov/ods.od.nih.gov/

Natural Medicine Comprehensive Database Natural Medicine Comprehensive Database www.naturaldatabase.comwww.naturaldatabase.com

OUTLINE

Nutrition & Aging

Alternative Medicine

Alcohol

Nutrition & Cancer

Summary and Conclusions

Alcohol AbsorptionAlcohol Absorption

Absorbed rapidly via simple diffusionAbsorbed rapidly via simple diffusion– Not digested reallyNot digested really

Depends on rate of stomach emptyingDepends on rate of stomach emptying Rate of absorptionRate of absorption

– Wine Wine liqueur liqueur beer (slowest) beer (slowest) Alcohol is found wherever water is Alcohol is found wherever water is

found in the bodyfound in the body Easily moves through the cell Easily moves through the cell

membrane (damaging it)membrane (damaging it)

Alcohol (Ethanol) Alcohol (Ethanol) MetabolismMetabolism

Depends on Depends on – Gender, race, size, food, physical condition, Gender, race, size, food, physical condition,

alcohol contentalcohol content Women metabolize Alcohol differently!Women metabolize Alcohol differently!

– Less metabolism using stomach cellsLess metabolism using stomach cells– Less water in body to dilute effectsLess water in body to dilute effects

Majority is metabolized by the liverMajority is metabolized by the liver Alcohol cannot be storedAlcohol cannot be stored Alcohol has priority in metabolism Alcohol has priority in metabolism

– Vs protein, carbohydrate, fat (i.e. stored)Vs protein, carbohydrate, fat (i.e. stored)

Benefits of Moderate Alcohol Benefits of Moderate Alcohol ConsumptionConsumption

One drink:One drink:– 12 oz beer or wine cooler12 oz beer or wine cooler– 5 oz wine5 oz wine– 3 oz sherry or liqueur3 oz sherry or liqueur– 1.5 oz 80-proof distilled spirits1.5 oz 80-proof distilled spirits

Decrease risk for cardiovascular Decrease risk for cardiovascular diseasedisease

SocializationSocialization

Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Abuse

Contributes to 5 of 10 leading causes of Contributes to 5 of 10 leading causes of deathdeath

When combined with tobaccoWhen combined with tobacco– Increases the risk for esophageal and oral Increases the risk for esophageal and oral

cancercancer Increased risk for:Increased risk for:

– Heart damage, arrhythmia, hypertension, Heart damage, arrhythmia, hypertension, stroke, osteoporosis, brain damage, colorectal stroke, osteoporosis, brain damage, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, nutritional deficiencies, cancer, breast cancer, nutritional deficiencies, fetal damage, obesity, impotence, sleep fetal damage, obesity, impotence, sleep disturbances, infections, hypoglycemiadisturbances, infections, hypoglycemia

CirrhosisCirrhosis Fatty infiltration of the liverFatty infiltration of the liver Increased synthesis of fat Increased synthesis of fat Enlarged fat cellsEnlarged fat cells

– Choke off nutrient and OChoke off nutrient and O22 supply to liver cells supply to liver cells– Engorged fat cells burst and dieEngorged fat cells burst and die

Scar tissues Scar tissues 50% chance of death within 4 years50% chance of death within 4 years Advanced stages are not reversibleAdvanced stages are not reversible Destruction of vital tissues regardless of Destruction of vital tissues regardless of

dietdiet Transplant is commonTransplant is common

Alcohol DependenceAlcohol Dependence

Most common psychiatric disorderMost common psychiatric disorder Affects 13% of North AmericansAffects 13% of North Americans

Addictive and dangerous (loss of 10 years of life???)Addictive and dangerous (loss of 10 years of life???) Genetic influenceGenetic influence

– Tolerance to alcoholTolerance to alcohol– Be aware of alcohol consumptionBe aware of alcohol consumption– Children of alcoholics are 4x more likely to become alcoholics Children of alcoholics are 4x more likely to become alcoholics

themselvesthemselves– Warn children of alcoholic families of the dangers by age 10Warn children of alcoholic families of the dangers by age 10

Long-term drinking poses risk for allLong-term drinking poses risk for all– Drinking increasing quantitiesDrinking increasing quantities

DiagnosisDiagnosis

Physiological dependence on alcoholPhysiological dependence on alcohol Tolerance to the effects of alcoholTolerance to the effects of alcohol Alcohol-associated illnesses (memory Alcohol-associated illnesses (memory

loss, liver disease, etc.)loss, liver disease, etc.) Continued drinking in defiance of Continued drinking in defiance of

medical and social contraindicationsmedical and social contraindications Depression and blackoutsDepression and blackouts Flushed face/reddened skinFlushed face/reddened skin

CAGE ScreeningCAGE Screening

CC: Have you every felt you ought to : Have you every felt you ought to cutcut down on drinking?down on drinking?

AA: Have people : Have people annoyedannoyed you by you by criticizing your drinking?criticizing your drinking?

GG: Have you ever felt bad or : Have you ever felt bad or guiltyguilty about your drinking?about your drinking?

EE: Have you ever had a drink first thing : Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or in the morning to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover? (As an to get rid of a hangover? (As an eye-eye-openeropener))

TreatmentTreatment

Guidance from a physician (blood Guidance from a physician (blood work?)work?)– Liver enzymes (AST and ALT) elevated?Liver enzymes (AST and ALT) elevated?

CounselingCounseling Total abstinenceTotal abstinence AA 12-step programAA 12-step program Treatment programsTreatment programs Medication (blocks craving or causes Medication (blocks craving or causes

physical reaction when drinking)physical reaction when drinking)

Guidance Regarding AlcoholGuidance Regarding Alcohol

Dietary Guidelines for AmericansDietary Guidelines for Americans– Moderation (1/day ~ Women, 2/day ~ Moderation (1/day ~ Women, 2/day ~

Men)Men)– Lower risk for CVDLower risk for CVD– Little benefits for younger peopleLittle benefits for younger people

Drink with mealsDrink with meals Don’t drink and driveDon’t drink and drive Avoid drinking while pregnantAvoid drinking while pregnant

OUTLINE

Nutrition & Aging

Alternative Medicine

Alcohol

Nutrition & Cancer

Summary and Conclusions

Genetic predispositions (colon, breast, prostate)Genetic predispositions (colon, breast, prostate) 30 cancer susceptibility genes identified30 cancer susceptibility genes identified Diet ~ likely to account Diet ~ likely to account ≥≥30-40% all cancers30-40% all cancers

– ONLY 1-5% cancers explained via inherited genes?ONLY 1-5% cancers explained via inherited genes? Little control over genetic risks, Little control over genetic risks,

– Much control over environmental/physical/diet Much control over environmental/physical/diet e.g. smoking, physical activity, nutrient intakee.g. smoking, physical activity, nutrient intake

– Some foods/ additives contribute to CANCER:Some foods/ additives contribute to CANCER: Nuts, peanut butter (aflatoxin)Nuts, peanut butter (aflatoxin) Nitrosamines (smoked meats)Nitrosamines (smoked meats)

(aflatoxin(aflatoxin

Nutrition and CancerNutrition and Cancer

SEE Website“Frontiers in Nutrigenomics & Cancer Prevention”John Milner, Director NCI Nutritional Sciences

Confirming your KnowledgeConfirming your Knowledge What % of cancers in the US are due to What % of cancers in the US are due to

tobacco use?tobacco use?

What % of Cancers of the Mouth, pharynx and What % of Cancers of the Mouth, pharynx and larynx are associated with excess alcohol use?larynx are associated with excess alcohol use?

What is the main “diet” cancer risk factor?What is the main “diet” cancer risk factor?

What is the recommended % Calories from Fat suggested by the N.C.I.?to reduce cancer risk?

What about if you are at risk genetically for cancer?

33%

50%

Excess caloric intake > RDA/ BMI obesity

-30% Calories from Fat/ day (if no genetic risk)

suggested reduce calories to 20% from Fat/ day

Nutrition and CancerNutrition and Cancer

Antioxidants: potent anti-cancer Antioxidants: potent anti-cancer compoundscompounds

– What are good vitamin examples that What are good vitamin examples that combat the formation of free radicals combat the formation of free radicals cancer?cancer? What are some good sources of eachWhat are some good sources of each

Nutrition and CancerNutrition and CancerChallenge QuestionChallenge Question

Vitamins C (citrus fruits, brocolli)

Vitamin E (nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, olive etc>.)

Di Indole Methane

lycopene

AVOID- Charred

Warning Signs of CancerWarning Signs of Cancer

Change in bowel or bladder habitsChange in bowel or bladder habits Sore that won’t healSore that won’t heal Unusual bleeding/ dischargeUnusual bleeding/ discharge Thickening lump in breast or Thickening lump in breast or

elsewhereelsewhere Ingestion/difficulty swallowingIngestion/difficulty swallowing Obvious change in Wart or mole. . Obvious change in Wart or mole. . Nagging cough or hoarsenessNagging cough or hoarseness Unexplained weight loss. . Unexplained weight loss. .

Medical testing for CancerMedical testing for Cancer Colonoscopy exams (middle age/older)Colonoscopy exams (middle age/older)

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

Papanicolaou tests (Pap smears)Papanicolaou tests (Pap smears)

Regular breast exams (Momograms >40 years)Regular breast exams (Momograms >40 years)

Biopsy or Blood work if suspect something abnormal! Biopsy or Blood work if suspect something abnormal! - Don’t delay!!!- Don’t delay!!!

– Early Detection is Critical for successful treatment. . .Early Detection is Critical for successful treatment. . .

OUTLINE

Nutrition & Aging

Alternative Medicine

Alcohol

Nutrition & Cancer

Summary and Conclusions

The Bottom Line – Reducing Cancer The Bottom Line – Reducing Cancer RiskRisk

Diet Moderate Calories, Low Fat ContentDiet Moderate Calories, Low Fat Content Many Veggies, fruits, Whole Grains,Many Veggies, fruits, Whole Grains, Low fat dairy, cereals, breads, fishLow fat dairy, cereals, breads, fish Alcohol moderation: 1/day Women, 2/day menAlcohol moderation: 1/day Women, 2/day men Limit animal fat, salt, smoked, nitrate cured meatLimit animal fat, salt, smoked, nitrate cured meat Avoid exposure to environmental toxinsAvoid exposure to environmental toxins

– Pesticides, mutagens etc. (go organic)Pesticides, mutagens etc. (go organic)

If left untreated can spread (metastisis)If left untreated can spread (metastisis)– EARLY Detection is Critical!!! for successful EARLY Detection is Critical!!! for successful

treatment treatment Get Simple blood tests or Biopsy –DON”T DELAYGet Simple blood tests or Biopsy –DON”T DELAY

Di Indole Methane

Benefits of Good NutritionBenefits of Good Nutrition& longevity& longevity

Delays onset of diseasesDelays onset of diseases Improves current conditionImproves current condition Decreases length of hospital stayDecreases length of hospital stay Improves quality of life Improves quality of life

Be Salubrious - Live Long and Be Salubrious - Live Long and ProsperProsper

Search Engines - Biomedical Search Engines - Biomedical ResearchResearch

Questions about Diet, Nutrition and Questions about Diet, Nutrition and Supplements???Supplements???

Do a Literature Search (Google - Scholar)Do a Literature Search (Google - Scholar)

– See website: Nutrition questions? e.g.See website: Nutrition questions? e.g. Hydroxycut and liver toxicity?Hydroxycut and liver toxicity? Creatine and Kidney failure?Creatine and Kidney failure? Caffeine and Pregnancy risk?Caffeine and Pregnancy risk? Others? Others?

Chem 80A ConclusionsChem 80A Conclusions

Caloric diet: Caloric diet: 60%, 20%, 20%:60%, 20%, 20%: Carbs, Protein, Carbs, Protein, FatFat

-Carbs = OK, minimize REFINED (cheap Carbos)-Carbs = OK, minimize REFINED (cheap Carbos) -Look for 2:1 ratio of Protein/fat in products-Look for 2:1 ratio of Protein/fat in products

Fruits & vegetables dailyFruits & vegetables daily 1 of each / day 1 of each / day Fiber Daily (Fiber Daily (e.g.e.g. 1/2 cup 1/2 cup Total cerealTotal cereal))

Exercise 3X/ week:Exercise 3X/ week: -Speeds up metabolism, balances mood, helps u -Speeds up metabolism, balances mood, helps u restrest

EAT FRESH EAT FRESH (Shop weekly) ~1hr(Shop weekly) ~1hr

Experiment with foodExperiment with food ~ Try something different ~ Try something different

Have Fun with your Nutrition! Have Fun with your Nutrition! HAVE FUN in YOUR Life - ENJOY the ~ HAVE FUN in YOUR Life - ENJOY the ~ SUMMER SUMMER

ENDEND

Course Instructor/ TA Course Instructor/ TA evaluationsevaluations

need student volunteerneed student volunteer TA QsTA Qs

– 1. Was the grading for the class assignments fair?1. Was the grading for the class assignments fair?

– 2. Were the assignments turned back in a 2. Were the assignments turned back in a reasonable amount of time?reasonable amount of time?

– 3. Where your exams graded fairly and turned back 3. Where your exams graded fairly and turned back in a reasonable amount of time?in a reasonable amount of time?

– 4. Were the exam questions fair and did they allow 4. Were the exam questions fair and did they allow you to demonstrate your knowledge from subject you to demonstrate your knowledge from subject matter covered in this course? matter covered in this course?