Teacher: Mrs. Yen

Presenters: Doan Thuy Trang

Nguyen Thu Trang

Vu Thi Trang (218)

PDU @ 2010

Method Method &&

proceduresprocedures

ProceduresProcedures Notes, additions,Notes, additions,GlossesGlosses

The other translation procedures

The difference between translation methodsand translation procedures:

“While translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language.“

Newmark (1988)

TRANSFERENCE (loan word/transcription/borrowing)

Transference is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL text as a translation procedure.

transliteration transcription

The transferre

d word

names of newspapers, private companies & institutionsgeographical names

street names, addressestitles of plays, films

new technical terms that do not

have equivalents in the source language

• NOTES:

Where appropriate, a cultural-neutral TL third term, i.e. a functional equivalent should be added.

• Examples?

Eg: Hollywood, blog, web, Internet, The Times

some particular

stylistic effect

In regional novels & essays

Create?

Naturalization:

adapts

the SL word1 then

the normal pronunciatio

n

the normal morphology

TL

Eg: Nobel -> Nô ben Obama: Ô-ba-ma Dollar: đôla Elizabeth: A-li-za-bét

Cultural equivalent

The SL cultural word or expression is translated by a TL cultural word based on its equivalent in the TL. Their translation uses are limited since they are not accurate.

-Eg: Klemlin -> ChÝnh quyÒn Nga White House -> ChÝnh quyÒn Liªn Bang Mü Will the Pentagon decide to terminate the program? LiÖu Bé Quèc Phßng Mü cã quyÕt ®Þnh ngõng ch ¬ng trinh nµy kh«ng?

Functional equivalent?

Descriptive equivalent

The meaning of the

original word is explained

in several words.

This procedure is often used

with transference to translate a cultural word or expression.

Eg: Ipod -> M¸y nghe nh¹c Ipod To attend the barbecue, you must have

a studentID. DÓ ® îc dù tiÖc barbecue (b a tiÖc ngoµi trêi,®å n íng ® îc n íng trªn bÕp còng ®Æt ngoµi trêi), anh phai mang theo thÎ sinh viªn.

SYNONYMYSYNONYMY

A near TL equivalent

" Here economy precedes accuracy.” (Newmark)

Ex: Personne gentile → kind person

THROUGH-TRANSLATION (calque /loan translation)

Literal translati

on

Literal translati

on

names of organizations

PhrasesPhrases

Throughtranslatio

n

Through-translation should be used only when they are already recognised terms.

Ex: WTO World Trade Organisation = Tổ Chức Thương mại Thế giới

components of compounds

components of compounds

Common collocations

Common collocations

Word form &

position

GrammaticGrammatical changesal changesfrom SL to from SL to

TL TL

Literal translation

may not accord with

natural usage in the

TL

An SL grammatical

does not exist in the

TL

The replacement of a virtual lexical gap

by a grammatical

structure.

Trousers => cái quần

Equipment=> des équipements

Trousers => cái quần

Equipment=> des équipements

Beautiful girl => cô gái xinh đẹpBeautiful girl => cô gái xinh đẹp

An SL

grammatical

does not

exist in the

TL

looks for other options that

help conveying the meaning

of the ST

Ex: Ex:

Working with you is a pleasure

verb-noun (le travail, die Arbeit)

a subordinate clause (`when, if, etc. I work with you)

Ex: Ex: The details of the scandal are now common knowledge. => Giê thì ai còng biÕt chi tiÕt cña vô xì căng ®an nµy.

An SL

grammatical

does not

exist in the

TL

PDU @-2010

Examples related to passive

voice cau chu ngu gia?

Literal translation may not

accord with natural usage in the

TL

Literal translation may not

accord with natural usage in the

TL

Ex:

Après sa sortie. => After he'd gone out.

Ex:

Si lui est aimable, sa femme est arrogante.

=> He is (may be) very pleasant, but his wife is arrogant.

=> He is pleasant; his wife, however, is arrogant.

•The replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical

structure. • Complex sentences can

normally converted to a co-ordinate sentence or to 2 simple

sentences.

•The replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical

structure. • Complex sentences can

normally converted to a co-ordinate sentence or to 2 simple

sentences.

Other translation procedures

Transpositionsfrequent tension

between grammar

& stress

Translate with a lexical

synonymy , retain the

word order and forgo

the transposition

illustrate

Preserve stress

•a change in point of view that allows us to express the same phenomenon in a different way

•occurs when there is a change of perspective accompanied with a lexical change in the TL

- The vase is not totally worthless.~ The vase is totally valuable.

=> This procedure should better be avoided unless it is necessary for the naturalness of the translation.

The “negated contrary”

=> the appropriateness of the “negated contrary” modulation procedure must depend on the formulation and the context.

Other modulation procedures

Other modulation procedures

22

RECOGNISED TRANSLATION

Translators normally use the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term. the accepted term will be a brief explanation

Ex: White House David Camp

Translators normally use the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term. the accepted term will be a brief explanation

Ex: White House David Camp

- a provisional translation, usually of a new institutional term,

which should be made in quotation marks

- could be done through LT

- a provisional translation, usually of a new institutional term,

which should be made in quotation marks

- could be done through LT

TRANSLATION LABEL

- occur when loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic

effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part, or in a

contiguous sentence.

- occur when loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic

effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part, or in a

contiguous sentence.

COMPENSATION

To split up a lexical unit into its sense components

Ex: father ~ male, married, parents…

To split up a lexical unit into its sense components

Ex: father ~ male, married, parents…

COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS

REDUCTION AND

EXPANSION

adding or removing elements in the TL in order to re-express an idea because the correspondence in the TL cannot be expressed concisely

practise intuitively in some cases => rather imprecise translation procedures

Ex: REDUCTION (CONCENTRATION) - science politique ~ politics adj + N ~ general N

REDUCTION AND

EXPANSION

OTHER PROCEDURES

Supply of additional information in the form of bottom of page, end of chapter, glossaries at the end of the text, or within the text

The additional information is cultural, technical, linguistic and depends on the requirement of the translator to the original, readership.

Supply of additional information in the form of bottom of page, end of chapter, glossaries at the end of the text, or within the text

The additional information is cultural, technical, linguistic and depends on the requirement of the translator to the original, readership.

NOTES, ADDITIONS, GLOSSES