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Ottawa Treaty

(Mine Ban Treaty)

Convention on the Prohibition of the Use,

Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-

Personnel Mines and on their Destruction

States that are party to the Ottawa Treaty

Drafted 18 September 1997

Signed 3 December 1997

Location Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Effective 1 March 1999

Condition Ratifications by 40 states

Signatories 133

Parties 161 (Complete List)

Depositary Secretary-General of the United Nations

Languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French,

Russian and Spanish

Ottawa TreatyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Ottawa Treaty, the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban

Convention, or often simply referred to as the Mine Ban

Treaty, but officially known as the Convention on the

Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and

Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on theirDestruction, aims at eliminating anti-personnel landmines

(AP-mines) around the world. To date, there are 161 States

Parties to the treaty. One state has signed but not ratified (The

Marshall Islands) while 35 UN states are non-signatories,

making a total of 36 United Nations states not party.[1]

Contents

1 Chronology[2]

2 Implementation

2.1 Destruction of stockpiles

2.2 Retention of Landmines

2.3 Landmine-free countries

3 Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor (the

Monitor)

4 Signatories

5 Criticism

6 Review Conferences7 Annual meetings

8 UN General Assembly Annual Resolutions

9 Key Figures

9.1 The International Campaign to Ban

Landmines and Jody Williams

9.2 Diana, Princess of Wales

9.3 Lloyd Axworthy

9.4 Bobby Muller

10 See also

11 References

12 External links

Chronology[2]

1915 Landmines are first used widely in World War I.

1977 During the Geneva Convention, one provision is amended to prohibit the targeting of civilian populations by

indiscriminate weapons in wartime.

1980 The Convention on Conventional Weapons even limits the use of landmines against persons.
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1991 Six NGOs supporting a ban of landmines begins organizing ICBL (The International Campaign to Ban

Landmines).

1993 The first international meeting of NGOs is held in London. The ICBL issues the studyLandmines:A deadly

Legacy., and the US Department of State publishes its reportHidden Killer: The Global Problem with Uncleared

Landmines.[3]

1995 The first national law to ban antipersonnel is passed in Belgium.

1996 Canada launches the Ottawa process to ban landmines by hosting a meeting among like-minded, anti-landmine

states.

1997 Mine Ban Treaty is adopted and opened for signiture. Jody Williams and the ICBL are awarded the Nobel

Peace Prize.

1998 By securing the 40th ratification of Mine Ban Treaty, the treaty comes into effect and the ICBL launches

Landmine Monitor.

1999 Mine Ban Treaty becomes binding international law on 1 March 1999.

2003 First stockpile destruction deadlines are set by all states parties with stockpiles.

2012 20th anniversary of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines.[4]

Implementation

Besides ceasing the production and development of anti-personnel mines, a party to the treaty must destroy its

stockpile of anti-personnel mines within four years, although it may retain a small number for training purposes (mine-

clearance, detection, etc.). Within ten years after ratifying the treaty, the country should have cleared all of its mined

areas. This is a difficult task for many countries, but at the annual meetings (see below) they may request an extensionand assistance. The treaty also calls on States Parties to provide assistance to mine-affected persons in their own

country and to provide assistance to other countries in meeting their Mine Ban Treaty obligations. [5][6]

The treaty covers only anti-personnel mines. It does not address mixed mines, anti-tank mines, remote controlled

claymore mines, anti-handling devices (booby-traps) and other "static" explosive devices.

Destruction of stockpiles

According to the 2012 Landmine Monitor Report, signatory nations have destroyed more than 46 million stockpiled

mines since the treaty's entry into force on 1 March 1999. Eighty-seven countries have completed the destruction oftheir stockpiles, and another 64 countries have declared that they did not possess stockpiles to destroy. [7]

Retention of Landmines

Article 3 of the treaty permits countries to retain landmines for use in training in mine detection, mine clearance, or

mine destruction techniques. Seventy-two countries have taken this option. Of this group, 26 States Parties retain less

than 1,000 mines and only two have retained more than 10,000 mines: Turkey (15,100) and Bangladesh (12,500). A

total of 83 States Parties have declared that they do not retain any antipersonnel mines, including 27 states that

stockpiled antipersonnel mines in the past .[8]

Landmine-free countries
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Through 2008, eleven States had cleared all known mined areas from their territory: Bulgaria, Costa Rica, El

Salvador, France, Guatemala, Honduras, Macedonia, Malawi, Suriname, Swaziland, and Tunisia.[9] At the

NovemberDecember 2009 Cartagena Summit for a Mine-Free World, Albania, Greece, Rwanda, and Zambia

were also declared mine-free.[10]

On 2 December 2009, Rwanda was declared free of landmines. [11] The announcement was made at the Cartagena

Summit on a Mine-Free World in Colombia. It follows a three-year campaign by 180 Rwandan soldiers, supervised

by the Mine Awareness Trust and trained in Kenya, to remove over 9,000 mines laid in the country between 1990

and 1994.[11] The soldiers checked and cleared 1.3 million square metres (1.3 square km) of land in twenty

minefields.[11] The official Cartagena Summit came after the Rwandan Ministry of Defence's own announcement of

the completion of the demining process on 29 November 2009.[12] Under article 5 of the Ottawa Treaty, Rwanda

was requested to become mine-free by 1 December 2010.[12] On 18 June 2010, Nicaragua was declared free of

landmines.[13] On 14 June 2011, Nepal was declared a landmine-free zone (the second country to be landmine-free

in Asia).[14] In December 2011, Burundi was declared landmine free.[15]

On 5 December 2012 at the 12th Meeting of the States Parties, six states declared themselves landmine-free. These

were; the Republic of Congo, Denmark, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Jordan and Uganda. [16]

Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor (the Monitor)

Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor("the Monitor") is an initiative providing research for the International

Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and the Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC). It is the de facto monitoring regime

for both ICBL and CMC.

As an initiative of ICBL which was founded in 1998, the Monitor gives monitoring on the humanitarian development

and uses of landmines, cluster munitions, and explosive remnants of war (ERW). It provides reports on all aspects of

the landmine,cluster munitions, and ERW issues. It issues annual report updates on all countries in the world, keeps a

international network with experts, provides research findings for all mediums, and remains flexible to adapt its reportsto any changes. The Monitor has earned respect with its transparency whose states must be provided under the

relevant treaties for independent reporting. Its main audiences are not only governments, NGOs, and other

international organizations, but also media, academics and the public.[17]

Signatories

Main article: List of parties to the Ottawa Treaty

The original international citizens initiative launched in 1997 by the International Campaign to Ban Landmines gained

855,000 signatories worldwide. The Convention gained 122 country signatures when it opened for signing on 3December 1997 in Ottawa, Canada. Currently, there are 161 States Parties to the Treaty. [18] Thirty-five countries

have not signed the treaty and one more has signed but did not ratify. The states that have not signed the treaty

includes a majority of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council: China, the United States and

Russia. South Korea, like North Korea, has not signed the treaty, believing the use of landmines to be crucial to the

defense of their territory against the other.

Criticism

Ratification has not been universal, and those states that do not currently intend to ratify the treaty possess large

stockpiles of anti-personnel mines.[19] So far 35 countries have not signed the treaty; nonsignatories include the

United States, Russia, China, Myanmar, United Arab Emirates, Cuba, Egypt, India, Israel and Iran.[20] Furthermore,

organized state actors are capable of mapping and marking of minefields and demining after the conflict has ended,
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which reduces the hazards to civilians.[21] In contrast, indiscriminate dispersal is typically done by parties that already

flout the laws of war, as in using mines as a weapon for state terrorism in a protracted civil war, where international

treaties have little effect.

Opponents of banning landmines make several points, among them that mines are a cheap and therefore cost-effective

area denial weapon. When used correctly, it is a defensive weapon that harms only an attacker, [22] unlike ranged

weapons such as ballistic missiles that are most effective if used for preemptive attacks. In addition, the psychological

effect of mines increases the threshold to attack and thus reduces the risk of war. [21]

The Ottawa treaty does not cover all types of unexploded ordnance. Cluster bombs, for example, introduce the same

problem as mines: unexploded bomblets can remain a hazard for civilians long after a conflict has ended. A separate

Convention on Cluster Munitions was drafted in 2008 and was adopted and entered into force in 2010. As of

January 2013, there are 77 state parties of the CCM.[23] In theory, mines could be replaced by manually triggered

Claymore mines, but this requires the posting of a sentry and makes this much more expensive than using other

indiscriminate weapons such as cluster bombs or artillery bombardment.

Review Conferences

First Review Conference: 29 November 3 December 2004, Nairobi, Kenya: Nairobi Summit on a Mine

Free World.[24]

Second Review Conference: 29 November 4 December 2009, Cartagena, Colombia: Cartagena Summit

on a Mine-Free World.[25]

Annual meetings

Annual meetings of the treaty member states are held at different locations around the world. These meetings provide

a forum to report on what has been accomplished, indicate where additional work is needed and seek any assistance

they may require.

1st annual meeting in May 1999 in Maputo (in mine-affected Mozambique)[26]

2nd annual meeting in September 2000 in Geneva, Switzerland[27]

3rd annual meeting in September 2001 in Managua (in mine-affected Nicaragua)[28]

4th annual meeting in September 2002 in Geneva, Switzerland[29]

5th annual meeting in September 2003 in Bangkok, Thailand[30]

First Review Conference in November/December 2004 in Nairobi, Kenya[24]

6th annual meeting in November/December 2005 in Zagreb, Croatia[31]

7th annual meeting in September 2006 in Geneva, Switzerland[32]

8th annual meeting in September 2007 at the Dead Sea, Jordan[33]

9th annual meeting in November 2008 in Geneva, Switzerland[34][35]

Second Review Conference in December 2009 in Cartagena, Colombia[36]

10th annual meeting in November/December 2010 in Geneva, Switzerland[37]

11th annual meeting in November/December 2011 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia[38]

12th annual meeting in December 2012 in Geneva, Switzerland[39]

UN General Assembly Annual Resolutions

A recurrent opportunity for States to indicate their support for the ban on antipersonnel mines is their vote on the

annual UN General Assembly (UNGA) resolution calling for universalization and full implementation of the Mine Ban

Treaty. UNGA Resolution 66/29, for example, was adopted on 2 December 2011 by a vote of 162 in favor, none
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opposed, and 18 abstentions.[40]

Since the first UNGA resolution supporting the Mine Ban Treaty in 1997, the number of states voting in favor has

ranged from a low of 139 in 1999 to a high of 165 in 2010. The number of states abstaining has ranged from a high o

23 in 2002 and 2003 to a low of 17 in 2005 and 2006.

Of the 19 states not party that voted in support of Resolution 66/29 on 2 December 2011, nine have voted in favor o

every Mine Ban Treaty resolution since 1997 (Armenia, Bahrain, Finland, Georgia, Oman, Poland, Singapore, Sri

Lanka, and the United Arab Emirates); 10 that consistently abstained or were absent previously now vote in favor(Azerbaijan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao PDR, Marshall Islands, Micronesia FS, Mongolia, Morocco, and

Tonga). Somalia, now a State Party, was absent from the 2011 resolution, but has voted in favor in previous

ears.[41]

The number of states abstaining from supporting the resolution has ranged from a high of 23 in 2002 and 2003 to a

low of 17 in 2010, 2005 and 2006. The group of states that could be described as most opposed to the Mine Ban

Treaty are the 15 states not party that have voted against consecutive resolutions since 1997: Cuba, Egypt, India,

Iran, Israel, Libya (since 1998), Myanmar, North Korea (since 2007), Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, Syria,

Uzbekistan (since 1999), the US, and Vietnam (since 1998) 61 Of those, there appear to be positive developments in

Libya (post-Gaddafi), Myanmar, and the US.[41]

Key Figures

The International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Jody Williams

The organization the International Campaign to Ban Landmines and its founding coordinator, Jody Williams, were

instrumental in the passage of the Ottawa Treaty, and for these efforts they jointly received the 1997 Nobel Peace

Prize.

Diana, Princess of Wales

The Ottawa Treaty was ardently championed by Diana, Princess of Wales. In January 1997, she visited Angola and

walked near a minefield to dramatize its dangers.[42] In January 1997, Angola's population was approximately 10

million and had about 1020 million land mines in place from its civil war.[43] In August 1997, she visited Bosnia with

the Landmine Survivors Network. Her work with landmines focused on the injuries and deaths inflicted on children.

When the Second Reading of the Landmines Bill took place in 1998 in the British House of Commons, Foreign

Secretary Robin Cook praised Diana and paid tribute to her work on landmines:

All honourable Members will be aware from their postbags of the immense contribution made by Diana,Princess of Wales, to bringing home to many of our constituents the human costs of landmines. The best

way in which to record our appreciation of her work, and the work of NGOs that have campaigned

against landmines, is to pass the Bill, and to pave the way towards a global ban on landmines.[44]

Lloyd Axworthy

In his Canadian Foreign Affairs portfolio (19962000), Lloyd Axworthy became internationally known for his

advancement of the concept of human security and, in particular, of need to ratify the Ottawa Treaty. For his

leadership against landmines, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize (1997).[45][46]

Bobby Muller
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Robert O. Bobby Muller (born 1946) is an American peace advocate. He participated in the Vietnam War as a

oung soldier, and after returning from Vietnam, Muller began to work for veterans' rights and became a Peace

activist. Since then, Muller founded Vietnam Veterans of America (VVA) in 1978 and Vietnam Veterans of America

Foundation (VVAF) in 1980. The VVAF co-founded the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, which won a

1997 Nobel Peace Prize.[47]

See also

Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons

Convention on Cluster Munitions

Geneva Call, an NGO that engages non-state actors to ban landmines

Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, host for the secretariat (ISU) of the Ottawa Treaty

Mine action

Demining

Mine clearance agencies

References

1. ^ ICBL Website, www.icbl.org

2. ^ "Ban History" (http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Treaty/MBT/Ban-History). ICBL. Retrieved 2 April 2013.

3. ^ "Campaign History" (http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/About-Us/History). ICBL. Retrieved 2 April 2013.

4. ^ "20 years in the life of a Nobel Peace Prizewinning campaign" (http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Library/News-

Articles/ICBL_Chronology_20years). ICBL.

5. ^ ICBL, "Mine Ban Treaty: Victim Assistance," http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Work/MBT/Victim-Assistance

6. ^ ICBL, "Mine Ban Treaty: Other Obligations," http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Work/MBT/Other-Obligations

7. ^ Landmine Monitor Report 2012, p.6.

8. ^ Landmine Monitor Report 2012, p. 8.

9. ^ Landmine Monitor Report 2009, p. 1.

10. ^ ICBL, "Four New Countries Declared Mine-Free at Landmine Summit,"

http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Library/News-Articles/Work/pr-4dec2009 (4 December 2009)

11. ^ abc "Rwanda first landmine-free country" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8388822.stm). BBC News. 2

December 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.

12. ^ ab "Rwanda: Country Declared Mine-Free" (http://allafrica.com/stories/200911300008.html). All Africa. 30

November 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.

13. ^ Urquhart, Wendy (20 June 2010). "Nicaraguan landmines finally removed after 80s war"

(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/latin_america/10359559.stm). BBC. Retrieved 2010-06-25.

14. ^ "Nepal's PM detonates its last landmine" (http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/14/nepal.landmines/).

CNN. 15 June 2011.

15. ^ http://www.maginternational.org/usa/news/burundi-country-declared-landmine-free/

16. ^ http://www.apminebanconvention.org/meetings-of-the-states-parties/12msp/what-happened-at-the-12msp/day-3-

wednesday-5-december/

17. ^ "What is the Monitor?" (http://www.the-monitor.org/index.php/LM/About-Us/What-is-the-Monitor). Landmine and

Cluster Munition Monitor. Retrieved 2 April 2013.

18. ^ States Parties (http://www.icbl.org/treaty/members), International Campaign to Ban Landmines

19. ^ http://www.the-monitor.org/index.php/content/view/full/18719#h2

20. ^ http://www.icbl.org/treaty/snp

21. ^ ab http://web.archive.org/web/20071101133429/http://www.kansalliset.fi/node/21

22. ^ http://web.eduskunta.fi/Resource.phx/pubman/templates/1.htx?id=4512

23. ^ http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/%28httpPages%29/67DC5063EB530E02C12574F8002E9E49?

OpenDocument

24. ^ ab Nairobi Summit on a Mine Free World (http://www.nairobisummit.org/)

25. ^ Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World (http://icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/htmlall/landmines-event-011009/)

26. ^ http://www.icbl.org/1msp

http://www.icbl.org/2msphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-27http://www.icbl.org/1msphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-26http://icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/htmlall/landmines-event-011009/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-25http://www.nairobisummit.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-Nairobi_Summit_on_a_Mine_Free_World_24-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-Nairobi_Summit_on_a_Mine_Free_World_24-0http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/%28httpPages%29/67DC5063EB530E02C12574F8002E9E49?OpenDocumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-23http://web.eduskunta.fi/Resource.phx/pubman/templates/1.htx?id=4512http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-22http://web.archive.org/web/20071101133429/http://www.kansalliset.fi/node/21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-kokoomusnuoret_21-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-kokoomusnuoret_21-0http://www.icbl.org/treaty/snphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-20http://www.the-monitor.org/index.php/content/view/full/18719#h2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmineshttp://www.icbl.org/treaty/membershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-18http://www.the-monitor.org/index.php/LM/About-Us/What-is-the-Monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-About_the_Monitor_17-0http://www.apminebanconvention.org/meetings-of-the-states-parties/12msp/what-happened-at-the-12msp/day-3-wednesday-5-december/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-16http://www.maginternational.org/usa/news/burundi-country-declared-landmine-free/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-15http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/14/nepal.landmines/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-14http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/latin_america/10359559.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-13http://allafrica.com/stories/200911300008.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-africa_12-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-africa_12-0http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8388822.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-bbc_11-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-bbc_11-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-bbc_11-0http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Library/News-Articles/Work/pr-4dec2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-7http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Work/MBT/Other-Obligationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-6http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Work/MBT/Victim-Assistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-5http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Library/News-Articles/ICBL_Chronology_20yearshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-Chronology_4-0http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/About-Us/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-ICBL_Campaign_History_3-0http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Treaty/MBT/Ban-Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-History_of_ICBL_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_clearance_agencieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_International_Centre_for_Humanitarian_Demininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violent_non-state_actorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Callhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Cluster_Munitionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Certain_Conventional_Weaponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty#cite_note-The_Humanitarian:_Bobby_Muller-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Muller


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31. ^ http://www.icbl.org/treaty/meetings/6msp



34. ^

http://www.icbl.org/campaign/calendar/ninth_meeting_of_states_parties_to_the_anti_personnel_mine_ban_convention

35. ^ http://www.icbl.org/treaty/meetings/9msp36. ^The Washington Posthttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/25/AR2009112503680.html

|url= missing title (help).

37. ^ "APminebanconvention.org" (http://www.apminebanconvention.org/meetings-of-the-states-parties/10msp/).

10MSP. Retrieved 14 April 2011.

38. ^ "11th Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty" (http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Treaty/MBT/Annual-

Meetings/11msp). Retrieved 18 January 2012.

39. ^ http://www.apminebanconvention.org/meetings-of-the-states-parties/12msp/

40. ^ http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/disarmament.nsf/%28httpPages%29/A8553DFE8D8066E0C125726B005421FC?

OpenDocument&unid=CA826818C8330D2BC1257180004B1B2E

41. ^ ab Landmine Monitor Report 2012, p. 12.

42. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/08/world/americas/08mine.html43. ^ Angola's Landmines (http://www.american.edu/TED/LANDMINE.HTM)

44. ^ Charity Diana, Princess of Wales (http://www.dianacelebration.com/charity.htm)

45. ^ cities plus Bio Sheets (http://www.citiesplus.ca/lloyd.html)

46. ^ Axworthy, Lloyd (http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0011446)

47. ^ Simon, Cecilia Capuzzi (1 March 2006). "The Humanitarian: Bobby Muller"

(http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200603/the-humanitarian-bobby-muller). Psychology Today. Retrieved 2

April 2013.

External links

Anti-personnel landmines and explosive remnants of war (http://icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/mines)

ICRC

Landmines and international humanitarian law

(http://icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/section_ihl_landmines) ICRC

Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-personnel Mines (http://icrc.org/ihl.nsf/INTRO/580) full text

ICBL website (http://www.icbl.org/) (International Campaign to Ban Landmines)

Full text of the treaty in English (http://www.icbl.org/treaty/text/english)

Full text of the treaty in multiple languages and formats (http://www.icbl.org/treaty/text)

Signatories and ratifications (http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-

5&chapter=26&lang=en)Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor (http://www.the-monitor.org)

Text of the Treaty (http://www.worldinbalance.net/intagreements/1997-minebantreaty.php) at the Center for a

World in Balance

veteransforamerica.org (http://www.veteransforamerica.org/references/reports/ottawa-treaty-signers.html) List

of Treaty Signatories from the Veterans for America.

E-Mine (http://mineaction.org/) Electronic Mine Information Network by United Nations Mine Action

Service.

LandmineAction.org (http://www.landmineaction.org/index.asp)

[1] (http://www.aoav.org.uk) Action on Armed Violence

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottawa_Treaty&oldid=556438463"

Categories: Arms control treaties International humanitarian law treaties Mine action

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Documents

Ottawa Treaty - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia