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8/2/2019 Our Color Development Project-II (1st Edition).
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Primeasia Universitya missio n wit h a vision
Department of Textile Engineering
Project Cover Sheet
Declaration and Statement of Authorship:
1. I/we hold a copy of this project, which can be produced if the original is lost/ damaged.
2. This project is my/our original work and no part of it has been copied from any other
students work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made.
3. No part of this project has been written for me/us by any other person except where such
collaboration has been authorized by the lecturer/teacher concerned and is clearly
acknowledged in the assignment.
4. I/we have not previously submitted or currently submitting this work for any other
Course / unit.
5. This work may be reproduced, communicated, compared and archived for the purpose ofdetecting plagiarism.
6. I/we give permission for a copy of my/our marked work to be retained by the School for
review and comparison, including review by external examiners.
I/we understand that-I. Plagiarism is the presentation of the work, idea or creation of another person as though it is your
own. It is a form of cheating and is a very serious academic offence that may lead to expulsionfrom the University. Plagiarized material can be drawn from, and presented in, written, graphicand visual form, including electronic data, and oral presentations. Plagiarism occurs whenthe origin of the material used is not appropriately cited.
II. Enabling plagiarism is the act of assisting or allowing another person to plagiarize or to copy yourwork.
Group Name: Wet Processing Technology, 083 Batch (I)
SerialNo.
Group Members Name ID
01 Ridwan Hafiz 083-144-741
02 Jahirul Hasan 083-153-04103 Md.Atikur Rahman 083-161-741
04 Sohag Hossen 083-163-741
05 Sadman Shakib Talukder 083-164-741
School of Engineering & Technology
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Name of the Topic of the Project
Study on the analysis and Color development of
Un-identified Blended Fabric
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Acceptance
An important project, titled Study on the analysis and Color development of
Un-identified BlendedFabric is done by using the relevant documents related to
the assigned topic written by Group I, 083, 15th
Batch ,Wet Processing
Technology, students of the Department of Textile Engineering, Primeasia
University has been acknowledged as it is acceptable.
----------------------------
(Supervising Teacher)
Helal Uddin
Associate Professor
Department of Textile Engineering
Primeasia University
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DedicationAllah has created us. And we have come to this world by ourparents. If we were not birthed in this universe, it was totally out
of thinking for us to think about thisproject Study on the
analysis and Color development of Unidentified Blended
Fabric. So definitely we want to dedicate our project to Our
Beloved Parents which is a very small effort.
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Acknowledgement
We are grateful to the Almighty Allah. We have completed our project on Study on the
analysis and Color development of Unidentified Blended Fabric by the Grace of Allah. We
are also grateful to our very beloved parents for whom we are now in this universe .We are
thankful to our project supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Helal Uddin, Primeasia University, for assisting
us and by sharing with us his experiences in Textile Engineering. Really, we have earned
something important while completing the project. Lots of heart feeling respect is for Prof. Dr. A
B M Abdullah, Primeasia University,for sharing with us his awesome thinking about Textile and
for giving us unbelievable inspirations.
We also would like to give a very special thank to Professor Khaleque (Dean, School of
Engineering & Head of Textile Engineering Department, Primeasia University) for giving us the
chance to study in such a noble Engineering subject.
A very remarkable thank is for all of our project group members for their severe Endeavour in
completing the project. Otherwise, it would be too much tough to fulfill the project.
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Abstract:
A Blend is a fabric or yarn made up of more than one type of fiber.
The combination of two or more types of staple fibers and color in one yarn Blends are sometimes so
intimate that it is difficult to distinguish component fibers in yarn or fabric A highly sophisticated textile
art, blending today is creating new fabric types, performance, characteristic and Dyeing and Finishing
effects.
Two or more fibers combined in one fabric to bring out the best qualities of each. Example: In a
cotton/polyester blend, cotton supplies softness and breath ability; polyester supplies strength and easy-
care advantages .Usually referred to by two numbers such as 60/40, with each number representing thepercentage of each fiber present in the yarn. A bend of cotton polyester gives the durability at the same
time giving cotton comfort to the user.
From the above views we have gone through the color development to such type of blended fabric to full
fill the continuous requirement of user in our project. We hope that it will be able to contribute in theTextile field. A lot of development will be achieved by further research.
ContentsPage No.
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1.0. Introduction ..092.0. Aim & Objectives 093.0. Literature Review ..10
3.1. Textile ...................... ...103.2. Textile Engineering .............103.3. Sectors of Textile Engineering .103.4. Fiber ......................103.5. Textile Fiber ...............103.6. Fundamental Properties of Textile Fiber 113.7. Fiber properties important in textile uses ..11
4.0. Cotton Fiber .124.1. Nomenclature .............124.2. Composition ...............124.3. Chemical Composition .....................124.4. Cellulose .................. ...134.5. Constitution of cellulose 13-144.6. Physical Properties of cotton fiber 15
5.0. Polyester Fiber ..165.1. Raw Materials ..165.2. Properties of Polyester 16-175.3. Chemistry of Polyester ..185.4. Polymer of Polyester 19
6.0. Representation of the Supplied Fabric (Un-dyed) .207.0. Analysis of the supplied fabric .218.0. Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC) 21
8.1. Flowchart of Burning test21-238.2. Flowchart of Chemical test 24-258.3. Determination of Blend ratio 26-27
9.0. Fabric Structure & Design (FSD) .27
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10.0. Dyeing Portion..2810.1. Pre-treatment ..29-3110.2. Dyeing 31-3410.3. After treatment .34
11.0. Representation of the final sample .3512.0. Different Fastness testing of the final Sample (Dyed) ..36
12.1. Light Fastness (By tester) .36-3712.2. Rubbing Fastness (Crock Meter) .37-4012.3. Perspiration Fastness (By tester).41-43
13.0. Discussion about shade 4414.0. Comparison of shade with the each dyed fabric ..4415.0. Solution to meet up the exact shade ..4416.0. Limitations behind this project .4517.0. Conclusion .4518.0. Gratefulness .4619.0. References .4720.0. Some images during laboratory testing48
1.0. Introduction:
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Bangladesh has created a significant level in the global market. Bangladesh produces yarn, fabric,
garments from various types of textile fibers. But the main problem in Bangladesh is that of insufficient
research work for improvement of existing methods.
Dyeing of cotton is a easy process. But synthetic or blended fabric is complex matter. Because of proper
identification, maintaining temperature, time, proper pressure dye selection and other dye selectionchemicals. Machines acceptance also came into consider. Due to the above dissimilarities proper shade is
difficult to maintain.
For the existence in the textile market of the world competition, Bangladesh has to apply diversified
methods of application of cotton, polyester and blended fabric. It is therefore possible to produce textile
products quantitatively and qualitatively within least time at a low cost as per requirement of foreign
buyers. Continuous effort is done for color development which contributed a lot in the textile field, of the
world market.
For this reason, the project Study on the analysis and Color development of Un-identified Blended
Fabricis done by us.
2.0. Aim & Objectives:After going through this unit, we should be able to have a clear conception about the following:
Should be able to know about blend fabric and blend dyeing. Should be able to know the blend dyeing process. Should be able to know the factors that have impact in blend dyeing process. Should be able to know the advantages of blend fabric. Should be able to know the dyestuff and their properties used to dye the blend fabric. Should be able to know the importance of color on textile materials.
3.0. Literature Review:
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3.1. Textile:Any filament, fiber, or yarn that can be made into fabric or cloth, and the resulting material itself . The
word originally referred only to fabrics but now includes spinning, dyeing & garments as well. The basic
raw materials used in textile production are fibers, either obtained from natural sources (e.g., wool) or
produced from chemical substances (i.e. nylon and polyester).
3.2. Textile Engineering:Textile engineering, also known as textile technology, is the study of various principles form engineering
and scientific methodologies. These principles are then implemented for the processing and production of
all kinds of textile fabric and yarns from textile fibers. The disciple involves extensive study of chemical
and physical principles, which is then utilized for the detailed study and analysis of the behavior of
polymers involved in the formation of textile fiber.
3.3. Sectors of Textile Engineering: Yarn Manufacturing Technology (YMT). Fabric Manufacturing Technology(FMT) Dyeing /Coloration /Wet Processing Technology (WPT) Garments /Apparel Manufacturing Technology (GMT)
3.4. Fibers:Fibers are pliable hair like substances that are very small in diameter in relation to their length. A fiber is
a unit of matter whose length is 1000 times longer than its width. For example: Cotton, Silk, Jute etc.
3.5. Textile Fibers:The materials which consists fibrous structure and its length is thousands times higher than its width and
which can be spun into yarns suitable for weaving or knitting is classified as textile fibers.
3.6. Fundamental properties textile fiber: It should have fibrous structure and the length should be thousand times longer than its width.
http://www.answers.com/topic/yarnhttp://www.answers.com/topic/woolhttp://www.answers.com/topic/nylonhttp://www.answers.com/topic/polyesterhttp://www.blogger.com/goog_1583337449http://www.blogger.com/goog_1583337449http://www.answers.com/topic/polyesterhttp://www.answers.com/topic/nylonhttp://www.answers.com/topic/woolhttp://www.answers.com/topic/yarn8/2/2019 Our Color Development Project-II (1st Edition).
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It must have sufficient strength, elasticity and spinning power. It should have fine structure and flexibility. It should have dye ability or dyes and chemical absorbency. It must be readily obtainable in adequate quantities so that the end products will be cheap.
3.7. Fiber properties important in textile uses:
4.0. Cotton Fiber:The word cotton is derived from Arabic language, depending upon the Arabic dialect, it is pronounced as
Kutan; Kut , Kutn.
Chemical Physical Biological Fabric properties
Stability towards
Acids
Bases
Solvents
Bleaches
Heat Sunlight
Ageing
Flammability
Dye ability
Mechanical
Tenacity
Elongation
Stiffness
Abrasion resistance
Tensile recovery
Thermal
Melting point
Softening point
Tg
Decomposition
Temperature
Electrical
Surface resistivity
Toxicological
Dermatological
Resistance to
Bacteria
Molds
Insects
Appearance
Drape
Hand
Luster
Comfort
Warmth
Water sorption
Moisture retention
Wicking
Stability
Shape
Shrinkage
Felting
Pilling
Crease resistance
Crease retention
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4.1. Nomenclature:As the cotton fiber is obtained from the plant it is classified as a natural, cellulose, seed, mono cellular,
staple fiber.
Cotton is a soft staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant, a
shrub native to tropical or subtropical regions around the world including America, India and Africa. The
fiber most often is spun into yarn or thread and used to make soft, breathable textile which is the most
widely used natural fiber cloth in clothing today.
4.2. Composition:The chemical composition of cotton fibers and the quantity of different constituent vary greatly with the
type of plant, soil and climate. Raw cotton fiber after ginning is essentially composed 94% cellulose.
4.3. Chemical Composition:
ConstituentPercent
Cellulose94.0%
Protein1.3
Pectic substances1.2
Ash1.2
Fat & wax0.6
Organic acid, sugar and others1.7
Although cellulose is the chief component of plant cell walls as a naturally occurring material, it contains
also a wide variety of others materials in small amounts notably protein, pectic substance, ash and waxy
materials. These are frequently called impurities.
4.4. Cellulose:The existence of cellulose as the common material of plant cell wall was first recognized by Anselm
Payen ,a French chemist in 1983.The chemical and physical properties of the cellulose fiber s, their
behavior in dyeing and finishing as well as in practical demonstration is determined to a large extent by
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the cellulose portion. This is why it is possible to carry out the dyeing of the different cellulose fibers
almost in the same manner.
4.5.
Constitution of cellulose:Cellulose contains 44.4% of carbon,6.2% of hydrogen and 49.4% of oxygen. This corresponds to an
empirical ratio of six carbon to ten hydrogen to five oxygen and the simplest formula for cellulose is
written (C6H10O5)n where n is the polymerization factor i.e. DP.
Cellulose is a natural high molecular compound. Evidence shows that if cellulose is subjected to acid
hydrolysis, 96-98% of glucose is obtained as an end product. Glucose is to be regarded therefore as the
smallest component of the cellulose. The natural form of glucose is d glucose and is also referred to as
dextrose.
The d glucose exists in two different modifications, i.e. in and form. The distinction between these
two forms arises from the position of hydroxyl (OH) group on the c1 carbon. glucose has anOH group
that points downwards ,away from the ring, whereas OH group on carbon one of beta glucose is in the
line with the ring.
Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (CH10O5), a polysaccharide consisting of a linear
chain of several hundred to over nine thousands (1to 4) linked d glucose units. It will be appreciated
that cellulose is built up of glucose residues in the way.
Where n is the degree of polymerization (DP).DP of cotton polymer is about 5000.One cellulose polymer
may contain 10000 glucose units.
The first step in this natural polymerization is the formation of one molecule of cellobiose from two from
two molecular of glucose.
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4.6. Physical Properties of cotton fiber:
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5.0. Polyester Fiber:
Property Evaluation
Shape
Fairly uniform in width,12-20 micrometer;
length varies from 1 to 6 cm(1/2 to2 and1/2inches);typical length is 2.2 cm to 3.2 cm(8
and to 1 and inches)
Luster Low
Tenacity(strength)
Dry
Wet
3.0 to 5.0 g/d
3.3 to 6.0 g/d
ResiliencyLow. It refers to fibers ability to quickly
recover from change.
Density 1.541.56 g.cm3
Moisture absorption
Raw
Mercerized
8.5%
8.5 -10.3%
Dimensional stability Good
Resistance to:
Acids
AlkaliOrganic solvents
Sunlight
Microgranisms
Insects
Damage, weaken fiber
Resistance; to harmful effectsHigh resistance to most
Prolonged exposure weakens fibers
Mildew and root protruding bacteria damage
fibers
Silverfish damage fibers
Thermal reactions:
To heat
To flame
Decomposes after prolonged exposure to temp.
of 150c or overBurns readily
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Polyester fibers are also known as Terylene, Terene, and Dacron etc.Theses fibres are synthetic textile
fibres of high polymers which are obtained by esterification of dicarboxylic acids, with glycols or by ester
exchange reactions between dicarboxylic acid esters and glycols.Thus Terylene is made by polymerizing
using ester exchange reaction between dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol.
5.1. Raw Materials:The main raw materials required for the manufacture of Terylene polyester fibres are ethylene glycol and
methanol. Dacron (Du Pont) is produced by polycondensation reaction using Terephthalic Acid (TPA)
and ethylene glycol.The use of Dimethyl Terephthalate is preferred instead of Terephthalic Acid as the
purity of the reacting chemicals is essential and it is esier to purify DMT than Terephthalic Acid.
5.2. Properties of Polyester:Tenacity:
Tenacity (gpd) High Tenacity Normal Tenacity Staple
Dry 6-7 4.5-5.5 3.5-4
Wet 6-7 4.5-5.5 3.5-4
Dry 12.5-7.5 25-15 40-25
Wet 12.5-7.5 25-15 40-25
Density 1.38 1.38 1.38
Moisture Regain:
At 65% RH and 70 deg F-->0.4%
Because of low moisture regain, it develops static charge. Garments of polyester fibers get soiled easily
during wear.
Thermal Properties:
Polyester fibers are most thermally stable of all synthetic fibers. As with all thermoplastic fibers its
tenacity decreases and elongation increases with rise in temperature. When ignited, polyester fibers burn
with difficulty.
Shrinkage:
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Polyester shrinks approximately 7% when immersed in an unrestrained state in boiling water. Like other
textile fibers, polyester fibers undergo degradation when exposed to sunlight. Its biological resistance is
good as it is not a nutrient for microorganisms.
Swelling and Dissolving:
The fibers swells in 2% solution of benzoic acid, Salisylic acid and phenol.Alcohol, Ketone, Soaps,
Detergents and Dry-cleaning solvents have to chemical action on polyester fibers.
Chemical Resistance:
Polyester fibers have a high resistance to organic and mineral acids. Weak acids do not harm even at boil.
Similarly strong acids including hydrofluoric acids do not attack the fibers appreciably in the cold.
Use of Polyesters:
Woven and Knitted fabrics, especially blends Conveyor belts, tire cords, tarpaulins etc. For filling pillow. For paper making machine. Insulation tapes. Hose pipe with rubber PVC. Ropes, fish netting and sail cloth.
5.3. Chemistry of Polyester:
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Glycol reacts with a aromatic acid like Ophthalmic acid with two acid groups, the reaction can proceed
under suitable conditions to make a polymeric ester "Polyester".
One OH group of one alcohol molecule reacts with one COOH Croup of the pthalic acid, and the
remaining COOH group of the acid reacts with another OH group of another alcohol and thus reacts
alternatively alcohol and acid to form a chain of polymeric Polyester.
Polyethylene Teraphthalate (PET) is a condensation polymer and is industrially produced byeither terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol. Other polyester fibers of
interest to the nonwovens field include:
Terephthalic Acid (PTA), produced directly from p-xylene with bromide-controlled oxidation. Dimethyl Terephthalate (DMT), made in the early stages by esterification of terephthalic acid.
However, a different process involving two oxidation and esterification stages now accounts for
most DMT.
Ethylene Glycol (EG) initially generated as an intermediate product by oxidation of ethylene.Further ethylene glycol is obtained by reaction of ethylene oxide.
5.4. Polymer of Polyester:
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Polymer is as of synthetic polymeric man-made fiber.The word Polymer is derived from Greek words
poly and Mer.Poly means many and Mer means part or unit i.e. A substance whose molecules
consist of many parts or units. So we can say the chemical compound which is made by the repetition of
small and general chemical unit is called Polymer. The repeating unit of polymer is proportional to
monomer.
To form polyester, dimethyl terephthalate is first reacted with ethylene glycol in the presence of acatalyst at a temperature of 302-410F (150-210C).
The resulting chemical, a monomer (single, non-repeating molecule) alcohol, is combined withterephthalic acid and raised to a temperature of 472F (280C). Newly-formed polyester, which is
clear and molten, is extruded through a slot to form long ribbons.
6.0. Representation of the Supplied Fabric (Un-dyed):
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Sample: I Sample: II
Sample: III
7.0. Analysis of the supplied fabric:
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We have analyzed the supplied sample in two ways to identify the compositions that the sample fabric
contains .These are,
Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC) Fabric structure and design (FSD)
8.0. Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC):In this section we have tested the supplied fabric to know the composition of fibers by which the fabric is
made. We have done two types of tests.
Burning test Chemical test
8.1. Flowchart of Burning test: For sample -ISampleI
Approaching to flame
Fuses, melts & Shrinkage away from flame
In flame
Burns slowly
Removal from flame
Continuous to burn & then melt
Smell
Paper burning & Aeromatic type
Bit form & some ash
Identified
Cotton & Polyester
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For sample-II:
SampleII
Approaching to flame
Fuses, melts & Shrinkage away from flame
In flame
Burns slowly
Removal from flame
Continuous to burn & then melt
Smell
Aeromatic type
Residue
Beed form unbroken black color
Identified
Polyester
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For sample-III:
8.2. Flowchart of Chemical test:
SampleIII
Approaching to flame
Fuses, melts & Shrinkage away from flame
In flame
Burns slowly
Removal from flame
Continuous to burn & then melt
Smell
Aeromatic type
Residue
Beed form unbroken black color
Result
Polyester
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For sample-I:
Sample-I
Immersed by 70% H2SO4 in a test tube
For 10-15 minutes
At a temperature 40-45 c
Some fibers were vanished & some were visible
Identified
Cotton
Residual fiber was washed & dried
Immersed by pure Nitro Benzene in a test tube
For 10-15 minutes
Heated in gas burner at a temperature 100C
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Vanish
Result
Polyester
Identified
Cotton/Polyester blend
Sample-III
Immersed by pure Nitro Benzene in a test tube
For 10-15 minutes
Heated in gas burner at a temperature 100C
Vanish
Result
Polyester
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8.3. Determination of Blend ratio:For sampleI
20 yarns from the supplied fabric were separated both from warp and weft
Measured in a digital balance
Immersed in 70% H2SO4 in a test tube
Heated by a gas burner
The yarns immersed in distilled water
Kept in a tissue paper
Ironing
Again weighted in a digital balance
Weight of yarn=0.029gm (Before test)
Weight of yarn=0.025gm (After test)
Difference between before & after test= (0.029-0.025) gm
= 0.004gm
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Difference between before & after test
Amount of cotton= * 100%
Weight of yarn
= 0.004 * 100
0.029
= 13.79% cotton
Amount of polyester = 100 13.79 = 86.21 %
9.0. Fabric Structure & Design (FSD):
Sample: I Sample: II
Sample: III
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10.0. Dyeing Portion:Process flowchart of normal dyeing process:
Grey Fabric Inspection
Sewing or Stitching
Singeing
De sizing
Scouring
Bleaching
Mercerizing
Dyeing
Printing
Finishing
Final Inspection
Delivery
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Dyeing is carried out on textile material (fiber or fabric) in three steps. These are:
Pre-treatment Dyeing After treatment
10.1. Pre-treatment:Pre-treatment is the first step of dyeing a textile material which refers to singeing, de-sizing, scouring,
bleaching and mercerizing. But our supplied samples were identified as polyester and cotton polyester
blend. That is why bleaching, de-sizing and singeing were not mandatory. But it seems to us that the
samples were not cleaned properly. So scouring was necessary. And we scoured the samples.
Scouring:
Scouring is a process of removal of impurities from textile materials. The materials are treated with
NaOH, detergent, wetting agent, soap, solvent etc. Different impurities like oil, wax, fat etc are removed
by soaponification, emulsification etc. This leads to a greater increase in absorbency and facilitate
subsequent processing. This is entirely important because variation in absorbency may result in uneven
shade.
Scouring recipe:
Soda ash 3 gm/lit
Wetting agent 0.5 cc
Detergent 2 gm/lit
Sequestering agent 0.5 cc
pH 10-11
Time 30 mins
Temperature 700c
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Working flow-chart of scouring:
Took the samples & weighted in the digital balance
Taken required amount of chemicals in accordance of recipe in a dye bath
Placing the bath into the gas burner the samples were immersed onto the dye bath
The temperature raised up to 700c
Treated for 30 minutes
Washed in distilled water
Acid washed with acetic acid
Washed in water & dried
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Scouring curve:
W.A S.A
S.ash Detergent Fabric Drain
10.2. Dyeing:Dyes are organic compound which is capable of absorbing selective wave length. And dyeing is the
process by which color is established on textile materials by the application of dyes.
We found out by testing polyester and cotton/polyester blend fiber in our supplied fabric. That is why weneeded to dye the samples by disperse dye for polyester using carrier and reactive (cold brand) for cotton.
Disperse dyeing: For sample-I( Black & Brown).
Recipe:
Name of item Amount
Dye stuff (Disperse)3%
Carrier
2 cc/Lit
Dispersing agent1.5 gm/Lit
Acetic acid1 cc/Lit
Material liquor ratio 1:50
Temperature Boiling temperature
Time 50 minutes
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Dyeing flowchart: (Sample-I)
Took the samples & weighted in the digital balance
Taken required amount of chemicals in accordance of recipe in a dye bath
Placing the bath into the gas burner the samples were immersed onto the dye bath
The temperature raised up to 1000c
Treated for 50 minutes
Washed in water & dried
Dyeing curve:
Dye A.acid Fabric
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Reduction clearing recipe:
Hydrose 2 g/L
NaOH 1g/L
M:L 1:50
Time 10 Minutes
After dyeing with disperse dye the sample was set for reduction clearing. And the sample was treated by
the above recipe for reduction clearing.
Reactive dyeing: For sample-I(Black & Brown)
Recipe:
Reactive dye(Cold brand) 3%
Salt 60 gm/Lit
Soda 20 gm/LitWetting agent 1cc/Lit
Leveling agent 2cc/Lit
Temperature 40oC
Time 30 minutes
pH 9.5-11
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Flowchart of dyeing:
Took the samples & weighted in the digital balance
Taken required amount of chemicals in accordance of recipe in a dye bath
Placing the bath into the gas burner the samples were immersed onto the dye bath
Treated for 30 minutes at 40oc
Then washed in water and dried
Curve:
Temp.
H2O, Dye, Fabric
( salt + soda) ( salt + soda) Drain
10 20 30 40 Time
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Disperse dyeing: For sample II & III: (Black & Brown)
Recipe:
Name of item Amount
Dye stuff (Disperse)3%
Carrier2 cc/Lit
Dispersing agent1.5 gm/Lit
Acetic acid1 cc/Lit
Material liquor ratio 1:50
Temperature Boiling temperature
Time 50 minutes
Dyeing flowchart for sample II & III: (Black & Brown)
Took the samples & weighted in the digital balance
Taken required amount of chemicals in accordance of recipe in a dye bath
Placing the bath into the gas burner the samples were immersed onto the dye bath
The temperature raised up to 1000c
Treated for 50 minutes
Washed in water & dried
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Dyeing curve:
D.agent
Dye A.acid Fabric
10.3. After treatment:For after-treatment, after dyeing each fabric were washed by soap.
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11.0. Representation of the final sample fabric:
Sample: I Sample: II
Sample: III
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12.0. Different Fastness Test of the final Sample (Dyed) & Result:The resistance of material to change in any of its color characteristics to transfer its colorant to adjacent
material or both as a result of exposure of material to any environment that might be encountered during
the processing, testing, storage or use of the material.
Color fastness also can be defined as the property of a colored that enables its depth and shade throughout
the useable life of the product.
12.1. Light Fastness (By Light Fastness Tester):Color fastness to light is the resistance to change any of its color characteristics of dyed fabric when it is
exposed to day light.
ISO Standard
105 C01 - C06
Blue Wool Scale rating:
Fastness Grade Light Fastness
1 Very Poor
2 Poor
3 Fair
4 Moderate
5 Good
6 Very good
7 Excellent
8 Out Standing
Factors on which colorfastness of a dyed sample depends on:
Fiber type Type of dye Method of application After-treatment Usage
Preparation of Sample:
Dyed fabric sample size = 117mm X 45mm.
ISO recommended Blue Wool Scale size = 60mm X 25mm
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Flow Chart of testing procedure:
Cut sample according to template (117mm X 45mm)
Attached sample to sample holder in light chamber
Switch on
Kept it 24 hrs in MBTL 500W light
Switch off
Wash with tape water & dried
Inspection
Analyzed faded sample by Blue Wool scale rating
Result
5(Good)
12.2. Rubbing Fastness (By Crock Meter):Color fastness to rubbing means that the stability of coloring matters against friction in certain condition.
Rubbing fastness are two types:
Dry Rubbing Wet Rubbing
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To determine the color fastness to rubbing, Crock meter/ Mec-rub are used.
To determine color fastness to rubbing fastness Gray Scale for Staining Scale is needed.
Gray Scale for Staining Scale:
The Gray scale is for assessing the degree of staining caused by dyed textile yarn in color fastness test.
For example, the staining of cotton fabric in washes fastness, rubbing fastness etc.
Gray Scale types:
For assessment change in color in color fastness tests. It consists of nine pairs of non-glossyneutral grey colored chips which illustrate the perceived color differences
For assessment of staining or color transfer in color fastness tests. It consists of nine pairs of non-glossy grey and white colored chips which illustrate the perceived depth of staining.
The fastness rating goes step-wise from:
Note 5 = no visible change (best rating) to Note 1 = a large visual change (worst rating).
The gray scale has possible 9 values
5, 4-5, 4, 3-4, 3, 2-3, 2, 1-2, 1.
Fig: Gray Scale for Staining
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It is now quite common to measure the Gray Scale for assessing staining instrumentally. This is made
using a suitable reflectance spectrophotometer according to the test method procedure, EN ISO 105-A04
Gray Scale for Color Staining Rating:
Grade Estimation/Observation Remarks
5 No color transferred very Fast
4-5 Color transfer equivalent to step 4-5 on scale(staining) Fast
4 Color transfer equivalent to step 4 on scale Fast
3-4 Color transfer equivalent to step 3-4 on scale Average
3 Color transfer equivalent to step 3 on scale Average
2-3 Color transfer equivalent to step 4-5 on scale Not Fast
2 Color transfer equivalent to step 4-5 on scale Not Fast
1-2 Color transfer equivalent to step 4-5 on scale Not Fast
1 Color transfer equivalent to step 4-5 on scale Not Fast
ISO Standard:
ISO 150-X12
Requirement for Test:
Sample size 20cm X 7.5cm
Load 9 Newton 5%Time 10 sec.
No. Of rotation 10
Crock fabric
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Flow Chart of testing procedure:
Fabric was cut as per requirement size(20cm X 7.5cm)
Sample set on the sample holder with the help pin
Crock fabric set on the finger with the help pin
Machine set zero(0)
10 rub (to & fro) was given within 10 sec
Evaluation was done with the help of Gray Scale for Staining scale
4 (Fast)
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12.3.Perspiration Fastness:This method is intended for determining the resistance of the color of fabric of all kind and in all for to
the action of human perspiration.
Technical detail:
Specimens of the textile in contact with specified adjacent fabric are treated with two different solutions.
Containing histidine place between two plates under a specific pressure in a testing device, the specimen
and adjacent fabric dried separately, the change in color of each specimen and the standing of the adjacent
fabric are assessed with scale.
Wash Fastness (By Wash Fastness 508 M/C):
It is the resistance of any dyed fabric to change in any of its color characteristics to transfer its colorant to
adjacent fabric after wash.
Washing fastness is designed to evaluate the Laundering fastness test of the dyed fabric. This test helps to
maintain uniform as well as quality product is ensured.
ISO Standard:
105 C01- C06
Gray Scale evaluation both for Color change & staining scale:
Grade Observation Remarks
5 Obviously no change Excellent fast
4-5 A few change Fast4 Slight change Fast
3-4 More than slight change Average
3 Moderate change Average
2-3 Distinctly changed Not fast
1-2 Distinctly changed Not fast
1 Completed change Not fast
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Requirement for test:
The composition of fabric is prepared as flow:
If the first piece The second piece will be
Cotton Wool
Wool Cotton
Silk Wool
Linen Wool
Viscose Wool
Cellulosic acetate Viscose
Polyamide Wool or Viscose
Polyester Wool or Cotton
Acrylic Wool or Cotton
Detergent:
Lissapol, Sodium Olieat, Sodium meta silicate, Mild alkali (Na2Co3).
Required Acetic acid is 28% for neutralization of dye contaminant.
Sample Size:
10cm X 4 cm 5cm X 4cm (Adjacent Fabric)
Washing Solution:
Water 100ml
Detergent 0.5%
M:L 1:50
Temp. 400C 2 (ISO-1)
Time 30 min
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Flow Chart of testing procedure:
Required water & detergent are prepared in a jar with 10-15 stainless steel ball
The jars are covered and clamped on machine
Time & temperature are set as per requirement
Switch ON
Fabric is then recovered, washed for neutralization by cool water and Acetic acid
The conditioned light pree is applied
Evaluation is done with Gray Scale
4(Fast)
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13.0.Discussion about shade:In wet processing technology, shade is the term which is widely used. The basic purpose of wet
processing technology is to establish color on textile material. The material may be either yarn or fabric.
So the term shade means the density of color needs to be established on textile material. If the percentage
of shade is then the depth of color is also higher. And higher the dyeing cost.
Shade percentage is defined as The amount of dyestuff required to dye 100 unit textile materials.
Example: 3% shade means that 3 unit dyestuffs are required to dye 100 unit of textile material.
14.0.Comparison of shade with the each dyed fabric:
Sample -I:
Sample -II:
Sample- III:
15.0.Solution to meet up the exact shade:
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16.0.Limitations behind this project:
We have completed the project. To complete this project we needed to go severallaboratories for several tests of our university. For identification the fibers of the sample,
we took help from our Textile testing & quality control lab. We tested there successfully.
But we were unable to take more time for the identification tests due to the classes of
junior students. It would be too good if we could get more time for tests and could work
in a calm and quiet environment.
From our self effort, we wanted to get the structure and design of our sample fabric. So itwas necessary to go to the FSD laboratory. But due to get permission from the concerned
teacher to use the instruments, some days were misused. If this wouldnt, it would take
less time than now to complete the project.
The core purpose of our project was to establish color on blend fabric. So dyeing gotmore preferences to us. That is why we had to go to our dyeing laboratory. But due to the
absence of proper dyestuff, we had to wait for proper dyestuff to be come. Also some
days were spoiled here.
We needed to dye the samples with disperse dye as the sample contained polyester fibers.So HTHP method was our first preference. But there were no facilities in the lab for
proper HTHP method. So we were obliged to use carier.
In our dyeing laboratory, the quality of auxiliary agents that are used for dyeing, likewetting agent, sequestering agent, leveling agent etc were so lower classes that these arenot able functioning properly. If it would not, the shades that were created on the fabric
would be lighter and more proper. Moreover, all the lab assistant of our laboratories
should be more cordial. It might be helpful for the project students.
We, all the members of this project, are final year students. So it was too much tough forus to concentrate in the fullest sense to the project due to going different textile industries
for the confirmation of our industrial training.
Last of all, the topic of this project was an important and inevitable term. This type oftopic for project is just like a dream for a textile engineering student. But, a sorrow of all
the members is that we didnt get proper inspirations regarding this project from the
concerned people. We have worked in the project in our self motivation only for thebetterment of our upcoming future.
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17.0.Conclusion:
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18.0.Gratefulness:
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19.0.References:
01.Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibers---------------By E.R. Trotman.
02. Technology of Textile Processing
----------------By Dr. V.A. Shenai
03.Textile & Apparel Dictionary04.Textile Preparation & Dyeing
----------------By Asim Kumar Roy Chowdhury
05.Basic Principle of Textile Colortion----------------By Arthur D Broadbent
06.Blend Dyeing----------------By John Shore
07.Dyeing Technology---------------------By Abdul Kader Bapari
08.www.wikipidia.com09.www.google.com10.www.bing.com11.www.journey2textile.blogspot.com
http://www.wikipidia.com/http://www.wikipidia.com/http://www.wikipidia.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.bing.com/http://www.bing.com/http://www.bing.com/http://www.journey2textile.blogspot.com/http://www.journey2textile.blogspot.com/http://www.journey2textile.blogspot.com/http://www.journey2textile.blogspot.com/http://www.bing.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.wikipidia.com/