Our Psychological Selves and Society

Jeffrey Schwartz, Brain Lock (1997)

Our Psychological Society?

• Medicalizing of behavior

• DSM: its history and expansion

• Diagnostic Bracket Creep

• Cosmetic Psychopharmacology

• Proliferation of Psychotherapies

• Possibilities of Cortical Plasticity

DSM-IV-TR(Text Revision)

(2000)

Issues of ReliabilityAnd Validity

History of DSM• 1933 -SCND Standard Classification

Nomenclature of Disease• 1952-DSM I: division between psychoses and

psychoneurotic disorders.• 1968-DSM II (185 disorders) • 1980-DSM III (265 disorders), based on

observable symptoms neo-Kraeplinian; rejection of “neurosis.” Robert Spitzer

• 1987—DSM IIIR (revised—30 new categories)• 1994---DSM IV (365 disorders), biological• 2000—DSM IV-TR (Text revision)

PTSD first appeared in DSM-III (1980)

DSM IV-TR definition of a Mental Disorder (2000)

  …each of the mental disorders is conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment in one or more important areas of functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.  In addition, this syndrome or pattern must not be merely an acceptable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, for example, the death of a loved one.  Whatever  its original cause, it must currently be considered a manifestation of a behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual.  Neither deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) nor conflicts that are primarily between individual and society are mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual, as described above.

 

1993 and with a new

afterword,1997

PETER KRAMER“cosmetic psychopharmacology”“diagnostic bracket creep”

• "Kids are different today," I hear every mother say,"Mother needs something today to calm her down."And 'though she's not really ill, there's a little yellow pillShe goes running for the shelter of her mother's little helper.And it helps her on her way, gets her through her busy day.-- "Mother's Little Helper," The Rolling Stones, 1966

Spectrum of Bi-Polar Disorder

NEW YORK TIMES, MARCH 22, 2005

JOHN GARTNER 2005

PETER WHYBROW2005

Stuart Smalley (Al Franken) from Saturday Night Live

“not a licensed therapist”

Rational-Emotive Therapy

Psychologist Albert Ellis, 1955

Aaron T. Beck (1921—Cognitive Therapy

1960s

Fritz Perls

Gestalt Therapy(1973)

“this is a psy-shaped space, a space that lies between the biological materiality of the body with its nerves and fluids and the moral complexity of human conduct with its dilemmas of right and wrong, good and evil. And from now on, all our recipes for styles of life, our ethical systems, our recipes for assuaging misery and for improving ourselves and our conduct, our judgments of others will have to take account of the influences of, and impacts upon, this psy shaped space.”

Nikolas Rose, Governing the Soul (1999)