Outer Darwin Harbour Shallow Water Sediment Survey … Darwin Harbour Shallow Water Sediment Survey 2016 GA0356 – Post-survey report GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA RECORD 2017/06 L. Radke

Record 2017/06 | eCat 104508

Outer Darwin Harbour Shallow Water Sediment Survey 2016GA0356 – Post-survey report

L. Radke, N. Smit, J. Li, T. Nicholas, and K. Picard

APPLYING GEOSCIENCE TO AUSTRALIA’S MOST IMPORTANT CHALLENGES www.ga.gov.au

Outer Darwin Harbour Shallow Water Sediment Survey 2016

GA0356 – Post-survey report

GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA

RECORD 2017/06

L. Radke1, N. Smit

2, J. Li

1, T. Nicholas1, and K. Picard

1. Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 26012. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Northern Territory Government, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831

Department of Industry, Innovation and Science

Minister for Resources and Northern Australia: Senator the Hon Matthew Canavan

Assistant Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science: The Hon Craig Laundy MP

Secretary: Ms Glenys Beauchamp PSM

Geoscience Australia

Chief Executive Officer: Dr James Johnson (Acting)

This paper is published with the permission of the CEO, Geoscience Australia

© Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2017

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ISSN 2201-702X (PDF)

ISBN 978-1-925297-43-0 (PDF)

eCat 104508

Bibliographic reference: Radke, L., Smit, N., Li, J., Nicholas, T., Picard, K. 2017. Outer Darwin

Harbour Shallow Water Sediment Survey 2016: GA0356 – Post-survey report. Record 2017/06.

Geoscience Australia, Canberra. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/Record.2017.006

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

mailto:[email protected]

http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/Record.2017.006

GA4452/SOL6432 – Post-survey report iii

Contents

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 5

1.1 Study area ........................................................................................................................................ 9

2 Methods ...............................................................................................................................................11

2.1 Survey overview .............................................................................................................................11

2.2 Station selection .............................................................................................................................11

2.3 Sample collection ...........................................................................................................................12

2.4 Sample analysis .............................................................................................................................13

3 Data summary .....................................................................................................................................15

3.1 Sample and sub-sample locations and metadata ..........................................................................15

3.2 Preliminary observations................................................................................................................20

Vessels and Crews .............................................................................................................25 Appendix A

Station Waypoints ...............................................................................................................26 Appendix B

Metadata for Grab Samples ................................................................................................28 Appendix C

List of sediment sub-samples according to station .............................................................44 Appendix D

Grain size metadata ............................................................................................................47 Appendix E

Chlorins and porosity metadata ..........................................................................................52 Appendix F

Sediment oxygen demand metadata ..................................................................................57 Appendix G

Total sediment metabolism metadata .................................................................................62 Appendix H

Core incubation experiment metadata .................................................................................65 Appendix I

Elements, %carbonate and specific surface area metadata ...............................................70 Appendix J

Metadata for specimen sample ...........................................................................................75 Appendix K

Stations where seagrasses were observed ........................................................................76 Appendix L

4

Executive Summary

A benthic sediment sampling survey (GA0356) to the nearshore areas of outer Darwin Harbour was

undertaken in the period from 03 July to 14 September 2016. Partners involved in the survey included

Geoscience Australia (GA), the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) and the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources within the Northern Territory Government (NT DENR) (formerly

the Department of Land and Resource Management (DLRM)). This survey forms part of a four year

(2014-2018) science program aimed at improving knowledge about the marine environments in the

regions around Darwin and Bynoe Harbour’s through the collection and collation of baseline data that

will enable the creation of thematic habitat maps to underpin marine resource management decisions.

This project is being led by the Northern Territory Government and is supported by the INPEX-led

Ichthys LNG Project, in collaboration with - and co-investment from GA and AIMS. The program builds

upon an NT Government project (2011-2011) which saw the collection of baseline data (multibeam

echosounder data, sediment samples and video transects) from inner Darwin Harbour (Siwabessy et

al. 2015).

Here we present an account of the field methods and data summaries (location maps and

comprehensive metadata) for the collection of 200 seabed sediment samples designated for grain size

and inorganic elemental analyses, and organic matter concentration, source and reactivity measures.

Metadata is also provided for seagrass observations and hardground occurrences. The seagrass

observation data will be incorporated into DENR’s seagrass database.

The baseline environmental datasets acquired during this survey will be merged with like datasets

from three other surveys conducted as part of the overall project to create a set of interpolated maps

of abiotic parameters with full coverage for the region. Some of the maps will be integrated into final

habitat mapping products. Baseline data from the survey will also be made publically available via the

Geoscience Australia website (http://www.ga.gov.au/).

http://www.ga.gov.au/

5

1 Introduction

This report summarises metadata and procedures undertaken during benthic sediment sampling

survey GA0356 to the nearshore areas of outer Darwin Harbour in 2016. This survey forms part of a

four year (2014-2018) science program aimed at improving knowledge about the marine environments

of the regions around Darwin - Bynoe Harbour (henceforth known as the Darwin – Bynoe Harbour

region). Through the collection and collation of baseline data, thematic habitat maps that underpin

marine resource management decisions will be created. This project is being led by the Northern

Territory Government and is supported by the INPEX-led Ichthys LNG Project in collaboration with -

and co-investment from Geoscience Australia (GA) and the Australian Institute of Marine Science

(AIMS). The program builds upon an NT Government project (2010-2011) which saw the collected

baseline data (multibeam echosounder data, sediment samples and video transects) from inner

Darwin Harbour (see Figure 1-1; Siwabessy et al. 2015).

To deliver this program, the joint partners (NT DENR, AIMS and GA) identified four core tasks to

undertake in the region, which were:

1. To obtain high resolution bathymetric and backscatter data;

2. To examine the abiotic patterns important to benthic communities;

3. To characterise the benthic fauna and flora; and

4. To model species/community distribution.

The Darwin - Bynoe Harbour region was subdivided into four study areas for the purpose of data

acquisition (Figure 1-1;Table 1-1). Suites of benthic sediment samples were collected together with

tidal data and full coverages of multibeam bathymetry data from outer Darwin Harbour and outer

Bynoe Harbour during two previous surveys (SOL6187 and SOL6432) held in May/June 2015 and

May 2016 respectively (Table 1-1; Figure 1-1). Detailed accounts of the work undertaken during these

surveys, and a more comprehensive compilation of background information pertaining to the overall

program, are provided in two post-survey reports (Siwabessy et al. 2016; Siwabessy et al. 2017).

The current report pertains to the Darwin Shallow Water survey region (Table 1-1), which comprises

~250 km2 of nearshore area in outer Darwin Harbour, at water depths <5 m (at Lowest Astronomical

Tide (LAT)). The aim of the sediment sampling component of these surveys was to collect benthic

sediment samples to enable seabed characterisation in terms of the abiotic variables that influence

benthic community patterns, consistent with task #2 above. Grain size, carbonate, inorganic element,

sediment oxygen demand (SOD), and organic matter (OM) concentration, source and quality variables

(Table 1-2) will be derived from these samples. The scientific basis of the parameters under

investigation is reviewed in Radke et al. (2017), which highlights that OM quality (e.g. the freshness or

degradability of OM) is an important control on invertebrate nutrition (Danavaro et al. 1995) and thus

relevant to habitat mapping. The variables will be spatially interpolated and the resulting maps will be

interpreted from a process-orientated perspective (see for example Radke et al., 2011). The grain size

samples will also be used to calibrate the backscatter data.

6

When finalised, the datasets will be made publically available through the GA website

(http://www.ga.gov.au/), and the scientific results of the surveys will be described in a final report that

will synthesise all data collected in the program.

Table 1-1 Study areas (Figure 1-1), surveys to these study areas with a benthic sampling component (e.g. voyage numbers and survey dates), water depth ranges and datasets collected during the surveys. For the water depth ranges, MSL refers to Mean Sea Level for multibeam bathymetry and LAT refers to lowest astronomical tide. In Darwin Harbour, MSL is approximately LAT minus 4.05.

Study Areas

Survey Dates

Voyage Numbers

Water depths (m)

Datasets collected during surveys

Outer Darwin Harbour

28 May to 23 June 2015

SOL6187 3.2 to 52.6 (MSL)

High resolution bathymetry and backscatter (multibeam sonar)

Benthic sediment samples

Tidal data

Outer Bynoe Harbour

3 - 27 May 2016 SOL6432 2.6 to 48.9 (MSL)

High resolution bathymetry and backscatter (multibeam sonar)


Tidal data

Outer Darwin Harbour (shallow)

03 July and 14 September 2016

GA0356 <5. (LAT)


Bynoe Harbour (shallow)

2017 Yet to be completed

<5 (LAT)

Benthic sediment samples will be collected.

http://www.ga.gov.au/

7

Figure 1-1 Location map showing the four survey areas of the INPEX program and the location of the NT Government baseline survey in 2011. The current study pertains to the Darwin shallow water survey (2016).

8

Table 1-2 Organic matter concentration, source and quality variables that will be derived from the sediment samples (modified after Table 2 in Radke et al. 2017)

Parameter and units

Abbreviation Description Potential

indicator of:

Carbon

isotopes

(‰)

δ13

C The relative concentration of the carbon isotope 13

C compared to the more abundant isotope

12C, expressed relative to the

carbon isotopic composition of a standard (VPDB).

Organic matter source

Nitrogen

isotopes

(‰)

δ15

N The relative concentration of the nitrogen isotope 15

N compared to the more abundant isotope

14N, expressed relative to the

nitrogen isotope composition of atmospheric nitrogen gas.

Organic matter source

Total organic carbon and

Total nitrogen

(%)

TOC

TN

TOC and TN refer to the amount of organic carbon and total nitrogen in sediments respectively.

Organic matter

concentration

Surface area normalised

TOC

(mg m-2

)

OC:SA TOC concentrations normalised to the specific surface area (SA) of sediments.

Organic matter

concentration

Carbon to nitrogen

ratios

C:N-ratio Calculated from the ratio of TOC to TN. Organic matter

source and quality

Sediment oxygen demand

(mmol O2 g-1

d-1

)

SOD Concentration of O2 consumed by organic constituents of surface sediment samples (of known volume) incubated in the dark in seawater in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) bottles.

Bulk organic matter

quality/chemical oxygen demand

Total sediment metabolism

(mmol g-1

d-1

)

TSM Amount of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) produced by mineralisation of OM over ~24 hours in containers filled to completion with sediment and incubated in the dark.

Bulk organic matter quality

Total oxygen uptake

(mmol m-2

d-1

)

benthic

TOU flux

Concentration of O2 consumed by surface sediment cores incubated in the dark as an indicator of benthic carbon mineralisation (Glud 2008).

Bulk organic matter

quality/input rate of OM to seabed

Total carbon dioxide release

(mmol m-2

d-1

)

benthic

TCO2 flux

Concentration of CO2 produced by the breakdown of organic matter in surface sediment cores incubated in the dark.

Bulk organic matter quality/input rate of OM to seabed

Chlorin

Index

CI The ratio of chlorophyll a and its degradation products that are transformed to inert forms upon reaction with HCl, to those that are already inert (Schubert et al. 2005).

Sediment pigment quality.

Total reactive chlorins

(µg g-1

)

TRC Concentration of labile sedimentary pigments (1 - CI x Total chlorins) (Radke et al. 2015).

Reactive pigment quantity

9

1.1 Study area

The Darwin – Bynoe Harbour region lies in the eastern part of the Beagle Gulf, which is located

between the southern shores of Melville and Bathurst Islands and the Australian mainland

(Figure 1-1). This region includes Port Darwin, outer Darwin Harbour (waters between Gunn Point and

Charles Point and includes Shoal Bay) and Bynoe Harbour region, which is bounded by Cox

Peninsula in the east and five islands in the west. The total area of interest is about 2000 km2.

Darwin Harbour is a tropical estuary formed within a drowned river valley, located on the northwestern

coast of the greater Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, northern Australia. Darwin Harbour is positioned

approximately 12.5° south of the equator, facing Bathurst and Melville Islands and the Timor sea,

across the intervening Beagle Gulf (Woodroffe et al. 1988; Nott 2003). The geology of the Darwin

Harbour consists of a channel incising into two adjacent Proterozoic units that are overlain by

sediments of the Darwin Harbour member of the Bathurst Island Group (Cretaceous) on the adjacent

land. The boundary between these Proterozoic units, the Welltree Metamorphics on the western side,

and the Burrell Creek Formation on the east, is located under the main channel (Darwin Sheet SD 52-

4, Northern Territory Geological Survey, 1988). Darwin City is located on the largely horizontally

bedded strata of the Darwin Harbour member, overlying Burrell Creek Formation sediments (Nott

2003). During the Last Glacial Maximum (19-23 ka BP) Darwin Harbour and the adjacent Beagle Gulf

were without marine water, and subject to subaerial erosion and weathering processes. While

Holocene sea level and sedimentary processes are well documented (Woodroffe and Grime 1999,

Woodroffe et al. 1993), less is known about the post Cretaceous to Holocene history of this area.

Several lines of evidence suggest that the greater Joseph Bonaparte Gulf region was affected by

global low sea levels similar to the last ice age since at least the end of the Mid Pleistocene Transition

(~ 650 ka BP) with buried river channels present just outside Beagle Gulf (Bourget et al. 2013, Saqab

and Bourget 2015, Nicholas et al. 2015). For the majority of this time, sea level was insufficiently high

for Darwin Harbour to be an estuary. Thus, Darwin Harbour is a drowned river valley which has been

exposed to erosion and weathering for a large proportion of the past 650 000 years, and has only

been intermittently connected to the sea over that time. Estuarine conditions similar to present were

established some 7 to 8 thousand years ago, just as rising sea levels stabilised after the last ice age

(Lewis et al. 2013).

The climate regime is monsoon tropical. Darwin receives about 1726 mm of rainfall annually, with the

majority falling in the monsoon (wet) season between November and March. Runoff varies between

250 and1000 mm of annual rainfall. Riverine discharge is low as the Darwin and Bynoe harbour

catchments are relatively small. Prevailing winds are seasonal with north-west monsoons in November

to March giving way to southeast trade winds from May to September. During the wet season, the

monsoonal conditions create turbulent wave action and thus high turbidity levels along this coast.

The annual range in sea surface temperature in Darwin Harbour is from 23 - 34°C. The Beagle Gulf is

dominated by tidal currents that flow in an east-west direction. The main direction changes to

northwest–southeast near the entrance to Darwin Harbour. The tides amplify as they transit across the

wide continental shelf and the currents become more bidirectional as they approach the coast. Darwin

and Bynoe harbours have a large tidal range (macrotidal) with a 7.9 m maximum tidal range (5.5 m

mean spring range and 1.8 m mean neap range) (Woodroffe et al. 1988, Andutta et al., 2013). The

tidal cycle is semidiurnal (two tidal cycles are experienced every 24 hours). Tidal currents can reach

up to 2 m/s (7.2 km/h) during a maximum spring tide (Andutta et al. 2013; Williams et al. 2006). As a

result of the tidal energy, Darwin Harbour is considered to be a reasonably well-mixed homogenous

water body that is naturally turbid but carries low nutrient loads. Turbidity values range from 5

Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) in the dry season to in excess of 400 NTU during wet season

storms.

10

Darwin Harbour contains a main channel, and three elongate arms: West Arm, Middle Arm and East

Arm (Figure 1-1), each with a distinct catchment. The drainage basin of Darwin Harbour is 1833 km2

(Andutta et al. 2013). The Elizabeth River flows into East Arm, while the Darwin/Berry and Blackmore

Rivers flow into Middle Arm. West Arm is without a prominent river. Each arm comprises deeper

channels bordered by intertidal and subtidal mud flats, and these are in turn fringed by mangrove

forest (Fortune 2006). The seabed morphology of the harbour and estuary is dominated by a large

river channel and adjacent shoreline platforms and subtidal flats (Siwabessy et al. 2015). The main

channel was previously estimated to be 36 m deep, and channels in the individual arms up to 12 m

deep (Fortune 2006). Tides dominate sediment transport, while the effects of wind-driven currents,

waves and river discharge appear negligible for sediment movement (Andutta et al. 2013). Turbid

plumes can extend over wide areas of the harbour. While large parts of the river channel are free of

sediment cover, most areas are dominated by unconsolidated sediment forming a wide variety of

morphologies including mud flats, ripples, sediment sandwaves and even sub-aqueous dunes. These

sedimentary features are the result of the erosion, transport and deposition of sediment in currents

during calm and stormy conditions.

11

2 Methods

2.1 Survey overview

The survey was undertaken using small vessels in the period between 3 July and 14 September 2016

(Appendix A). Typically, benthic sediment samples were taken from 3 - 5 pre-selected waypoints (e.g.

point locations) on a given day, during the early morning hours. The waypoints sampled each day

were determined by the prevailing weather and tide conditions.

2.2 Station selection

A set of 100 waypoints (Appendix B) were pre-selected to serve as sampling locations (or stations)

(Figure 2-1). The survey area was spatially stratified into 25 strata using latitude and longitude data;

and then four waypoints were randomly selected within each stratum. The R packages sp (Pebesma

and Bivand 2005), raster (Hijmans 2014) and spcosa (Walvoort et al. 2015) were used to operate and

plot the data.

A small number of samples (designated as ‘other’ in Figure 3-1) were also collected from locations that

were not pre-selected waypoints. These samples will be used as potential end-members for

geochemical interpretations (e.g. three soil samples, one mangrove sample and seabed samples from

the mouths of Buffalo Creek, Rapid Creek and the King’s River).

The sampling locations were assigned station numbers when they were first sampled. The station

numbers were given in the order of collection and thus are different from the waypoint numbers

(Appendix C).

12

Figure 2-1 The spatial distributions of 100 waypoints that were randomly distributed across the study area polygon. The waypoints are shown in relation to multibeam bathymetry data collected in 2011 and 2015 (Figure 1-1). The spatial coordinates of the waypoints are provided in Appendix B.

2.3 Sample collection

Unconsolidated seabed sediments were collected at each station using a box corer and/or a Shipek

Grab. The Shipek Grab measures 10.1 x 16.2 cm in area and is 8 cm deep, and collects up to 970 ml

of sediment (and porewater) (Figure 2-2). It is designed for sandy sediment. The box corer measures

15 cm X 15 cm X 24 cm (~5400 ml) and is only able to effectively collect muddy sediments (Figure

2-2). The grabs were hand deployed and retrieved, sometimes with the aid of a winch. Up to four

samples (grab and/or box core) were taken at each station, as required, to get sufficient sediment for

up to six sub-samples. The sub-samples were designated for: (i) grain size analysis; (ii) chlorin

analysis; (iii) SOD; (iv) Total sediment metabolism (TSM); (v) core incubation experiments (e.g.

13

benthic TOU and TCO2 fluxes (on up to three samples per day)); and (vi) element, carbonate and

specific surface area analyses (Table 1-2). Every grab and box core from which a sample was taken

was assigned a unique box core or grab number, in the order of sampling. Metadata (e.g. latitude,

longitude, water depth, date and time) were also recorded when every grab and box core was on the

seafloor (Appendix C). The grab and box core did not work at some waypoints (e.g. over hard ground),

and at some stations recovery was not sufficient to obtain all six sub-samples. Grain size samples

were given highest priority and TSM was given lowest priority. A summary of the sub-samples

collected at each station, and the grab/box core numbers that were assigned to these samples, is

provided in Appendix B.

Figure 2-2. Photos showing (a) the box corer and (b) the retrieval of the Shipek Grab. In (c) a core barrel and syringe are pushed into the contents of a Shipek Grab.

2.4 Sample analysis

Samples were returned to the laboratory at the AIMS Arafura Timor Sea Research Facility (ATRF) as

soon as possible after collection, where they were further processed and/or stored. The procedures

that were undertaken on the sub-samples, both on the boat and at the ATRF, are summarised in

Table 2-1. Details of field (field) and laboratory (ATRF) processing used to prepare and analyse the

sub-samples. The sub-sample ID extension (_A1, _B1 etc.) correspond to the file extensions assigned

to parent sample ID’s (Appendix C) in GA databases. Thus each sub-sample has a unique ID (and

sample number).. Upon completion of the fieldwork, the sub-samples were sent to GA for further

laboratory analyses by procedures that are described in Radke et al. (2015, 2017). These laboratory

procedures are identical to those undertaken on like sub-samples from the previous two surveys

14

(SOL6187 and SOL6432). However, samples collected during surveys SOL6187 and SOL6432 were

immediately processed in the shipboard laboratory of the RV Solander.

Table 2-1. Details of field (field) and laboratory (ATRF) processing used to prepare and analyse the sub-samples. The sub-sample ID extension (_A1, _B1 etc.) correspond to the file extensions assigned to parent sample ID’s (Appendix C) in GA databases. Thus each sub-sample has a unique ID (and sample number).

Sub-sample ID

extension

Field and ATRF processing Analyses that the

samples are designated

for

_A1 (field) ~2 cm of surface sediment was spooned into a labelled bag.

(ATRF) Samples refrigerated

Grain size

_B1 (field) 6.5 ml of surface sediment (0-2 cm) was syringed into pre-weighed plastic container. The samples were wrapped in Al foil and put on ice.

(ATRF) Samples frozen.

Porosity; Total chlorins and chlorin indices.

_C1 (field) 6.5 ml of surface sediment (0-2 cm) syringed into plastic bag.

(ATRF) Sample incubated in filtered (0.5μm) seawater in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) bottles for ~24 hrs in the dark at approximately sea surface temperatures (SST). Dissolved oxygen concentrations (and saturation values) were measured at the start and finish of the incubations.

Sediment oxygen demand

_C2 (field): see C_D1

(ATRF) Salinity, temperature and pH were measured on pore waters extracted from sub-samples C_D1. These pore waters were then filtered (0.45 µm) into 3 ml gas-tight vials (pre-charged with 25 μL HgCl

2) (T=0).

The procedure was repeated on pore waters from an additional bulk sample collected as per C_D1 and incubated for ~24 hrs at ~28

oC. Samples were

refrigerated prior to analysis for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC).

Total sediment metabolism

_C3 (field) 5 cm diameter perspex core barrels were pushed into grab sediment surface (at ~75% of stations). Cores overlain by 0.153L of filtered (0.5μm) and uv-treated seawater and pre-incubated in the dark for ~3 hours.

(ATRF) After the ~3 hour pre-incubation period the cores were sealed and incubated in the dark for ~6 hours at ~25

oC. Dissolved oxygen levels were

measured at ~30 minute intervals. Samples for DIC analysis were taken at the start and finish of the incubations. Blank cores (seawater only) were run intermittently throughout the survey period

Core incubation experiments.

CO2 production and

consumption rates; total oxygen uptake rates

_D1 (field) Surface sediment (~0-2 cm) was spooned into four Falcon vials.

(ATRF) Pore waters were removed as soon as possible after collection (see C_C2). Residual sediment was frozen for transport to the laboratory.

Organic and inorganic elements and C and N isotopes

_S1 Notation used to denote solid specimens picked from grab samples.

(field)The specimens were placed in plastic bags

(ATRF) Samples frozen.

Major, trace and rare earth elements

15

3 Data summary

3.1 Sample and sub-sample locations and metadata

Two hundred seafloor sediment samples were collected from 95 stations during the survey: 167 from

Shipek Grabs and a further 33 from Box Cores (Table 3-1). During the time period of the survey, 200

incubation experiments were undertaken. Sub-samples were also prepared for grain size, chlorin, and

elemental, carbonate and specific surface area analyses (Table 3-1). The location points for each the

various sub-sample types are shown in Figure 3-2 to Figure 3-7, and the metadata for the sub-

samples is provided in Appendix E to Appendix J (Table 3-1).

A single ‘specimen’ sample was collected at Station 40 (Figure 3-8) comprising brown laterite pellets.

These pellets, which are designated for elemental analysis, are ubiquitous throughout the Darwin -

Bynoe Harbour regions, and are derived from the coastal conglomeratic lateritic rocks described by

Nott (2003). Elemental analysis of similar specimens collected at Station 56 during survey SOL6187 to

the deeper-water areas of outer Darwin Harbour revealed that such pellets are enriched in As, Pb, Cr,

V and Cu relative to the residual sediment matrix, and have a strong impact on the bulk sediment

chemistry.

Seagrass roots and or fronds were observed in 19 of the seabed samples (Table 3-1) collected in the

western part of the study area (Figure 3-8).The metadata for the seagrass observations, including

cursory identifications, is provided in Appendix L. The seagrass data has been provided to DENR for

inclusion into their seagrass database.

Samples could not be taken at three of the waypoints due to the occurrence of hardground. These

locations are shown in Figure 3-8.

Table 3-1 Summary of sample types and sub-samples acquired during the survey and accessory observations.

Sample and Sub-sample types Number of

samples Map showing

locations Metadata

Shipek Grab samples 167 Figure 3-1 Appendix C

Box Core samples 33 Figure 3-1 Appendix C

Surface regolith samples (soil) 3 Figure 3-1 Appendix C

Grain size sub-samples 92 Figure 3-2 Appendix E

Chlorin and porosity sub-samples 88 Figure 3-3 Appendix F

Sediment oxygen demand experiment sub-samples 87 Figure 3-4 Appendix G

Total sediment metabolism experiment sub-samples 50 Figure 3-5 Appendix H

Core Incubation experiment sub-samples 68 Figure 3-6 65Appendix I

Elements/carbonate/specific surface area sub-samples 86 Figure 3-7 Appendix J

Specimen sub-samples (elemental analysis) 1 Figure 3-8 Appendix K

Seagrass observations 19 Figure 3-8 Appendix L

Hardground observations 3 Figure 3-8 Waypoints 6, 69, 87: Appendix B

16

Figure 3-1Locations of Shipek Grab and Box Core samples and soil samples. The numbers against the Shipek Grab and Box Core samples correspond to Grab (GR) numbers and Box Core (BC) numbers (Appendix D). Station numbers are shown for the soil samples. The stations designated as ‘other’ were not from pre-selected waypoints.

17

Figure 3-2 Stations where sub-samples were taken for grain size analysis.

Figure 3-3 Stations where sub-samples were taken for chlorins and porosity analyses.

18

Figure 3-4 Stations where sub-samples were taken for sediment oxygen demand experiments

Figure 3-5 Stations where sub-samples were taken for Total sediment metabolism experiments.

19

Figure 3-6 Stations where sub-samples were taken for core incubation experiments to determine Total oxygen uptake and Total carbon dioxide release rates (e.g. core incubation experiments).

Figure 3-7 Stations where sub-samples were taken for inorganic and organic element, %carbonate and specific surface area analysis.

20

Figure 3-8 Stations where seagrasses were observed and where a laterite (specimen) sample was taken. Waypoint locations are provided for hardground locations.

3.2 Preliminary observations

The baseline environmental datasets acquired during this survey will be merged with like datasets

from the other three surveys to create a set of interpolated maps of abiotic parameters with full

coverage for the region. For example, below we include a preliminary interpolated map of the benthic

TOU flux, which combines the core incubation experiment results from the three completed surveys

(Table 1-1; SOL6187, SOL6432 and this survey). Benthic TOU fluxes are an indicator of benthic

carbon mineralisation rates (Glud 2008), which are an indicator of carbon loading to the seabed (Eyre

and Ferguson 2009). The preliminary map shows that carbon loadings were relatively high in the

western part of outer Bynoe Harbour and in the nearshore areas of outer Darwin Harbour (this study).

However, the benthic TOU flux average (± 1 s.d.) for the combined dataset was only 15.3 ± 7.9 mmol

m-2

d-1

, which is considerably lower than average fluxes measured in subtidal and intertidal sediments

in inner Darwin Harbour (65 ± 24.6 and 76.7 ± 28.8 mmol m-2

d-1

respectively) (Burford et al., 2008),

and the range reported for tidal creeks in Darwin Harbour (40 - 90.5 mmol m-2

d-1

) which includes

sewage contaminated Buffalo Creek (Smith et al. 2012). Annual dry season carbon loads for the

region will be estimated from these and other data after the completion of the nearshore survey of

Bynoe Harbour.

21

Figure 3-9 First pass interpolated map of the benthic total oxygen uptake (TOU) flux measured in mmol m-2

d-1

incorporating data from three of four surveys (Table 1). The spatial predictions of TOU were made using the default options for the inverse distance weighting (IDW) technique in ArcMap. Note that the interpolation is not relevant in the areas without stations. More advanced statistical modelling techniques will be used to derive continuous spatial coverages for various physical parameters when the fieldwork is complete and the final datasets are assembled (see for example Li et al., 2010, 2011).

22

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the INPEX-led Ichthys LNG Project via the Northern Territory (NT)

Government Department of Land Resource Management (DLRM) (now the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)), and co-investment from Geoscience Australia (GA) and

Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS). We are grateful to the following agencies for providing

boats and staff, and to the following personal for help with sample acquisition: NT DENR (Danny Low

Choy and Rachel Groome), NT Fisheries (Wayne Baldwin, Quentin Allsop, Shane Penny, Chris Errily,

Sean Fitzpatrick and Mark Grubert), NT Parks and Wildlife (Ray Chatto, Stewart Weorle, and Luke

McLaren) and the Larrakia Rangers (Nelson Tinoco, Kyle Lewfat, Alan Mummery and Steven

Dawson). Special thanks to the skippers Danny Low Choy, Wayne Baldwin, Stewart Weorle and Luke

McLaren whose seamanship strongly guided the execution of this survey. AIMS generously allowed

use of the aquarium and laboratory at the Arafura Timor Sea Research Facility, and Simon Harries

and Kirsty McAllister helped with the setup. We would also like to acknowledge and thank GA

colleagues including: Matt Carey, Ian Atkinson and Craig Wintle (Engineering and Applied Scientific

Services) for the organisation of field supplies and the design of the new core incubation set-up,

Xiaojing Li (Marine Resources Advice and Information) for help with databases, the Library and

Production and Promotions teams for help with producing this record and Andrew Carroll and Xiaojing

Li for their valuable reviews. INPEX also made constructive suggestions on the content of this report.

This record is published with the permission of the Chief Executive Officer of Geoscience Australia

23

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25

Vessels and Crews Appendix A

Appendix Table A. Vessels used during the shallow water survey according to date, and the people that crewed the vessels.

Dates Vessel (Agency) Skipper Other Participants

July 4-6/2016 Mallara (NT Fisheries) Wayne Baldwin Lynda Radke, Neil Smit, Quentin Allsop and Shane Penny

July 11-14/2016 Jon Lawrie (NT DENR) Daniel Low Choy Lynda Radke, Neil Smit and Nelson Tinoco

July 18 – 21/2016 Gopu (NT Fisheries) Wayne Baldwin Lynda Radke, Neil Smit, Nelson Tinoco and Kyle Lewfat

July 25- 28/2016 Jon Lawrie (NT DENR) Daniel Low Choy Lynda Radke, Nelson Tinoco, Kyle Lewfat and Alan Mummery

Aug 2-5/2016 Jon Lawrie (NT DENR) Daniel Low Choy Ray Chatto

Aug 8-11/2016 Jon Lawrie/NT-1 (Dolphin boat) (NT DENR)

Daniel Low Choy Lynda Radke, Nelson Tinoco, Rachel Groome and Kyle Lewfat

Aug 17-19/2016 Jon Lawrie (NT DENR) Daniel Low Choy Lynda Radke, Nelson Tinoco and Steven Dawson

Aug 22/16 Jon Lawrie (NT DENR) Daniel Low Choy Lynda Radke and Kyle Lewfat

Sept 2/2016 Mallara (NT Fisheries) Wayne Baldwin Lynda Radke, Shane Penny, Chris Errily and Sean Fitzpatrick

Sept 7/2016/ Sept 8/2016

Mallara (NT Fisheries)/ Porosis (NT Parks and Wildlife)

Wayne Baldwin/ Stewart Weorle Lynda Radke, Mark Grubert and Neil Smit

Sept 12-14 Porosis (NT Parks and Wildlife)

Stewart Weorle Lynda Radke and Neil Smit

Sept 12-14 Porosis (NT Parks and Wildlife)

Luke McLaren Lynda Radke and Neil Smit

26

Station Waypoints Appendix B

Appendix Table B. Waypoint locations in decimal format.

Waypoint d-Latitude d-Longitude Waypoint d-Latitude d-Longitude

1 -12.38857 130.63093 51 -12.30203 130.93588

2 -12.38670 130.64316 52 -12.30574 130.93843

3 -12.36665 130.64599 53 -12.32402 130.94022

4 -12.37688 130.65169 54 -12.32641 130.94732

5 -12.39819 130.67185 55 -12.16348 130.94699

6 -12.41364 130.68151 56 -12.30757 130.95552

7 -12.40611 130.68153 57 -12.15134 130.95805

8 -12.39906 130.68489 58 -12.34098 130.96275

9 -12.40137 130.69121 59 -12.14393 130.96259

10 -12.41368 130.72255 60 -12.32393 130.96531

11 -12.40303 130.72295 61 -12.31240 130.96771

12 -12.40023 130.72320 62 -12.34277 130.96814

13 -12.41407 130.73140 63 -12.29502 130.96790

14 -12.42316 130.73485 64 -12.31936 130.97251

15 -12.42701 130.73877 65 -12.30398 130.97359

16 -12.40946 130.74046 66 -12.30006 130.97780

17 -12.35822 130.79693 67 -12.14267 130.97727

18 -12.33520 130.80604 68 -12.27769 130.97952

19 -12.34735 130.80738 69 -12.17578 130.98819

20 -12.37494 130.81298 70 -12.26461 130.98963

21 -12.36283 130.81484 71 -12.21844 130.99087

22 -12.34264 130.81636 72 -12.21693 130.99166

23 -12.33694 130.82314 73 -12.33585 130.99346

24 -12.37789 130.82443 74 -12.13855 130.99308

25 -12.35094 130.82556 75 -12.24396 130.99449

26 -12.36496 130.82670 76 -12.18170 130.99436

27 -12.39086 130.82856 77 -12.16612 130.99624

28 -12.40613 130.82990 78 -12.29838 130.99792

27

Waypoint d-Latitude d-Longitude Waypoint d-Latitude d-Longitude

29 -12.39068 130.83157 79 -12.21521 130.99741

30 -12.34605 130.84180 80 -12.34297 130.99900

31 -12.33069 130.84460 81 -12.31329 130.99900

32 -12.39188 130.84718 82 -12.28956 130.99982

33 -12.33723 130.84828 83 -12.27076 132.00361

34 -12.33826 130.84868 84 -12.28819 132.00494

35 -12.32772 130.85585 85 -12.27250 132.00651

36 -12.36144 130.85682 86 -12.30600 132.00690

37 -12.36241 130.85805 87 -12.21942 132.00889

38 -12.35623 130.85823 88 -12.35182 132.01130

39 -12.36260 130.85907 89 -12.32396 132.01144

40 -12.34402 130.86337 90 -12.25561 132.01263

41 -12.32661 130.86908 91 -12.33452 132.01449

42 -12.33764 130.87734 92 -12.23861 132.01414

43 -12.31884 130.88111 93 -12.26406 132.01538

44 -12.34355 130.88134 94 -12.35729 132.01708

45 -12.31840 130.90513 95 -12.26374 132.01696

46 -12.32396 130.90887 96 -12.26325 132.02011

47 -12.32914 130.91720 97 -12.34984 132.02212

48 -12.32743 130.92486 98 -12.22642 132.02202

49 -12.32447 130.92978 99 -12.32487 132.02559

50 -12.33300 130.92986 100 -12.22505 132.02539

28

Metadata for Grab Samples Appendix C

Appendix Table C. Metadata for the ‘parent’ grab samples arranged in the order of sample collection. Each child sample or sub-sample (Appendix D) connected to a parent

has the same metadata as the parent sample but a different sample number. In addition, the Sample ID’s of the sub-samples include the parent sample ID and an extension

that reflects the type of analysis undertaken. For example, GA0356/004BC006_A1 designates a sub-sample from parent sample GA0356/004BC006 from survey

GA0356 (this survey) collected at Station 004 from Box Core (BC) 006 for the purpose of grain size analysis (_A1). Likewise GA0356/009GR004_B1

designates a sub-sample from parent sample GA0356/009GR004 from survey GA0356 (this survey) collected at Station 009 from grab (GR) 004 for the

purpose of chlorin analysis (_B1).

Station number

Waypoint

number Parent Sample

Number Parent Sample

ID Sample

type Longitude Latitude Water depth

(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

1 12 2614095 GA0356/001BC001 CORE BOX 130.7232 -12.4002 7.5 3/7/2016

2 11 2614097 GA0356/002BC0iming 02 CORE BOX 130.722117 -12.4028 9.4 3/7/2016

2 11 2614099 GA0356/002BC003 CORE BOX 130.722633 -12.40297 9.2 3/7/2016

3 10 2614105 GA0356/003BC004 CORE BOX 130.72215 -12.41343 10.2 3/7/2016

3 10 2614107 GA0356/003BC005 CORE BOX 130.722433 -12.41373 9.8 3/7/2016

4 3 2614113 GA0356/004BC006 CORE BOX 130.645989 -12.36625 13.6 5/07/2016

5 8 2614115 GA0356/005BC007 CORE BOX 130.684933 -12.39915 6.3 5/7/2016

5 8 2614117 GA0356/005BC008 CORE BOX 130.685183 -12.39892 6.5 5/7/2016

29

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

6 9 2614123 GA0356/006BC009 CORE BOX 130.6915 -12.40115 6.5 5/7/2016

6 9 2614125 GA0356/006BC010 CORE BOX 130.691583 -12.40133 6.2 5/7/2016

7 20 2614131 GA0356/007BC011 CORE BOX 130.812917 -12.37485 8.4 7/7/2016

7 20 2614133 GA0356/007BC012 CORE BOX 130.813067 -12.37467 8.6 7/7/2016

7 20 2614135 GA0356/007BC013 CORE BOX 130.813117 -12.37498 8.5 7/7/2016

8 21 2614138 GA0356/008BC014 CORE BOX 130.814867 -12.36243 6.8 7/7/2016

9 100 2614140 GA0356/009BC015 CORE BOX 131.0254 -12.22497 1.7 11/7/2016

10 98 2614142 GA0356/010BC016 CORE BOX 131.02201 -12.22641 3.5 11/7/2016

11 92 2614144 GA0356/011BC017 CORE BOX 131.0254 -12.22497 1.7 11/7/2016

11 92 2614146 GA0356/011BC018 CORE BOX 131.01415 -12.2489 7.3 11/7/2016

12 90 2614152 GA0356/012BC019 CORE BOX 131.01261 -12.25556 7.2 11/7/2016

12 90 2614158 GA0356/012BC020 CORE BOX 131.01259 -12.25559 7.1 11/7/2016

13 71 2614160 GA0356/013GR001 GRAB SHIPEK 130.99093 -12.21827 11.3 11/7/2016

30

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

13 71 2614162 GA0356/013BC021 CORE BOX 130.99093 -12.21838 11.4 11/7/2016

14 72 2614168 GA0356/014BC022 CORE BOX 130.9917 -12.21691 11.5 12/7/2016

14 72 2614170 GA0356/014BC023 CORE BOX 130.99173 -12.21684 11.6 12/7/2016

15 79 2614175 GA0356/015GR002 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9974 -12.21517 9.6 12/7/2016

15 79 2614177 GA0356/015GR003 GRAB SHIPEK 130.99733 -12.21514 9.7 12/7/2016

9 100 2614181 GA0356/009GR004 GRAB SHIPEK 131.02539 -12.22499 1.4 12/7/2016

16 64 2614186 GA0356/016GR005 GRAB SHIPEK 130.97252 -12.31938 3.3 12/7/2016

16 64 2614188 GA0356/016GR006 GRAB SHIPEK 130.97253 -12.31938 3.4 13/7/2016

16 64 2614192 GA0356/016GR007 GRAB SHIPEK 130.97251 -12.31937 3.5 13/7/2016

17 65 2614194 GA0356/017GR008 GRAB SHIPEK 130.97362 -12.30399 5.8 13/7/2016

18 66 2614196 GA0356/018GR009 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9778 -12.30009 6.1 13/7/2016

18 66 2614198 GA0356/018GR010 GRAB SHIPEK 130.97778 -12.30008 6.1 13/7/2016

19 50 2614203 GA0356/019GR011 GRAB SHIPEK 130.92985 -12.32999 2.5 13/7/2016

31

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

19 50 2614205 GA0356/019GR012 GRAB SHIPEK 130.92985 -12.32999 2.6 15/07/2016

20 28 2614210 GA0356/020GR013 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8298833 -12.40605 1.9 18/7/2016

20 28 2614212 GA0356/020GR014 GRAB SHIPEK 130.83005 -12.40605 2 18/7/2016

20 28 2614216 GA0356/020GR015 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8298833 -12.40617 1.9 18/7/2016

21 32 2614219 GA0356/021GR016 GRAB SHIPEK 130.84565 -12.3924 0.6 18/7/2016

21 32 2614223 GA0356/021GR017 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8456167 -12.39233 0.6 18/7/2016

21 32 2614225 GA0356/021GR018 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8456667 -12.39247 0.5 18/7/2016

22 24 2614228 GA0356/022GR019 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8243833 -12.37788 7 18/7/2016

22 24 2614230 GA0356/022GR020 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8244 -12.37778 6.8 18/7/2016

22 24 2614234 GA0356/022GR021 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8245167 -12.37773 6.8 18/7/2016

23 25 2614237 GA0356/023GR022 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8257833 -12.35095 5.2 18/7/2016

23 25 2614239 GA0356/023GR023 GRAB SHIPEK 130.82585 -12.3509 5.2 18/7/2016

24 17 2614243 GA0356/024GR023 GRAB SHIPEK 130.7968833 -12.35487 9 19/7/2016

32

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

24 17 2614249 GA0356/024GR024 GRAB SHIPEK 130.7970167 -12.35472 9 19/7/2016

25 19 2614251 GA0356/025GR025 GRAB SHIPEK 130.80735 -12.34727 3.5 19/7/2016

25 19 2614257 GA0356/025GR026 GRAB SHIPEK 130.80735 -12.3473 3.5 19/7/2016

26 22 2614259 GA0356/026GR027 GRAB SHIPEK 130.81635 -12.3426 8.4 19/7/2016

26 22 2614261 GA0356/026GR028 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8163667 -12.34263 8.4 19/7/2016

26 22 2614265 GA0356/026GR029 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8163667 -12.34263 8.4 19/7/2016

27 23 2614267 GA0356/027GR030 GRAB SHIPEK 130.82325 -12.33687 11.2 19/7/2016

28 23 2614269 GA0356/027GR031 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8231167 -12.3369 11 19/7/2016

28 36 2614273 GA0356/028GR032 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8568667 -12.36147 6 20/7/2016

28 36 2614275 GA0356/028GR033 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8570167 -12.36143 6 20/7/2016

29 36 2614279 GA0356/028GR034 GRAB SHIPEK 130.85685 -12.36152 5.9 20/7/2016

29 37 2614282 GA0356/029GR035 GRAB SHIPEK 130.85685 -12.36152 5.9 20/7/2016

29 37 2614284 GA0356/029GR036 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8580167 -12.36242 5.7 20/7/2016

33

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

29 37 2614288 GA0356/029GR037 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8581 -12.36238 5.7 20/7/2016

30 39 2614290 GA0356/030GR038 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8591667 -12.36257 5.1 20/7/2016

30 39 2614294 GA0356/030GR039 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8590667 -12.36262 5.2 20/7/2016

30 39 2614296 GA0356/030GR040 GRAB SHIPEK 130.85905 -12.3626 5 20/7/2016

31 38 2614298 GA0356/031GR041 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8582333 -12.35613 5.6 20/7/2016

31 38 2614302 GA0356/031GR042 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8582 -12.35625 5.6 20/7/2016

32 97 2614304 GA0356/032GR043 GRAB SHIPEK 131.0221 -12.3498 3 24/7/2016

32 97 2614310 GA0356/032GR044 GRAB SHIPEK 131.02212 -12.34981 3 24/7/2016

33 94 2614312 GA0356/033GR045 GRAB SHIPEK 131.01711 -12.35731 3.7 24/7/2016

33 94 2614317 GA0356/033GR046 GRAB SHIPEK 131.01709 -12.35731 3.7 24/7/2016

34 88 2614319 GA0356/034GR047 GRAB SHIPEK 131.01129 -12.35179 4.5 24/7/2016

34 88 2614321 GA0356/034GR048 GRAB SHIPEK 131.01131 -12.3518 4.5 24/7/2016

35 78 2614327 GA0356/035GR048 GRAB SHIPEK 130.99789 -12.29842 5.6 25/7/2016

34

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

35 78 2614329 GA0356/035GR049 GRAB SHIPEK 130.99793 -12.29842 5.6 25/7/2016

35 86 2614335 GA0356/036GR050 GRAB SHIPEK 131.0069 -12.306 5.9 25/7/2016

36 86 2614337 GA0356/036BC024 CORE BOX 131.00692 -12.30602 5.7 25/7/2016

37 81 2614343 GA0356/037GR051 GRAB SHIPEK 130.999 -12.313 3.5 25/7/2016

37 81 2614349 GA0356/037GR052 GRAB SHIPEK 130.999 -12.31298 3.5 25/7/2016

38 91 2614351 GA0356/038GR053 GRAB SHIPEK 131.01449 -12.33451 4 26/7/2016

38 91 2614357 GA0356/038GR054 GRAB SHIPEK 131.01451 -12.3345 4 26/7/2016

39 99 2614359 GA0356/039GR055 GRAB SHIPEK 131.0256 -12.3299 3.3 26/7/2016

39 99 2614361 GA0356/039GR056 GRAB SHIPEK 131.02562 -12.32989 3.2 26/7/2016

40 89 2614367 GA0356/040GR057 GRAB SHIPEK 131.01413 -12.32477 1.9 26/7/2016

40 89 2614369 GA0356/040GR058 GRAB SHIPEK 131.01413 -12.3248 1.6 27/7/2016

40 89 2614373 GA0356/040GR059 GRAB SHIPEK 131.01413 -12.32479 1.6 27/7/2016

40 89 2614375 GA0356/040GR060 GRAB SHIPEK 131.01408 -12.3262 0 27/7/2016

35

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

41 53 2614377 GA0356/041GR061 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9402 -12.32396 5.9 27/07/2016

41 53 2614379 GA0356/041GR062 GRAB SHIPEK 130.94022 -12.32397 5.9 27/07/2016

41 53 2614383 GA0356/041GR063 GRAB SHIPEK 130.94022 -12.32399 5.9 27/07/2016

42 49 2614385 GA0356/042GR064 GRAB SHIPEK 130.92982 -12.3245 6 28/7/2016

42 49 2614387 GA0356/042GR065 GRAB SHIPEK 130.92982 -12.32451 6 27/07/2016

43 mangrove 2614389 GA0356/043BC025 CORE BOX 130.92074 -12.34213 0.9 28/7/2016

44 Buffalo Ck. 2614396 GA0356/044GR066 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9081 -12.33822 1.8 28/7/2016

44 Buffalo Ck. 2614398 GA0356/044GR067 GRAB SHIPEK 130.90811 -12.33823 1.9 28/7/2016

45 58 2614404 GA0356/045GR068 GRAB SHIPEK 130.96266 -12.34096 2.6 1/8/2016

45 58 2614406 GA0356/045GR069 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9627 -12.34094 2.62 1/8/2016

46 62 2614412 GA0356/046GR070 GRAB SHIPEK 130.96819 -12.34233 0.6 1/8/2016

46 62 2614414 GA0356/046GR071 GRAB SHIPEK 130.96817 -12.34229 0.6 1/8/2016

46 62 2614418 GA0356/046GR072 GRAB SHIPEK 130.96814 -12.34229 0.6 1/8/2016

36

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

47 48 2614420 GA0356/047GR073 GRAB SHIPEK 130.92487 -12.32738 3.7 1/8/2016

48 77 2614422 GA0356/048GR074 GRAB SHIPEK 130.99621 -12.16612 1.7 7/8/2016

48 77 2614424 GA0356/048GR075 GRAB SHIPEK 130.99623 -12.16606 1.8 7/8/2016

48 77 2614426 GA0356/048GR076 GRAB SHIPEK 130.99623 -12.16605 1.8 7/8/2016

49 76 2614430 GA0356/049GR077 GRAB SHIPEK 130.99621 -12.18168 1.7 8/8/2016

49 76 2614432 GA0356/049GR078 GRAB SHIPEK 130.99443 -12.18159 1.6 8/8/2016

49 76 2614436 GA0356/049GR079 GRAB SHIPEK 130.99453 -12.18174 1.6 8/8/2016

50 74 2614438 GA0356/050GR080 GRAB SHIPEK 130.99314 -12.13859 1.6 8/8/2016

50 74 2614440 GA0356/050GR081 GRAB SHIPEK 130.99313 -12.13859 1.5 8/8/2016

51 44 2614446 GA0356/051GR082 GRAB SHIPEK 130.88135 -12.3436 1.4 8/8/2016

51 44 2614448 GA0356/051GR083 GRAB SHIPEK 130.88135 -12.3436 1.4 8/8/2016

52 42 2614454 GA0356/052GR084 GRAB SHIPEK 130.87729 -12.33757 6 9/8/2016

52 42 2614456 GA0356/052GR085 GRAB SHIPEK 130.87735 -12.3376 6 9/8/2016

37

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

53 46 2614458 GA0356/053GR086 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9089 -12.32401 7 9/8/2016

53 46 2614460 GA0356/053GR087 GRAB SHIPEK 130.90883 -12.32391 6.9 9/8/2016

53 46 2614462 GA0356/053GR088 GRAB SHIPEK 130.90877 -12.32391 7 9/8/2016

54 Rapid Creek 2614466 GA0356/054GR089 GRAB SHIPEK 130.85632 -12.37229 1.93 9/8/2016



55 26 2614475 GA0356/055GR092 GRAB SHIPEK 130.82671 -12.36499 6.9 9/8/2016

55 26 2614479 GA0356/055GR093 GRAB SHIPEK 130.82669 -12.36501 6.7 9/8/2016

55 26 2614481 GA0356/055GR094 GRAB SHIPEK 130.82669 -12.36499 6.6 9/8/2016

56 29 2614484 GA0356/056GR095 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8316 -12.39066 6.15 10/8/2016

56 29 2614488 GA0356/056GR096 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8316 -12.39069 6.2 10/8/2016

56 29 2614490 GA0356/056GR097 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8316 -12.39066 6.15 10/8/2016

57 27 2614493 GA0356/057GR098 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8286 -12.39089 7.07 10/8/2016

38

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

57 27 2614495 GA0356/057GR099 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8286 -12.39088 7.07 10/8/2016

58 18 2614500 GA0356/058GR100 GRAB SHIPEK 130.80599 -12.33517 10.2 16/8/2016

58 18 2614502 GA0356/058BC026 CORE BOX 130.80595 -12.33518 10.2 16/8/2016

58 18 2614505 GA0356/058BC027 CORE BOX 130.80595 -12.33515 10.1 16/8/2016

59 31 2614509 GA0356/059BC028 CORE BOX 130.84455 -12.33073 8.71 16/8/2016

59 31 2614511 GA0356/059GR101 GRAB SHIPEK 130.84456 -12.33069 8.7 17/8/2016

60 33 2614516 GA0356/060GR102 GRAB SHIPEK 130.84828 -12.33721 7.32 17/8/2016

60 33 2614518 GA0356/060GR103 GRAB SHIPEK 130.84827 -12.33721 7.36 17/8/2016

60 33 2614522 GA0356/060GR104 GRAB SHIPEK 130.84826 -12.33723 7.22 17/8/2016

61 30 2614525 GA0356/061GR105 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8418 -12.34602 4.12 17/8/2016

61 30 2614527 GA0356/061GR106 GRAB SHIPEK 130.84172 -12.346 3.83 17/8/2016

62 15 2614532 GA0356/062GR107 GRAB SHIPEK 130.7388 -12.427 2.4 17/8/2016

62 15 2614538 GA0356/062GR108 GRAB SHIPEK 130.73876 -12.42702 2.42 17/8/2016

39

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

63 14 2614540 GA0356/063GR109 GRAB SHIPEK 130.7349 -12.42319 6.06 17/8/2016

63 14 2614542 GA0356/063BC029 CORE BOX 130.73489 -12.42321 5.69 17/8/2016

64 7 2614548 GA0356/064GR110 GRAB SHIPEK 130.68148 -12.4061 4.16 17/8/2016

64 7 2614550 GA0356/064BC030 CORE BOX 130.68149 -12.4061 4.01 18/8/2016

65 16 2614556 GA0356/065GR111 GRAB SHIPEK 130.74052 -12.40952 7.9 21/8/2016

65 16 2614562 GA0356/065GR112 GRAB SHIPEK 130.74048 -12.40954 7.95 21/8/2016

66 13 2614564 GA0356/066GR113 GRAB SHIPEK 130.73139 -12.41414 12.43 21/8/2016

66 13 2614570 GA0356/066GR114 GRAB SHIPEK 130.73139 -12.41412 12.3 21/8/2016

1 12 2614572 GA0356/001GR115 GRAB SHIPEK 130.72317 -12.40018 8.64 21/8/2016

1 3 2614577 GA0356/004GR116 GRAB SHIPEK 130.6459833 -12.35008 13.9 1/9/2016

67 4 2614582 GA0356/067GR117 GRAB SHIPEK 130.6349833 -12.36025 11.9 1/9/2016

68 1 2614588 GA0356/068GR118 GRAB SHIPEK 130.6408833 -12.379 4.2 1/9/2016

68 1 2614590 GA0356/068GR119 GRAB SHIPEK 130.6418333 -12.37915 4.7 2/9/2016

40

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

69 57 2614595 GA0356/069GR120 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9582167 -12.15133 10.4 6/9/2016

69 57 2614601 GA0356/069GR121 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9582667 -12.1512 10.4 6/9/2016

70 55 2614603 GA0356/070GR122 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9468333 -12.16348 10 6/9/2016

70 55 2614609 GA0356/070GR123 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9471167 -12.16345 10.2 6/9/2016

71 75 2614611 GA0356/071GR124 GRAB SHIPEK 130.99455 -12.2439 10 6/9/2016

71 75 2614617 GA0356/071GR125 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9944667 -12.244 10.1 6/9/2016

72 70 2614619 GA0356/072GR126 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9898167 -12.26463 10.1 6/9/2016

72 70 2614625 GA0356/072GR127 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9896 -12.26467 10 6/9/2016

73 68 2614627 GA0356/073GR128 GRAB SHIPEK 130.97975 -12.27783 9.8 6/9/2016

73 68 2614631 GA0356/073GR129 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9799333 -12.27752 9.8 6/9/2016

74 80 2614633 GA0356/074GR130 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9994 -12.34275 1.3 8/9/2016

74 80 2614635 GA0356/074GR131 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9994 -12.34275 1.3 8/9/2016

75 73 2614640 GA0356/075GR132 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9935833 -12.33573 1.4 8/9/2016

41

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

75 73 2614643 GA0356/075GR133 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9935833 -12.33573 1.4 8/9/2016

75 73 2614646 GA0356/075GR134 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9935833 -12.33573 1.4 8/9/2016

76 60 2614649 GA0356/076GR135 GRAB SHIPEK 130.96495 -12.32405 5.6 8/9/2016

77 60 2614651 GA0356/076GR136 GRAB SHIPEK 130.96495 -12.32405 5.6 8/9/2016

77 54 2614655 GA0356/077GR137 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9469 -12.32655 5.8 8/9/2016

77 54 2614657 GA0356/077GR138 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9469 -12.32655 5.8 8/9/2016

77 54 2614659 GA0356/077GR139 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9469 -12.32655 5.8 8/9/2016

78 61 2614662 GA0356/078GR140 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9682833 -12.31235 5.4 8/9/2016

78 61 2614667 GA0356/078GR141 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9682833 -12.31235 5.4 8/9/2016

79 84 2614669 GA0356/079GR142 GRAB SHIPEK 131.00505 -12.28798 3.5 11/9/2016

79 84 2614671 GA0356/079GR143 GRAB SHIPEK 131.0050667 -12.28808 3.7 11/9/2016

80 83 2614676 GA0356/080GR144 GRAB SHIPEK 131.00365 -12.27083 5.7 11/9/2016

81 83 2614678 GA0356/080GR145 GRAB SHIPEK 131.0036667 -12.27077 5.6 11/9/2016

42

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

81 85 2614684 GA0356/081GR146 GRAB SHIPEK 131.00655 -12.27243 4.9 11/9/2016

81 85 2614686 GA0356/081GR147 GRAB SHIPEK 131.0066 -12.2724 4.9 11/9/2016

82 93 2614690 GA0356/082GR148 GRAB SHIPEK 131.0153167 -12.26403 4 11/9/2016

82 93 2614692 GA0356/082GR149 GRAB SHIPEK 131.0153833 -12.26405 3.9 11/9/2016

83 96 2614697 GA0356/083GR150 GRAB SHIPEK 131.0201333 -12.26313 2.3 11/9/2016

83 96 2614699 GA0356/083GR151 GRAB SHIPEK 131.0200667 -12.26322 2.3 11/9/2016

84 96 2614703 GA0356/083GR152 GRAB SHIPEK 131.0201333 -12.26325 2.1 11/9/2016

84 34 2614705 GA0356/084GR153 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8487667 -12.33835 7.6 12/9/2016

84 34 2614707 GA0356/084GR154 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8486833 -12.33825 7.9 12/9/2016

85 35 2614711 GA0356/085GR155 GRAB SHIPEK 130.85595 -12.32778 8.8 12/9/2016

85 35 2614716 GA0356/085GR156 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8559667 -12.32788 8.9 12/9/2016

86 40 2614718 GA0356/086GR157 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8633 -12.34408 4.5 12/9/2016

86 40 2614720 GA0356/86GR158 GRAB SHIPEK 130.86335 -12.34405 4.5 12/9/2016

43

Station number

Waypoint



ID Sample


(m) Acquire date

(UTM)

87 41 2614725 GA0356/087GR159 GRAB SHIPEK 130.86895 -12.3266 8.2 12/9/2016

87 41 2614727 GA0356/087GR160 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8689667 -12.32663 8.2 12/9/2016

88 43 2614731 GA0356/088GR161 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8811 -12.31882 7.7 12/9/2016

89 Howard River catchment soil

2614733 GA0356/089SRS001 SURFACE REGOLITH SAMPLE 131.12387 -12.31591 N/A 14/09/2016

90 Howard River catchment soil 2614737 GA0356/090SRS002 SURFACE REGOLITH SAMPLE 131.13382 -12.43631 N/A 14/09/2016

91 Blackmore River catchment soil 2614741 GA0356/091SRS003 SURFACE REGOLITH SAMPLE 130.94754 -12.74004 N/A 14/09/2016

92 Kings River mouth 2614745 GA0356/092GR162 GRAB SHIPEK 130.94885 -12.34608 3.1 14/9/2016

92 Kings River mouth 2614751 GA0356/092GR163 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9490167 -12.34585 3 14/9/2016

93 63 2614753 GA0356/093GR164 GRAB SHIPEK 130.96825 -12.29488 8 14/9/2016

93 63 2614758 GA0356/093GR165 GRAB SHIPEK 130.96795 -12.295 8.1 14/9/2016

94 52 2614760 GA0356/094BC031 CORE BOX 130.93835 -12.3058 8.8 14/9/2016

94 52 2614762 GA0356/094BC032 CORE BOX 130.93845 -12.30568 8.5 14/9/2016

95 52 2614768 GA0356/095BC033 CORE BOX 130.9382333 -12.31885 6.9 14/9/2016

44

List of sediment sub-samples Appendix Daccording to station

Appendix Table D. List of sub-samples designated for geochemical and sedimentological analysis. Box

core and grab numbers are shown in the columns. Each of these sub-samples (or child samples) is

connected to a parent sample (Appendix C), and has the same metadata. However, the sub-samples have

different sample numbers than the parent samples. Moreover, the Sample ID’s of the sub-samples include the

parent sample ID and an extension that reflects the type of analysis undertaken. For example,

GA0356/004BC006_A1 designates a sub-sample from parent sample GA0356/004BC006 from survey

GA0356 (this survey) collected at Station 004 from Box Core (BC) 006 for the purpose of grain size

analysis (_A1). Likewise GA0356/009GR004_B1 designates a sub-sample from parent sample

GA0356/009GR004 from survey GA0356 (this survey) collected at Station 009 from grab (GR) 004 for

the purpose of chlorin analysis (_B1).SRS in the sample type position denotes surface regolith (or soil)

samples.

Station #

(_A1) Grain size

(~0-2cm)

(_B1) Chlorins, Porosity, (0-2 cm)

(_C1) Sediment Oxygen Demand (0-2 cm)

(_C2) Total

sediment metabolism

(~0-2 cm)

(_C3) Total

oxygen uptake

rates/CO2 release rates

(_D1) Elements, Carbonate,

Specific Surface

Area (~0-2 cm)

(_S1) Specimen

001 001 (115) (115) (115) (115)

002 002 003 003 003 003 003

003 004 005 005 005 005 005

004 006 (116) (116) (116) (116)

005 007 008 008 008 008 008

006 009 010 010 010 010 010

007 011 013 013 012

008 014

009 015 (004) (004) (004) (004)

010 016

011 017 018 018 018 018 018

012 019 020 020 020 020 020

013 (001) 021 021 021* 021 021

014 022 023 023 023 023

015 (002) (003) (003) (003)

016 (005) (006) (006) (007) (006)

017 (008)

018 (009) (010) (010) (010) (010)

019 (011) (012) (012) (012) (012)

020 (013) (014) (014) (015) (014) (015)

021 (017) (016) (016) (018) (016) (018)

022 (019) (020) (020) (021) (020) (021)

023 (022) (023a) (023a) (023a)

45

Station #

(_A1) Grain size

(~0-2cm)



(_C2) Total

sediment metabolism

(~0-2 cm)

(_C3) Total

oxygen uptake



Specific Surface

Area (~0-2 cm)

(_S1) Specimen

024 (024) (023b) (023b) (023b) (023b) (023b)

025 (026) (025) (025) (025)* (025) (025)

026 (027) (028) (028) (028) (029)

027 (030) (031) (031) (031)

028 (032) (033) (033) (034) (033) (034)

029 (035) (036) (036) (036) (037)

030 (039) (038) (038) (040) (038) (040)

031 (042) (041) (041) (041)

032 (044) (043) (043) (043) (043) (043)

033 (046) (045) (045) (045) (045)

034 (047) (048) (048) (048) (048) (048)

035 (048b) (049) (049) (049) (049) (049)

036 (050) 024 024 024 024 024

037 (052) (051) (051) (051) (051) (051)

038 (054) (053) (053) (053) (053)* (053)

039 (055) (056) (056) (056) (056) (056)

040 (057) (058) (058) (058) (059) (060)

041 (061) (062) (062) (062) (063)

042 (064) (065)

043 025 025 025 025 025 025

044 (066) (067) (067) (067)* (067) (067)

045 (068) (069) (069) (069) (069) (069)

046 (070) (071) (071) (071) (072)

047 (073)

048 (074) (076) (076) (076) (075)

049 (077) (078) (078) (078) (079)

050 (080) (081) (081) (081) (081) (081)

051 (082) (083) (083) (083) (083) (083)

052 (084) (085)

053 (086) (088) (088) (088)+ (087)

054 (089) (090) (090) (091) (090) (091)

055 (093) (092) (092) (094) (092) (094)

056 (096) (095) (095) (097) (095) (097)

057 (098) (099) (099) (099) (099)

058 (100) 027 027 026 027 026

059 028 (101) (101) (101) (101)

060 (102) (103) (103) (104) (103) (104)

061 (105) (106) (106) (106) (106)

062 (108) (107) (107) (107) (107) (107)

46

Station #

(_A1) Grain size

(~0-2cm)



(_C2) Total

sediment metabolism

(~0-2 cm)

(_C3) Total

oxygen uptake



Specific Surface

Area (~0-2 cm)

(_S1) Specimen

063 (109) 029 029 029 029 029

064 (110) 030 030 030 030 030

065 (112) (111) (111) (111) (111) (111)

066 (114) (113) (113) (113) (113) (113)

067 (117) (117) (117) (117) (117)

068 (118) (119) (119) (119) (119)

069 (121) (120) (120) (120) (120) (120)

070 (123) (122) (122) (122) (122) (122)

071 (125) (124) (124) (124) (124) (124)

072 (127) (126) (126) (126) (126) (126)

073 (129) (128) (128) (128)

074 (130) (131) (131) (131) (131)

075 (132) (133) (132) (134) (133) (134)

076 (135) (136) (136) (136)

077 (137) (139) (139) (138)

078 (141) (140) (140) (140) (140)

079 (142) (143) (143) (143) (143)

080 (144) (145) (145) (145) (145) (145)

081 (146) (147) (147) (147)

082 (148) (149) (149) (149) (149)

083 (150) (151) (151) (151) (152)

084 (153) (154) (154) (154)

085 (156) (155) (155) (155) (155)

086 (157) (158) (158) (158) (158)

087 (159) (160) (160) (160)

088 (161)

089 SRS1 SRS1 SRS1

090 SRS2 SRS2 SRS2

091 SRS3 SRS3 SRS3

092 (163) (162) (162) (162) (162) (162)

093 (165) (164) (164) (164) (164)

094 031 032 032 032 032 032

095 033 033 033 033

47

Grain size metadata Appendix E

Station #

Sample # Parent sample #

Sample ID Sample type

Sediment depth (top) (m)

Sediment depth (base)

(m)

Longitude Latitude Water depth (m)

Acquire date

(UTM)

1 2614096 2614095 GA0356/001BC001_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.7232 -12.4002 7.5 3/7/2016

2 2614098 2614097 GA0356/002BC002_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.722117 -12.4028 9.4 3/7/2016

3 2614106 2614105 GA0356/003BC004_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.72215 -12.413433 10.2 3/7/2016

4 2614114 2614113 GA0356/004BC006_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.645989 -12.36625 13.6 5/07/2016

5 2614116 2614115 GA0356/005BC007_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.684933 -12.39915 6.3 5/7/2016

6 2614124 2614123 GA0356/006BC009_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.6915 -12.40115 6.5 5/7/2016

7 2614132 2614131 GA0356/007BC011_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.812917 -12.37485 8.4 7/7/2016

8 2614139 2614138 GA0356/008BC014_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.814867 -12.362433 6.8 7/7/2016

9 2614141 2614140 GA0356/009BC015_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 131.0254 -12.22497 1.7 11/7/2016

10 2614143 2614142 GA0356/010BC016_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 131.02201 -12.22641 3.5 11/7/2016

11 2614145 2614144 GA0356/011BC017_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 131.0254 -12.22497 1.7 11/7/2016

12 2614159 2614158 GA0356/012BC020_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 131.01259 -12.25559 7.1 11/7/2016

13 2614161 2614160 GA0356/013GR001_A1 GRAB SHIPEK 0.00 ~0.02 130.99093 -12.21827 11.3 11/7/2016

14 2614169 2614168 GA0356/014BC022_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.9917 -12.21691 11.5 12/7/2016



48

Station #





(m)


Acquire date

(UTM)






22 2614229 2614228 GA0356/022GR019_A1 GRAB SHIPEK 0.00 ~0.02 130.8243833 -12.37788333 7 18/7/2016















49

Station #





(m)


Acquire date

(UTM)







43 2614390 2614389 GA0356/043BC025_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.92074 -12.34213 0.9 28/7/2016














50

Station #





(m)


Acquire date

(UTM)



59 2614510 2614509 GA0356/059BC028_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.84455 -12.33073 8.71 16/8/2016


















51

Station #





(m)


Acquire date

(UTM)















94 2614761 2614760 GA0356/094BC031_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.93835 -12.3058 8.8 14/9/2016

95 2614769 2614768 GA0356/095BC033_A1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.9382333 -12.31885 6.9 14/9/2016

52

Chlorins and porosity metadata Appendix F

Station #




Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire date

(UTM)

1 2614573 2614572 GA0356/001GR115_B1 GRAB SHIPEK 0.00 0.02 130.72317 -12.40018 8.64 21/8/2016

2 2614100 2614099 GA0356/002BC003_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.72263 -12.402967 9.2 3/7/2016

3 2614108 2614107 GA0356/003BC005_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.72243 -12.413733 9.8 3/7/2016


5 2614118 2614117 GA0356/005BC008_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.68518 -12.398917 6.5 5/7/2016

6 2614126 2614125 GA0356/006BC010_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.69158 -12.40133 6.2 5/7/2016

7 2614136 2614135 GA0356/007BC013_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.81312 -12.374983 8.5 7/7/2016


11 2614147 2614146 GA0356/011BC018_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 131.01415 -12.2489 7.3 11/7/2016

12 2614153 2614152 GA0356/012BC019_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 131.01261 -12.25556 7.2 11/7/2016

13 2614163 2614162 GA0356/013BC021_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.99093 -12.21838 11.4 11/7/2016

14 2614171 2614170 GA0356/014BC023_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.99173 -12.21684 11.6 12/7/2016





53

Station #




Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire date

(UTM)

20 2614213 2614212 GA0356/020GR014_B1 GRAB SHIPEK 0.00 0.02 130.83005 -12.40605 2 18/7/2016
















36 2614338 2614337 GA0356/036BC024_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 131.00692 -12.30602 5.7 25/7/2016




54

Station #




Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire date

(UTM)



43 2614391 2614389 GA0356/043BC025_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.92074 -12.34213 0.9 28/7/2016













58 2614507 2614505 GA0356/058BC027_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.80595 -12.33515 10.1 16/8/2016





55

Station #




Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire date

(UTM)

63 2614543 2614542 GA0356/063BC029_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.73489 -12.42321 5.69 17/8/2016

64 2614551 2614550 GA0356/064BC030_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.68149 -12.4061 4.01 18/8/2016



















56

Station #




Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire date

(UTM)








94 2614763 2614762 GA0356/094BC032_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.93845 -12.305683 8.5 14/9/2016

95 2614770 2614768 GA0356/095BC033_B1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.93823 -12.31885 6.9 14/9/2016

57

Sediment oxygen demand metadata Appendix G

Station # Sample # Parent sample #



Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire Date

(UTM)

1 2614574 2614572 GA0356/001GR115_C1 GRAB SHIPEK 0.00 0.02 130.72317 -12.40018 8.64 21/8/2016

2 2614101 2614099 GA0356/002BC003_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.722633 -12.402967 9.2 3/7/2016

3 2614109 2614107 GA0356/003BC005_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.722433 -12.413733 9.8 3/7/2016


5 2614119 2614117 GA0356/005BC008_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.685183 -12.398917 6.5 5/7/2016

6 2614127 2614125 GA0356/006BC010_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.691583 -12.40133 6.2 5/7/2016

7 2614137 2614135 GA0356/007BC013_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.813117 -12.374983 8.5 7/7/2016


11 2614148 2614146 GA0356/011BC018_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 131.01415 -12.2489 7.3 11/7/2016

12 2614154 2614152 GA0356/012BC019_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 131.01261 -12.25556 7.2 11/7/2016

13 2614164 2614162 GA0356/013BC021_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.99095 -12.21838 11.4 11/7/2016

14 2614172 2614170 GA0356/014BC023_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.99173 -12.21684 11.6 12/7/2016





58




Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire Date

(UTM)

20 2614214 2614212 GA0356/020GR014_C1 GRAB SHIPEK 0.00 0.02 130.83005 -12.40605 2 18/7/2016















36 2614339 2614337 GA0356/036BC024_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 131.00692 -12.30602 5.7 25/7/2016





59




Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire Date

(UTM)


43 2614392 2614389 GA0356/043BC025_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.92074 -12.34213 0.9 28/7/2016













58 2614508 2614505 GA0356/058BC027_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.80595 -12.33515 10.1 16/8/2016





63 2614544 2614542 GA0356/063BC029_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.73489 -12.42321 5.69 17/8/2016

60




Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire Date

(UTM)

64 2614552 2614550 GA0356/064BC030_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.68149 -12.4061 4.01 18/8/2016




















61




Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire Date

(UTM)







94 2614764 2614762 GA0356/094BC032_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.93845 -12.305683 8.5 14/9/2016

95 2614771 2614768 GA0356/095BC033_C1 CORE BOX 0.00 0.02 130.9382333 -12.31885 6.9 14/9/2016

62

Total sediment metabolism metadata Appendix H


Sample ID Sample type Sample depth (top) (m)

Sample depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire date

(UTM)

2 2614102 2614099 GA0356/002BC003_C2 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.72263 -12.402967 9.2 3/7/2016

3 2614110 2614107 GA0356/003BC005_C2 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.72243 -12.413733 9.8 3/7/2016

4 2614580 2614577 GA0356/004GR116_C2 GRAB SHIPEK 0.00 ~0.02 130.64598 -12.350083 13.9 1/9/2016

5 2614120 2614117 GA0356/005BC008_C2 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.68518 -12.398917 6.5 5/7/2016

6 2614128 2614125 GA0356/006BC010_C2 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.69158 -12.40133 6.2 5/7/2016

11 2614149 2614146 GA0356/011BC018_C2 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 131.01415 -12.2489 7.3 11/7/2016

12 2614155 2614152 GA0356/012BC019_C2 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 131.01261 -12.25556 7.2 11/7/2016

13 2614165 2614162 GA0356/013BC021_C2 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.99095 -12.21838 11.4 11/7/2016

14 2614173 2614170 GA0356/014BC023_C2 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.99173 -12.21684 11.6 12/7/2016




24 2614246 2614243 GA0356/024GR023_C2 GRAB SHIPEK 0.00 ~0.02 130.79688 -12.354867 9 19/7/2016




63



Sample depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire date

(UTM)





36 2614340 2614337 GA0356/036BC024_C2 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 131.00692 -12.30602 5.7 25/7/2016




43 2614393 2614389 GA0356/043BC025_C2 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.92074 -12.34213 0.9 28/7/2016









58 2614503 2614502 GA0356/058BC026_C2 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.80595 -12.33518 10.2 16/8/2016



64



Sample depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire date

(UTM)

63 2614545 2614542 GA0356/063BC029_C2 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.73489 -12.42321 5.69 17/8/2016

64 2614553 2614550 GA0356/064BC030_C2 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.68149 -12.4061 4.01 18/8/2016













94 2614765 2614762 GA0356/094BC032_C2 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.93845 -12.305683 8.5 14/9/2016

65

Core incubation experiment metadata Appendix I

Station # Sample # Parent sample # Sample ID Sample type Longitude Latitude Water depth (m)

Acquire date (UTM)

1 2614575 2614572 GA0356/001GR115_C3 GRAB SHIPEK 130.72317 -12.40018 8.64 21/8/2016

2 2614103 2614099 GA0356/002BC003_C3 CORE BOX 130.72263 -12.402967 9.2 3/7/2016

3 2614111 2614107 GA0356/003BC005_C3 CORE BOX 130.72243 -12.413733 9.8 3/7/2016

5 2614121 2614117 GA0356/005BC008_C3 CORE BOX 130.68518 -12.398917 6.5 5/7/2016

6 2614129 2614125 GA0356/006BC010_C3 CORE BOX 130.69158 -12.40133 6.2 5/7/2016


11 2614150 2614146 GA0356/011BC018_C3 CORE BOX 131.01415 -12.2489 7.3 11/7/2016

12 2614156 2614152 GA0356/012BC019_C3 CORE BOX 131.01261 -12.25556 7.2 11/7/2016

13 2614166 2614162 GA0356/013BC021_C3 CORE BOX 130.99095 -12.21838 11.4 11/7/2016




66


Acquire date (UTM)

20 2614215 2614212 GA0356/020GR014_C3 GRAB SHIPEK 130.83005 -12.40605 2 18/7/2016













36 2614341 2614337 GA0356/036BC024_C3 CORE BOX 131.00692 -12.30602 5.7 25/7/2016


67


Acquire date (UTM)





43 2614394 2614389 GA0356/043BC025_C3 CORE BOX 130.92074 -12.34213 0.9 28/7/2016











68


Acquire date (UTM)



58 2614506 2614505 GA0356/058BC027_C3 CORE BOX 130.80595 -12.33515 10.1 16/8/2016





63 2614546 2614542 GA0356/063BC029_C3 CORE BOX 130.73489 -12.42321 5.69 17/8/2016

64 2614554 2614550 GA0356/064BC030_C3 CORE BOX 130.68149 -12.4061 4.01 18/8/2016







69


Acquire date (UTM)











94 2614766 2614762 GA0356/094BC032_C3 CORE BOX 130.93845 -12.305683 8.5 14/9/2016

70

Elements, %carbonate and specific surface area metadata Appendix J


Sample ID Sample type Sediment depth

(top) (m)

Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire date

(UTM)

1 2614576 2614572 GA0356/001GR115_D1 GRAB SHIPEK 0.00 ~0.02 130.72317 -12.40018 8.64 21/8/2016

2 2614104 2614099 GA0356/002BC003_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.72263 -12.402967 9.2 3/7/2016

3 2614112 2614107 GA0356/003BC005_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.72243 -12.413733 9.8 3/7/2016


5 2614122 2614117 GA0356/005BC008_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.68518 -12.398917 6.5 5/7/2016

6 2614130 2614125 GA0356/006BC010_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.69158 -12.40133 6.2 5/7/2016

7 2614134 2614133 GA0356/007BC012_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.81307 -12.374667 8.6 7/7/2016


11 2614151 2614146 GA0356/011BC018_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 131.01415 -12.2489 7.3 11/7/2016

12 2614157 2614152 GA0356/012BC019_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 131.01261 -12.25556 7.2 11/7/2016

13 2614167 2614162 GA0356/013BC021_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.99095 -12.21838 11.4 11/7/2016

14 2614174 2614170 GA0356/014BC023_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.99173 -12.21684 11.6 12/7/2016





71



(top) (m)

Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire date

(UTM)





24 2614248 2614243 GA0356/024GR023_D1 GRAB SHIPEK 0.00 ~0.02 130.79688 -12.354867 9 19/7/2016












36 2614342 2614337 GA0356/036BC024_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 131.00692 -12.30602 5.7 25/7/2016




72



(top) (m)

Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire date

(UTM)




43 2614395 2614389 GA0356/043BC025_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.92074 -12.34213 0.9 28/7/2016













58 2614504 2614502 GA0356/058BC026_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.80595 -12.33518 10.2 16/8/2016




73



(top) (m)

Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire date

(UTM)


63 2614547 2614542 GA0356/063BC029_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.73489 -12.42321 5.69 17/8/2016

64 2614555 2614550 GA0356/064BC030_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.68149 -12.4061 4.01 18/8/2016


















74



(top) (m)

Sediment depth

(bottom) (m)


Acquire date

(UTM)









94 2614767 2614762 GA0356/094BC032_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.93845 -12.305683 8.5 14/9/2016

95 2614772 2614768 GA0356/095BC033_D1 CORE BOX 0.00 ~0.02 130.93823 -12.31885 6.9 14/9/2016

75

Metadata for specimen sample Appendix K

Station #




Acquire Date

(UTM)

40 2614376 2614375 GA0356/040GR060_S1 GRAB SHIPEK 131.01408 -12.3262 0 27/7/2016

76

Stations where seagrasses were observed Appendix L

Station # Sample # Sample ID Sample type Longitude Latitude Water depth (m)

Acquire date

(UTM)

Species observed

23 2614237 GA0356/023GR022 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8257833 -12.35095 5.2 18/7/2016 Halodule uninervis


28 2614273 GA0356/028GR032 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8568667 -12.361467 6 20/7/2016 Halodule uninervis

29 2614282 GA0356/029GR035 GRAB SHIPEK 130.85685 -12.361517 5.9 20/7/2016 not specified

30 2614290 GA0356/030GR038 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8591667 -12.362567 5.1 20/7/2016 not specified

30 2614296 GA0356/030GR040 GRAB SHIPEK 130.85905 -12.3626 5 20/7/2016 not specified

35 2614329 GA0356/035GR049 GRAB SHIPEK 130.99793 -12.29842 5.6 25/7/2016 Halophila decipiens

53 2614458 GA0356/053GR086 GRAB SHIPEK 130.9089 -12.32401 7 9/8/2016 Halophila decipiens

53 2614462 GA0356/053GR088 GRAB SHIPEK 130.90877 -12.32391 7 9/8/2016 Halophila decipiens





82 2614690 GA0356/082GR148 GRAB SHIPEK 131.0153167 -12.264033 4 11/9/2016 Halodule uninervis



77

Station # Sample # Sample ID Sample type Longitude Latitude Water depth (m)

Acquire date

(UTM)

Species observed

85 2614716 GA0356/085GR156 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8559667 -12.327883 8.9 12/9/2016 H. uninervis/decipiens

86 2614718 GA0356/086GR157 GRAB SHIPEK 130.8633 -12.344083 4.5 12/9/2016 H. uninervis/decipiens


Documents

Outer Darwin Harbour Shallow Water Sediment Survey … Darwin Harbour Shallow Water Sediment Survey 2016 GA0356 – Post-survey report GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA RECORD 2017/06 L. Radke