OUTLINE 6

VI. Morphogenesis

A. General features of gastrulation

B. Cell movement1. extension and contraction2. adhesion

C. Gastrulation in the sea urchin

D. Gastrulation in the frog

E. Three layers of cells1. ectoderm2. mesoderm3. endoderm

F. Neurulation

OUTLINE 5

V. Animal development: patternA. Gametes

1. spermatazoan2. ovum

B. Fertilization overviewC. Details of fertilizationD. Cleavage

1. major features2. patterns

a. radialb. spiral

3. later stages of cleavagea. morulab. blastula (blastomere, blastocoel)

Acoelomates

ProtostomesDeuterostomes

Arthropods Mollusks Annelids Echinoderms Chordates

TIME

Fig. 32.7a

Cells NOT totipotent Cells totipotent

Fig. 47.6Early cleavage stages

Fig. 47.9

Gastrulation in theSea urchin

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Sea urchin fertilization and early development

Fig. 47.10 Gastrulation in the frog

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Frog gastrulation (cross section)

Fig. 47.16 Changes in cell shape during morphogenesis

Fig. 47.11

Neurulation in the frog

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are needed to see this picture.

Gastrulation and neurulation in the frog