View
221
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Outline:Britain’s advantagesFour features of early
industrializationElsewhere in EuropeImpact of
industrialization
TermsEnclosuresCanal EraCombination ActsLuddismBritish RadicalismPeterloo
The Industrial Revolution: A Brief Introduction
Britain’s Seven Advantages• Agricultural Revolution• Population growth• Ready capital in entrepreneurial hands
– Bank of England• Access to minerals• Improved transportation
– “The Canal Era” (1760-1830)• Governmental support• Foreign trade via empire & naval
dominance
By 1800, some 600-700 miles of canals connected existing navigable rivers.
This created some 2,000 miles of navigable inland waterways.
The Canal Era (1760-1830)
Four Features of Early-Industrial Britain
• New ways to make things: shift from animate to inanimate forms of energy
• New ways to organize production• Concentration in three main industries:
textiles, mining & iron• Concentration geographically
– Advantages– Disadvantages
Industrial Revolution & Economic Transformations
• Cotton, Coal and Railways• Cotton and Textiles
– Role of Indian calicoes and British Navigation Acts– Trade and Connections between Harvest and Textile
Production (distinction from Sugar)– Increasing Mechanization In Production by 19th
century
The CottagerWomen Spinning (1790s)
Steam Engine: James Watt: 1777, First used in coal industry
Changing Technology, Changing Production
The Spinning Jenny1760s
Textile mills-late 1800s
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1831 1850
Coal Tonnage inMillions
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1770 1800 1850
Coalminers
Late 19th century coal mine
Coal Industry
Coal, Railroad, & Industrialization
Coal Transport:1825: Stockton-Darlington Line (9 miles)
Passenger Travel:1830: Manchester-Liverpool (32 miles)1840: 2000 miles of track1850: 7000 miles of track
Industrial Development on the Continent
• Certain important areas– Belgium– Northern France– Northern Italy
• Differences from Britain– Ruhr Valley in Germany– Less concentrated geographically– Cultural variations– Market approaches
Pop. Growthin millions
1831 1850
France +9.3%
32.5 35.8
Germany +21%
26.5 33.5
England 22%
16.3 20.8
Understanding European Industrialization:Population Change Across Europe
• Certain important areas:Belgium, Northern France, Ruhr Valley in Germany & Northern Italy
Before 1850
Industrial Development on the Continent
Changes in Time and Space
•Perception of time changes by 19th century•Regularized, mechanized, uniform•Role of factory time•Time = money•Role of railways:
•1884: Prime Meridian ConferenceGreenwich: zero meridianDivision of 24 time zonesStandard time
•Experience of space changes with railroad
Industrial Labor of Women and Children
•Is Child Labor New in the 19th Century?•No.
•Women & children work in pre-industrial period•What has changed?
•Family economy disrupted•Breakdown of paternalism•Idea of childhood emerges
•Moral outrage, reform & Factory and Mines Act
Expectations of Change:New Faith in Progress
1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition“industry of all nations”
Initial Impacts of these Changes
• Breakdown of paternalism– Development of “class” ideology– Luddism: hatred of technology
• Radicalism/Reform Movements– Response to economic dislocation– Middle-class reformers & working men
together– Government unresponsive, political
action leads to repression (Peterloo 1819)