Outline of American history, reprinted from 'A history

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OUTLINE OF

AMERICAN HISTORY

Reprinted from "A History Syllabus

for Secondary Schools " by a Special

Committee of the New England

History Teachers' Association

HERBERT DARLING FOSTER, Chairman

WALTER HOWARD CUSHING ELIZABETH KIMBALL KENDALLSIDNEY BRADSHAW FAY EVERETT KIMBALL

CHARLES HOMER HASKINS BERNADOTTE PERRIN

ERNEST FLAGG HENDERSON EDWIN AUGUSTUS START

EDITH MARION WALKER

BOSTON, U.S.A.

D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS

Copyright, 1901 and 1904, by Walter H. Cushing

x

is

PART IV

AMERICAN HISTORY

29° American History

£fc

GENERAL SURVEY OF THE FIELD

AMERICAN HISTORY, 1492-1904

£fc

General Survey of the Field 291

GENERAL SURVEY OF THE FIELD — Continued


292 American History

£.3 GENERAL SURVEY OF THE FIELD— Continued


2J5

Outline of American History 293

OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY

Discovery and Explorations before 1607.

i. The Land and its Resources.

a. Physical features.

b. Effect of this environment.

c. Availability of land of United States for building a

nation.

References :

vBrief Accounts : Fisher, Colonial Era, 1-4.

"T* Thwaites, Colonies, 2-7.

T» Doyle, English Colonies in America, I (" Virginia,"

etc.), 5-8.

-f Channing, U.S.A., 1765-1865, 5-8.

Longer Accounts : Channing, Students 1 History of the

United States, 1-18. Farrand, Basis of Amer. History.

Bryce, American Commonwealth, abridged edition,

Ch. 58. Brigham, Geographic Influences in American

History.

Jl. Article by Shaler in Winsor, America, IV, i-xxx.

Whitney, article " The United States,11in Encyclopaedia

Britannica, 9th edition; also Whitney, United States.

Semple, Am. Hist, and its Geographic Conditions.

Maps :

In text-books, e.g. : Channing, Students 1 History.

Johnston, High School History. McLaughlin, History

of the American Nation. Fisher, Colonial Era. Thwaites,

Colonies (also same map in Hart, Epoch Maps). Frye,

Geography, relief maps, 32, 34, 35. U. S. Geological

Survey map.

Map Work:Indicate on outline map the most important physical

features.

Remark :

At the beginning of this course the pupil is cautioned

that he is not expected to read all the references given.


They are given to afford some choice, so that a pupil

may use the reference or references that are most

interesting and useful ; also in order that on any special

topic he may find as much as possible, if he desires to

look it up, or has it especially assigned to him.

2. Discovery of America.

How and why it came then. Results and their impor-

tance.

'4— a. Why the Norse discoveries were in no sense a true dis-

covery of America. Fiske, Discovery of America, I,

253-260.

&* European conditions at close of 15th century leading to

"•T" discovery. Fiske, Discovery of America, I, Ch. iii,

especially pp. 272-294.

c. Columbus : his early career and how it trained him for

discovery ; ideas, attempts. Pick out facts from

Irving. Columbus.; or Fiske, Discovery of America,

or Higginson.

d. The discovery. Hart, Contemporaries, I, Nos. 17 and

19, interesting extracts from Columbus's own ac-

counts ; Old South Leaflets, No. 29, from the life

of Columbus by his son.

e. Columbus's character and place in history. Compare

accounts in Fiske, Discovery, and Winsor, Columbus;

or use Irving, Columbus.

f. Conclusion : the importance of the discovery ; its effect

on commerce, colonies, wars, diplomacy, industrial

.. life. Interesting suggestions in Seeley, Expansion

of England, Chs. v, vi.

Additional Topic :

The naming of America. Winsor, America. Fiske,

Discovery of America. Bourne, Spain in America, Ch. vii.

References

:

Brief Accounts: Fisher, Colonial Era, Ch. iii.

Higginson, Larger History, Ch. iii.

y* Longer Accounts : Fiske, Discovery ofAmerica(brilliant

and interesting ; read especially in Chs. iii and v of Vol. I).


Cheyney, European Background of Amer. Hist., i-v.

Higginson, Explorers. Thacher, Columbus.

Irving, Columbus. Markham, Columbus.

Bryant and Gay, Popular History, I, 92-100.

Winsor in his America, II, 1-23; and his Columbus

(very critical). Bourne, Spain in America, Chs. i-iv, vii.

Stimulating picture in Lowell's poem, Columbus.

Sources: Interesting material in Hart, Contempora-

ries, I, Nos. 17 and 19.

American History Leaflets, No. 1.

Old South Leaflets, Nos. 29 and 33.

Special Map Work:On an outline map, trace Columbus's first voyage,

indicating dates when points were reached.

Explorations and Early Settlements, before James-

town, 1 492- 1 607.

a. Spanish : objects ; regions ; reasons for failure.

b. French : objects ; regions ; reasons for failure.

c. English : objects ; regions ; reasons for failure.

Additional Topics

:

A. Character of Spanish rule. Read Fiske, Discovery

4* of America, I, 554-567 ; or Thwaites, Colonies, 42-43,

L. 47-48; or Doyle, English Colonies (''Virginia11

), I, 76-

82. Favorable, Lummis, Spanish Pioneers.

B. The contest between the Huguenot and Spanish

\ colonies in Florida. Read the thrilling account in

Chs. vii-x of Parkman's brilliant Pioneers of France.

Who eventually reaped the real fruits of the rivalry?

C. Spanish motives and policy : Columbus's thirst

for gold, Hart, Contemporaries, I, No. 19. Cortez's

capture of Montezuma, do., No. 21. Pizarro's conquest

of Peru (told by his brother), do., No. 22. Coronado's

march, Hart, Source Book, No. 3 (or longer accounts in

American History Leaflets, No. 13, or Old South Leaflets,

No. 20). Roscher, 2-10.

D. The Elizabethan Seamen ; their character and

work. Interesting accounts in either Higginson, Larger


Explorers,' 1 or in Fiske,

-^. Old Virginia, I, 15-33- The interesting story of

Drake's voyage around the world, by one of his

company, is in Hart, Contemporaries, I, No. 30

;

briefer, Hart, Source Book, No. 4.

E. The Spanish Armada, and Spain's loss of sea

power. Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 33-40, or Green's Short

History of England, 417-420, or any good account in an

English History, e.g. Gardiner, 11,458-464, or Creighton,

Age of Elizabeth, 181-186, or Larned, 322-328. Why is

this event important in American history?

General Refe7'ences

:

Brief Accounts : Thwaites, Colonies, Ch. ii.

Fisher, Colonial Era, Ch. iii.

• Longer Accounts : Higginson, Larger History, Chs. '.i-v.

Bryant and Gay, I, Chs. vii-x.

Bancroft, History, I, Chs. i-v. Tyler, England in

America.

*T Doyle, English Colonies in America, I (u Virginia"),

Chs. iv-v, 101-104. Bourne, Spain in America, Chs.

ix-xv.

Fiske, Discovery of America (Spanish).

Parkman, Pioneers of France in the New World.

Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, Ch. i (Eng-

lish), 1-55. Lummis, Spanish Pioneers.

Winsor, America, II, Chs. iv, v, vii ; III, Chs. ii. iv;

IV, Ch. ii. Roscher, Spanish Colonial System.

Sources : Hart, Contemporaries, I, Chs. iii-v ; espe-

dally Nos. 19, 21, 22, 30, 31, 33, 36.

Hart, Source Book, Nos. 3, 4.

American History Leaflets, No. 13.

Old South Leaflets, Nos. 20, 33, 35.

Map Work:a. (For all.) The regions discovered or explored by

each nation to be pointed out on map.

b. (Special.) On outline map of world, represent voy-

ages of Columbus, Cabots, Vasco da Gama, Magellan,


Verrazano, Drake, with dates, and in colors (e.g.

Spanish, yellow ; English, red ; French, blue). At-

lases : Gardner, Eng. Hist. Atlas, No. 25, Putzger,

Droysen, etc. Frye, Geography, Plate X. Bryce,

Comprehensive Atlas, No. 76. See also text-books

c . On outline map of United States, show in colors (as

above) the explorations or settlements of Spanish

(De Leon, Cortes, Pizarro, De Vaca, Coronado, DeSoto, and at St. Augustine) ; French (Cartier,

Huguenot colonies, Acadia) ; English (Raleigh col-

onies). Atlases as above.

d. Map of world showing Spanish possessions after seiz-

ure of Portugal (1580), Coman and Kendall, Eng-

lish History, 258.

II. Southern Colonies, 1607-1760.

4. Virginia, a Typical Southern Colony.

a. New motives and methods of colonization in 17th cen-

tury ; very brief in Thwaites, Colonies, 65-66, or

Fisher, Colonial Era, 31-32. Fuller and more sug-

gestive accounts in McLaughlin, American Nation,

33-36, or Doyle, English Colonies, I ("Virginia"),

101-104, 108-109. Osgood, American Colonies, I.

i. Reasons for early failures in Virginia, 1607-1619.

Sources : Hart, Contemporaries, I, No. 61 (character

colonists). Smith's " Rude Answer, 11 quoted in Fiske,

Old Virginia, I, 125-128 (Smith's works, ed. Arber,

442-445). Smith's "True Relation, 11 American His-

tory Leaflets, No. 27 (especially 4-60).

Brief Account : Fisher, Colonies, 32-42.

Longer Accounts : Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation,

in Ch. i-iii (especially 27 and following, 59 and follow-

ing, 74-84— a charming book). Fiske's interesting Old

Virginia and Her Neighbors, I, iii-v (especially 120-

128, 142, 146, 149-160, 166, etc.). Doyle, Colonies, I,

109-156. Tyler, England in America, Ch. iv.

c. Reasons for greater success, 1619-1624. under leader-

ship of Sandys and Southampton, and party opposed


to absolutism. Good account in Eggleston, Begin

ners of a Nation, Ch. ii (especially 53-59, 86-89).

Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 184-190; II, 243-246. Doyle,

English Colonies, I ("Virginia 11

), 156-162, 167.

Winsor, America, III, 142-145. Gay, Bryant's Popu-

lar History, I, 305-307. Tyler, Ch. v. Osgood.

Sources : Hart, Contemporaries, Vol. I, No. 65 (As-

sembly, 1 619). MacDonald, Charters, No. 6 (Ordi-

nance of 1 621) ; same in Preston, Documents, 32.

Labor question : early troubles ; indented white ser-

vants and negro slaves. Eggleston, Beginners, in

Chs. ii-iii. Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 176-203.

Sources : Hart, Contemporaries, in Nos. 70, 86, 87

(especially 239-240, 301, 303-304). Source Book, No.

35. (For most detailed information, consult Bruce,

Economic History of Virginia in 17th Century, in Chs.

iv and ix, or use index.)

Development of representative government and spirit

of independence, after annulling of charter, 1624.

(1) Self-government during Puritan supremacy in

England.

Sources: Hart, Contemporaries, No. 69 (articles

agreed on). Read also Doyle, English Colonies, I

("Virginia 11

), 223.

(2) Bacons Rebellion, causes, changes proposed,

results. Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 95-107 (shows sig-

nificance). Full account in Doyle, Colonies, I

("Virginia 11

), ix (especially 247-253).

Source: Hart, Contemporaries, I, No. 71 (hostile

to Bacon).

(3) Quarrels between assemblies and governors

;

the subjects, the significance. Thwaites, Colonies,

75, 271-273. Lodge, Colonies, in Ch. i (e.g. 15, 19-20,

25-30, etc.).

Pictures of Virginia

:

(1) In 1624; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, Ch. vii, espe-

cially 223-231, 246-250.


(2) In 1649; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 1-5; compare

Hart, Source Book, No. 34.

(3) In 167 1 ; Governor Berkeley's official report in

Hart, Contemporaries, I, No. 70.

g. For all pupils. Government of Virginia, a typical royal

colony. Fiske, Civil Government, 57-67, 145, 146,

155 (or equivalent). Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 36-44

(a reprint, with a few verbal changes, of his Civil

Government, 60-67). Fuller details can be found in

Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 185-188, 226-228, 243-250

(Assembly); 237-243 (relation to crown). Lodge,

Colonies, 44-50, 58, 59.

Map Work:

a. Physical features.

b. Counties, with dates, illustrating westward movement.

(Fiske, Virginia, II, frontispiece.)

Additional Topics :

A. John Smith as adventurer, governor, and histo-

rian. Read his "True Relation," American History

Leaflets, No. 27. On his credibility, Winsor, America,

III, 161, and note 4; or Charles Dean, Introduction to

ed. " True Relation "; or Eggleston, Beginners, 61-63

5

unfavorable. Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 102-112; or in

Atlantic Monthly, 1891 ; favorable.

B. Education, including William and Mary College.

Governor Berkeley's ideas, Hart, Contemporaries, I, 241.

Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 231-236 ; II, 1 16-130 (Rules, etc.,

124-127).

C. Political and economic effects of cultivation of

tobacco. Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 176, 231, 242, 243 ; II,

in, 174, 176,210; or consult index to Doyle, Virginia

(especially see 192, 193), or to Bruce, Economic History

of Virginia in 17th Century.

D. "The Coming of the Cavaliers." Fiske, Old

Virginia, II, x, especially 6-29.

E. "Westward Growth of Old Virginia/1 and settle-

ment of the Shenandoah Valley. Fiske, Old Virginia,

II, 383-400, and consult map opposite title page.

;oo American History

F. Virginia fife in 18th Century. Lodge, Colonies,

Ch. ii; or Fiske, Old Virginia, II, xiv.

Maryland.a. (For all.) Government of Maryland, a typical proprie-

tary colony. Fiske, Civil Government, 150, 151 ; or

equivalent, e.g. Winsor, America, III, 520-522; or

Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 269, 270 ; or Lodge, Colonies,

113, 114.

The following may be used for additional informa-

tion or special reports as desired :

Sources: MacDonald, Charters, No. 13 (Balti-

more's charter). Accounts of how the provisions of

charter were carried out, in Fiske, Old Virginia, I,

281-285, or in Lodge, Colonies, 114-116.

k. Development of representative government in Maryland.

Brief Accounts : Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 283-285;

alternate references, Thwaites, Colonies, 83, 84, or

Fisher, Colonies, 67-68.

Longer Account : Doyle, "Virginia, 11285, 286-291.

(Compare with establishment of representation in

Virginia.)

C, Religious toleration in Maryland.

(1) Provision of charter and desire of Lord Balti-

more. Read Fisher, Colonies, 64-65 ; or Fiske, Old

Virginia, 1, 270-272 (or more full and interesting ac-

count in Eggleston, Beginners, 234-241), and 247-248

in Hart, Contemporaries, Vol. I.

(2) The Toleration Act of 1649. Read the act in

Hart, Contemporaries, I, No. 84, and notice in what

ways it did not give complete toleration. (See com-

ments in Doyle, " Virginia,1' 305 ; or Eggleston,

Beginners, 256-257). Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 309-

311, quotes pertinent sections and comments on

them.

(3) What is said about religion and religious free-

dom in the Constitution of the United States, and

in the constitution of your own state? Compare


with the provisions of the " Toleration Act v

of 1649. (Constitution of the United States is

in many text-books on History or Civil Govern-

ment; in American History Leaflets, No. 8; Old

South Leaflets, No. i ; MacDonald Documents,

No. 5, etc.)

d. " Some characteristics of Maryland."

Very brief in Fisher, Colonial Era, 74-75 ; better in

Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 267-269. Comparison with

Virginia, Lodge, Colonies, Ch. iv, especially 112, 115,

117, 125, 131.

Source : Hart, Contemporaries, I, No. 76, " ACharacter of the Province of Maryland, 1666," enter-

taining, though overdrawn.

6. Carolinas and Georgia, the Southern Frontier

Colonies.

a. Independent spirit in the Carolinas. Fiske, Old Vir-

ginia, II, 283, 286-287, 292, 294, 297, 307-308; or

the less complete account in Fisher, Colonial Era,

79, 81, 294, 295, 298-299; or Lodge, Colonies, Chs.

v, vii.

b. The frontier life of North Carolina. Fiske, Old Vir-

ginia, etc., II, 270-271, 309-322, 332-333 ; or in Lodge,

Colonies, Ch. vi. How did North Carolina differ from

Virginia in its life and the character of its settlers?

c. Life in South Carolina. Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 308-

309, 322-333; or in Lodge, Colonies, Ch. viii. Howdid South Carolina differ from Virginia in its life and

the character of its settlers? how from North Carolina

in these respects ?

d. Georgia : its twofold object ; its services ; its character-

istics. Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 333-336; or Lodge,

Colonies, in Chs. ix and x, especially pp. 189, 191-

194, 203-204.

Additional Topic:

A. Puritans in the Southern Colonies. Fiske, Old

Virginia, etc., II, 336-337 iin Virginia, I, 301-302; II,


17 ; in Maryland, I, 311-318 ; II, 150 ; in South Carolina,

II, 322-323.

General References

:

Brief Accounts : Thwaites, Colonies, 89-95 ; or Fisher,

Colonial Era, Chs. vi, xix, xx.

Longer Accounts : Fiske, Old Virginia and her Neigh-

bors, Ch. xv. Lodge, Colonies, Chs. v, vi, vii, viii, ix.

Bryant and Gay, II, xii, xv ; III, iv, vi.

III. New England (1620-1760).

7. Beginnings of Colonization of New England. Char-

acter and Aims of Puritans, Pilgrims, and Plym-

outh Colony.

a. Origin and aims of English Puritans (before 1608);

special ideas of the Separatists. Treatment of the

Puritans by Elizabeth and James I. How the Sepa-

ratists around Scrooby became Pilgrims. Why the

Pilgrims left Holland (selections from Bradford's His-

tory in American History Leaflets, No. 29, or Hart,

Contemporaries, I, No. 97). Mayflower Compact.

Landing and settling at Plymouth. Early govern-

ment and life.

References :

Brief Accounts : Fisher, Colonial Era, 85-99 (clear

and useful). Thwaites, Colonies, 1 13-124.

Longer Accounts : Fiske, Beginnings of New England,

Ch. ii, gives an interesting discussion of the rise of Puri-

tanism and the significance of the Pilgrim settlement.

Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 98, and following.

Doyle, Puritan Colonies, I, ii (especially 13-15 and

27-74) gives a very careful account. William Bradford,

for twenty-nine years a governor of the colony, gives a

charming picture of Pilgrim character and acts in his

History of "Plimouth Plantation.' 1 Interesting extracts

are given in Hart, Contemporaries, I, Nos. 49 and 97-

100, and also in American History Leaflets, No. 29.

An edition of Bradford's History, with facsimiles of

several pages of his manuscript, a picture of the book,


and the story of the return of the manuscript from Eng-

land to Massachusetts in 1897, was published, and is

sold by the State of Massachusetts at $1.00.

[Note. — Alternate references (or additional information if desired) :

Winsor, America, III, Ch. viii (illustrated) ; Bryant and Gay, I, Chs. xiv,

xv ; Bancroft, I, 182-214; Bancroft, Part I, Ch. xii. Still further refer-

ences to special works and "Sources" in Channing and Hart, Guide,

sections m-112. See also below, General References, end of section 9.]

8. Early Massachusetts.

A typical New England colony, 1 624-1 650. Objects

(religious, political, economic). Character of government

and life.

a. Causes and character of the Puritan exodus to Massa-

chusetts in 1630. Fisher, Colonial Era, 100-102,

108-110. Fiske, Beginnings of New England, 97-

101, 140-148. Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation,

191-205. Winthrop's " Conclusions for the Planta-

tion in New England 1' (Old South Leaflets, No. 50).

(Read at least one.)

b. Founding of Massachusetts : charter, how obtained,

provisions ; Cambridge agreement, transfer ; settle-

ment of Boston and adjoining towns. Charter in Old

South Leaflets, No. 7, or MacDonald's Charters, No.

8. Excellent account in either Fiske, New England,

93-97, 101-104; or Fisher, Colonial Era, 102-103,

108-112; or Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation,

205-212.

c. Rise of representative government in Massachusetts,

1 631-1650. Read Hart, Contemporaries, I, No. 107

(extract from Winthrop). See also Fiske, NewEngland, 105-108. Longer in Doyle, Puritan Col-

onies, I, 103-111, 253-256.

d. The threefold danger, 1 634-1 636. Fiske, New England,

111-123 (interesting and suggestive).

e. Local government in Massachusetts, its origin and

form, town-meeting, and selectmen. Fiske, Civil


Government, Ch. ii. Doyle, Puritan Colonies, II, 7-

17, 25. Channing, Town and County Government,

in Johns Hopkins University Studies, II, No. 10.

Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, Second Series, VII

("Genesis of Mass. Towns"). Records of Boston

Town Meeting, 1729, Hart, Source Book, No. 52.

Of Providence, 1 720-1 721, Hart, Contemporaries, II,

No. 78. (Get and use, if possible, early records of

your own town.)

f. Education, morals, and religion in Massachusetts in

17th century. (May be subdivided into three topics.)

Doyle, Puritan Colonies, II, 66-97. Thwaites, Col-

onies, in Ch. viii. A quaint picture of the founding

and early regulations of Harvard College is in Hart,

Contemporaries, I, No. 137. Church services, in

Hart, Source Book, No. 29.

9. New England, 1 636-1 760.

Typical development of American institutions.

Expansion (by Expulsion and Emigration). Written Con-stitutions.

a. Founding of Providence and Rhode Island, 1636-1640.

Fiske, New England, 1 14-120 (or Fisher, 114-116,

123-124). Longer, Doyle, Puritan Colonies, I, 113-

140, 179-190. Roger Williams's account in Hart,

Contemporaries, I, 115.

b. Founding of Connecticut. Fiske, New England, 122-

128. Fisher, Colonial Era, 126-131. Thwaites, Col-

onies, 140-144. Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation,

315-326. Describe the provisions of the first popu-

lar written constitution. " The Fundamental Orders

of Connecticut, 11 1638- 1639, from the text in Hart,

Contemporaries, I, No. 120, or in MacDonald, Char-

ters, No. 14, or Old South Leaflets, No. 8.

c. Founding of New Haven : aims of founders, difference

between their government and that of Connecticut,

the blue laws. Fiske, New England, 134-137 ; or


Fisher, Colonial Era, 129-130 ; or Thwaites, Colonies,

144-146. Longer: Doyle, Puritan Colonies, I, 190-

200. "True Blue Laws " of 1675 in Hart, Contem-

poraries, I, No. 144. The Fundamental Articles of

New Haven may be found in MacDonald, Charters,

No. 16.

d. The Northern settlements, later, New Hampshire and

Maine : reasons for settlements ;character ; relations

to Massachusetts. Thwaites, Colonies, 150-153, 173-

174. Longer: Doyle, Puritan Colonies, 1,201-219.

Hart, Contemporaries, I, Nos. 124, 125, are interest-

ing but somewhat prejudiced accounts of English

commissioners and travellers. Extract from Win-

throp, in Hart, Source Book, No. 21.

Federation.

e. The New England Confederation, 1643 : articles, admin-

istration, services. Read and describe the Articles

in American History Leaflets, No. 7, or MacDonald,

Charters, No. 19; also the " Proceedings of the First

American Federation," in Hart, Contemporaries, I,

No. 129. A brief suggestive treatment in Fiske,

New England, 155-162; or read Thwaites, Colonies,

154-164. Longer: Bancroft, 1,289-310. Frothing-

ham, Rise of Republic, Ch. ii. Doyle, Puritan Colo-

nies, I, 220-319.

Relation with Subject Races, and with Quakers and

Witches.

/. New England treatment of the Indian in 17th century

:

land, trade, missionary work, Pequot war. Fiske,

New England, 199-210 (very briefly in Thwaites,

Colonies, 136-137, 170-172). Bancroft, I, 382-386.

g. The effect of the Indian as neighbor and enemy on the

colonist. Fiske, New England, 226-229, 236-241

(Philip's war). An excellent brief but comprehen-


sive account in Doyle, "Virginia," iii, 10-17. Hig-

ginson, Larger History. 169-178. (Note power and

limitation of Indian as fighting man.)

h. Treatment of Quakers by Massachusetts. Fiske, NewEngland, 1 79-1 91. Bancroft, I, 312-315. Longer:

Doyle, Puritan Colonies, II, 98-114. Hallowell,

Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts.

i. Witchcraft delusion. Thwaites, Colonies, 190-192; or

Fisher, Colonial Era, 220-222. Doyle, Puritan Col-

onies, II, 298-311. Fiske, New France and NewEngland, Ch. v.

Self-Government and Independent Spirit.

/. Overthrow of the Massachusetts charter. Fiske, NewEngland, 253-267. Longer: Doyle, Puritan Colonies,

I, 190-225.

k. The tyranny of Andros and the Revolution of 1689.

Fiske, New England, 267-278. Longer : Doyle, Puri-

tan Colonies, II, 230-272.

/. Independent attitude of Massachusetts toward English

government, 1 630-1 760. Find examples in the text-

book and in books referred to above (or other stand-

ard works, see below), e.g. in Winthrop's attitude;

in actions in 1634, 1636, 1643, 1661, 1664, 1689.

tn. Provincial New England, 1692-1760: contests with

royal governors;paper money ; commerce ; Harvard

and Yale ; the " Great Awakening ;" literature.

Fisher, Colonial Era, Chs. xiii, xxi ; or Winsor, in

America, V, Ch. ii (very valuable) ; or in other stand-

ard histories (see below) ; or pick out significant

facts in Lodge, Colonies, 360-368, 392-395, 400-405,

471. ("Great Awakening," Hart, Source Book, No.

42 ; Fiske, New France and New England, Ch. vi.)

Self-Government— Democratic Spirit—Public Schools.

n. Colonial governments of New England. (For all.)

Fiske, Civil Government, 146-149, 154-156. Lodge,

Colonies, 412-418. (Local government, see 8, e.)


o. Social and economic conditions in New England in

1 760 (including education) . Lodge, Colonies, Ch. xxii.

Additional Topics

:

A. John Winthrop : his character and his statesman-

ship. Twichell, John Winthrop ; or the standard life

by Robert C. Winthrop. Read parts of Winthrop's

History of New England ; or read extracts in Hart,

Contemporaries, I, No. 107; Old South Leaflets, Nos.

50, 66; Hart, Source Book, Nos. 21, 28.

B. The Body of Liberties, 1641, the first New Eng-

land code of laws, compared with Magna Carta.

American History Leaflets, No. 25, including compari-

son with Magna Carta by Winthrop and others. Also

printed text with facsimile of manuscript, in Whitmore,

Colonial Laws of Massachusetts Bay, 1660; published

1889. (Also in his "Bibliographical Sketch," etc.,

1890.)

C. Why was Roger Williams banished from Massa-

chusetts ? Eggleston. Beginners of a Nation, 266-306.

Doyle, Puritan Colonies, II, 11 3- 126. H. M. Dexter,

As to Roger Williams. Diman, in Narragansett Club

Publications, II. See account in Winthrop's History

of New England. Mass. Hist. Soc. Pfoc, 1873.

Map Work

:

New England in 17th century : Indicate rivers,

chief towns mentioned in reading, boundaries of colonies,

location of chief Indian tribes. (To be marked 1650 or

1700, according to map followed.) 1650 in McLaughlin,

History of American Nation, 93, and in Doyle, Puritan

Colonies, I. In Seventeenth Century, Fiske, facing

title page. In 1700, Thwaites, Colonies, Map 3 (same

in Hart, Epoch Maps), showing clearly the boundaries

after charter of 1691. Doyle, Puritan Colonies, II,

facing title page.

General References (For New England Colonies) :

Brief Accounts : Fisher, Colonial Era, Chs. vii, viii, xiii

Thwaites, Colonies, Chs. vi-viii.

308 American History-

Longer Accounts : (Special works on New England, o;

portions of colonial history). Fiske, Beginnings of

New England. Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation.

Doyle (English Colonies in America), Puritan Colonies.

Lowell, " New England Two Centuries Ago " (in his

"Among My Books "). Weeden, Economic and Social

History of New England. Palfrey, History of NewEngland. Lodge, Short History of English Colonies in

America. Winsor, Memorial History of Boston. Chey-

ney, European Background of American History, Chs.

viii, xii-xvi. Tyler, England in America, Chs. ix-xix.

Andrews, Colonial Self-Government, Chs. iii, xvi-xix.

Fiske, New France and New England.

General Works : Bancroft, History, Pt. I, Chs. xiii-xv

;

Pt. II, Chs. ii-vi, xvii-xviii ; Pt. Ill, Ch. iii. Bryant and

Gay, I, xx-xxi ; II, i-v, viii ; III, v, viii. Frothingham,

Rise of the Republic, Chs. ii-iii. Hildreth, History of

the United States. Winsor, America, III, vii-ix

;

V, ii. Osgood, American Colonies in the 17th Century, I.

Sources: Hart, Source Book, Nos. 17, 19, 21, 28-31,

42, 52. Hart, Contemporaries, I, xiv, xvi, xxi ; II,

iii, etc. American History Leaflets, Nos. 7, 25. Old

South Leaflets. Winthrop, History of New England.

Young, Chronicles of Massachusetts. For topics relat-

ing to the cclonial history of their own state, pupils may

be interested in reading more fully in the state histories,

viz. : Massachusetts, by Governor Hutchinson, 3 vols.,

to 1774; or Barry, 3 vols., to 1820. Rhode Island,

Arnold, 2 vols. ; or Green, Short History. Connecti-

cut, Johnston (Commonwealth Series). New Hamp-

shire, Belknap, 3 vols. Maine, Williamson. For

special investigation of state or local history, there is

very valuable material in the State Historical Societies1

Collections, and in town histories and town records.

Additional references under special topics may be found

in Channing and Hart, Guide, Sections 109-130, and in

Larned, Literature of American History, pp. 76-92.


IV. Middle Colonies, 1609-1760.

10. Dutch and English in New York.

a. The Dutch.

(i) Their character and achievements to 1609.

Brief Accounts : in European or General Histories,^.

:

Fisher, Outlines, 414-41°; Adams, European History,

334-338 ;Robinson, Introduction to History of Western

Europe, 446-451- Bancroft, I, 475~48i. Fiske, Dutch

and Quaker Colonies, I, Ch. ii. Very fully and with dra-

matic power in Motley, Rise of Dutch Republic ;and His-

tory of United Netherlands. Blok's History of the People

of the Netherlands is a work of careful modern scholar-

ship by an eminent Dutch historian. (See Outline oj

Europea?i History, pp. 176-177.)

(2) Dutch discovery and settlement, 1 609-1626.

(3) Dutch rule in New Netherland : its object,

methods, faults; relations with English, Indians,

Swedes; the patroon system; comparison of local

government with that in Virginia and New England

;

survivals of the Dutch occupation.

(4) The influence of the Dutch on American his-

tory : indirect (on Europe and England);

direct in

America, its limited nature ;comparison with influ-

ence of England. Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies,

I, Ch. ii, especially 30-34.

b Conquest of New York by the English : object and im-

portance.

c. The English in New York.

(1) Government and politics: local government

under Governor Nicoll ; representative government

under Governor Dongan ; Leisler's rebellion (political

controversy); Zenger trial (freedom of the press).

Fiske, II, 248-257. Hart, Contemporaries, II, No. 72.

(2) Social and economic conditions in New York

in the 1 8th century. Thwaites, Ch. x (for 1700).

Fisher, Colonial Era, 252-254. Lodge, Colonies,

Ch. xvii. Fiske, II, Ch. xv.

Source : Hart, Contemporaries, II, No. 32.


Additional Topics

:

A. u Of the Reasons and Causes why and how NewNetherland is so decayed, 1

' 1650. Hart, Contemporaries,

I, No. 154.

B. Peter Stuyvesant.

C. Old Dutch customs in New Netherland.

D. The struggles of the Dutch and the English for a

representative assembly.

E. Reasons for greater success of England than of

Holland as a colonizing nation.

F. The Iroquois Confederacy. See index to Park-

man.

G. New York in the Intercolonial Wars. See refer-

ences in section 13.

General References

:

Brief Accounts : Fisher, Colonial Era, Chs. ix and xiv.

Thwaites, Colonies, 196-207 and Ch. x.

Longer Accounts : Bryant and Gay, I, 339-369,429-475.

Lodge, Colonies, Chs. xvi-xvii. Winsor, America, IV, Ch.

viii; III, Ch. x; V, Ch. iii. Fiske, Dutch and Quaker

Colonies in America, Chs. i-xi, xiii-xv, xvii. Andrews,

Colonial Self-Government, Chs. v-vi. Parkman, on re-

lations with Indians and Canada; consult index, e.g. in

Pioneers of France, Count Frontenac, Jesuits in North

America, Old Regime, Half Century of Conflict, Montcalm

and Wolfe. Palmer, History of Lake Champlain. See

also histories of New York state by Brodhead, Lossing,

O'Callaghan, Roberts, Schuyler; of New York city, by

Lamb, Booth, Stone. For further references, see Chan-

ning and Hart, Guide, sections 104-105 ; and Larned,

Literature of American History, pp. 92-100, and index.

Sources : Hart, Contemporaries, I, Chs. xxii-xxiii ; II,

Nos. 32, 72. Hart, Source Book, Nos. 16, 22, 32, 45,

50.

For the valuable material in the collections of docu-

ments published by the state of New York, see Channing

and Hart, Guide, 11 2-1 13, or Larned, Literature, 96.


11. Pennsylvania, "A Quaker Experiment in Govern-

ment." New Jersey and Delaware.

a. Colonial New Jersey : occupation by the English ; the

Quaker purchase ; Penn's purchase ; East and West

Jersey, 1674; New Jersey as a crown colony, 1702;

character of the people.

b. The principles of the " Friends," or Quakers : political,

moral, religious. Best brief reference is Sharpless, AQuaker Experiment in Government, Chs. i-ii. Ban-

croft, I, 528-546. Article " Quakers " in Encyclopaedia

Britannica.

c. Life and character of William Penn. Bancroft, I, 556-

563. Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, II, 1 14—

139. Lives of Penn, by Janney or Dixon. Article

"William Penn/ 1

in Dictionary of National Biog-

raphy.

d. The founding of Pennsylvania.

e. The Quaker Constitution.

Sources: The Frame of Government, 1682, in Mac-

Donald, Select Charters, No. 40 ; Charters and Laws of

Pennsylvania (edition of 1879), 93-99; Poore, Charters

and Constitutions, II, 15 18. Charter of Privileges of

1 70 1, MacDonald, Charters, No. 46.

Brief Accounts : Bancroft, I, 561-571. Fisher, Colo-

nial Era, 201-203. Sharpless, Ch. iv. Fiske, Dutch and

Quaker Colonies, II, 151-155, 307-311.

f. The Quaker government, 1682-1756.

(1) Religious and civil liberty.

(2) Relations with the Indians. Discriminating

account in Sharpless, Quaker Experiment, Ch. vi.

(3) Quaker attitude toward war. Sharpless, Quaker

Experiment, Ch. vii.

(4) Extent to which Quakers controlled the govern-

ment. Sharpless, Quaker Experiment, in Chs. iv-viii,

e-g; fy-77, 134, 1 72- 1 77- 274-276.

(5) Slavery.

g. Social and economic conditions in Pennsylvania, 1760

ji2 American History

(or 1765). Fisher, Colonial Era, 268-271. Fiske, II,

319-329. Lodge, Colonies, Ch. xiii.

h. Relations with Delaware, " The Territories.1 '

Additional Topics

:

A. Quaker organizations and discipline. Sharpless,

Ch. iii. Compare with modern Rules of Discipline and

Advice (Philadelphia, 1894).

B. The virtues and limitations of Quakers and Puritans.

C. A comparison between the Quaker policy toward

the Indians in Pennsylvania, 1682-1756, and the Puritan

policy in New England in 1 630-1 676. Compare Sharp-

less, in Ch. vi, with P'iske, II, 164-166, and Parkman,

Conspiracy of Pontiac, in Ch. iii.

D. The Quakers 1

attitude toward slavery. John Wool-

man's Journal; selections in Hart, Contemporaries, II,

No. 106.

E. The measure of success of the Quaker Experiment.

F. Delaware ; settlement, relations with Dutch and

with Pennsylvania.

General References :

(1) Pennsylvania.

Brief Accounts: Thwaites, Colonies, 215-217, and in

Ch. x. Fisher, Colonial Era, Chs. xi, xvi. Lodge, Colo-

nies, Ch. xii.

Longer Accounts: Bancroft, I, 528-573; II, 24-31.

Bryant and Gay, Popular History, II, 165-178, 481-498.

Winsor, America, III, Ch. xii ; V, Ch. iii. Fiske, Dutch

and Quaker Colonies, II, Chs. xii, xvi, xvii. Sharpless,

History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania, 2 vols.

Vol. I, published originally as A Quaker Experiment in

Government, makes use of Quaker sources and brings

out clearly the essentials of the Quaker principles and

practice, and the extent of their responsibility. It is a

book of unusual interest and discrimination. Lives of

Penn by Janney and Dixon. Proud, History of Pennsyl-

vania. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia.

Source : For an interesting non-Quaker view, read Ben«


jamin Franklin's Autobiography, e.g., 141-147 (Quakersand war). See also Chs. ix-x for examples of practical

good citizenship. (Riverside Literature Series edition.)

(2) Delaware.

Brief Accounts: Thwaites, Colonies, 207-210. Lodge,Colonies, Ch. xi (also in xii-xiii).

Longer Accounts : Winsor, America, IV, Ch. ix. His-

tories of Delaware by Vincent and by Scharf.

(3) New Jersey.

Brief Accounts: Thwaites, 210-214. Fisher, Colonial

Era, Chs. x, xv. Lodge, Colonies, Ch. xiv.

Longer Accounts: Winsor, America, III, Ch. xi ; V,

Ch. iii. Andrews, Colonial Self-Government, Chs. vii-

viii. Histories of New Jersey by Smith (to 1721),

Gordon, Baum, Mulford. Further references for Penn-sylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey, in Channing andHart, Guide, §§ 106-108; and in Larned, Literature of

American History, pp. 92-100 and index.

V. The Colonies in the Eighteenth Century, to 1760.12. Political, Social, and Economic Development of the

Colonies, 1700-1750.

a. Political development.

(1) Progress in self-government: taxation; elec-

tions; free speech.

(2) Defence of charters. Hart, Contemporaries, II,

No. 48.

(3) Boundary disputes : with France ; with Spain

;

between individual colonies.

(4) Attempts at union: especially in 1690, and Al-

bany Plan, 1754; what is shown by their failure?

Franklin's Plan, 1754, is in Old South Leaflets, No. 9

;

American History Leaflets, No. 14; MacDonald, Char-

ters, No. 52. Franklin describes his plan in his Auto-

biography, Ch. x.

b. Economic conditions and development. Thwaites. Wee-den, Economic and Social History of New England, for

that region.


c. Social development : population— immigration, expan-

sion, increase ; religion (especially " Great Awaken-ing ") ; education ; literature ; newspapers.

d. General character of the period.

Good Short Accounts : McLaughlin, History of the

American Nation, Ch. v. Thvvaites, Colonies, Ch. xiv.

Cambridge Modern History, Vol. VII (United States),

Ch. ii.

Material can be picked out of the longer accounts in :—

Fisher, Colonial Era, Part II, especially 225-236 (N.E.),

246-259 (N.Y. and N.J.), 263-271 (Penn. and Del.),

272-276 (Md.), 277-284 (Va.), 296-302 (Car.), and

Ch. xxi (Literature). Lodge, Colonies, in Chapters on

the history of each colony, e.g., Chs. i, xii, xvi, xviii-

xxi. Weeden, Economic and Social History of NewEngland. Bryant and Gay, III, Chs. iii-v, vii, ix. Ban-

croft, II, 238-267. Fiske, Old Virginia, Chs. xiv-xvii

;

Dutch and Quaker Colonies, Chs. xv-xvii. Winsor,

America, V, Chs. ii-vi. For " Great Awakening," see

Fiske, New France and New England, Ch. vi (especially

220-232) ; also in Franklin's Autobiography in Ch. vii,

on Whitefield.

Sources : Much illustrative matter in Hart, Contempo-

raries, II, Pts. iii-iv, e.g., Nos. 72 (Zenger Case), 48

(charters), 81 (Franklin), 38 (Mason and Dixon's Line),

59, 66 (salaries and vetoes). Pupils should read espe-

cially material on their own state {e.g., in state histories

;

or even, if time allows, on some special topic like the

growth of population or manufacturing in their town or

county history). Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography is

one of the most interesting and instructive sources in

American history. It gives much material which illus-

trates clearly the characteristics of this period and shows

how a typical American colonist thought and lived. Read

e.g., Chs. v (scheme of daily life), vi (practical ideas), vi,

viii, ix, x (public spirit, public improvements), vii (White-

field, "Great Awakening 1

"), x (Albany Union), i, vi


(self-education) ; i, iv, v, vi, printing and newspapers.

(The Chs. refer to Riverside Literature Series ed.)

Additional Topics :

A. An outline of the political and economic develop-

ment in the pupil's own state, 1 700-1 750. Use, if avail-

able, the topics and sub-topics above, so as to indicate

what progress was made in these lines in the state.

B. Same for pupil's own town.

13. Struggle between France and England for North

America, 1 689-1 763.

a. French explorations and settlements in the St. Law-

rence and Mississippi valleys, 1604-1718 : •Port Royal

in Acadia, 1604; Champlain at Quebec, 1608; La

Salle and the Mississippi, 1682 ; settlement of Louisi-

ana, 1699; New Orleans, 1718.

b. Contrast between French and English methods of colo-

nization in North America : political, religious, social,

economic. Parkman, Old Regime in Canada, Ch. xxiv.

c. The ''Second Hundred Years 1 War between England

and France,'1 1689-1815 1

: its world-wide importance;

the chief events in America to 1748. Seeley, Expan-

sion of England, Ch. ii. See also references in Out-

line of European History, pp. 180; 183-185; 190-

197 ; Outline of English History, pp. 257-258.

d. Strength and weakness of the French and of the English

in 1754.

l The following table gives the names and dates for Europe and America :—

In Europe In America

(1) War of League of Augsburg 1689-1697 King William's War.

(2) War of Spanish Succession 1702-1713 Queen Anne's War.

(3) War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748 King George's War, 1744-1748.

(4) Seven Years' War 1756-1763 French and Indian War, 1754-

1763.

(5) American War *775-i7%3 The American Revolution.

(6) War against the French Rev-

olution and Napoleon 1793-1802

{7) War against Napoleon 1803-18 15 War of 1812 with Great Britain.


(1) In Europe: military resources ; attitude of each

of the mother countries toward its colonies.

(2) In America : geographical conditions;popula-

tion ; military resources;

political, social, economic

conditions. Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, Ch. i.

Hart, Formation of the Union, Ch. ii.

e. Expulsion of the French, 1 754-1 763, the "French and

Indian War. 1 '

(1) Theatre of war ; lines of invasion.

(2) Causes and beginnings.

(3) Early failures of the English, 1754-1757.

(4) New plans and leaders, and conquest of Canada,

1757-1760: Pitt; Wolfe; Quebec. Parkman, Mont-

calm and Wolfe, II, Chs. xviii, xxiv, xxvii ; Conspiracy

of Pontiac, Ch. iv ; Struggle for a Continent (see

below)

.

(5) Terms of peace; geographical and political re-

sults of war to England, France, America, India.

Map Work:a. (For all.) Possessions of France, England, and Spain in

North America in 1756; English and Spanish posses-

sions in North America in 1763.

&. Theatre of war ; showing river valleys, lines of inva-

sions, forts, battles. Maps for a and b in McLaughlin,

American Nation ; for «, in Thwaites, Colonies, and

Hart. Formation of the Union ; Sloane, French Warand Revolution, for "Colonies, 1756," and "Theatre

of War."

Additional Topics

:

A. Were the English justified in :

(1) The attempt to expel the Acadians ?

(2) The method used ? Parkman, Montcalm and

Wolfe, I, Ch. vii. Compare Winsor, America, V, 41 5—

417, with 452-463. Hart, Contemporaries, II, No.

126.

B. Character and work of the older Pitt. Parkman,

Montcalm and Wolfe, Ch. xviii, and following. Long-


man, Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War(Epochs of Modern History).

C. Battle of the Plains of Abraham and Capture of

Quebec. Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, Chs. xxiv-xxv,

xxvii-xxviii, especially Ch. xxvii.

D. The character and work of the Jesuits in North

America in the 17th century. Parkman, Jesuits.

.Review or Examination Topic :

" The means, the character, and the spirit of the two

combatants [in the French and Indian War], and whyone succeeded where the other was defeated. 11

References

:

Brief Accounts : Thwaites, Colonies, Ch. xii ; together

with Hart, Formation of the Union, Ch. ii. McLaughlin,

History of the American Nation, Ch. vi. Parkman,

Conspiracy of Pontiac, Ch. iv (see also Chs. ii-iii).

Longer Accounts : The whole subject is most ade-

quately treated in the masterly and fascinating narrative

of Parkman, France and England in North America, in

seven parts, viz. : Pioneers of France in the New World;

Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century;

LaSalle and the Discovery of the Great West ; Old Re-

gime in Canada ; Count Frontenac and New France

under Louis XIV; Half Century of Conflict (2 vols.);

Montcalm and Wolfe (2 vols.). See also his Conspiracy

of Pontiac, Chs. ii-iv. Especially interesting and valuable

are: Pioneers of France, Chs. vii-ix ; Old Regime, Chs.

xv, xxiv ; Half Century of Conflict, Ch. iv ; Montcalm

and Wolfe, Chs. i, viii, xxvii. Good selections in an

abridged edition of Parkman (1 vol.), by Edgar, entitled

The Struggle for a Continent ; see especially 256-264,

301-308, 333-459. Fiske, New France and New England,

Chs. vii-x. Sloane, French War and the Revolution,

Chs. iii-ix. Bancroft, II, 137-237, 343-346, 362-366,

377-388, 416-512, 520-527, 562-565. Winsor, America,

V, Chs. vii-viii. See also Longman, Frederick the

Great and the Seven Years 1 War, Ch. xii, and 223-232,

3 1

8

American History

Sources: Hart, Contemporaries, II, Nos. Ill, 112,

122 (independence), 126 (Acadians), 127 (Braddock's

defeat), 129 (Fall of Quebec). Hart, Source Book,

No. 37 (Deerfield), 39 (Washington's account of Brad-

dock's defeat), 40 (Quebec).

14. Condition of the Colonies in 1760 (or 1765), Politi-

cal, Social, and Economic ;Comparisons between

the three sections.

" Between them [the New England colonies] and Virginia was the contest

.'<>r supremacy, while the great Middle colonies held the balance; and the his-

tory of that conflict of ideas is the history of the United States " (Lodge, Colo-

nies, 475). This suggestive sentence may stimulate discriminating discussion.

a. Economic Conditions.

(1) In the Southern colonies (Virginia, the typical

colony) : occupations ; means of communication.

Lodge. Colonies, Ch. ii. Fiske, Old Virginia, II, Ch.

xiv. Eggleston, in Century Magazine, 1 883-1 885

(illustrated) ; see especially Vol. 27, " Husbandry." 1

(2) Contrast between economic conditions in the

South and in New England. Compare accounts in the

preceding sub-topic with Lodge, Colonies, in Ch.

xxii. See also Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 29-35. De-

tails may be found in Weeden, Economic and Social

History of New England, 2 vols. ; and in Bruce, Eco-

nomic History of Virginia in the Eighteenth Century,

2 vols.

(3) Comparison between economic conditions in

New England and the Middle colonies. (Pennsyl-

vania or New York as typical colony.) See references

in preceding sub-topic (2) ; and those in topic c (2)

on p. 309 ; or topic g on p. 312.

b. Social conditions.

(1) In Southern colonies : classes; slavery; planta-

tion life ; religion, churches, and church services

;

education ; amusements. (Virginia, typical colony.)

1 For shorter references than these given tinder each topic, see the Briei

Accounts under t/ie General Referetices at end of this section, page 320.


Lodge. Fiske. Eggleston, in Century Magazine,

Vol. 28, social conditions (including slavery) ; Vol. 30

(travel, amusements, etc.); Vol. 29 ("Colonists at

Home").

(2) Contrast between social conditions in Southern

and New England colonies. Lodge, Chs. ii and xxii.

See also preceding references, and General References

at end.

(3) Comparison between social conditions in South-

ern and Middle colonies. (Pennsylvania or NewYork as typical colony.) Compare accounts in sub-

topic (1) with those in references in topic c (2), p. 309 ;

or topic g, p. 312.

(4) Comparison between social conditions in NewEngland and Middle colonies. (Pennsylvania or NewYork.) Hart, Formation. Channing, U. S. A., 1765—

1865. Lodge, Colonies, Chs. xiii, xvi, xxii. Fiske,

Dutch and Quaker Colonies, Ch. xv. Century Maga-

zine, Vols. 28-30 (see above in topic b (1)).

Political conditions.

(1) Contrast between forms of local government

in New England and Virginia: causes and results.

Brief account in Fiske, Civil Government, 57-67; or

his Old Virginia, II, 34-44. Compare Lodge, Colonies,

in Chs. ii and xxii. Briefly in Hart, Formation, in

Ch. i. Or recall work in topic e, p. 303.

(2) The system of local government in New York

and Pennsylvania : comparison with New England and

Virginia. Thwaites. Hart. Lodge. Fiske, Civil

Government.

(3) The three forms of colonial government. Hart,

Formation, 13-15. Fiske, Civil Government, 140-159.

Channing, U. S. A., 26-27, 33~3^>- Fuller details in

Lodge, Colonies, in Chs. ii, iv, xxii. (See topic g,

p. 299 ; topic a, p. 300 ; topic ;/, p. 306.)

(4) General similarities in political conditions in the

thirteen colonies.

20 American History

d. General conditions.

(i) Inherited institutions and their development

Hart, Formation, 5-10, 16-17.

(2) Elements in common among the colonists : in-

stitutions, character, ideals. Hart, Formation, Ch. i.

Channing, U.S.A., 1 765-1 865, in Ch. i. Sloane,

French War and the Revolution, Chs. i and ii. Fiske,

War of Independence, Ch. ii.

(3) Effects of diversity and similarity on later de-

velopment.

(4) Means of travel and communication between the

colonies.

(5) Population of the colonies in 1760: numbers;

character; distribution. Hart, Formation, 3-5. Chan-

ning, U.S.A., 1765-1865, 1-5.

Additional Topics

:

. A. Colonial amusements.

B. Slavery in the colonies, 161 9-1 760.

C. Colonial taverns and turnpikes. (May be made

a topic for investigation in local history.)

D. Religion : including toleration, church and state,

and clergymen.

E. Education and literature. See Fisher, Colonial

Era, Ch. xxi.

F. Foreign Trade.

General References

:

Brief Accounts : Hart, Formation of the Union, Ch. f.

Channing, U.S.A., 1765-1865, Ch. i. McLaughlin,

History American Nation, Ch. vii. Fisher, Colonial

Era, closing portions of Chs. xiv-xxi. Fiske, War of

Independence, Ch. ii. Sparks, Expansion of the Ameri-

can People, Chs. iv-v (illustrated).

Longer Accounts : Lodge's Short History of the English

Colonies in America is the best single book on conditions

in all the colonies in 1765. See Chs. ii, iv, vi, viii, x, xiii,

xv, xvii, xxii, especially Chs. ii and xxii. Fiske, Old Vir-

ginia and Her Neighbors, II, 29-44, and Ch. xiv. Fiske


Dutch and Quaker Colonies, Chs. xv, xvii. Weeden,

Economic and Social History of New England. Eggles-

ton, articles in Century Magazine, 1 883-1885 (illustrated),

contain much interesting matter, Vols. 27-30. Earle,

Sabbath in Puritan New England, Colonial Dames and

Goodwives, Customs and Fashions in Old New England,

Home Life in Colonial Days (illustrated), Child Life in

Colonial Days (illustrated), contain interesting details of

colonial social life. Sloane, French War and the Revo-

lution, Chs. i-ii.

Sources : Hart, Contemporaries, II, Pt. iv, Nos. 80-84

(life of the people) ; 85-89 (commerce and currency);

97-101 (religious life) ;102-108 (slavery and servitude).

Hart, Source Book, Ch. vii (colonial life in the 18th

century) ; Ch. viii (colonial government). For further

references see Channing and Hart, Guide, § 133. Larned,

Literature of American History, especially pp. 69-1 11.

VI. Union and Independence, 1760-1783.

15. Causes of the American Revolution, 1760-1783.

a. Underlying causes of the Revolution : fundamental dif-

ference in ideas and conditions between England and

the colonies in 1760.

(1) In social conditions (including religion).

(2) In economic conditions.

(3) In political ideas and conditions : two kinds of

" representation "; the English view as to the govern-

ment of the colonies ; the view in the colonies— ex-

amples in the Writs of Assistance and the Parson's

Cause.

Brief Accounts : Channing, United States of America,

1765-1865, 25-40. (This portion and the whole "book

written in a scholarly, catholic spirit.") Fiske, War of

Independence, 18-20, 58-64. Fiske, American Revolu-

tion, Ch. i, especially 1-4, 32-45.

Longer Accounts : Sloane, French War and Revolution,

Chs. i and x. For the views of two eminent Englishmen,

read: (1) Lecky, American Revolution (being chapters


from his History of England in the 18th Century), 38-

52, for a discriminating view of the political and com-

mercial relations between colonies and mother country

;

(2) Trevelyan, American Revolution, Part I, 44-99,

for a brilliant picture of the contrast between life in

England and America, very appreciative of the American

ideals. Otis's arguments in connection with the Writs

of Assistance and Patrick Henry's in the Parson's Cause

may serve as examples of the American theory : well

treated in Channing, Student's History, and his U. S. A.,

1 765-1 865 ; Parson's Cause, more fully in Tyler's Patrick

Henry, Ch. iv ; Otis on Writs of Assistance, American

History Leaflets, No. 33. For the English view in 1765,

see Lecky, American Revolution, Ch. i.

The immediate causes ot the Revolution, 1 763-1 774,

resulting from these fundamental differences.

(1) Grenville's three new schemes of colonial con-

trol. (" These three measures produced the American

Revolution.") Hart, Formation of Union, 44-50 and

following. Channing, U. S. A., 1765-1865, 39-48.

Fiske, War of Independence, 39-51. Lecky, American

Revolution, 50 and following (or in Ch. xi of his

History of England in 18th Century).

(2) The trade laws and attempts at enforcement.

Hart, Formation, 17, 19, 44-48. Sloane, French Warand Revolution, 1 19-120, 124-125. Lecky, American

Revolution, 42-48, 52-56. Winsor, America, VI, 6-14,

23-26.

(3) The Stamp Act.

(a) Its purpose. Lecky, 60-62, 66-68. Win-

sor, America, VI, 15-18.

{b) The arguments of its supporters. Hart,

Contemporaries, No. 138. Lecky, 71-73, 77,

86-89.

(V) The arguments of its opponents. Hart,

Contemporaries, II, Nos. 140-143 (Cambridge

Town Meeting, Stamp Act Congress, Pitt,


Franklin). Lecky, 75"79> 89"92- The Decla-

ration of Rights by the Stamp Act Congress is

also in MacDonald, Select Charters, No. 59;

Preston, Documents, 1 88-1 91 ;or Lamed, His-

tory for Ready Reference, article " United States,11

under date 1765. Patrick Henry's speech is in

Tyler's Henry, Ch. v.

Brief Accounts of Stamp Act : Hart, Formation, 48-53-

Fiske, War of Independence, 51-63, or his Revolution,

15-27. Channing, U. S. A., 1765-1865, 48-56.

Longer Accounts : Lecky, 67-97. Winsor, America,

VI, 15-35-

(4) The Townshend Acts and resistance to them,

1 767-1 769. Fiske, War of Independence, 64-76 ;Revo-

lution, I, 28-32, 46-66. Winsor, America, VI, 35-47-

Lecky, 107-115, 1 18-123. The Acts in MacDonald,

Charters, Nos. 62-64.

(a) Massachusetts Circular Letter, 1768.

MacDenald, Charters, No. 65.

(b) Pennsylvania Farmer's Letters. Hart,

Contemporaries, II, No. 149-

(c) Virginia Resolves of 1769. MacDonald,

Charters, No. 66. Channing, U. S. A., 1765-

1865, Appendix.

(5) Boston Massacre, 1770- Fiske>Revolution, I,

65-72, interesting and suggestive. Compare Lecky,

126-131. Hart, Contemporaries, II, No. 151.

(6) Committees of Correspondence, local and colo-

nial, 1772 and 1773- Fiske, Revolution, I, 77-8o.

Winsor, America, VI, 53"57, facsimile of letter of

Boston Committee of Correspondence, 55.

(7) Boston Tea Party, 1773- Fiske>Revolution, I,

81-93.

Sources: Old South Leaflets, No. 68. Hart, Contem-

poraries, II, No. 152.

(8) The five repressive acts of 1774, the "Intolerable

Acts." Acts in MacDonald, Charters (except Quebec


Act), Nos. 68-71. Fiske, Revolution, I, 93-99. Lecky,

165-175.

(9) Continental Congress, 1774.

(a) Demand for it. Fiske, Revolution, I,

ioo-no.

(b) Declaration and Resolves. MacDonald,

Charters, No. 72. Preston, Documents, 192-198.

(c) American Association and Non-Importa-

tion Agreement. MacDonald, Charters, No.

J2,- Preston, Documents, 199-205.

c. A summary of the causes of the American Revolution

:

brief, but in chronological order, and with definite

examples.

Additional Topics

:

A. Popular feeling in America, 1 765-1 775 : as shown

in handbills, broad-sides, songs, and illustrations. Stamp

Act: McLaughlin, American Nation, 176-179; Winsor,

America, VI, 33. Non-importation and boycotting in

Boston, 1767-1770: Winsor, VI, 77-80. Boston Mas-

sacre: Winsor, VI, 48, 89; McLaughlin, 182, 188. Tea

handbills and posters : Channing, Students' History, 182;

Winsor, VI, 92, 93. Following are all in Winsor, Amer-

ica, VI: Liberty sentiments, 1 769-1 770, 86-87; Boston

Committee of Correspondence, 1773, 55 ;Regarding Acts

of 1774, 61, 97; Virtual Representation, 1775, 103.

B. Modern English views of the causes of the Revo-

lution. Seeley, Expansion of England, Ch. iv, especially

65 and following. Lecky, American Revolution in Ch. i,

especially pages cited above in topics a and b, and 154-

194. Compare Lecky's account of the Stamp Act with

Bancroft's. Or read accounts in text-books on English

History by Englishmen : e.g., Green, Gardiner, Bright.

A fascinating picture, favorable to the Americans, in Tre-

velyan, American Revolution, I. Two Pts. in 3 vols., so

far published (1903).

C. What were some of the chief constitutional prin-

ciples involved in the disputes, 1 760-1 774, with specific

illustrations of each?


D. How Samuel Adams stirred up the spirit of Revo-

lution. Fiske, Revolution. Hosmer, Samuel Adams.

Ge7ieral References for sections 15 and 16: see end of next

section, on the Revolution.

16. The Revolution, 1 775-1 783.

Map Work:

(1) Sketch map, showing three fields of campaign

(New England, Middle states, the South), with dates

(see topics 6, c, d) for. each of three regions, and for

ten or twelve most important battles. 1

(2) Boundaries proposed by French court, 1782.

Channing, Students' History, 227. Fiske, Critical

Period, 21. Winsor, America, VII, 148.

(3) (For all.) Territory of the United States accord-

ing to the Treaty of 1783, showing also the territory

of Spain and England. Channing, Students1

History,

229; U.S.A., 1765-1865,1. McLaughlin, American

Nation, 219. Hart, Formation of the Union, map 3,

end of volume ; same in Epoch Maps, No. 7.

a. Comparison of antagonists : population ; resources ; lead-

ers ;

2 theatre of war ; strategy. Hart, Formation of

the Union, 70-73. Channing, U.S.A., 1765-1865,

72-80.

b. The campaign in New England, 1 775-1 776: importance

of Lexington and Concord, of Bunker Hill, of Evacua-

tion of Boston. Fiske, War of Independence, 85-95.

Lecky, American Revolution, 201-205, 23°_234-

Longer Accounts: Fiske, Revolution, I, 120-146, 169-

172. Very readable account in Trevelyan, American Rev-

olution, in Chs. ix-xi, especially 310, 327-338, 409-411.

c. The turning of the tide in the Middle states, 1 776-1 780.

(1) The work of Washington. Fiske, War of Inde-

1 A convenient way in this and other maps to save space and avoid crowding

territory with names is to put dates, etc., along the coast.

2 British commanders in chief were : Gage, 1774-1775 ; Howe, 1775-May,

1778; Clinton, May, 1778-May, 1782. (See Bancroft, History, iii, 148; iv, 269;

v, 270, 555.)


pendence, 120-122, 138-143; Revolution, I, 229-238,

306-307, 317. Lodge, Washington, I, 1 71-179, 199-205.

(2) Burgoyne's Campaign. Fiske, War of Inde-

pendence, 125-137, 142-143. Lecky, Revolution, 321-

327. Fiske, Revolution, I, Chs. vi-vii.

(3) The French Alliance : political effects ; military

aid. Fiske, War of Independence, 144-160, 177-180.

Lecky, 295-310, 328-329. Suggestive article by Emil

Reich, A New View of the Revolutionary War, North

A?nerican Review, July, 1903.

d. Campaign in the South, 1 778-1 781. Fiske, War of

Independence, 163-166, 171-180. Channing, U. S. A.,

96-102. Lecky, Revolution, 448-455 (Yorktown cam-

paign). Fiske, Revolution, II, 274-286.

e. Growth toward Independence, 1 775-1 776. Good gen-

eral accounts in Channing, Students 1 History, 198-

206; Fiske, Revolution, I, 157-164, 172-197.

(1) King's rejection of "Olive Branch" Petition.

Fiske, Revolution, I, 158-160. Frothingham, Repub-

lic, 435, 444-447, 45 J -

(2) Formation of new state governments. Hart,

Formation, 81-82. Fiske, Revolution, I, 157-158,

180-182. Fiske, Civil Government, 161-166. Fiske,

Critical Period, 63-71.

Source: Hart, Contemporaries, II, No. 187 (constitu-

tion of New Hampshire).

(3) Beginning of a national government, 1775.

Hart, Formation, 74-77. Fiske, Civil Government,

204-207 ; Fiske, Critical Period, 90-93.

(4) Hiring of the "foreign mercenaries. 11 Fiske,

Revolution, I, 160-163, 172-173.

(5) Thomas Pained "Common Sense." Fiske,

Revolution, I, 173-175.

Sources: Quotations in Hart, Contemporaries, II,

No. 186. Bancroft, History, IV, 313-315.

f. The Declaration of Independence. Read it through

carefully and state

:


(1) Its ideas as to the source and the purpose of

democratic government.

(2) Some of the definite acts referred to in the list

of grievances. The Declaration is to be found in the

appendix to most school histories ;in Old South Leaf-

lets, No. 3 ;MacDonald, Select Documents, No. i ;

Preston, Documents, 210-217. The original draft is

in American History Leaflets, No. 11. (Note what

omissions were made and why.) For a suggestive

criticism on the frankness of the Declaration, read

Goldwin Smith, United States : an Outline of Political

History, 1492-1871, 87-89. Compare Bigelow, in

Cambridge Modern History, VII, Ch. vi.

g. The Treaty of Peace, 1783. Channing. Students1 His-

tory, 225-231. Hart, Formation, 95-98.

Longer Accounts: Fiske, Critical Period, Ch. i, espe-

cially 17-37, 44-45- Lecky, American Revolution, 462-

485.

Sources: Treaty in MacDonald, Documents, No. 3.

Explanation, in Hart, Contemporaries, II, No. 217.

h. Difficulties of the Americans. Hart, Formation, 89-95.

Sources: Hart, Contemporaries, II, No. 195. The

text-book and other accounts will suggest other difficul-

ties and dangers which arose during the war.

i. Services of Washington in the Revolution. Lecky,

Revolution, 209-214 (or in Ch. xi of his History of

England in 18th Century). Goldwin Smith, United

States, 96-98. Fiske, War of Independence, 109-1 1 1

.

The services suggested above in connection with topic

c and accompanying references should be included.

/. Patriotism and lack of patriotism during the Revolution.

(1) For instances of patriotism, the text-books and

books mentioned in the references above will prove

helpful.

(2) For lack of patriotism : Lecky, Revolution, 374-

377, 227-230, especially quotation from Washington,

in notes, 228-229, 376 ;Goldwin Smith, United States,


100-105, a^s0 including quotations from Washington.

Source: Hart, Contemporaries, II, Nos. 160 and 170.

k. Causes of success : American, English, European factors.

(1) Summary. Hart, Formation, 89. Channing,

United States of America, 73-80.

(2) The importance of the aid of France. Lecky,

American Revolution, 398-399, 443-447 (or in Ch.

xiv of his History of England in the 18th Century).

Channing, U. S. A., 79-80. Fiske, Revolution, II,

201-203. See also references above, in topic c (3).

(3) " How England was hampered and weakened."

Fiske, War of Independence, 157-160; more fully in

his Revolution, II, 1 30-161, 286-287.

/. The widespread results of the Revolution in America

and Europe. Hart, Formation, 99-101. Fiske, Rev-

olution, II, 290. Bancroft, V, 580. Compare with

Goldwin Smith, United States, 113-119. Seeley, Ex-

pansion of England, Ch. vii, suggestive on the impor-

tance of the Revolution and its results.

m. Justification of the Revolution. Hart, Formation, 64-68.

Source : From the Declaration of Independence give

such of its principles and statements as to-day may be

fairly regarded as just grounds for the Revolution. For

text of Declaration, see references above in topic/ (2).

71. Advantages and disadvantages of the Revolution. Hart,

Contemporaries, II, No. 220. Goldwin Smith, United

States, 113-1 19.

Additional Topics

;

A. Franklin's services to America in the Revolution.

Morse, Franklin. Ford, Many-sided Franklin. Hale,

Franklin in France.

B. The Loyalists and their treatment. Tyler, Literary

History of the Revolution. Sabine. Van Tyne.

C. The Conway Cabal.

D. Arnold's treason. Fiske, Revolution, Ch. xiv.

E. Naval warfare;John Paul Jones. Fiske, Revolu-

tion, Ch. xii. Maclay, Navy, I. Winsor, VI, Ch. vii.


F. The services of foreign officers in the American

army.

G. Account of a battle in which a pupil's ancestor

took part. See references below.

H. John Andre and Nathan Hale.

I. Diplomacy of the Revolution.

/. The Revolution in the minds and hearts of the

people.

General References (for the Revolution and its causes) (for

specific references see topics in sections 15 and 16) :

Brief Accounts : Channing, U. S. A., 1765-1865. Hart,

Formation of the Union Suggestive, and giving modern

English point of view, are : Seeley, Expansion of Eng-

land ; Goldwin Smith, United States, 1492-1871.

Longer Accounts : Very judicious and broadening,

Lecky, The American Revolution (being selections

from Lecky, History of England in 18th Century, edited

by Woodburn). Another brilliant English account, very

favorable to the Americans, Trevelyan, American Revo-

lution (three volumes published, 1903, to 1777). Ex-

cellent short account in Fiske, War of Independence

(Riverside Literature Series), mere fully in his two vol-

ume American Revolution, and his illuminating Criti-

cal Period. Valuable material, especially bibliographical

and illustrative, in Winsor, America, VI. Sloane, French

War and the Revolution. Frothingham, Rise of the

Republic. Very full account in Bancroft, History.

For details of battles, consult Lossing, Pictorial Field

Book of the Revolution ; Carrington, Battles of the

American Revolution (with military criticisms) ; Daw-

son, Battles of the United States (with selections from

documents). Further details may be found in magazine

articles referred to in Poole's Index to Periodical Litera-

ture ; and very valuable material in the Collections of

State Historical Societies and in the collections of

Documents published by the various states. For the

Loyalists, or Tories, see Tyler, Literary History of the


Revolution ; Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American

Revolution ; Sabine, Loyalists. Interesting material in

the biographies in the American Statesmen Series : e.g.

Hosmer, Samuel Adams ; Tyler, Patrick Henry ; Lodge,

Washington ; Morse, Franklin ; and in Ford, Many-sided

Franklin, and True George Washington. On economic

questions, Beers, Commercial Policy of England toward

the American Colonies (Columbia University Studies in

History, etc., Ill, No. 2. N.Y., 1893).

Sources : Hart, Contemporaries, II, Pts. vi-viii ; Source

Book, Ch. ix. MacDonald, Charters (to 1776) ;

and his Documents. Preston, Documents. American

History Leaflets, Nos. 11, 20, 21, 33. Old South Leaf-

lets, Nos. 2, 3, 47, 68, 97, 98. For documents, see

the three following works.

Further References in Channing and Hart, Guide, §§ 133-1435

Winsor, Reader's Handbook of the American Revolu-

tion ; Larned, Literature of American History, ppm-152.

VII. The Critical Period, 1783-1789.

17. Confederation and Constitution. Part I. Con-

federation.

a. Articles of Confederation : history of formation ; leading

features ; defects ; merits ; attempts to amend.

Walker, Making of the Nation, 1-14 (obstacles to

union, 1-6). Hart, Formation of the Union, 93-95, 104,

118. Schouler, I, 14-17. Fiske, Critical Period, 90-

101. Winsor, America, VII, Ch. iii.

Sources: Hart, Contemporaries, II, No. 189. Text of

the Articles in American History Leaflets, No. 20 ; Old

South Leaflets, No. 2 ; MacDonald, Documents, No. 2

;

Hill, Liberty Documents, Ch. xv ; Fiske, Civil Govern-

ment, Appendix A. Proposed amendments, American

History Leaflets, No. 28. Defects of the confederation,

Hart, Contemporaries, III, Nos. 41, 54, 59. Note in the

Articles especially: Art. IV (interstate citizenship);

Art. V (representation in Congress) ; Art. VIII (modi


of supplying the national treasury) ; Art. IX, § 6 (vot-

ing) ; Art. XIII (amendment).

b. Weakness of the government : dealings with the army

:

foreign relations.

Fiske, Critical Period, 105-119 (army); 1 19-144

(Tories, English trade); 157-162 (Barbary pirates);

207-211 (Mississippi question). McMaster, I, Chs. ii,

iv (use table of contents).

Sources : Hart, Contemporaries, III, No. 38 (New-

burgh address) ; Nos.49, 50 (trade restrictions) ; No. 53

(John Adams's presentation to George III) ; No. 45

(Mississippi question). Hart, Source Book, No. 66.

€. Disorders in the states : boundary disputes ; trade dis-

criminations;paper-money craze.

Walker, Making of the Nation, 14-19. 'Fiske, Critical

Period, 144-153, 168-186. McMaster, I, 210-216 (Wyo-

ming valley trouble), 281 and following (paper-money).

Source: Hart, Contemporaries, III, Nos. 55, 58

(Shays 1 rebellion)

.

d. Social, economic, and political conditions, and progress,

1 783-1 789.

Detailed accounts in: Fiske, Critical Period, Ch. ii,

McMaster, I, Ch. i.

Source: Hart, Contemporaries, III, Part II.

#. The Northwest Territory : claims of the states ; cessions

(influence of Maryland) ;organization of the territory

;

rights guaranteed to people.

Fiske, Critical Period, 187-207. On present govern-

ment of territories, see Bryce, American Commonwealth

(abridged edition), Ch. xlvi ; or I, Ch. xlvii. Hart,

Actual Government. Hinsdale, American Government,

Ch. xli. Hinsdale, Old Northwest.

Sources: Cessions of the states, American History

Leaflets, No. 22. Text of Ordinance of 1787, Mac-

Donald, Documents, No. 4; Old South Leaflets, No. 13.

On the formation of the Ordinance, see Hart, Con-

temporaries, III, Nos. 43 (Ordinance of 1784), 46;


Source Book, No. 67. See, also, Contemporaries, III,

No. 42. Old South Leaflets, No. 40 (Cutler's description

of Ohio), Nos. 16, 41 (Washington's interest in the

West). Other interesting accounts of the West, in Con-

temporaries, III, Ch. v.

Map Work:The claims of the states to western lands. Epoch

maps, No. 6. (Same in Hart, Formation of Union 5

map 3.)

Part II. Constitution.

f. The Federal Convention : steps leading to convention

;

the great compromises ; find in the Constitution the

clauses which constitute the great compromises. (For

the text, see American History Leaflets, No. 8 ; Old

South Leaflets, No. 1 ; MacDonald, Documents, No. 5 ;

Fiske, Civil Government, Appendix B ; and in most

school histories.)

Brief Accounts: Hart, Formation of the Union, 121-

128. Winsor, America, VII, 237-246.

Longer Accounts : Fiske, Critical Period, 222-305

Gay, Madison, Chs. vii, viii. Schouler, I, 23-47

.

McMaster, I, Ch. iv. Bancroft, VI (last revision).

Farrand, in American Historical Review, 1904, Vol. IX,

No. 3.

Sources : Hart, Contemporaries, III, Ch. x (includes a

short sketch of some of the members of the convention

and extracts from the debates on the election of senators

and on slavery). Hill, Liberty Documents, Ch. xvii

(useful marginal notes to the Constitution). Old

South Leaflets, No. 70 (debate on the suffrage in Con-

gress) ; No. 99 (extracts from letters of Washington).

g. Ratification of the Constitution.

Brief Accounts: Hart, Formation of the Union, 128-

135. Walker, Making of the Nation, 51-62.

Longer Accounts : Fiske, Critical Period, Ch. vii. Gay,

Madison, Ch. ix. McMaster, I, Ch. v. Schouler, I,

60-78. Bancroft, VI.


Sources : Hart, Contemporaries, III, Ch. xi. Source

Book, No. 68 (Mason's objections to the Constitution),

No. 69 (a common-sense argument for the Constitution).

Old South Leaflets, No. 12 (first two numbers of the

Federalist). American Orations (Woodburn's revision),

I, 39 (Hamilton's speech in the New York Convention),

53 (Madison's speech in the Virginia Convention).

M. Preliminary study of the Federal Constitution.

(1) Congress: numbers, terms, qualifications and

mode of election of members of each branch ; mode of

making laws (three possible ways);powers of Con-

gress ; special powers of each House (what special or

exclusive powers does the Senate have as compared

with the House?) ; find in the Constitution all the acts

which require more than a simple majority vote.

(2) The President : qualifications, term, manner of

election (comparison of old and present methods);

powers (note relations with Congress, and appointing

power)

.

(3) The judiciary : kinds of courts ; tenure of judges;

jurisdiction of courts (general features only).

(4) Division of powers between state and national

government.

Constitution. For brief comment, any Civil Govern-

ment, e.g. Fiske, Strong and Shafer, Morey, Hinsdale's

American Government.

Bryce, American Commonwealth (very valuable). Ahelpful guide to Bryce is Clark's Outline of Civics. Hart,

Actual Government. Wilson, Congressional Government.

Additional Topics :

A. Describe the two forms of territorial government

laid down in the Ordinance of 1787.

B. Find four or five rights guaranteed to the people

of the northwest territory, and note their appearance in

the Constitution.

C. Compare the Constitution with the Articles of

Confederation with reference to: (1) representation;


(2) methods of raising money; (3) voting in Congress

;

(4) amendments.

D. How has the Constitution remedied the defects

enumerated in Hart, Contemporaries, III, Nos. 41, 54 ?

E. Contemporary arguments against ratification of the

Constitution. Contemporaries, III, Ch. xi ; Source Book,

No. 68.

F. The contest over ratification in Massachusetts ; in

New York; in Virginia. Contemporaries, III, Ch. xi.

Fiske, Critical Period, Ch. vii. McMaster, I, Ch. v.

Lodge, Hamilton, 64-73. Hosmer, Samuel Adams, 392-

401. Tyler, Patrick Henry, Ch. xviii. American Ora-

tions, I. Hart, Source Book, No. 69.

VIII. The Federalist Supremacy, 1789-1801.

18. Organization of the National Government.a. Inauguration ; executive departments ; inferior courts

s

first ten amendments.

Brief Accounts : Walker, Making of the Nation, 88-99.

Fiske, Civil Government, 236-240, 250-252 (on present

departments).

Longer Accounts : McMaster, I, Ch. vi. Schouler, I, Ch.

ii. Bryce, Commonwealth (abridged edition), Ch. viii

(cabinet) ; Ch. xxi (Federal courts, descriptive of pres-

ent conditions).

Sources : Constitution, Art. II, section 1 ; section 2,

clause 1 ; Art. Ill, section 1 ; Amendments, I-X. Hart,

Contemporaries, III, No. jj (proceedings in Congress),

No. 79 (hospitality of the Senate to President Washing-

ton). Both of these extracts are from the interesting

journal of Senator William Maclay. No. 81 (office-seek-

ers). Source Book, No. 71 (Maclay, on Washington) *

Old South Leaflets, No. 10 (inaugural address), No. 65

(address to churches). See, for entire period, Historical

Sources in Schools, § 80.

b. Financial system, and formation of the Republican party.

(1) Tariff. Taussig, Tariff History, 8-16. Lodge,

Hamilton, 108-114 (report on manufactures). Hart,


Contemporaries, III, No. 78 (first tariff debate). Mac-

donald. Documents, No. 12 (Hamilton's report on

manufactures).

(2) Debts. Lodge, Hamilton, 1 17-129. Hart, Con-

temporaries, III, No. 76 ; MacDonald, Documents,

No. 6 (Hamilton's first report on the public credit).

Source Book, No. 73 (Jefferson's account of the com-

promise on assumption).

(3) Excise. MacDonald, Documents, No. 8 (Ham-ilton's second report on public credit).

(4) National Bank. Lodge, Hamilton, 98-105.

Hart, Contemporaries, III, No. 82. MacDonald,

Documents, Nos. 9 (Hamilton's report), 10 (Jeffer-

son's opinion on constitutionality), 11 (Hamilton's

opinion on constitutionality).

(5) Formation of parties. Hart, Contemporaries,

III, Nos. 83, 85 (Jefferson's opinion of Hamilton), 86

(Hamilton's opinion of Jefferson).

References :

Walker, Making of the Nation, 78-87. Schouler, I,

Ch. ii. (use table of contents). McMaster, I, Ch. vi

;

II, Ch. vii. Lodge, Washington, II, 103-120. Lodge,

Hamilton, Ch. vii. Morse, Jefferson, 100-129. Gay,

Madison, Chs. xi, xii.

c. The new government tested : Whiskey Rebellion ; Indian

Wars.

Brief Accounts: Walker, Making, 103-107, 123-125.

Lodge, Hamilton, 180-184.

Longer Accounts: Lodge, Washington, II, 81-103,

120-128. McMaster, II, Ch. ix. Schouler, I. VonHoist, I, 94-104.

Source: MacDonald, Documents, No. 15 (Washing-

ton's message, 1794).

Additional Topics :

A. "Our Republican Court: 11titles, ceremonials.

levees. Lodge, Washington, II, 50-57. Schouler, I,

Ch. ii. McMaster, I, Ch. vi.


B. The First Slavery Debates : import tax;petitions

;

fugitive slave law, 1793. Gay, Madison, in Ch. xi.

Schouler, I. McMaster, I. MacDonald, Documents,

No. 7. Constitution, I, section 9, clause 1 ; IV, section 2,

clause 3.

C. Political writings : newspapers, pamphlets, foreign

editors. Schouler, I (use table of contents). Hart,

Contemporaries, III, No. 87 (an extract from the

National Gazette).

D. Find in the Constitution three limitations on the

power of Congress to tax.

19 Foreign Relations, 1 793-1 800.

a. Outbreak of war between England and France. (See

Outline of European History, pp. 190-194.) Procla-

mation of neutrality is in MacDonald, Documents, No.

13. Criticism in Hart, Contemporaries, III, No. 94.

b. Relations with France : Genet ; X, Y, Z affair ; war of

1798; treaty of 1800. Hart, Contemporaries, III,

Nos. 95 (Genet); 99 (X, Y, Z). Pennsylvania Re-

prints, VI, No. 2 (X, Y, Z). MacDonald, Documents,-

No. 16. Turner, Diplomatic Contest for Mississippi

Valley, Atlantic, May-June, 1904; article on Genet in

American Historical Review, July, 1898.

c. Relations with England : Jay's Treaty ; constitutional

questions involved (Schouler, I, 321-329). Important

extracts in MacDonald, Documents, No. 14. For

Fisher Ames's famous defence of the treaty in the

House of Representatives, see Hart, Contemporaries,

III, No. 97 ; or Johnston's American Orations, I.

Gallatin's speech is in the latter volume. Pellew, Jay,

Ch. xi.

d. Relations with Spain : Mississippi question and the treaty

of 1795. Ogg, Opening of the Mississippi, 411-459.

General References :

Brief Account: Walker, Making of the Nation, 99-

103, 115-123, 137-144-

Longer Accounts: Lodge, Washington, II, Ch. iv


Lodge, Hamilton, Chs. viii, ix (first part) . Gay, Madison,

193-222. Morse, Jefferson, Ch. x. Magruder, Marshall,

Ch. vii. Morse, Adams, 269-283.

Source : Hart, Source Book, Nos. 74, 75.

Additional Topics

:

A. Attacks on Washington. McMaster, II (use table

of contents).

B. Washington's Farewell Address. Old South Leaf-

lets, No. 4. Hill, Liberty Documents, Ch. xviii.

C. Treaties: How made? May the House refuse to

vote money necessary to carry out a treaty ? Can a treaty

alter a law of the United States ? Can a law supersede a

treaty? Constitution, Art. II, section 2, clause 2. Art. I,

section 9, clause 7. Art. VI, clause 2. McMaster, II,

266-276. Bryce, Commonwealth, 78-80 (or I, 106-109).

20. Fall of the Federalists, 1 798-1 801.

a. Alien and Sedition Acts ; Virginia and Kentucky Reso-

lutions. . The text of the acts and resolutions is in

American History Leaflets, No. 15 ; MacDonald, Docu-

ments, Nos. 16-23.

Brief Account: Walker, Making of the Nation, 149-

155-

Longer Accounts : Gay, Madison, Ch. xv. Von Hoist,

I, 141-167. McMaster, II, 389-403; Ch. xi (sedition

trials, use index).

Sources : Hart, Contemporaries, III, Nos. 101, 104.

Constitution, Amendments, I. American Orations, I

(Nicholas on the sedition act).

b. Party organization and conflicts, and the election of

1 800-1 80 1.

Brief Accounts: Walker, Making of the Nation, 157-

167. Lodge, Hamilton, 225-236.

Longer Accounts : Stanwood, Presidential Elections

:

or History of the Presidency. Schouler, I, 472-500.

McMaster, II, Ch. xi (use table of contents).

Sources: Hart, Contemporaries, III, Nos. 103, 105

Constitution, Art. II, section 1.


IX. The Jeffersonian Republicans, 1801-1817.

21. General Principles and Domestic Policy of Jeffer-

son's Administration.

a. Inaugural address. American Orations, I. Old South

Leaflets, No. 104. Hart, Contemporaries, III, No. 106.

A Federalist's comment on Jefferson, Hart, Source

Book, No. 77. Hart, Formation of Union, 176-179.

Longer criticism in Henry Adams, I, Ch. vii. Henry

Adams, History of the United States (during the ad-

ministrations of Jefferson and Madison), is the best

authority for the period 1801-1817. Morse, Jefferson,

209-218. Schouler, II, 1-4.

b. The civil service under Jefferson. Hart, Formation, 179-

1S0. Morse, Jefferson, 218-225. Schouler, II, 6-12.

Source: Contemporaries, III, No. 107.

c. The attack on the judiciary: Schouler, II, 86-89.

McMaster, III, 162-183. Henry Adams, II, 143

(Pickering) ; Ch. x (trial of Chase). Adams, John

Randolph, 130-152.

Source : Constitution, Art. I, section 2, clause 5 ; section

3, clauses 6, 7.

d. Financial policy : reduction of debt ; retrenchment in

army and navy. Hart, Formation, 182-183. Schouler,

II, 22-25. Walker, 175. Henry Adams, I, 238-243.

Stevens, Gallatin, Ch. vi.

22, Expansion.

a. Louisiana Purchase ; territorial and constitutional impor-

tance.

Brief Accounts: Hart, Formation, 185-187. Walker,

Making, 177-184.

Longer Accounts : Gilman, Monroe, 74-93. H. Adams,

II (best account). Schouler, II, 40-59. McMaster, II,

Ch. xiii; III, Ch. xiv. Von Hoist, I, 183-192 (chiefly a

discussion of its constitutionality). Roosevelt, Winning

of the West, IV, Ch. vi. Hosmer, History of the Louisi-

ana Purchase. Ogg, Opening of the Mississippi. Turner.

in Atlantic, May-June, 1904,


Sources : American Orations, I (Josiah Quincy on the

admission of Louisiana as a state). Contemporaries, III,

Nos. iu-114, 123 (Quincy 's speech). Source Book,

No. 78. MacDonald, Documents, No. 24 (Treaty of ces-

sion). Old South Leaflets, No. 105 (Louisiana in 1803).

b. Oregon; Lewis and Clark expedition, 1 803-1 806. Mc-Master, II, 633-635 ; III, 142-144. Henry Adams, II,

12, 215. Roosevelt, Winning of the West, IV, Ch. vii.

Sources : Old South Leaflets, No. 44 (Jefferson's in-

structions to Lewis). Contemporaries, III, No. 115 (ex-

tract from report of Lewis and Clark). Source Book,

No. 80 (Gass's Journal). S<?e, also, Larned, Literature

of American History, pp. 1 72-1 81.

Map:The United States at the close of Jefferson's first term.

Hart, Formation, map 4 ; same in Epoch Maps.

Additional Topics

:

A. The Federalists' Secession Projects. Hart, For-

mation, 188-189. Schouler, II, 68-75. McMaster, III,

42-53. Von Hoist, I, 183-199.

B. Why did Hamilton accept Burr's challenge? Lodge,

Hamilton, 251-271.

C. Burr's conspiracy. Hart, Formation, 1 89-191.

Walker, Making of the Nation, 206-208. Morse, Jeffer-

son, 280-285. McMaster, III, 54-88. Constitution, Art.

Ill, section 3, clauses 1, 2. Schouler, II, 133-139. Mc-Caleb, The Aaron Burr Conspiracy.

D. War with the Barbary Pirates. Hart, Formation,

184-185. Schouler, II, 17-20, 75-78. McMaster, II,

Ch. xiii; III, 200-208. Henry Adams, I, 244; II, 425.

Maclay, United States Navy, I.

Source : Contemporaries, III, No. 108.

23. Struggle for Neutral Rights. (See Outline of Euro-

pean History, pp. 195-196.)

a. Aggressions by England and France on neutral trade

:

Berlin and Milan decrees; Orders in Council; im-

pressments.

34-0 American History

Brief Accounts: Hart, Formation. 191-195. Walker,

Making, 190-197. Channing, United States of America,

174-180.

Longer Accounts : Morse. Jefferson, 255-267, Schouler,

II, Ch. vi. McMaster, III, 219 and following. Henry

Adams, III, Chs. iv, xvi.

Sources : Source Book, Nos. 74, 76, 79. Contem*

poraries, III, Nos. 116-119.

b. Retaliatory measures : non-importation ; embargo ; non-

intercourse act; Macon's bill No. 2.

Brief Accounts: Hart, Formation, 192-203. Walker,

Making, 199-203. 217-224.

Longer Accounts: Morse, Jefferson, Ch. xvii. Gay,

Madison, Ch. xvii. McMaster, III, especially Chs. xix, xx.

Schouler. II. Henry Adams. IV.

Sources : MacDonald, Documents, Nos. 27 (embargo

act), 28 (non-intercourse act). Contemporaries, III,

Nos. 121, 122 (embargo). Source Book, No. 81.

C. The War of 181 2 : causes, French, English, and Ameri-

can ; comparison of strength; military and naval

warfare ; opposition to the war (Hartford Convention);

treaty of peace. For the influence of the young

Republicans, see Schurz, Clay, I, Ch. v; McMaster,

III, 419, 427-440 ; Henry Adams, VI, 122-153. Clay's

speech on the war is in American Orations, I, and

Contemporaries, III, No. 125. For Randolph's speech

on the militia bill, see American Orations, I. Causes

of the war : MacDonald, Documents, No. 29 ; Source

Book, No. 83. Declaration of war, MacDonald, No. 30.

On the military and naval events : McMaster, IV (use

table of contents) ; Henry Adams, VI-VIII (use table

of contents) ; Roosevelt, Naval War of 181 2 ; Maclay,

United States Navy. On the Hartford Convention

and opposition in general to the war : Hart, Forma-

tion, 214-218; Walker, Making, 240-247; Von Hoist.

I, 253-272 ; McMaster, IV, Ch. xxviii, especially 247-

252; Schouler, II, 461-476; Henry Adams, VIII, IX

;


MacDonald, Documents, No. 32 (report of the Hart-

ford Convention). Treaty of Peace and results of the

war: Hart, Formation, 218-222; McMaster, IV, 256-

276; Schouler, II, 477-485; Schurz, Clay, I, Ch. vi

;

Morse, J. Q. Adams, 75-98; Stevens, Gallatin, 312-

337 ; Henry Adams, IX ; MacDonald, Documents, No.

31 (treaty of Ghent) ; Contemporaries, III, No. 128

(discussion of the treaty by J. O. Adams) ;Source

Book, No. 87 (discussion of the peace, Gallatin).

Sources : Contemporaries, III, Nos. 124 (capture of the

Java), 127 (campaign of New Orleans). Source Book,

Nos. 84 (capture of the Guerriere), 85 (capture of

Washington), 86 (battle of New Orleans). Historical

Sources in Schools, § 82. For further references and

for criticisms of books on war of 1812, see Larned, Liter-

ature of American History, pp. 167-172.

Additional Topics :

A. Group all the clauses of the Constitution which

relate to war.

B. The Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Bryce (abridged edition), 104-107. Wilson, Congres-

sional Government, 103-111. Follett, The Speaker.

X. Reorganization, 1817-1829.

24. Economic Reorganization.

a. The tariff: effects of the events of 1 808-181 5 on com-

merce, agriculture, and manufacturing; protectionist

arguments ; attitude of the political leaders, Clay, Cal-

houn, Webster, and Randolph; tariff acts of 18 16,

1824, 1828.

Brief Accounts: Hart, Formation, 225, 229-231, 247,

257. Walker, Making, 257-261. Burgess, Middle

Period, 109-115, 157-163.

Longer Accounts : Taussig, Tariff History, 1-24, 68-103

(best account). Schurz, Clay, I, 1 26-1 31 (act of 181 6),

212-221 (act of 1824, "American System 11). Lodge,

Webster, 1 54-1 71 (an interesting account of Webster's

attitude towards the tariff, 1 816-1828). Von Hoist,


Calhoun, 33-35, 66-73. Henry Adams, Randolph, 279.

McMaster, IV, Ch. xxxi ; V, Ch. xlvi. Dewey, Financial

History.

Sources: Hart, Contemporaries, III, Nos. 129 (com-

mercial effects of the war), 130 (Randolph's objections

to a protective tariff). MacDonald, Documents, Nos. 44,

45 (protests of South Carolina and Georgia against the

tariff of 1828). American Orations, IV, 202 (Clay's

speech on protection).

b. Banking : evils of state banks ; the second United States

Bank, 1816.

Hart, Formation, 226-227. Walker, Making, 261-262.

Longer: McMaster, III, IV, Chs. xxx, xxxvi.

Sources: MacDonald, Documents, No. 33 (bank act

of 1816). Hart, Contemporaries, III, No. 132 (state

banking).

25. Westward Migration and Internal Improvements.

a. Westward migration : influence of conditions on the sea-

board (McMaster, IV, 381-385) ; methods and routes

of travel; conditions of western life, 1800-1830.

McMaster, IV, Ch. xxxiii. Roosevelt, T. H. Benton,

Ch. i. Roosevelt, Winning of the West, IV, Ch. v.

Century Magazine, Vol. 63, Nov. 1901-Jan. 1902, articles

by Hough. Shaler, United States, I, Ch. v, especially

287-303. Higginson, Larger History, Ch. xvii. Sparks,

Expansion of the American People.

Sources: Contemporaries, III, Ch. xxi. Source Book,

Nos. 90, 92, 93. Historical Sources in Schools, § 83.

b. Internal improvements : need of better communication be-

tween East and West (McMaster, School History, 279-

282) ;political and economic results of the Erie Canal

and the railroads ; the constitutional question involved.

McMaster, IV, 411-429, V, 132-136. Von Hoist, Cal-

houn, 35-37. Burgess, Middle Period, 1 16-122, 166-170.

Sparks, Men Who made the Nation, Ch. vii. Schouler,

II, 296-298 ; III, 346-352 ; IV, 122-131. Encyclopaedias

(articles on " Railroads ").


Sources: Contemporaries, III, Nos. 131 (Calhoun),

165, 166, 167 (travel by rail, coach, and canal). Gilman,

Monroe, 239-248 (summary of Monroe's vetoes). Cald-

well, Survey, 233 (American History Studies, No. 10).

Old South Leaflets, No. 108 (steamboat).

c. The Indians in Georgia and the question of State Sover-

eignty.

Hart, Formation, 255-256. Wilson, Division and Re-union, 36-38. Burgess, Middle Period, Ch. x. Schouler,

III, 370-380.

For further references on Expansion, 1 783-1 828, see

Larned, Literature of American History, pp. 172-

181.

26. Slavery and the Missouri Compromises.a. Slavery extension, 1 783-181 8: constitutional recognition

of slavery; fugitive slave act, 1793 ; economic and polit-

ical effects of the cotton gin ; balancing of states ; ex-

tent of slavery, 181 8 {map).

Burgess, Middle Period, 48-60. Schouler, III, 134-

146. Von Hoist, I, 302-356 (340-356, economic contrast

between the free and slave states).

b. The struggle for Missouri: significance of the contest;

first compromise (Tallmadge, Thomas) ; second compromise (Clay) ; constitutional questions involved

;

cite the sections of the Constitution of the United

States relating to these questions.

Rhodes, History of United States since Compromise of

1850, I, 29-38. Burgess, Middle Period, Ch. iv (detailed

and constitutional). Schurz, Clay, I, Ch. viii. McMas-ter, IV, 570-601. Von Hoist, 1,357-381. Schouler, III,

I SS~ I 73' Henry Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave

Power, I, Chs. xi, xii.

Sources: MacDonald, Documents, Nos. 35-41. Con-

temporaries, III, Nos. 135, 136 (comments on compro-

mise), Source Book, No. 91 (J. Q. Adams's comments).

American Orations, II. Historical Sources in Schools

§83.


Map i

Status of slavery, 1821. Shade the portions of the

country affected by the compromise.

27. The Monroe Doctrine and the Panama Congress.

a. Conditions leading to the Monroe doctrine.

McMaster, V, 31-34. Paxson, Independence of the

South American Republics. Contemporaries, III, Nos.

142 (Holy Alliance), 145 (Russian ukase). (See Outline

of European History, p. 198.)

b. Earlier statements of the principles of the doctrine.

American History Leaflets, No. 4. Contemporaries,

III, No. 147 (extracts from Monroe's earlier messages).

American Historical Review, July and October, 1902,

contains a noteworthy article (" John Quincy Adams and

the Monroe Doctrine," by Worthington C. Ford), on the

correspondence leading up to the message of 1823; see

especially the final paragraph. Gilman, Monroe, 162-170.

c. Contemporary comment on the doctrine.

For significant extracts from the message, see Mac-

Donald, Documents, No. 43 ; Contemporaries, III, No.

147 ; American History Leaflets, No. 4 ; Old South

Leaflets, No. 56; Hill, Liberty Documents, 321.

For comments, see McMaster, V, 48-53 (footnotes,

containing English newspaper comments) ; Hill, Liberty

Documents, 323-328 ; Hart, Contemporaries, III, No. 148.

d. Later developments of the doctrine. Hart, " The Monroe

Doctrine and the Doctrine of Permanent Interest,11

in

American Historical Review, October, 1901 ; reprinted

in his Foundations of American Foreign Policy.

General Referejices (for Monroe Doctrine) :

Brief Accounts : Hart, Formation, 241-244. Burgess,

Middle Period, 123-128. Morse, J. Q. Adams, 130-137.

Longer Accounts : Gilman, Monroe, Ch. vii. Schouler,

111,277-293. McMaster, V, Ch.xli. Hill, Liberty Docu-

ments, 329-339.

e. The Panama Congress.

Hart, Formation, 251-253. Burgess, Middle Period,


146-155. Schouler, III, 358-366. Von Hoist, I, 409-

419, 429 and following. Schurz, Clay, I, 267-273.

McMaster, V, Ch. li.

Political Reorganization and the Triumph of Jack-son.

a. Growth of nationalism as shown by Supreme Court

decisions.

Hart, Formation, 234-236. McMaster, V, Ch. 1.

Magruder, John Marshall, Ch. x. Thayer, Marshall.

Lodge, Webster, Ch. iii (Dartmouth College case).

Sources: Contemporaries, No. 133 (extract from Mc-Culloch vs. Maryland). Hill, Liberty Documents, Ch.

xix (McCulloch case with comments). Historical

Sources in Schools, § 83.

b. The "scrub race for the presidency," 1824-1825,

Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Ch. xi, or his

Presidency. Burgess, Middle Period, 131-136 (brief

description of candidates). On the "corrupt bargain"

charge, see Morse, J. Q. Adams, 181-189. Schurz, Clay,

I, Ch. x. Sumner, Jackson, Ch. iv.

c. New political methods, and the election of 1828.

Hart, Formation, 246-247, 259-262. Fiske, Civil Gov-

ernment, 216-217, 261-263 (gerrymander, spoils).

Stanwood, History of the Presidency, or his Presi-

dential Elections, Ch. xii. Schurz, Clay, I, 288-292.

Wilson, Division and Reunion, 9-26 (significance of

Jackson's election). Brown, Jackson, 106-117.

Source: MacDonald, Documents, No. 42 (tenure of

office act of 1820).

d. Personal features of Jackson's administration : Jackson's

character ; the Kitchen cabinet ; the spoils system in-

troduced into national politics.

Wilson, Division and Reunion, 26-34. Roosevelt,

Benton, Ch. iv. Brown, Jackson, 1 18-128. Sumner,

Jackson, 102-4, 140-163. Schouler, III, 451-461. Mc-Master, V, 525-536.

Sources: Contemporaries, III, Nos. 158 (removals),


160 (extract from Major Jack Downing), 162 (Jackson's

statement of principles). Source Book, No. 102 (ex-

tract from Major Jack Downing).

Additio7ial Topics

:

A. Indian troubles, 1824-1828, 1830-1832. Hart,

Formation, 255-256. Wilson, Division and Reunion,

36-38. Burgess, Middle Period, 210-220. Schouler, III,

370-380,477-480; IV, 233-235. Morse, J. Q. Adams.

Sumner, Jackson.

B. Jackson as a type of American frontier life in 1829.

Brown, Jackson.

C. Internal improvements.

D. Public lands.

For further references and for criticisms of books for

periods VII-X, see Larned, Literature of American His-

tory, pp. 1 52-1 81, and index.

XI. National Democracy, 1829-1844.

29. Nullification in South Carolina; the Question of

State Sovereignty.

a. The " great debate ": nullification in theory.

Wilson, Division and Reunion, 43-48. Schouler, III,

483-488. Lodge, Webster, 172-204 (includes estimate

of Webster as an orator)

.

Sources: Important extracts in MacDonald, Docu-

ments, Nos. 47, 49 (Webster), 48 (Hayne). Hart, Con-

temporaries, III, Nos. 159 (Webster), 161 (Calhoun).

American History Leaflets, No. 30 (extracts from Webster,

Hayne, and Calhoun). Johnston, American Orations, I,

303 (Calhoun), 233 (Hayne), 248 (Webster).

b. The contest with South Carolina : nullification in practice.

Wilson, 48-63. Burgess, 220-241. Schurz, Clay, II,

Ch. xiv. Roosevelt, Benton, Ch. v. Von Hoist, Cal-

houn, 66-84, 96-108. Sumner, Jackson, 194-206; Ch.

x; 281-291. Schouler, IV, 85-109.

Sources : MacDonald, Documents, Nos. 53 (ordinance

of nullification), 55 (Jackson's proclamation), 56 (act for

enforcing the tariff, force bill).


c. Compare the action of South Carolina in 1 832-1 833 with

that of (1) Virginia and Kentucky in 1798-1799;

(2) Massachusetts in 1813-1815; (3) Georgia in

1 825-1 827. See sections 20, a ; 23, c (Hartford Con-

vention, etc.) ; and 25, c, or 28, Additional Topic A.

30. Financial Questions, 1 830-1 842.

a. Jackson's war on the bank : objection to the bank

;

election of 1832; removal of deposits; censure and

protest.

Wilson, Division and Reunion, 69-88. Brown, Jack-

son, 137-150. Burgess, Middle Period, Chs. ix, xii.

Sumner, Jackson. Schurz, Clay, I, 372-382 ; II, Ch.

xv. Roosevelt, Benton, Ch. vi. Schouler, IV (use table

of contents). Dewey, Financial History. Von Hoist,

II, Ch. i. Stanwood, History of the Presidency, or

Presidential Elections.

Sources: MacDonald, Documents (Jackson's annual

messages, Jackson's protest, Benton's expunging resolu-

tion). American History Leaflets, No. 24. American

Orations, I (Benton's speech on the expunging reso-

lution) .

b. Financial depression, 1 837-1 840: "pet banks;" distri-

bution of surplus revenue ; specie circular;panic of

1837; independent treasury, 1840 (1846).

Wilson, Division and Reunion, 88-98. Schouler, IV.

Shepard, Van Buren, Chs. viii-ix. Schurz, Clay, II,

Ch. xix. Roosevelt, Benton, Chs. vii, ix.

Sources : MacDonald, Documents, Nos. 67 (specie

circular), 75 (independent treasury act of 1846).

C. Whig financial measures ; Tyler's bank vetoes ; tariff of

1842.

Wilson, Division and Reunion, 133-140. Taussig,

Tariff History, 112-114, 1 19-140. Schouler, IV, Ch.

xvii, section I. Schurz, Clay, II, Ch. xxiii.

Additional Topics :

A. Nominating conventions. Bryce, Commonwealth,

Chs. liii, liv.


B. "Why great men are not chosen presidents.

"

Bryce, Ch. viii.

C. Ashburton treaty, 1842. Lodge, Webster, Ch.

viii. Schouler, IV, 396-402.

31. Anti-slavery Agitation, 1831-1838.

a. Actual conditions of slavery.

Brief Accounts: Wilson, Division and Reunion, 125-

132. Schouler, IV, 203-210. Rhodes, History of the

United States since the Compromise of 1850, I, Ch. iv

(excellent brief account of slavery about 1850).

Sources: Contemporaries, III, Ch. xxvi ; IV, Ch. iv.

Historical Sources in Schools, § 85, p. 250.

b. Revival of the slavery question : a period of general

moral and religious revival (Von Hoist, II, 84-85) ;

new character of the agitation ; leaders (Lundy, Garri-

son, Birney).

Brief Accounts: Wilson, Division and Reunion, 117-

123. Burgess, Middle Period, 242-249. Rhodes, I, 53.

Schouler, IV, 210-216.

Longer Accounts : Henry Wilson, Rise and Fall of the

Slave Power, I, Ch. xiii. Lives of Garrison, especially

that by W. P. and F. J. Garrison.

Sources: Old South Leaflets, Nos. 73 (Liberator, I,

1), 79 (Phillips's eulogy on Garrison). Contemporaries,

III, No. 174 (Garrison's principles). Old South Leaflets,

No. 80 (Theodore Parker on slavery). Contemporaries,

III, No. 181 (Slade). Old South Leaflets, No. 81 (anti-

slavery convention of 1833). Contemporaries, III, No.

176 (anti-slavery meetings). MacDonald, Documents,

No. 63 (Constitution of the American Anti-Slavery

Society)

.

-% Northern opposition to the abolitionists : public meetings

and protests 5 riots ; social ostracism.

Schouler, IV, 216-218, 299. Rhodes, 1, 60. Von Hoist,

II, Ch. ii. Wilson, Slave Power, I, Chs. xvii (Prudence

Crandall), xx, xxi (northern mobs), xxvii (Lovejoy).

Sources: Source Book, No. 96 (Garrison mob, 1835).


American Orations, II (Phillips on the murder of Love-

joy).

d. Constitutional questions involved : right of petition ; free

speech ; use of the mails.

Rhodes, I, 67. Burgess, Middle Period, 252-277.

Morse, J. O. Adams, 243-280.

For further references, and for criticisms of books onslavery, see Larned, Literature of American History,

pp. 181-204.

XII. Slavery in the Territories, 1844-1860.32. Annexation of Texas and the Mexican War,

a. Independence of Texas.

Wilson, Division and Reunion, 141-143. Burgess,

Middle Period, 290-300. Rhodes, I, 76. Schouler, IV,

247-257, 302-307. Von Hoist, II.

Source: Contemporaries, III, No. 185 (Houston'saccount of the Texan Revolution).

b. Annexation of Texas : Tyler's attempt ; the election of

1844; how annexation was accomplished.

Rhodes, I, 77-85. Schouler, IV, 440-451, 457-461,465-486. Stanwood, History of Presidency, or his

Presidential Elections. Schurz, Clay, II, 236-268. VonHoist, Calhoun, Ch. viii. Garrison, Texas.

Source: Contemporaries, III, Nos. 187 (Clay's Raleighletter), 188 (Calhoun's letter to Lord Aberdeen), 189(Benton's story of how annexation was secured).

;. War with Mexico: immediate origin; campaigns of Tay-lor, Scott, Fremont, and Kearny; Wilmot Proviso;

treaty of peace.

Brief Accounts : Wilson, Division and Reunion, 149-154. Rhodes, I, 87-93.

Longer Account : Schouler, IV, V.

Sources: Lowell, Biglow Papers (extract in SourceBook, No. 104). Contemporaries, IV, Ch. ii, especially

Nos. 10 (extract from Polk's message, alleging reasons

for war), 11 (opposition to war, Corwin), 12, 13 (military

events, Grant, Scott), 14 (why the whole of Mexico was


not annexed, Polk), 16 (Wilmot's defence of his Proviso)

Historical Sources in Schools, § 86.

See also Larned, Literature of American History, Mex-

ican War, pp. 204-206.

33. Struggle over Slavery in the Territories.

a. Compromise of 1850: slavery in the Mexican cession.

(1) Settlement of California. Rhodes, I, 110-116.

Schouler, V, 130-146. Source Book, No. 105. Con-

temporaries, IV, No, 18.

(2) Discussion of compromise measures. Calhoun :

Contemporaries, IV, No. 19; American Orations, II.

Clay : American Orations, II ; Source Book, No. 106.

Webster: Contemporaries, IV, No. 20; American

Orations, II. Seward: Contemporaries, IV, No. 22.

Text of the compromise measures in MacDonald,

Documents, Nos. 78-83.

(3) Workings of the Fugitive Slave Law. Burgess,

Middle Period, 365-375. Rhodes, I, 208-213, 222-

226, 499-506; II, 73-77. Source Book, No. 107

(Shadrach case). Hart, Chase, 1 63-171. Henry

Wilson, Slave Power, II, Chs. xxvi, xxxiii. Contem-

poraries, IV, Nos. 30 (Parker), 31 (Burns), 29, 32

(underground railroad), 33 (a personal liberty act).

Sumners speech in favor of the repeal of the law is

in American Orations, II See also Rhodes, I, 265-

269.

General References

:

Brief Account: Wilson, Division and Reunion, 165-

178.

Longer Accounts : Rhodes, I, Ch. ii. Schouler, V, Chs.

xix, xx. Schurz, Clay, II, Ch. xxvi. Lodge, Webster,

289-332. Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II.

Sources : See Historical Sources in Schools, § 86, for

additional references.

b. The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Struggle for Kansas :

Douglas's real object ; Topeka and Lecompton consti-

tutions ; civil war in Kansas; English Bill.


Brief Accounts : Wilson, Division and Reunion, 182-

187, 199. Hart, Chase, 133-147.

Longer Accounts : Rhodes, 1,424; II (excellent detailed

account), especially Ch. vii (use table of contents), e.g.

struggle for Kansas, Sumner's " Crime against Kansas, 11

and the assault on Sumner. Burgess, Middle Period,

Chs. xix (detailed account of the passage of act), xx

(struggle for Kansas, civil war in Kansas). Schouler,

V, Chs. xxi, xxii (use table of contents). Spring's Kan-sas (American Commonwealth Series). Storey, Sumner,Ch. vii, especially 109-117 (Sumner's defiance of South-

ern "fire eaters"), Ch. viii, Brooks's assault on Sumner(138-153). Lothrop, Seward, Chs* ix, x, 172 and follow-

ing. Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Ch. xxxv (civil

war in Kansas), xxxvi (assault on Sumner) ; see table

of contents for additional chapters on Kansas Struggle.

On the rise of the Republican party, see Rhodes, II

;

Contemporaries, IV, No. 35.

Sources : MacDonald, Documents, Nos. 85-88 (dealing

with the Kansas-Nebraska act), No. 90 (extract from

the report of the House committee to investigate affairs

in Kansas), No. 92 (Lecompton constitution). Contem-poraries, IV, Ch. vi, Nos. 36 (free-soil emigration), 38(pro-slavery emigration), 39 (civil war in Kansas).

Source Book, Nos. 108 (Benton's criticism of the act),

109 (conditions in Kansas). For the Appeal of the

Independent Democrats, see American History Leaflets,

No. 17. Sumner's speech on the "Crime against Kan-sas " is in Old South Leaflets, No. 83, and in AmericanOrations, III, 88.

Dred Scott Decision, 1857 : slavery throughout the terri-

tories .

Brief Accounts: Burgess, Middle Period, 449-459.Schouler, V, 376-381.

Longer Accounts : Rhodes, II, 249-271 (good for innei

history of the case, and for contemporary comment)Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Ch. xxxix.

j 5 2 American History

Sources: Hill, Liberty Documents, Ch. xxi. Mac-

Donald, Documents, No. 91. American History Leaflets,

No. 23. Contemporaries, IV, Nos. 42, 43. Source Book,

No. no.

d. Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858: the issues defined.

Brief Accounts : Burgess, Civil War and the Constitu-

tion, I, 19-26. Schouler, V, 410-416.

Longer Accounts : Morse, Lincoln (for the debate, see

I, Ch. v). Rhodes, II, 308-343. Henry Wilson, Slave

Power, II, Ch. xliii. Brown, Douglas. Tarbell, Lincoln.

Sources : American Orations, III, 154-194. Old South

Leaflets, No. 85. Contemporaries, IV, Nos. 44 (Lincoln's

"House Divided 1' speech), 45 (Seward's "Irrepressible

Conflict" speech). Source Book, No. in (Douglas).

e, John Brown's Raid, 1859.

Brief Accounts : Burgess, Civil War, I, 35-44. Schou-

ler, V, 437-448.

Longer Account: Rhodes, II, 383-416.

Sources : Old South Leaflets, No. 84. Source Book,

No. 112. Contemporaries, IV, Nos. 47, 48.

/. The Election of i860: split in the Democratic party;

the Republican convention ; the campaign.

Brief Account: Wilson, Division and Reunion, 204-

210.

Longer Accounts: Rhodes, II, 440-502. Stanwood,

Presidency, or Presidential Elections, Ch. xxi. Schouler,

. V, 454-469. Morse, Lincoln, I, Ch. vi. Lothrop, Sew-

ard, Ch. xi. Hart, Chase, Ch. vii. Burgess, Civil

War, I, Ch. iii.

Source : Contemporaries, IV, Ch. viii.

Map Work:

(1) Show, by a series of maps, the status of slavery in

1851, 1855, i860 (Epoch maps).

(2) Show, by a series of charts, the sectionalization of

political parties in the elections of 1852, 1856, i860.

Additional Topics

:

A. Webster's services to the idea of national union.


B. Clay's character and services.

C. Uncle Tom's Cabin. Rhodes, I, 278-285. Old

South Leaflets, No. 82 (Mrs. Stowe's story of Uncle

Tom's Cabin). Read the book itself.

D. Cuba and the Ostend Manifesto. Rhodes, II,

Ch. vi. MacDonald, Documents, No. 89. American

History Leaflets, No. 2.

E. The Isthmian Canal Question. Rhodes, II

MacDonald, Documents, No. 77. American History

Leaflets, No. 34. Contemporaries, IV, No. 195 (Nicara-

gua canal)

.

F. The Know-Nothing Party.

G. The panic of 1857.

XIII. Secession and Civil 'War, 1860-1865.

34. Secession of the Southern States.

a. Underlying causes;process of secession ; constitution of

the Southern Confederacy.

Wilson, Division and Reunion, 210, 239-244. Rhodes,

III, Chs. xiii, xiv. Burgess, Civil War and the Consti-

tution, I, Ch. iv. Schouler, V, 474-480, 488-493.

Sources: American Orations, III, Ch. vi (secession

speeches) ; IV, 39 (Stephens's " corner-stone " speech;

extract also in Source Book, No. 113). Contemporaries,

IV, Chs, ix, x. MacDonald, Documents, Nos. 94 (South

Carolina Secession Ordinance), 97 (Constitution of the

Confederate States). American History Leaflets, No. 12.

b. Attempts at compromise.

Rhodes, III, Ch. xiii, xiv.

Sources: Contemporaries, IV, Ch. xi. MacDonald,

Documents, Nos. 93 (Crittenden compromise), 95, 96

(proposed constitutional amendments).

€. Abraham Lincoln and his policy.

Wilson, Division and Reunion, 216-218. Morse,

Lincoln, I, 219-241, 273-282. Rhodes, III, 316-320,

325-346. Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln. Tarbell, Lincoln.

Sources: Old South Leaflets, No. 11, or American

Orations, IV, 16 (Lincoln's first inaugural address).


American History Leaflets, No. 18 (inaugural and first

message). Historical Sources in Schools, § 87.

Map Work

:

The seceding states. Indicate, also, the loyal, but

slave-holding, states.

Additional Topic:

Summary of State Sovereignty ideas, 1 783-1 861.

35. The Civil War, 1 861-1865.

a. Fort Sumter, and the uprising of the North.

Rhodes, III, 325-374. Burgess, Civil War, I, Ch. vii.

Sources: Hart, Contemporaries, IV, Ch. xii. Source

Book, Nos. 114 (Sumter), 115 (rousing of the North).

b. The sections in 1861 compared: population; economic

resources ; military spirit.

Rhodes, III, 397-413- Atlantic Monthly, December,

1901, article on the "Resources of the Confederacy. 11

Hart, "Why the South Lost, 11 New England Magazine,

November, 1891 ; reprinted in his Practical Essays on

American Government. Cambridge Modern History,

VII, Chs. xiv, xviii-xix. Schwab, Confederate States

of America, 1 861 -1865.

C. General plan of campaign and chief military events :

1861. Bull Run, and the organization of the eastern

army by McClellan.

1862. East: Peninsular campaign ; Antietam ; Fred-

ericksburg.

West : Opening of the Mississippi —Forts Henry

and Donelson, Shiloh, New Orleans.

Eastern Tennessee : to isolate the Gulf states.

1863. East: Chancellorsville ; Gettysburg.

West : Vicksburg.

Eastern Tennessee : Chickamauga ; Chattanooga

1864. East : Grants move on Richmond.

Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley.

West: Sherman's march from Chattanooga to

Atlanta; "from Atlanta to the Sea':11

Thomas's campaign and its importance


1865. Closing in on Lee; Appomattox.

1861-1865. The work of the navy.

Brief Accounts : Dodge, A Bird's-eye View of the Civil

War (brief accounts of the military events by an expert).

General Wm. T. Sherman, "The Grand Strategy of the

War of the Rebellion, 11 Century Magazine, Vol. 35, 580-

598 (1887-8), gives in comparatively brief space the gen-

eral plan of the war with the clearness of a master.

Longer Accounts : Rhodes, III, IV, V. Schouler, VI.

Fiske, Mississippi Valley in the Civil War. Ropes,

Story of the Civil War (to 1863). Maclay, United

States Navy. Nicolay and Hay, Life of Lincoln. C. F.

Adams, Lee at Appomatox. Cambridge Modern History,

VII, Chs. xiv-xvii.

Sources: Hart, Contemporaries, IV, Chs. xviii, xix, xx,

xxii. Source Book, Ch. xviii. Century War Book(Johnson and Buell, editors}, Battles and Leaders of the

Civil War, 4 vols. Scribner's Series, Campaigns of the

Civil War, 13 vols. Grant, Memoirs. Sherman, Memoirs.

For further references, see Larned, Literature, pp. 213-

260.

Financial management of the war: tariff; internal taxa-

tion; paper-money; national banking system.

Schouler, VI, 282-287. Rhodes, III, IV (use table

of contents). Dewey, Financial History. Hart, Chase,

Chs. ix, xi. Taussig, Tariff History, 155-169. Condi-

tions in the South, Cambridge Modern History, VII, Ch.

xix; Schwab, Confederate States of America, 1861-1865.

Source : MacDonald, Select Statutes.

Attitude of Europe towards the war. Rhodes, III, Chs.

xv, xvi (use table of contents) ; IV, Chs. xvii, xxii

(excellent). Adams, C. F. Adams, Chs. ix-xvii, espe-

cially Chs. xii (Trent affair), xiv (cotton famine), xvi

(effect of the emancipation proclamation), xvii (the

Alabama). Schouler, VI, 111-116, 261-274. Morse,

Lincoln, I, Ch. xii (Trent affair). Burgess, Civil

War, II, Ch. xxxiii (French in Mexico).


sources : Contemporaries, IV, Nos. 98 (John Bright),

99 (Trent affair), 100 (attitude of Napoleon III).

f. Conditions incidental to war ; enlistments ; bounties

;

prison life ; camps ; railroad and telegraph .; sanitary

and Christian commissions; the work of the pupil's

own town or city.

Schouler, VI, 290-316, 400-424. Facts maybe picked

out of mos f of the detailed histories of the war (see

above, c). For conditions in southern states, see Cam-

bridge Modern History, VII, Ch. xix ; Schwab, Con-

federate States of America, 1861-1865.

Sources : Contemporaries, I V, Ft. V. Source Book, Nos.

117 (southern soldier), 118 (supplies for the wounded).

g. Northern opposition to the war. Morse, Lincoln, II,

182-199. Rhodes, IV, 221-236, 245-255, 320-332.

Sources: Contemporaries, IV, No. 121 (draft riots).

American Orations, IV, 82 (VallandighanVs speech).

k. Emancipation.

Schouler, VI, 214-224. Rhodes, III, 630; IV, 67-76,

157-163, 212-219. Morse, Lincoln, II, Chs. i, iv, xii.

Sources : Contemporaries, IV, Ch. xxi. American

History Leaflets, No. 26 (Lincoln's reply to Greeley).

Source Book, Nos. 120 (Lincoln's account of the history

of the proclamation), 124 (Lincoln on the relation of

slavery to the war). MacDonald, Select Statutes. Old

South Leaflets, No. 11 (emancipation proclamation).

Constitution, Amendment XIII.

Additional Topics

:

A. Grant's military ability.

B. Lee as a General. C. F. Adams, Lee at Appo-

matox and Other Papers. See also above under c.

XIV. Problems of Peace, 1865-1904.

36. Reconstruction, the New South, and the RaceProblems.

a. Principles of reconstruction : policy of Lincoln and of

Johnson ; congressional policy ; the Reconstruction Act

of 1867 ; constitutional amendments.


Brief Accounts : Wilson, Division and Reunion, 256-

263. Bryce, Commonwealth, II, 468-480.

Longer Accounts : Burgess, Reconstruction and the

Constitution. Dunning, Essays on the Civil War and

Reconstruction, 2d Essay. Storey, Sumner, Chs. xviii,

xix. McCall, Stevens, Chs. xiii-xvi. Hart, Chase,

Chs. xiii, xiv. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, II.

Atlantic Monthly, January-October, 1901, series of arti-

cles on reconstruction.

Sources: Contemporaries, IV, Ch. xxiv. MacDonald,

Select Statutes. American Orations, IV, 129-188. Hill,

Liberty Documents, Ch. xxiii. Source Book, No. 130.

Process of reconstruction : conditions in the South at the

close of the war ; southern opposition to the freedmen;

freedmen's bureau ; carpet-bag government ; struggle

between Congress and President Johnson.

Wilson, Division and Reunion, 260-277. Cambridge

Modern History, VII, 622-633, 640-642. Brown, Lower

South in American History, 191-225. Blaine, Twenty

Years of Congress, II. Burgess, Reconstruction and the

Constitution. Wilson, American People, V, Ch. i.

Sources : Southern conditions as seen by Northern

observers: Contemporaries, IV, Nos. 141 (Mrs. Botune),

142 (Godkin), 143 (Carl Schurz), 144 (General Grant).

Contemporaries, Nos. 151 (Southern legislation against

freedmen, 154 (impeachment proceedings), 156 (Ku Klux

Klan), 157 (carpet-bag government). MacDonald

Select Statutes. Soiirce Book, Nos. 127, 128, 131,

132.

The new South and the race problem : economic devel -

opment ; social and industrial progress of the negro

revision of constitutions of Southern states.

Brown, Lower South, 247-271 (shifting the white man's

burden). Andrews, The Last Quarter Century (1870-

1895), II, 150-156, Ch. xii (disfranchisement, economic

conditions). Dunning, in Atlantic Monthly, October,

1901. Outlook, December 31, 1898 (race problem).


McClure's, March-May, 1904. T. N. Page, in Scribner's,

July, 1904. A. H. Grimke, in Atlantic Monthly, July,

1904. Bryce, Commonwealth, II, 483-490, Ch. xciii.

Sources: Contemporaries, IV, Nos. 203 (southern

election frauds), 205 (H. W. Grady), 208 (Booker

Washington)

.

yj. Political Problems since 1865.

a. Party contests: Liberal Republicans, 1872; Hayes-

Tilden contest, 1 876-1 877 ; Democratic triumph, 1884

;

split in Democratic party, 1896; party issues.

Wilson, Division and Reunion, 281-290, 296. Blaine,

Twenty Years of Congress, II. Stanwood, Presidency

or Presidential Elections. Andrews, Last Quarter Cen-

tury. Wilson, American People, V, 104-112; 169-184;

253-263. McClure's Magazine, July, 1904.

Sources: Contemporaries, IV, Nos. 159 (1876-1877);

160 (1880); 161 (1884). MacDonald, Select Statutes.

£>. Civil service reform.

Brief Accounts: Wilson, Division and Reunion, 277,

293-294. Hinsdale, American Government, 273-279.

Wilson, Congressional Government (index, Civil Service).

Longer Accounts : Bryce, Commonwealth, II, Ch. lxv

(spoils). See interesting chapters on Rings and Bosses,

and on the Machine ; also, Chs. Ixxxviii, lxxxix.

Sources : American Orations, IV, 367 (G. W. Curtis);

400 (Carl Schurz). Hart, Source Book, No. 137 (Curtis

on civil sendee reform). Contemporaries, IV, Nos. 199

(Carl Schurz), 202 (Bird S. Coler). MacDonald, Select

Statutes. Reports of the Civil Service Commission.

:', Foreign Relations, 1865-1904: Purchase of Alaska;

treaty of 1871 with Great Britain, and the Geneva

award ; Venezuelan affair, 1895 ; annexation of Hawaii

;

war with Spain ; the Philippine problem ; indepen-

dence of Cuba ; American policy in China ; Isthmian

canal.

Cambridge Modern History, VII, 670-672, 674-686.

Woolsey, America's Foreign Policy. Foster, American


Diplomacy in the Orient, Chs. xi, xii. Wilson, AmericanPeople, V, 269-300. Larned, History for Ready Refer-

ence, VI.

Sources: Hart, Contemporaries, IV, Nos. 174, 175,

178, 179, 192-194, Chs. xxx, xxxi. MacDonald, Select

Statutes, Nos. 63, 93, 126, 1 28-131.

d. Problems of municipal government.

Goodnow, Municipal Problems. Reports of the Na-tional Municipal League (Philadelphia). Hart, Contem-poraries, IV, No. 206. Steffens, The Shame of the

Cities. Steffens, Enemies of the Republic, in McClure's,

April-August, 1904.

38 Economic Problems since 1865.

a. The tariff : attempts to reduce the war tariff; Cleveland's

tariff message, 1887; the McKinley Act, 1890; the

Wilson Act, 1894; the Dingley Act, 1897; movementfor reciprocity and tariff reform.

Taussig, Tariff History. Dewey, Financial History.

Wilson, American People, V, 187-194. American Ora-tions, IV, 238 (Hurd's speech in favor of free trade;

compare Clay's speech, same volume).

b. Currency : resumption of specie payments ; the silver-

coinage struggle.

Taussig, Silver Situation in the United States, Pt. I.

Hart, Chase, Ch. xv. Dewey, Financial History. Ameri-can Orations, IV, § 9. Hart, Source Book, No. 136.

Wilson, American People, V, 142-148, 206-208, 214-227.

MacDonald, Select Statutes.

'. Combinations of labor and of capital: labor unions;

trusts ; strikes and lock-outs;growth of railroads

;

regulation of interstate commerce; the NorthernSecurities case.

Larned, Ready Reference, VI, 529-535. Tarbell,

History of the Standard Oil Trust, McClure's Magazine,

1903-1904. Baker, articles in McClure's, 1904. Mon-tague, Rise and Progress of the Standard Oil Co. Hart,

Contemporaries, IV, Nos. 162, 163, 165, 201. Bryce,


Commonwealth, II, Ch. ciii. Eliot-Foster debate, Boston

Herald, February 8 and 22, 1904. C. W. Eliot, in Bos-

ton Herald, May 3, 1904. For further references on the

period since 1865, see Larned, Literature of American

History, pp. 260-273, and supplement.

39. Summary and Review of American History.

a. The chief factors in the progress from colonies to

nation, from 1607 a.d. to the present. Review this

Outline and its references.

b. The United States at the present day : population;

resources ; conditions, social, political, economic. Census

Report. Statesman's Year Book. Current publications.

c. " Some Reasons why the American Republic mayEndure." Eliot, American Contributions to Civilization

(extracts in Hart, Contemporaries, IV, No. 207).

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