Outline SERVICE ONTOLOGIES: THE STATE-OF-THE-ART AND ... · SERVICE ONTOLOGIES: THE STATE-OF-THE-ART AND CHALLENGES VIKRAM SORATHIA Services and Services Science ... Pro concon Capability

SERVICE ONTOLOGIES: THE STATE-OF-THE-ART AND CHALLENGES

VIKRAM SORATHIA

� Services and Services Science (beyond SE, CS)

� Our focus in Services Science research

� Service Ontologies : an analysis

� Challenges

� Future Work

2TRESE TECHNICAL TALKS (TTT) 22-Apr-2010

Outline

� On an average day, we use around 40 services

� Utility Services (Potable water, Drainage, Transport, Electricity…)

� Information Service (News, Information Content, Analysis)

� Communication Services (Telecom, Internet…)

� Government Services ( Health, Security, Education, Welfare,..)

� Professional Services (Finance, Health, Legal Consultation..)

� Web Services and * as a Service


Services Spectrum


Services vs. Products

� Few observations

� Interactions and Exchange (or not)

� Customization (or not)

� Value Co-creation (or not)

� Skill-based and/or Knowledge-based (or not)

ProPro concon


Growing Complexities:

Multiple Players

ProPro concon

NeedCapability

ProPro concon

ProPro

ProProconcon

concon

Best need satisfaction at least cost

Maximum profit

for available capability



Automation

ProPro concon

ProPro

ProPro

RegReg

concon

concon


Growing Complexities

Ratings, Compliance, Governance..

ProPro concon

ProPro

ProPro

RegReg

concon

concon

GovGov

LegislationLegislation

TecTec

Technology

Support

Technology

Support

AudAud

Compliance,

Risk, Quality

Compliance,

Risk, Quality

ConCon

StandardsStandards

InfInf

Infrastructure

Support

Infrastructure

Support

ResRes

Domain

Knowledge

Domain

Knowledge



Mediation beyond registry

ProPro concon

ProPro

ProPro

RegReg

concon

concon

AudAud

ConCon

TecTec

GovGov


Technology

Support

Technology

Support

Compliance,

Risk, Quality

Compliance,

Risk, Quality

StandardsStandards

InfInf

Infrastructure

Support

Infrastructure

Support

ResRes Domain

Knowledge

Domain

Knowledge


Growing Complexities

ProPro concon

ProPro

ProPro

RegReg

concon

concon

AudAud

ConCon

TecTec

GovGov


Technology

Support

Technology

Support

Compliance,

Risk, Quality

Compliance,

Risk, Quality

StandardsStandards

InfInf

Infrastructure

Support

Infrastructure

Support

ResRes Domain

Knowledge

Domain

Knowledge

� Typical operations during service life cycle

� Service Identification

� Service Design

� Service Offering

� Service Discovery

� Service Consumption

� Service Governance

� Service Evaluation

� Service Regulation

� Service Innovation

� Service Monitoring


Service Operations

Internet of Services (IoS) \

Service Marketplace Requirements

� Legal and community aspects, and business models

� Service search based on advance service description

� Negotiation of service level description

� Service monitoring

� Billing and payment

� Service governance

� Service delivery platform

� Service engineering

TRESE TECHNICAL TALKS (TTT) 22-Apr-2010

(Cardoso et al., 2009)

� Service activities can benefit from different discipline point-of-views

� Science ( Social, legal.. )

� Management (Marketing, Finances, Operations, …)

� Engineering (Telecom, Software…)

� Arts (performing arts, creativity..)


Discipline Spectrum

� How to realize vision of Services Science

� By covering

� Full Service Spectrum

� Full Service Life Cycle

� Full Discipline Spectrum


The Services Science Challenge

� To address issues of

� Complexity

� Heterogeneity

� With help of effective knowledge management

� Modeling concepts and their inter-relationships

� Ontology Development

� Integrating with practice

� Unified Process for Service Knowledge Management


Our Focus

� Ontology

� A formal specification of a shared conceptualization

� Ontology Engineering

� Formal approach

� Standard based tooling

� Advantage

� Sharing and Reuse

� Reasoning on the runtime


Ontology and Ontology Engineering

For Services

(Guarino, 1998)


Semantic Web Community- A Survey

(Guarino, 1998)

(Cardoso, 2007)

� Some practical issues

� Few Service Ontologies already exist

� Can not be ignored (being outcome of standardization process)

� May not be compatible as is (designed for different purposes)

� Competing Standards/ Legislations

� No General / unifying theories exist

� Difficult to build multi-disciplinary team of knowledge engineers.


Service Ontology Development:

Issues

� An appropriate methodology to

� Evaluate existing Ontologies

� Establish gaps and overlaps


Service Ontology Development:

Requirements

� A formal approach to ontology design and evaluation

� [Step1] A motivating Application Scenario

� [Step 2] Informal Competency Questions

� [Step 3] Terminology

� [Step 4] Formal Competency Questions

� [Step 5] Specification of Formal Axioms

� [Step 6] Completeness Theorems


Method Appropriate for Evaluation

(Uschold and Grüninger, 1996).

� Selection of Ontologies

� Literature Survey (Research Papers, Standards, Thesis..)

� Selection Criteria

� Initial grouping (Business, Computation, Quality, Classification)

� Formal Approach

� [Step 6-4] ?

� [Step 3] Terminology

� [Step 2] Informal Competency Questions

� [Step1] Internet of Service (IoS) Scenario

� Coverage Analysis


Our Approach for Systematic Analysis

� 23 Ontologies selected

� Grouped according to their focus:

� Service concept , Business, Computing , Quality, Service types

� Identified and Summarized

� Concepts, Properties, Language, Focus

� Indentified

� Informal competency questions they are able to address


Our Approach for Systematic Analysis


Service Ontologies focusing on Service Concepts

Ontology Development goals

(Ferrario and Guarino, 2009) Service concept

(Oaks et al., 2003) Functional properties

(O’Sullivan, 2006) Non-functional properties

(Baida et al., 2004) Service multi-disciplinary definitions

(Wang and Xu, 2008) Service elements as components

� CQ: What is a service?

� CQ: What are the basic elements of a service?

� CQ: What does a given service offer?

� CQ: What are the components (e.g., people, information, resources)

related to a given service instance?

� CQ: What are non-functional properties of a service?

� CQ: Who are the stakeholders of a given service?


Service Concepts


Service Ontologies focusing on Business Aspects

Ontology Concepts Properties DL Exp. Focus

[email protected] 76976 5525 AL(D) Industry classification with e-commerce

GoodRelations 30 58 ALUH(D) e-commerce

(Orman, 2008) N/A N/A N/A Organizational aspects

OBELIX

(Akkermans et

al., 2004)

N/A N/A N/A Bundling real-world

services

Serviguration

(Baida, 2006)

N/A N/A N/A Configuration of service

bundles

GoodRelations -Hepp

Concepts: 30 Object Properties: 33 Data Properties: 25 DL Expressivity: ALUH(D)

� CQ: What is the business value offered by a service?

� CQ: Who are the partners of a given service instance?

� CQ: What are the Service Level Agreement (SLA) parameters of a

service?

� CQ: Is a certain service an atomic offering or a service bundle?


Business Aspects


Service Ontologies focusing on Computational Aspects


ToG 50 71ALCHIN

SOA interoperability

OASIS N/A N/A N/A SOA interoperability

OWL-S (*) 65 69ALCHOIN(D)

Computational process

WSMO N/A N/A N/A Service mediation

WSAF 93 69ALCIN(D)

Agent mediation

The Open Group

Concepts: 50 Object Properties: 71 Data Properties: 0 DL Expressivity: ALCHIN

� CQ: Which goals are served by a certain service?

� CQ: Which services are involved in the realization of a given business

process?

� CQ: Which activity is carried out for a given service artifact?

� CQ: What computation is offered by a service?

� CQ: What is the interface of a service?

� CQ: What mediation systems are involved in the realization of a given

service?

� CQ: Under which governance regime does a given service operate?


Computational Aspects


Service Ontologies focusing on Quality Aspects


QoSOnt N/A N/A N/A Quality in service centric

systems

WS-QoSOnt N/A N/A N/A Quality in Web Services

SL-Ontology N/A N/A N/A Service quality

FIPA N/A N/A N/A Quality standard

WSAF 93 69ALCIN(D)

Agent mediation

MQO (Kim et al., 2007)

N/A N/A N/A Conceptualization of quality parameters

WSAF

� CQ: What types of QoS parameters are relevant for a given service

type?

� CQ: What are the QoS properties of a certain service instance?

� CQ: What is the quality of a certain service?

� CQ: What conversions are known for some given quality parameter?

� CQ: What is the standard value of a quality parameter?

� CQ: What is the agreed value of a service parameter?

� CQ: What types of exceptions are possible for a service instance?


Quality Aspects


Service Ontologies focusing on Classification Aspects


NAICS.owl 2341 0 AL Industry classification

UNSPSC.owl 2548 0AL

Industry classification

ISIC.owl 538 0 AL Industry classification

CPC.owl 3650 0 AL Industry classification

[email protected] 76976 5525

AL(D)Industry classification with e-

commerce

UNSPSC

� CQ: Which standard service industry class a certain service belongs

to?


Classification Aspects


Proposed Classification of Service Aspects:

Based on Issues and Conceptual Gaps identified

Cluster Issues and Conceptual gaps Classification

Service Concept Indirect value exchanges, Service

elements identification

Service Domain

Business Business Logic Functional

Market position, Stakeholder

behavior

Situational

Policy, Compliance Governance

Service organization structure,

Contracts and agreements,

Negotiations

Business Management &

Organizational

Computation Implementation logic, Execution

environment

ICT Infrastructural

Exceptions, fault, legitimate use,

Third party rating

Transactional

Quality Multi-criteria quality parameters,

Coverage, Terms

Non-Functional

Classification Multi-classification scheme Taxonomical


Coverage

Analysis

� Unaddressed service aspects

� Integrate existing ontologies


Challenges and Future Work

� Developing Service Ontology

� Exploring possibilities of reuse

� Addressing identified gaps

� Designing a proof-of-concept

� Setting up consortium of multi-disciplinary experts

� Developing joint research proposal


Current Status

� Journal Article

� "An Analysis of Service Ontologies" Accepted for publication in PAJAIS special issue on

Research Directions and Issues of Service Research : A Perspective of Business Information

Systems, 2010. Co-authored with Luís Ferreira Pires and Marten van Sinderen.

� Conference/Workshop paper

� “Towards a Unifying Process Framework for Services Knowledge Management” In the

Proceedings of the First International Conference on Exploring Services Sciences (IESS 1.0)

17-18-19 February 2010, Geneva, Switzerland. Co-authored with Marten van Sinderen, and Luís

Ferreira Pires.

� “Service Semantics Classification: an Approach Towards Modular Service Ontology” In

4th International Workshop on Value Modeling and Business Ontologies held at Vrije Universiteit

in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, December 21-22, 2009. Co-authored with Luís Ferreira Pires,

Marten van Sinderen, and Fons Wijnhoven.


Outcomes

QUESTIONS ?

Documents

Outline SERVICE ONTOLOGIES: THE STATE-OF-THE-ART AND ... · SERVICE ONTOLOGIES: THE STATE-OF-THE-ART AND CHALLENGES VIKRAM SORATHIA Services and Services Science ... Pro concon Capability