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OUTOKUMPU OY Mining Technical Group
PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY STUDY ON
$ OK~I/~outilainen, Alarotu o ~ ~ ~ / ~ o u h u n k o s k i (2) KTR/EAL,ENP,PK,IH,TMA,RTM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
2.1 Summary of general data
on antimony
2 . 2 Conclusions
BASIS OF THE STUDY
ECONOMIC STUDY. SUMMARY OF RESULTS.
4 .1 Production schedule
4 . 2 Capital costs summary
4 .3 Operating costs summary
4 .4 Discounted cash flow and
sensitivity analysis
APPENDICES
1 Seinajoen-Nurmon Sb-esiintymista
Rikastuskokeita Tbrnavan Sb-esiintyman
nayt teella
Capital cost calculations
Antimonium ores occurrences
Case study of a Canadian Mine
PAGE
1
I N T R O D U C T I O N The purpose o f t h i s work i s t o study t h e p r e l i m i n a r y f e a s i -
b i l i t y of t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f a n an t imonium o r e d e p o s i t
l o c a t e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f Seinajoki-Nurmo.
The o c c u r r e n c e s have been i n v e s t i g a t e d i n d i f f e r e n t p e r i o d s
s i n c e 1352 . Appendix 1 i s a summary of g e o l o g i c a l and
m e t a l l u r g i c a l f i n d i n g s , which i s t h e o n l y r e f e r e n c e a v a i l a b l e
i n these a s p e c t s . The main d e p o s i t appears t o be l o c a t e d i n
Tornava f i e l d , where 1 1 d r i l l h o l e s i n t e r s e c t e d t he o r e a t
d i f f e r e n t d e p t h s between 18 m and 226 m . The average g r a d e o f
t h e o r e was taken f rom the r e p o r t made o n t h e 4.3.1971 ( M S / K ~ )
by M e t a l l u r g i n e n T u t k i m u s l a i t o s which shows an Sb c o n t e n t o f
2 .1 $ i n t h e o r e .
T h i s p r e f e a s i b i l i t y s tudy i s complemented b y a b r i e f b i b l i o -
g r a p h i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n on Antimonium and i t s compounds,
summarized i n 2.1 . A rough economic a n a l y s i s i s made i n o r d e r t o a s c e r t a i n t h e
o r d e r of magnitude of investacnts, o p e r a t i n g c o s t s , and pro-
f i t a b i l i t y o f an e v e n t u a l o p e r a t i o n p r o d u c i n g 100 000 t / y e a r
of ore. A s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s shows t h e b e h a v i o u r of t h e
p r o f i t a b i l i t y t o changes i n o r e grade, c a p i t a l c o s t , o p e r a t i n g
c o s t and marke t p r i c e s . This i s shown i n s e c t i o n s 2 and 4 .
Mining i s p r o j e c t e d a s a c o n v e n t i o n a l sublevel s t o p i n g a e t h o d .
A s regards t o b e n e f i c i a t i o n , t r a n s p o r t and r e l a t e d f a c i l i t i e s ,
two main s o l u t i o n s have been envisaged :
The o r e i s t r a n s p o r t e d t o a n existing c o n c e n t r a t o r
( i . e . ~ i h a n t i ) by train, p r o c e s s e d t h e r e , and the
c o n c e n t r a t e s produced a r e taken t o Kokkola Works
I t i s assumed that i t w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y t o l o a d t h e
t r a i n a t S e i c a j o k i an3 un load i t a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t o ~
s i t e . A minimum i n f r a s t z - u c t u r e w i l l be n e c e s s a r y
a t t h e m i n e s i t e .
A c o n c e n t r a t o r i s e r e c t e d a t t h e m i n e s i te , with all
t h e complementary f a c i l i t i e s . The c o n c e n t r a t e s a re
t r a n s p o r t e d by t r a i n f r o a S e i n a j o k i s t a t i o n t o
Kokkola Works.
2
SUIvIMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
2 . 1
Antimony - General d a t a
The most i m p o r t a n t s o u r c e o f an t imony i n n a t u r e i s stibnite
( ~ n t i r n o n i u m trisulfide) a l t h o u g h t h e r e e x i s t o v e r a hundred
minerals o f ent imonium, many o f them a s o x i d e s . The antimony
o r e b o d i e s are u s u a l l y of small size, the e x c e p t i o n b e i n g
China where t h e l a r g e s t wor ld r e s e r v e s e x i s t . Other
i m p o r t a n t an t imony p r o d u c e r c o u n t r i e s a re B o l i v i a , South
Africa, USSR, Thai land , Canada. The primary o r e grades
range f rom 3 % t o 8 $ g e n e r a l l y , b u t u p - t o 60 $ Sb o r e s a r e
f o u n d and s e l e c t e d in p l a c e s , b e i n g marketed a s h i g h grade
lump. The an t imony c o n t e n t of commerc ia l o r e s d e t e r m i n e s
the method o f t r e a t m e n t f o r recovery o f t h e metal. I n
general, the l o w e s t g r a d e s up t o 25 $ a r e v o l a t i l i z e d ;
25 $ t o 4 0 5 o r e s a r e smelted i n blast f u r n a c e ; a n d 45
t o 60 % S b o r e s are l i q u a t e d o r treated by i r o n p r e c i p i t a t i o n .
The blast furnace i s g e n e r a l l y u sed f o r m i x e d s u l f i d e and
o x i d e o r e s , a n d for o x i d i c e d ores containing u p to 40 5; Sb .
C o n c e n t r a t i o n by f l o t a t i o n i s a l s o used f o r ].ow-grade
sulphide o r e s .
The m a r k e t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s are 50 t o 5 5 $ S b i n c o n c e n t r a t e s ,
60 $ f o r lump o r e and 99 5 Sb f o r metal. 70 5 S b i s t he
required g r a d e f o r o x i d e s a n d l i q u a t e d s u l p h i d e s ( " b l a c k
powder" and " c r u d e " ) .
The main m a r k e t s f o r an t imony m e t a l and o r e s are London ani
N e w York. The p r i c e s shown i n a p p e n d i x 3 indicate the
approx ima te l e v e l s i n 1977. The t ime has n o t p e r m i t t e d t o
make a d e ~ a i l e d t r e n d a n a l y s i s . The e x p e c t a t i o n s are t h a t
t h e p r i c e s w i l l remain f i r m f o r metals aria o r e s , though
t h e r e exist c o n c e r n w i t h t h e i n c r e a s i n g s u b s t i t u t i o n of
antimony i n c a r b a t t e r i e s . M e t a l p r i c e s v a r y between 9 . 6
and 15.6 mk/kg, depending on the marke t and quality. Antimony
o r e p r i c e f l u c t u a t e s b e t w e e n 2.6 and 4 . 1 0 &/kg. Crude
(liquated s u l p h i d e of 70 % ~ b ) has p r i c e s of 9.8 and 12 mk/
kg, d e p e n d i n g s l s o on t h e marke t and q u a l i t y of t h e p r o d u c t .
2 . 2
C o n c l u s i o n s
The p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y i n d i c a t e s t h a t I t c a n be economica l ly
f e a s i b l e t o e x p l o i t t h e Seinajoki-Nurmo Sb o r e d e p o s i t when
the o r e i s p r o c e s s e d i n an e x i s t i n g c o n c e n t r a t o r ( ~ i h a n t i
f o r example) . I t c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e s o l u t i o n 1 o f the
I n t r o d u c t i o n .
The main economic parameters are :
Reserves i n s i t u
Ore g r a d e i n situ, S b
Yearly p r o d u c t i o n
Operating c o s t
C a p i t a l c o s t
C o n c e n t r a t e p r i c e
C o s t s l e v e l o f
The results o f t h e d i s c o u n t e d cash-flow analysis a r e :
Net p r e s e n t v a l u e
Internal r a t e o f r e t u r n ( I R R )
Pay-of f p e r i o d
1 4 . 4 mmk
42 .8 % 4 y e a r s
T h i s r e s u l t , however , i s h i g h l y dependab le on whe the r t h e
' a s s u m p t i o n s o f t h i s s t u d y a r e a c t u a l l y met o r n o t . The most
i m p o r t a n t a r e t h e ones r e l a t e d t o t h e o r e r e s e r v e s , t h e
d imens ions o f t h e orebody and the o r e p r o c e s s i n g . The
p r i n c i p a l a t t e n t i o n a f t e r t h i s s t u d y , t h e r e f o r e , s h o u l d be
f o c u s e d on these p o i n t s .
The minimum r e q u i r e m e n t s t o g e t f a v o u r a b l e economic r e s u l t s
have t o satisfy t h e r a t h e r o p t i m i s t i c a s s u m p t i o n s t h a t
f o l l o w :
Ore r e s e r v e s and d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e orebody.
The minimum a v e r a g e g r a d e o f t h e o r e s h o u l d be
around 2 Sb, i n c l u d i n g 10 $ t o 15 % d i l u t i o n .
The mining s e c t o r of the orebody s h o u l d be a t
least 3 m t h i c k and c o n t i n u o u s in o r d e r t o a l l o w
a s i m p l e mechanized min ing o p e r a t i o n . Ore r e s e r v e s
o f the o r d e r of 600 000 t s h o u l d be a minimmn
t a r g e t .
Ore p r o c e s s i n g .
The o r e treetment a t t h e e x i s t i n g c o n c e n t r a t o r
s h o u l d e n s u r e t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a c o n c e n t r a t e w i t h 23
Sb c o n t e n t a t l e a s t -b0 $, w i t h good r e c o v e r y .
The s o l u t i o n t h a t c o n s i d e r s t h e e r e c t i o n o f a new c o n c e n t r a t o r
a t t h e r n i n e s i t e i s n o t economica l under t h e p r e s e n t c i r c u m -
stances. I t c o u l d b e more a d v a n t a g e o u s o n l y i f s u b s t a n t i a l
o r e r e s e r v e s and a mine l i f e of a t l e a s t 12-15 y e a r s are
e n s u r e d .
GRAPH 1
Minimum i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a t m i n e s i t e - o r e t r a n s p o r t t o e x i s t i n g c o n c e n t r a t o r and p r o c e s s i n g t h e r e ( i . e . ~ i h a n t i ) .
C o n c e n t r a t e t r a n s p o r t t o Kokkola.
Ore r e s e r v e s , i n s i t u
Ore g r a d e , i n s i t u
Ore p r o d u c t i o n p e r y e a r
O p e r a t i n g c o s t
C a p i t a l c o s t
C o n c e n t r a t e p r i c e ( 6 0 % S b , CIF Eur . )
C o s t s l e v e l y e a r
CUMMULATIVE CASH-FLOW BEFORE TAXES
mmk 16
5 6 y e a r s
GRAPH 2
Minimum infrastructure at minesite - ore transport to existing concentrator and processing there (i.e. Vihanti) . Concentrate transport to Kokkola.
Ore reserves, in situ
Ore grade, in situ
Ore production per year
Operating cost
Capital cost
Concentrate price (60 % Sb, CIF Eur.) Costs level year
SENSITI-VITY ANALYSIS
IRR v/s Capital cost-operating costs
Operating cost mk/t
7 8 9 10 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 mmk
CAPITAL COST
GRAPH 3
Minimum i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a t m i n e s i t e - o r e t r a n s p o r t t o e x i s t i n g c o n c e n t r a t o r and p r o c e s s i n g t h e r e (i. e . ~ i h a n t i ) . C o n c e n t r a t e t r a n s p o r t t o Kokkola.
Ore r e s e r v e s , i n s i t u
Ore g r a d e , i n s i t u
Ore p r o d u c t i o n p e r y e a r
O p e r a t i n g c o s t
C a p i t a l c o s t
C o n c e n t r a t e p r i c e ( 6 0 % Sb , CIP E u r . )
C o s t s l e v e l y e a r
SENSITIVITY ANALYSI'S
I R R v/s o r e g r a d e
IRR
%
4 0 Sb % ORE GRADE
GRAPH 4
Minimum infrastructure at minesite - ore transport to existing concentrator and processing there (i.e. ~ihanti).
Concentrate transport to Kokkola.
Ore reserves, in situ
Ore grade, in situ
Ore production per year
Operating cost
Capital cost
Concentrate price (60 % Sb, CIF Eur.) Costs level year
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
IRR v/s Sb concentrate price
5000 6000 mk/t
Sb CONCENTRATE PRICE
3
BASIS OF THE STUDY
The c r i t e r i a and a s s u m p t i o n s a r e based o n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n
s u p p l i e d ( ~ ~ ~ e n d i x I ) , o r dedu&d a n a l o g i c a l l y f rom o t h e r
s i m i l a r p r o j e c t s i n F i n l a n d , and o n g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n
a b o u t ant imony.
Geology The o r e d e p o s i t i s supposed t o c o n t a i n a b o u t 500 000 t
o f minab le Sb o r e w i t h 2 % Sb. I t s d imens ions would be
i n i t s main s e c t o r :
l e n g t h max 200 m
d e p t h max 100 m
t h i c k n e s s a v e r a g e 3.5 m
i n c l i n a t i o n 60' t o 90'
The orebody would c r o p o u t i n p l a c e s . The r o c k s a r e f i r m
enough a s t o need l i t t l e o r no s u p p o r t f o r t h e e x c a v a t i o n s .
The pe.at i n t h e a r e a s t o be c l e a n e d i s l e s s t h a n 1 m t h i c k .
Ground w a t e r amount i s supposed t o be normal .
Mining Conven t iona l s u b l e v e l s t o p i n g w i t h open s t o p e s i s i n d i c a t e d
f o r mining e x p l o t a t i o n . The main p a r a m e t e r s a r e :
Z Access Ramp, 20 m s e c t i o n , 1 : 7 i n c l i n a t i o n ,
d r i v e n a l o n g t h e f o o t w a l l .
Ore and w a s t e h o i s t i n g By t r u c k s a l o n g t h e ramps. The was te
would be dumped f o r f i l l i n g empty
s t o p e s whenever p o s s i b l e .
Main l e v e l s P roposed a t 50 m v e r t i c a l i n t e r v a l s ,
20 mC s e c t i o n
Sub l e v e l s Proposed a t 25 m i n t e r v a l s , 16 m 2
s e c t i o n .
C r o s s c u t s and draw p o i n t s Each 12 m i n t e r v a l s , s e c t i o n o f 20 m 2 .
The mine o p e r a t i o n s and development a r e c a r r i e d o u t unde r
c o n t r a c t . The company s u p p l i e s t h e v e n t i l a t i o n and pumping
equipment and b a s i c p l a n n i n g .
Concentrator and infrastructure
Apart from the general criteria established in the intro-
duction, the following parameters are given or assumed :
- Access road to minesite 3 km
- Distance assumed to nearest electric supply system 5 km
- Distance assumed to railroad station 5 km
- It is assumed that no special problems are encountered for water and general supplies, as well as regards to
the operation of the tailings pond.
General design and economic parameters
Projected capacity of Mine-Concentrator 100 000 t/year
Mine life 6 years
Ore grade 2 $ Sb Concentrate grade 60 $ Sb Recovery 80 $
Ramp cost mk/m 2 500
Drift cost mk/m 1 500
Raises costs &/m 1 000
Land cost . &/HA 10 000
Stoping cost &/t 15 (standard)
Concentrator construction, base investment mk 12 000 000
Concentrator improvement(at ~ihanti) mk 2 000 000
Concentrating operating cost mk/t 15
Vihanti concentrator, operating cost mk/t 12
The details of capital costs are given in
appendix 2. Summaries are shown in section 4.
Interest rate 15 $ Tax rate 0 $ Concentrate price 4 500 mk/t CIF Europe
Transport base costs :
Seinajoki-Vihanti (ore) mk/ t 3 6
Vihanti-Kokkola (conc.) 11 18
Seinajoki-Kokkola (conc. ) 11 2 3
Mine-Seina joki mk/t-km 0.30
4
ECONOMIC STUDY. SUMMARY OF RESULTS
4.1
Production schedule
Ore grade, mill feed 2 % Sb
Concentrate grade 60 $ Sb
Recovery 80 %
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
Alternative 1
<Ore transport to Vihanti *Concentration at Vihanti *Minimum infrastructure
Alternative 2
*Concentrator at minesite *Concentrate transport to
Kokkola @Infrastructure provided
Mine Prod. t
35 000
100 000
100 000
100 000
100 000
65 000
Mine Prod. t
17 000
100 000
100 000
100 000
100 000
100 000
Concentrates t
933
2 667
2 667
2 667
2 667
1 733
Concentrates t
-
2 667
2 667
2 667
2 667
2 667
Cap i t a l c o s t summary
The d e t a i l s a r e given i n appendix 2.
mk x 1000
yea r 1 year 2 lyear 3 1 A l t e r n a t i v e and g ros s i tems
ALTERNATIVE 1
Mine
Genera l - in f ras t ruc ture
Concentrator ( ~ i h a n t i )
Sub to t a l
Contingencies (25 $)
Working c a p i t a l
T o t a l s
3 330
1 300
2 000
ALTERNATIVE 1 TOTAL CAPITAL ............................ ............................
ALTERNATIVE 2
Mine
Gene ra l - in f r a s t ruc tu re
Concentrator
Sub to t a l
Contingencies (25 $)
Working c a p i t a l
ALTERNATIVE 2 TOTAL CAPITAL 1 27 801 (26 126 ( 1 287 1 388 I
4 . 3 - O p e r a t i n g c o s t s
ALTERNATIVE 1
Mine ( ~ e i n a j o k i )
C o n c e n t r a t o r ( ~ i h a n t i )
T r a n s p o r t & h a n d l i n g
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( g e n e r a l )
T r a n s p o r t & h a n d l i n g i n c l u d e s :
- Ore t r a n s p o r t f rom Mine t o R a i l r o a d s t a t i o n
( S e i n a j o k i / ~ u r m o )
- Ore h a n d l i n g a t RR s t a t i o n (Se ina joki /Nurmo)
- Ore t r a n s p o r t by t r a i n Seinajoki /Nurmo t o V i h a n t i
- Ore h a n d l i n g a t V i h a n t i
- C o n c e n t r a t e t r a n s p o r t Vihant i -Kokkola
ALTERNATIVE 2
Mine
C o n c e n t r a t o r
T r a n s p o r t - h a n d l i n g
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( g e n e r a l )
T r a n s p o r t & h a n d l i n g i n c l u d e s :
- C o n c e n t r a t e t r a n s p o r t Mine-Nurmo s t n ( ~ e i n a j o k i )
- Handl ing a t r a i l w a y s t a t i o n
- T r a n s p o r t Nurmo-Kokkola c o n c e n t r a t e s
4 .4
Discoun ted cash-f low and s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s
The r e s u l t s of t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s have been a l r e a d y shown
i n s e c t i o n 2 . 2 . The f o l l o w i n g g r a p h s p r e s e n t t h e outcomes
o f a l t e r n a t i v e 1 :
Graph 1 : Cummulative d i s c o u n t e d Cash-f low
Graph 2 : S e n s i t i v i t y c u r v e o f I n t e r n a l Ra te o f R e t u r n t o changes i n c a p i t a l c o s t and o p e r a t i n g c o s t .
Graph 3 and 4 r e s p e c t i v e l y - s e n s i t i v i t y c u r v e o f I n t e r n a l Ra te of R e t u r n t o changes i n o r e g r a d e and c o n c e n t r a t e p r i c e .
GRAPH 1
Minimum infrastructure at minesite - ore transport to existine concentrator and processing there (i.e. ~ihanti).
Concentrate transport to Kokkola.
Ore reserves, in situ 500 000 t
Ore grade, in situ 2 % Ore production per year 100 000 t
Operating cost 75 mk/t
Capital cost 9.5 mmk
Concentrate price (60 % Sb, CIF Eur. ) 4 500 mk/t
Costs level year 1978
CUMMULATIVE CASH-FLOW BEFORE TAXES
mmk 16
5 6 years
GRAPH 2
Minimum infrastructure at minesite - ore transport to existing concentrator and processing there (i.e. ~ihanti) . Concentrate transport to Kokkola.
Ore reserves, in situ
Ore grade, in situ
Ore production per year
Operating cost
Capital cost
Concentrate price (60 Sb, CIF Eur. )
Costs level year
IRR v/s Capital cost-operating costs
Operating cost mk/t
7 8 9 1 0 11 1 2 13 14 15 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 mmk
CAPITAL COST
GRAPH 3
Minimum infrastructure at minesite - ore transport to existing concentrator and processing there (i.e. ~ihanti).
Concentrate transport to Kokkola.
Ore reserves, in situ
Ore grade, in situ
Ore production per year 100 000 t
Operating cost 75 mk/t
Capital cost 9.5 mmk
Concentrate price (60 % Sb, CIP Eur.) 4 500 mk/t
Costs level year 1 978
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
IRR v/s ore grade
IRR
P
4.0 Sb % ORE GRADE
GRAPH 4
Minimum i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a t m i n e s i t e - o r e t r a n s p o r t t o e x i s t i n g c o n c e n t r a t o r and p r o c e s s i n g t h e r e ( i . e . ~ i h a n t i ) . C o n c e n t r a t e t r a n s p o r t t o Kokkola.
Ore r e s e r v e s , i n s i t u
Ore g r a d e , i n s i t u
Ore p r o d u c t i o n p e r y e a r 1 0 0 000 t
O p e r a t i n g c o s t 75 &/t
C a p i t a l c o s t 9.5 mmk
C o n c e n t r a t e p r i c e ( 6 0 % Sb, CIF ~ u r . ) 4 500 mk/t
C o s t s l e v e l y e a r 1978
. .
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
I R R v/s Sb c o n c e n t r a t e p r i c e
I RR
5000 6000 mk/ t
Sb CONCENTRATE PRICE
APPENDIX 1
0KME:n - GRL:n EXCURSIO SEINAJOELLA 12.-13.10.1977
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. . . . . .. - . . . . . . . . - - .-. . . . . . . . . . . . - . - .. . ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ._ . . _ . / . . . - .. . . .. -. .? - ./.. ' .- . - . : :. -
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' . . 1 ' - . : . .' .. . . . . . . . _ .. . . .* . . - . . . .
. . . . . . . : . . .- ~ k a ~ s & n n ~ a t t u tk imukse t . . . . . . . - , . . . . . . > .
- Ensimm2inen v i h j e Se inZjoen a l u e e n ka1l ioper3 i in l i i t t y - - vxs t l i S b - p i t o i s u u d e s t a s a a t i i n j o - v . 1936. TuoLloin 15- .
.. h e t e t t i i n geologiseer i tu t lc imusl3i tolcseen Sa tanon s e p e l i -
l o u h o k s e l t a TBrnZval ta k v a r t s i r i k a s n s y t e , j o k a sisalsi I ' . rnagnee t t i - j a kupar i ! i i i sun sekg f a l e r t s i n o h e l l a myBs .
joulton ' z n t imonimi.nerac?.lej a . Sakse l an t o i m e s t a :;uor.:i.Let -- -
t i i n p a i k a l l a tu tkimulcsia , j o l l c i r ; i l m e n i , e t t a t z v a t t u - .
, . S b - n i n c r a l i s a a t i o omaa l a h i n h v a i n ma ln i imine ra log i s t a . mielenl t i j -ntoa. T u t k i m u s t u l o k s e t on j u l k a i s t u mm. l a i t o k - - - s e n b u l l e t i i n i s s a n':o 157 v . 1952.
. . - . . . . . - Vuonna 1953 t a v a t t i i n Ti j rngva l ta Ruutimuseon 1 3 h i s t o l t a . p a i k a l l i s e s t a v e s i j o h t o k a i v a n n o s t a 1 o u h i t u . i s t a k i v i s t 3
. rnagnee t t i - j a a r s e e n i k i i s u j e n o h e l l a s t i b n i i t t i i i . GTL:een . . s a a p u n e e s t a n g y t t e e s t z s a a t i i n analysc~itaes.:ja 0 ,79 5 Sb,
. - mika s i i h e n a i k a a n n ~ ~ e e r a t t i i n v a r s i n v a h a i s e k s i p i t o i -
. k t i y n n i s t y i v i i t v a r s i n a i s e s t i v a s t a v , 1955. TZl13n a n t o i X i -
s5sysSyksen s y k s y l l i i 1953 T6rnZvar-1 k i r l c o l t a n . 600 111 N 1 . 6 ~ -
. . t y n y t n s . Mal isen l o h k a r e . Tama, l o y d e t t Z e s s 3 n . 70 kg p a i -
nanut l o h k a r e o l i k i v i l a j i l t a a n voimaklcaasti k v a r t s l u t u - c
n u t t a k i i l l e l i u s1 :ema i s t a t a v a r a a ,ja s j . s Z l s i a r s e e n l - j a
k u p a r i k i i s u n o h e l l a r u n s z z s t i r n e t a l l i s t a a n t i m o n i a . J o p a
n i i n r u n s a a s t i , e t t a n z y t t e e n todenpe rYisyy teen e i a l u k s i
. t a h d o t t u usltoa. Vv.. 1955-58 CTL:n n:almiossston (PS2'xlcCnct-I)
.. auori t tania l ; tutl<ir;lul:set jol-ltcvat s i t t e n n . l , 5 ltn pi'- L I \ C ' - : : I I,
nSv2n-Syrj Smon vyohykkeen , J6ytymiseen n o i n 1 kni em. Mal i sen
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- TABIX. 11 . . . . . . . . . . - *.
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- TARLP. 12 .
Q u a n ~ i t y of orc in holcs d:illcd in t t r \rcsrcrn_p3:t of the T i i r ~ L v i i :c!$ - - - - . - .- -- -- . . . . . I -.
. Drjllhok e h i r f c r a 1 i Ore 1 PI I + nB 1 . cmrcct YI mtcrs
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.., . . , l o h k a r e e s t a ' e te l i i t in . VyBhyBc l i i v i s t e t t i i n n . 25 s y v l k a i -
, . .. :. k i i l l e l 5 u s k e i t a ja a - g n e l s s e j s . N2mK k o o s t u i v a t :Il<.l.)-):i.~?na
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. . . . . . : : . . . b i o t i i t ' i s t a , k v a r t s i s t a ja r n u s k o v i i t i s t a , j o i d e n k e s k i -
. .
. . . . .. - . . " ::.ntiiset mBl ra t v a i h t e l e v a t k i v i l a j e i t t a i n s u u r e s t i. I t s e . .
,- m i n e r a l i s o i t u n e e n vyijhylckeen a l u e t t a l u o n n e h t i i p a i k k a . . p a i k o i n h y v i n voimakas k i v i l a j i e n I : ~ a ~ ~ t s i u t u t i l i n c n j a s e r i -
, s i i t t i y t y m i n e n . Malrnimineraa1eir.a t a v a t a a n m a g n e e t t i- , a r s e e n i - ja r i l c k i k i i s u a , l o l l i n ' g i i t t i a , m e t z l l . a n t i r n ~ n i a ,
s t i b n i i t t i a , gudmund ' i i t t i a , b e r t h i e r i i t t i a j a myos vghan
k u l t a a . . . . . ,. .
- . . .
; M i n e r a l i s o i t u n e e n vyohy!ckeen palcsuuden ja S b - p ? t o i s u u d e n
v a i h t e l u t i l f i e n e v a t o h e i s i s t a t a u l u k o i s t a s i v u l l a 2
. (PUkkBnen 1 9 6 6 ) , sarnoin k u i n S b - p i t o i s u u d e n i l m e i n e r .
v y 6 h y k k e c s t a on i n v e n t o i t u (PBakkBnen) n . 0,5 rnilj. t o n n i a
malmia, j q n k a p i t o i s u u s - v a i h t e l e e P :n nukaan 0 ,30-2 ,63 --- % . Sb . Y k s i t y i s k o h t a i s e m p i vydhykkeen kuvaus l b y t y y mrn. PSak- - kijsen v a i t b s k i r j a s t a ( v . 1966)'.
- Vuos i en 1958 - 1975 v g l i s e r i a a i l t ana e i GTL:n t o i m e s t a suo -
1 : i t e t t u S c i n a j o e n a l u e e l l a a n t i m o n i n johd 'os ta v a r s i n a i s i a
k ' e n t t ~ t u t k i r n u k s i a , v a a n k y s e i n e n a j a n j a l t s o o l i lZhinn2i '
. .
. . v i l k k a a n I t ansannZyte to iminnan k a u t t a . Tq118in s a a p u i GTL:lle
- - - kymmen i t t a i n a r s e e n i l c i i s u a ja myijs S b - m i n e r a a l e j a sisalta-
.. ' . . nei tY n i i y t t e i t s l a h i n n a kahden kansanmiehen, S y r j a l . a n j a - P e r S l S n ' t o i m e s t a . Tiihan a j a n j z k s o o n l i i t t y v a t m n . A . J . L a i - . -
t a k a r i n tut l 'c imukset Nurmon V e n e s k o s k c l l a , Sein3joel . t&&
1 0 Inn E,_rnistS o l i i m a l a i t o s t u ~ _ n e l i s t a t a v a t t u p e g m a t i i t i n
y h t e y d e s t a pienehlc6 S b - r i k a s p e s a k e .
- l<ansannYyte to iminnan e d e l l e e n j a t k u e s s a v i l l ckaana h a v a i t -
t i i n t a rka s tu sk2yn I ; i . en yht'eyclessli, e t t S huornat tava o s a
- s e i v K s t i ym'. t u n n e t u n T k n z v a n - S y r j 3m5n j akson ulkopuo-
lel ta , l a h i n n a sen , j a tkce l t ; a i d a s l ; ~ ja k a a k o s t a . KcvlBlI~2i
1975 asia o l i kypsynyt s i j -hen v a i h e e s c c : ~ ~ , e t t 3 t o d c t t i i l - I
.5.*.- (Yle ty i r ien) k e n t t a t u t k i m u s t e n a l o i t . t a m i s e n p c i - u s t e l l u l t s i . .
. EnemrnYn t a i vShemm&n h a p a r o i v a n a l u n j ' s lkeen , mik3 j o h t u i
e n s i s i j a i s e s t i Etela-Suomen malmine ts in t s ryhman v a r s i n a i s - /
t e n k e n t t s n i e s t e n p u u t t e e s t a , s z a t i i n t y B t maaxtossa v a r -
s i n a i s e s t i k a y n t i i n k e s a l l z 1976.' ~ a i l o i n o s o i t t a u t u i , e t t 3
S y r j B l a n ja Pe rS lan lukuise ' i . S b - p i t o i s e t n a y t t e e t , j o i s s a
S b - p i t o i s u u d e t s a a t t o i v a t kohota 2-3 5 , o l i v a t p e r s i s i n . \
v a r s i n e p a y h t e n a i s i s t a p i l v i m a i s i s t g p i r o t e v y 8 h y k k e i s t a ,
. j o i t a e s i i n t y y p l a g i o k l - z a s i p o r f y r i i t i n r u h j e i s i s s a o s u e i s s a
mm, Routakal1ic:n ja Kal l . i o sa lon a1ue.i 1-la. TiirrrY!s j ohdos t a
- . k e s k i t e t t i i n t u t k i m u k s e t S e i n a j o e n j a Nurmon r a j a l l a s i j a i t -
s evaan NW-SE s u u n t a i s e e n p o r f y r i i t t i j a k s o o n j a s e n lahiym-
p S r i s t 8 6 n . A l u e e l l a s u o r i t e t t i i n mn. lcorkeajakso-s l ingram-
sekti IP - rn i t t auks i a , rnutta o s o i t t a u t u i , e t t a t u n n e t u t p i r o -
tevyi jhykkeet e i v a t t u l e n i i l l t i e s i l l e . K a l l i o p e r a k a r t o i -
t u k s e n y h t e y h e s s ~ s e n s i i a a n t a v a t t i i n keviitill i i 1977 Nurmon
. kunnan p u o l e l t a Tervasmsen-l{al l iosalon a l u e e l t a muutama
. - uus.i j a a i k a i s e m p i a e l v a s t i k i i n t o i s a n p i Sb-pirotevjr8hyke.
NBidcn 1Sytymiseen v a i k u t t i lnalmikoira Arri m y 6 s m e r k i t -
' t h v ~ s t i . Tervasmzen ja X a l l i o s a l o n S b - m i h e r a l i s a a t i o t 1 i i . t -
. t y v a t i n t c r m e d i a a r i 2 e n p l a g i o k l a a s i p o r f y r i i t i n ja happarlen
v u l k a n i i t i n v a l i s e e n r ~ h j e ~ s e e n ja k v a r t s i u t u n e e s e e n kontak-
. - t ivy8hylckeeseen. Tervasmaen m i n e r a l i s a a t i o n paksuudeks i t o -
. .. . d e t t i i n puhkeamassa 10-15 m. M i n e r a l i s a a t i o o n 3 - i i t t y y t Z B 1 1 @ . . . . . . g r a f i i t t i p i t o i n e n h o r i s o n t t i , joI:a t u l e e s e l v s s t i e s i l l e
n h . s l i n g r a m m i t t a u k s i l l a . K e s a l l a -77 s u o r i t c t t u j e n syva-
, k a i r a u s t e n p e r u s t e e l l a o s o i t t a u t u i , e t t a a n t i m o n i p i t o i n e n
vy6hyke' kuroutuu n o p e a s t i pi . t ,uussuunnassaan puhkeaman molem--<
. min p u o l i n v a r s i n mita t t i jmi iks i , Sb -p i to i suuden s a n a l l a las-
. . k i e s s a o l e e l l i s e s t i . Kevai i l la -77 l o y t y n e e n X a l l i o s a l o n
- ' m i n e r a l i s a a t i o n tutkj.mul:'set o v a t t a i l a h e t k e l l z v i e l a Itesken.
. , M i n e r a l i s a a t i o n paksuus v a i h t e l e e I t a i r a u s t e n rnukaan 10-3.5 n, '
\ a n t i r n o n i p i t o i s u u d c n o l e s s a IceskimEirin 0 ,8 5 . P i t u u s s u u n n a s s a
. .
: . . - 5 - ' . . . .
. . . . . \
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. . . . . . ' b . .
- .
. v Bhgke t t z on t o i s t a i s e k s i o h d i t t y s e u r a k a v a i n n. 100 m:n )C- . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ' . i . .
. . . . . . . matlcalla. . . . ... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . . . . . . . . - . . . 3 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . <. - . . . .
'
. - Malrn in ineraa l iensa s u h t e c n l:eGvasm%en ja ~ ~ a l l i o s e l . u n vyo- . . . t . . . . . . . . .,- : .. .
. . _ I . . , . . - ;: . . hykkeet o v a t j okseenk in a n a l o g i s i a T 0 r n Z i v 5 n = ~ j Zmiin vy5-
; . . . . . 'hyl tkeen kanssa . N i inpa . t a r k e i m p i n a mal lnimineraale ina e s i i n -
' : giitti, magnee t t ik i i su . , s t . i b n i i t t i , - gudrnund i i t t i ja b e r t - ! . .
- . . "Geologi
. . . . . . . : pnii l o k a k u u t a 1977
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . -\ . . . . . . P i Oivanen . . . . .
. . -. . . .
. . . . . . . . .. ' : . , . . . . . . . . _ _ . .
. . . . . ,_ , . . . , - . . . . . . . .
> - . .... . - -- . . - .- . . . . . . . . ._I . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . , . . . , .
. . . .- . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . - . J . I - . - . . . . . . _ .: ' '. ;. ' : : . . - ,!. . : , . . . . . . . . _: .. . . . . . .... . . . . . . , . . . _., ' . ' ' .,. ' : .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . ' . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
8 . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;
. . . , . . . . . . .u . . , . . . . . .
: . * SeinSj oen - 1Jurmon Sb-mineraal.ej a . . . ,. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . _ ' . . . .,. , . . / . . . . . . , . : _ . . . . -. . ._ ' a , .. ' . . . . . . . . . : . .
. . . . . . . -+4.-, ,. : . .- : . r . . . , . . , . . . . . . -. .
. . . . . .- . . ..,_' . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . ,.. . . : .'. -. .
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:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;, .;. ,.: ;- ;. .: -:--.
. : . . . . . :: c .; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . .. >.,.-.,. - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . : , . . , ,: . .' 17 'Ant imoni . . . . _ . . . , . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sb . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . .. ... . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . ...,. : -..., . . . ....... . . ... , . . . . . . . . - - . . I ;.t: ; . . . . . . . . . ., _ C _. - _ _. . . . . . . . >.. :- : - -
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. . - . . - . . . . . . . . ..... . . , .,? Z*'..,' . '
. . . . . . . . . .
Berthieriit ti . . FeSb2S4 . . . .
. . Gudmundiit t i F ~ S ~ S
, .
Kermesiitti - . - :Sb2s20 . . . .
Senarmontiitti , Sb203 . .
Valentiniitti , Sb203 ---
Tetrahedriitti , - . Cyl2sb4sl3 . . Brei'thauptiitti . . . . . . . - NiSb. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . ' . . _: ... ". . I . . - . . .-
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" ' . ' .. . i ~llrnanniit t i . . N ~ S - ~ S . . _ _ ._ - . _ - _ . . . . . . - . . . . - . . - - - - . . . . - : . - . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . .
. . . .
. . . - Boulangeriitti . pb5sb4s11 .. . . .. . . . - . . . . . . . ' t
Jamesoniitti -Pb4FeSb6Si4. . . . . . . . .
OUTOKUilPU Oy
M e t a l l u r g i n e n tu tk imus
2.4.3.71 MS/KM *: ...
. . . .. . . .'. rnrr&. . . .
. . . * . . . . . ' NAYTE SAAPUNUT 2 9 . l o . 19 70 .. . . ..
. . . . . . . . . I , . . . . - -..
. . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . : . : . -
. . , . . . . . . . . . . . - .
. . : . / . . . . - . .
- . . .
. . . . . . . . .- -- . .--- ..-. - .- . - ....
. . . .
3 . . .
S a a t u n 3 y t e o l i s e l v s s t i h a p e t t u n u t t a p i n t a m s t e r i a a l i a
e i k a s e l l a i s e n a a n anna o i k e a a kuvaa malmis t a ,
Teh ty j en t u t k i m u k s i e n p e r u s t e e l l a voidaan k u i t e n k i n . -\
t o d e t a : . . . . . . J a u h a t u s 50 % -200 mesh r i i t t b e e , nlutta v a a t i i hyvan
l u o k i t u k s e n mieluirnmin v i e l a u n i t ce l l -vaahdotuksen
j a u h a t u s p i i r i i n . . .
S b - s a a n t i t u l e e olemaan y l i 80 0 , mut ta y h t e i s r i k a s t e e n . . p i t o i s u u s j Y a m a t a l a k s i e l l e i p y r r o t i i t i n j a arseno-
p y r i i t i n e r o t u s S b - m i n e r a a l e i s t a o n n i s t u k u n n o l l a ,
. Tutkimukset j a t k u v a t , . . - .
Y l e i s a n a l y y s i s . .
. . . . . 8 ' . . .
. . . . . - . . . . . . ...
,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r : . .
. - Sb ' ... 2 l 1 % 61.5 %
. . . . sio*
?----"-
A s Oe20 % . A 1 2 0 3 14,2 % . . . . . . :
' Fe 5,2 % . CaO . 4 , 3 % - . . ,
. . .. . 'S l e 3 % . MgO 2.3 %
5.7 8 - . . . - , . . . . . . .
. . Ag ja Au - 0 . L . . . . . . . .-. . -. . . . _ -. - . - . . .
+ . . . - . , .
... . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' M i n e r a a l i j akautuma . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . .
. . . , . . ,
% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
S u l f i d i e n -j a ant imonimet a l l i n m i n e r a a l i j akaui-uma . . A. . . . . . . on s u u r i n p i i ~ t e i n : .... . . . . . . . . ' ._.I,
. . . . . . . .
.w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~. - . .. . ;. . -. .,.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . ~ - . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . Sb203 -1 % , - . . . . . -9 1.4 % . , . :, .
. . / . . . . . . . .
FeSbS -1 .2 8 . ' - F e k - S . r > 0.7 % . . . . .'
I
. . Sb N 0.7 55 . .
'. . FeSb2S,+ (v;ihXnin)
- P
M i n e r a a l i e n koos tumus o n hyv in l a e l l a p u h t a i d e n . m i n e r a a l i e n koos tumuks ia j a ne e s i i n t y v a t h y v i n
m u o d o s t u n ~ i s s a r a k e i s s a . S t i b n i i t t i e s i i n t y y k u i t e n k i n
' ' v e r r a t e n u s e i n o h u i n a l a n e l l e i n a , v a r s i n k i n pyr ro-
, t i i t i n kanssa , Gudmund i i t t i e s i i n t y y j oskus s o t k u i s s a , . .
j o t k a i lmeises t i s i s a l t i l v s t h a p e t t u m i s t ' u o t t e i t a , . .
. . . . .. -
. . .- . . - .. . . . . . . >
. . . . . -
. . . . . . . . . - 0 . . . . . . ,.. _ .- . . _ . . - ..- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r .... . . . . . . . J a u h a t u s . . . . . . . . . . ...:.:..
. . . . . . . . . .. - . - i. . . . . .
. . . , Koe-erzn j auhautuvuus o l i sama k u i n Outokumrnun malmin ,
~ 1 ; s t a v i e n koke iden mukaan riitt33 jauhatusas1:e n.
. . $0 % -200 mesh antarnaan p u h t a a t m i n e r a a l i r a k e e t .
Vad-idotuskokeet
Vaahdotuskokeiden p 3 8 t a v o i t t e e n a on o l l u t : . .
1. . ~ h t e i s r i k a s t e e n vaahdottarninen mahdo l l i s irnman
. . h y v S l l 2 S b - s a a n n i l l a .
2 . Sb:n ja As:n e r o t t a m i n e n
3 , ' " . M e t a l l i s e n Sb :n e r o t t a n i n e n ornaksi r i k a s t e e k s e e n
TyatY on t e h t y l S h i n n S t S y t e t y 3 n l u o n t o i s e n a ja s i k s i
t u l o k s i a on v a l m i i n a vas t a t a v o i t t e e s t a 1:
P a r a s koe (koe 2 , a i k a s a r j a v a a h d o t u s , 5.5 k g H2SOll /t,
550 g P b - a s e t a a t t i a / t ja 4 4 0 g i sop ropyy l j . l : s an taa t t i a / t ) ,
S u u r i n osa- jat teesss o l e v a s t a a n t i m o n i s t a on :
- gudmundi i t t i - h a p e t t u m i s l u o t e -
Y h t e i s r i k a s t e
9 .8 % 1 S h t o m a t e r i a a l i s t a
s o t k u i s s a . . - a n t i m o n i m e t a l l i p 6 l y s s ~ s i l i k a a t t i -
m i n e r a a l i r a k e i d e n s is a l l 3 . a
On t u t k i t t u : - pH:n v a i k u t u s t a . o p t i m i pl l -alue on 5-6,
s a a n t i -
79.7
60.6
78.3
31.4
% I p i t o i s u u s
mika v a s t a a 2-4 kg H2S0,,/t
.-- Sb
As
S
Fe
I Pbas :n 'magran v a i k u t u s t a r Ar~t imonin
18.0
2.0
9.7
17 ' 3
. - . s e a n t i p a r a n e e j a t k u v a s t i Pbas :n mYlran
mukaan, v a i k k a on l i s s t t y y l i 0 .5 kg
pbas /t . . - CuSO,, .ei p a r a n t a n u t an t imonin s a a n t i a . - CMC:n v a i k u t u s t a : P a i n a a a n t i m o n i a C
v Na2C03 :n v a i k u t u s ta : E p a s e l v a v Ca(OHI2 :n v a i k u t u s t a : P a i n a a e p l s e l e k t i i v i s e s t i . .. - K l o o r i k a l k i n v a i k u t u s t a : EpZse lva
. . L i s S k s i on t u t k i t t u P b - a s e t a a t t i - v a l n e n n u s a j an j a ves i-
l a s i - c l i s p e r g o i n n i n v a i k u t u s t a es i v a a h d o t u k s e s s a s e k S
. Na2Cr207 :n,flaCN :n ja ami in ivaahdo tuksen v a i k u t u s t a
k e r r d t u n r i k a s t e e n f r a k t i o i n n i s s a , rnutta a n a l y y s i t u l o k s e t
o v a t v i e l a saamatta.
- . .
Magneettiset erotuskokeet . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ,..-
. . Kokeet e ivat ole antaneet k3y t t l )ke lpo i s ia t u l o k s ia. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ _.'. . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .
. . . . . . . -.. -. ." . . - . . - .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . - . , : . . ..: . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. . ' . ... . - . . :.,. . . ' . ̂ . .
. . . . . . . . . , - i . . . . . . ' .L . . . " . . . . .
. . ' . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
.' . _ . , . . . .
.:. . . . . . . . -
. . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . ..
. . . . . . . % . ' . . - .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ : ./. _ . . . . . . . . . . . , . . - ... . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . ,. . .. - I . _
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . : _ > . '
. . . -?_
. . . . . . : ;
, ..: . . . . ? . . . . . : . 1 . . . . . . . . . '. .'...Porissa.24,3,71 . . .
. . . - _ . 1 . . ... , . . . . . .
Matti Saari Carl Wes tman
APPENDIX 2
CAPITAL COST CALCULATIONS
Mine ramp From s u r f a c e t o abou t 100 m d e p t h
i n c l i n a t i o n 1 : 7
s e c t i o n 20 m 2
good r o c k , need v e r y l i t t l e s u p p o r t
Length e s t i m a t e d i n 800 m
Cost mk/m 2 500 TOTAL = mk 2 000 000
D i s t r i b u t i o n y e a r 1 600 m - mk 1 500 000
" 2 200 'I - 500 000
Main l e v e l s Located i n waste r o c k a t 50 m v e r t i c a l i n t e r v a l s .
S e c t i o n 20 m 2
Good r o c k , l i t t l e suppor t
Es t imated l e n g t h each 150 m , t o t a l 300 m
Cost mk/m 1 500 TOTAL = mk 450 000
D i s t r i b u t i o n y e a r 1 100 m 150 000
Cross c u t s Located from t h e main l e v e l s i n t o t h e orebody,
a t 12 m d i s t a n c e .
Length 15 m
E s t i m a t e d q u a n t i t y l'i
Cost mk/m 1 500 Cost p e r u n i t - 22 500 &/cross- c u t
TOTAL COST =382 000
D i s t r i b u t i o n y e a r 1-4 - mk 90 000
" 2-6 11 135 000
" 3-7 I1 157 000
V e n t i l a t i o n r a i s e s
Located a t 6 0 t h ends o f t h e mine. Diameter ab. 2 m.
Es t imated l e n g t h 200 m.
Uni t c o s t mk/m 1000 TOTAL mk 200 000
D i s t r i b u t i o n yea r 1 100 000
l1 2 100 000
Underground equipment
V e n t i l a t i o n Blowers 3 mk 100 000
Pumps 11 50 000
Others 11 50 ooo 200 000
D i s t r i b u t i o n yea r 1 100 000
l1 2 100 000
B u i l d i n g s f p r o f f i c e s , change and lunch rooms
Es t imated mk 200 000 yea r 1 .
Sur face development
The i t em i n c l u d e s a c c e s s rood t o t h e ramp e n t r a n c e and t o
t he camp, s i t e c l e an ing f o r o f f i c e s and p o s s i b l e dumps,
d r a inage , i l l u m i n a t i o n .
Road 3 km e s t ima t ed mk 150 000
Others l1 100 000
TOTAL, yea r 1 mk 250 000
Power supp ly
Companies t r an s fo rmer s t a t i o n , 5 km l i n e , e l e c t r i c a l
i n s t a l l a t i o n s , i l l u m i n a t i o n .
Mine on ly , a l t e r n a t i v e 1 mk 500 000
Mine and c o n c e n t r a t o r , a l t e r n a t i v e 2 m k 2 000 000
W.ater, supply Mine only, alternative 1
Mine and concentrator, alternative 2
Land purchase
Alternative 1 , 15 Ha x 10 000 =
Alternative 2, 20 Ha x 10 000 =
Maintenance shop & warehouse
A1 ternat ive 2
Estimated 800 000 mk
Tailings pond
Alternative 2,
assumed mk 1 000 000
ALTERNATIVE 1
SUMMARY - Minimum i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , no c o n c e n t r a t o r
- Concentra t ion a t V i h a n t i
- Ore t r a n s p o r t by t r a i n t o V ihan t i
- Concent ra tes t r a n s p o r t e d t o KokkoLa
I tern
Underground equipment
Exp lo ra t i on
GENERAL
Bu i ld ings
Su r f ace development
T o t a l s
MINE
. Mine ramp
Main l e v e l s
Cross-cuts
V e n t i l a t i o n r a i s e s
Power supply
Water supply
2 000
4 5 0
380
200
Land purchase
Others
CONCENTRATOR
SUB TOTAL 16 630
Improvements a t V i h a n t i
Cont ingencies 25 % 1- 2 000
Working c a p i t a l ( 1 200
TOTAL CAPITAL 19 488 .................................... ....................................
year 3 yea r 1 yea r 2
ALTERNATIVE 2
SUMMARY - Concentrator construction
- Providing infrastructure
- Concentrator transported by train to Kokkola
Item
MINE
Mine ramp
Main levels
Cross-cuts
Ventil. Raises
Undergr. equipment
Exploration
GENERAL
Buildings
Surface development
Power supply
Water supply
Land purchase
Others
Maintenance shop . & warehouse
CONCENTRATOR
Basic investment
Tailings pond
SUB TOTAL
Contingencies 25 $
Working Capital
TOTAL CAPITAL ....................................................
Total
2 000
4 5 0
3 80
200
200
100
400
500
2 000
1 000
200
5 00
800
12 000
1 000
21 730
5 433
27 163
6 38
27 801 .............................................................
Year 3
150
160
-
- -
- - - - - -
-
- -
31 0
7 8
388
-
388
mk x 1000
Year 1
1 500
150
9 0
100
100
50
4 00
500
2 000
1 000
200
500
800
12 000
1 000
20 390
5 098
25 489
638
26 126
Year 2
5 00
150
130
100
100
5 0
- - - - - -
-
- -
1 030
257
1 287
-
1 287
APPENDIX' 3
ANTIMONJUM ORE OCCURRENCES
Antimony o rebod ie s a r e u s u a l l y of smal l s i z e and s c a t t e r e d
around t h e world.
The main minera l composites a r e :
s t i b n i t e - Antimony t r i s u l f i d e i s t h e p r i n c i p a l one.
Where t h e s t i b n i t e ha s been exposed t o ox ida t i on
i t i s p re sen t i n t h e forms :
- s t i b i c o n i t e Sb306 (OH)
- c e r v a n t i t e Sb 0 o r Sb203 Sb205 2 4
- v a l e n t e n i t e Sb203 - senarmonti t e Sb20 j - k e r mas i te 2Sb2S3 * Sb203
n a t i v e antimony i s found o c a s s i o n a l l y
complex o r e s con t a in ing s t i b n i t e and l e a d , copper , s i l v e r
and q u i c k s i l v e r a r e impor tan t sou rce s o f antimony. I n
t h e s e c a s e s , t h e antimony i s u s u a l l y recovered a s
by-product.
Most antimony d e p o s i t s a r e formed by hydrothermal s o l u t i o n s
a t low tempera tures and sha l low dep th , g i v i n g r i s e t o
f i l l e d f i s s u r e s , j o i n t s and rock pores and t o i r r e g u l a r
replacement d e p o s i t s . Some primary d e p o s i t s have been
enr iched i n ox id iced produc ts through r e s i d u a l weathering.
The o r e s range i n t e n o r g e n e r a l l y from 3 $ t o 8 $, and a r e
u s u a l l y e x p l o i t e d by underground mining methods.
Examples of o r e d e p o s i t s
The i n fo rma t ion a v a i l a b l e i s r a t h e r s c a r c e i n t h i s r e s p e c t ,
bu t t h e summarized examples t h a t fo l low can be i l l u s t r a t i v e :
China Large r e s e r v e s and very l a r g e d e p o s i t s .
Ore c o n t a i n s about 6 $ Sb, w i th lumpy o re so r t ed
t o 55 $ t o 60 $ Sb
Mexico Underground mines e x p l o i t i n g v e i n s i n San L u i s
de P o t o s i . A t Hu i tzuco , t h e r e a r e d e p o s i t s
c o n t a i n i n g 1 % - 2 $ Sb and 0.3 $ Hg.
B o l i v i a High g r a d e antimonium i s found i n q u a r t z v e i n s
i n s h a l e . The o r e i s complex c o n t a i n i n g s t i b n i t e
and base meta l s u l p h i d e s .
A l g e r i a S t i b n i t e v e i n s i n l i m e s t o n e , w i t h c e r v a n t i t e ,
s e n a r m o n t i t e , v a l e n t i n i t e .
U.S.A. Antimonium i s produced mainly a s a by-product
o f l e a d o r e smel t ing .
A u s t r a l i a
P r o d u c t i o n o f 3 600 t o 4 500 t / y e a r of c o n c e n t r a t e s
a r e r e p o r t e d from Wild C a t t l e Creek mine i n New
S o u t h Wales. The o r e s average 4 t o 5 $ i n Sb.
Canada Lake George Mine mines about 400 t /d o f antimonium
o r e c o n t a i n i n g 4 . 2 $ Sb. C o n c e n t r a t i o n i s by
f l o t a t i o n w i t h 93 % recovery and a c o n c e n t r a t e
g r a d e of 66 $ Sb.
WORLD PRODUCTION STATISTICS
The t o t a l world production has been i n t h e l a s t yea r s :
Year Sb i n o r e s and concen t r a t e s
t
I n 1976, t h e product ion by c o u n t r i e s was :
( i n t )
B o l i v i a 15 307
China 15 000
South Af r i ca 1 1 766
USSR 7 700
Thailand 6 167
Canada 3 400
Mexico 2 546
Turkey 2 223
Yogoslavia 1 835
Guatemala 1 707
Morocco 1 426
I t a l y 1 009
S u b t o t a l 70 086
Others ( l e s s than 1 000 t ) 5 789
T OTA L 75 875 ---------------- ----------------
PRICES
Engineering & Mining Jou rna l - Metals Week Q u o t a t i o n s
ANTIMONY METAL
mk/kgAverageAnnual &/kg (approximate)
USA : 99.5 '$ Sb, bulk 1974 . 1975 1976 1977
Lone s t a r , f o b Laredo 16.3 16.0 16.8 15.6
RMM fob Laredo 13.7 13.3 13.9 13.0
B.Y. imported 15.8 11.4 13.3 10.5
ANTIMONY ORE 1976 1977
Lump 60 $ US$/^ u n i t 18.7-20.4 25.9-27.6
Metal B u l l e t i n quo ta t ions
ANTIMONY METAL
Equivalent mk/kg 1977
Place Type % Sb Condi t ions Approximate
Europ. Free Mkt Regulus 99.6 CIF Europe 9.6-9.9
France 9 9 Fot exc l . t axes 11.9
I t a l y 99. 6 ex-works 9.9-11 .3
Japan ex-warehouse 13.4
ANTIMONY ORES
jtype I $ s b I Condi t ions
70 CIF UK
b lack powder 70 CIF UK
ntimony ox ide ,
Sulph. o r e concen t r . Lump sup lh ide o r e
I Cookson's whi te i n 5 t d e l i v e r e d U K , n e t
50-55
60
Nov. 1977
Market p r i c e
CIF Europe
no t quoted
US$ 17.5-20/ t o n m i t Sb
APPENDIX 4
CASE STUDY OF CANADIAN MINE
Mine
Lake George Mine, c o n s o l i d a t e d Durham Mines,
P r i nce Wil l iam, N.B.
( ~ a t a y e a r 1975)
Tons h o i s t e d t /d 250
Waste t /d 50
Stope method Room and P i l l a r
Recovery $ 95
D i l u t i o n $ 15
P r o d u c t i v i t y , t /man-shift 8
Development Cos t s c$ / f t mk/m
S h a f t 5.5 x 2.1 m 5 5 0 6 700
R a i s e s 1.5 x 1.5 m 30 3 70
D r i f t s 2.4 x 2.4 m 60 740
D i r e c t Mine . C o s t s
Equipment S top ing : D r i l l i n g : Seco j a c k l e g s la1! ~8
Fan d r i l l i n g
B l a s t i n g : Anfo-c l ige l
Mucking : S l u s h e r s
Main h a u l i n g 30 i n . r a i l
Crusher 26 in . jaw c r u s h e r
V e n t i l a t i o n A x i a l 36", 30 000 cfm
Pumps 100 Hp, 200 gpm
Ho i s t C I R PE-1 72x48 2 s k i p s 90 c u f t
Underground personne l
S t a f f
S top ing 29
Develop. -hois t ing, haulage .4
M i l l P roce s s
M i l l c a p a c i t y t /d
heads $ Sb
Recovery $ Concen t ra te g rade $ Sb
M i l l i n g c o s t c$/ t
Labour
S u p p l i e s
Power
TOTAL
M i l l l a b o u r
S t a f f 26
Workers 50
Grinding
TOTAL 76
P e r c e n t -200 mesh
f l o t a t i o n
Pulp d e n s i t y ($ s o l i d s ) 3 5
B a l l s and consumption ( l b / t ) 4" PS, 2.75 l b / t 1.1 kg/ t
L i n e r s N i h a rd
Reagent Consumption l b / t - g / t
C o l l e c t o r AER3477 0.08 3 2
F r o t h e r MIBC 0.1 40
cuso4 0.09 3 6
T a i l i n g d i s p o s a l and wate r supp ly
T a i l i n g l i n e l e n g t h m 48 8
Pipe d iamete r mm 150
Water supp ly d i s t a n c e m 183
Power supp ly
Source d i s t a n c e km 0.8
Main l i n e i n s t a l l e d kW 1 500
Peak l o a d kW 800
Transformers 1 Re l i ance 3ph, 1500 kVA 1 3 800 V/575 V
2 GE 1ph 75 kVA, 13800/2400 kVA