Overview Data Needs and Data Sources

Chemical Data

R. Bradley Pierce, NASA LaRC

Workshop on Chemical Data Assimilation and Data Needs for Air Quality ForecastingHoliday Inn-Silver Spring

Silver Spring, MDJune 20-22, 2005

Outline

Data Needs:

Transported species in typical AQ model

Data Sources:

Surface: EPA AIRNowProfile: Ozonesonde, MOZAIC

Satellite:Current (Aura), Future (NPOESS)

Chemical familiesOx=O(1D)+O(3P)+O3+NO2+HNO3+2(NO3)+3(N2O5)+HNO4NOy=N+NO+NO2+NO3+2(N2O5)+HNO3+HNO4+ClNO3

Climatological Species:ClONO2, N2O, CH4

16) C2H6 (ethane, 2C)17) ALD2 (acetaldehyde+higher group, 2C)18) ETHOOH (ethyl hydrogen peroxide, 2C)19) PAN (2C)20) PAR (paraffin carbon bond group, 1C)21) ONIT (organic nitrate group, 1C)22) AONE (acetone, 3C)23) ROOH (C3+hydrogen peroxides group, 1C)24) MGLY (methylglyoxal, 3C)25) ETH (ethene, 2C)26) XOLET (terminal olefin carbon group, 2C)27) XOLEI (internal olefin carbon group, 2C)28) XISOP (isoprene, 5C)29) XISOPRD (isoprene oxidation product-long lived, 5C)30) PROP_PAR (propane paraffin, 1C)31) CH3OH (methanol)32) XMVK (methyl vinyl ketone, 4C)33) XMACR (methacrolein, 4C)34) XMPAN (peroxymethacryloyl nitrate, 4C)

Typical List of Transported Species (Reduced stratosphere, extended CB4 tropospheric chemistry*)

Ox-HOx-NOx+CH4+CO oxidation NMHC Chemistry

1) Ox2) NOy3) HNO34) N2O55) H2O26) HNO47) H2O8) NO39) NO210) CH2O11) CH3OOH12) CO13) CH414) ClONO215) N2O

= Observed in Troposphere (Global column and CONUS surface)

= Observed in Stratosphere

*Based on reduced version of RAQMS unified Strat/trop Chemical mechanism

CONUS surface Ozone measurements

NAMS+SLAMS~AIRNow

Available in NRT

CONUS surface NO2 measurements

NAMS+SLAMSnetworkfor regulatoryPurposes

Not NRT

CONUS surface CO measurements

NAMS+SLAMSnetworkfor regulatoryPurposes

Not NRT

EPA Supersites SEARCH sites

Enhanced surface measurement sites

AIRMAP sites

http://airmap.unh.edu/

Profile: IONS ozonesonde sites

Anne Thompson (PI) http://croc.gsfc.nasa.gov/intex/

The INTEX Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS) consists of a coordinated network of ozonesondes that operated daily during July-August 15, 2004

The MOZAIC program (Measurement of OZone and water vapour by AIrbus in-service airCraft) consists of automatic and regular measurements by five long range passenger airliners flying all over the world.

http://www.aero.obs-mip.fr/mozaic/

•MOZAIC I (O3 and H2O) 1993 – 1996 •MOZAIC II (O3, H2O, developing NOY, CO instr.) 1996-1999 •MOZAIC III (O3, H2O, NOY, CO) – 1999-present.

Profile: MOZAIC airborne measurements

From Anne Thompson (IONS PI) & Bob Chatfield (INTEX MOZAIC PI) April, 2005 INTEX-NA Data Workshop

Median ozone profiles July 1- August 15, 2004(IONS plus MOZAIC)

Sensor Species

TOMS GOME MOPITT MODIS SCIA-MACHY

TES OMI HRLDS MIPAS SAGE III MLS

Launch 1979 1995 1999 1999 2002 2004 2004 2004 2001 2003 2004

O3 Col Col Col/ L Nadir/ L Col limb limb limb limb

CO Nadir Col/ L Nadir/ L limb limb

NO2 Col Col/ L Col

CH2O Col Col/ L Col

SO2 Col Col Col Col

H2O Col/ L Nadir/ L limb limb limb limb

NO limb

HNO3 limb limb limb

CH4 Nadir Col/ L Col limb

CO2 Col/ L

BrO Col Col Col

HCN limb

Aerosol Col Col Col/ L Col limb limb

Col= total atmospheric column from surface to spaceNadir is a column measurement that can distinguish some vertical layersLimb scans down through the atmosphere with good vertical resolution to the tropopause.

Satellite Atmospheric Chemistry Measurements

TOMS/SBUV Seasonal Tropospheric O3 Variation

*From Fishman et al., 2003

Seasonal mean tropospheric ozone columns obtained bysubtracting empirically corrected SBUV stratospheric column ozone from TOMS total column ozone*

MOPITT 850mb CO observations averaged over 4 years (March 2000-February 2004) for each season.

MOPITT Seasonal 850mb CO Variation

Image Credit: Cathy Clerbaux, NCAR

MOPITT Averaging Kernels

*Louisa Emmons, April, 2005 INTEX-NA Data Workshop, Insitu data from G. Sachse

MOPITT CO Measurement Validation*INTEX-A MOPITT Validation

GOME NO2 contact: Andreas Richter, Univ of Bremin, Germany

The GOME Tropospheric NO2 product uses the Pacific sector as a clean background

value. The difference between the actual measurement and the reference sector interpreted as tropospheric excess.

GOME Tropospheric NO2 Column

GOME NO2 column vs EPA AIRNOW(June-August, 1997)

Generally poor correlation is due to large GOME footprint

GOME Tropospheric NO2 retrieval from R. Martin

SCIAMACHY NO2 contact: Andreas Richter, Univ of Bremin Germany

SCIAMACHY Tropospheric NO2 Column

The SCIAMACHY Tropospheric NO2 product has much higher horizontal resolution

than GOME.

Each scan covers an area on the ground of up to 960 km across track with a resolution of 26x15 km

EOS Aura Atmospheric Chemistry• High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS:USA/UK)

– Measures IR limb emission of stratospheric and upper tropospheric trace gases and aerosols

• Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS:USA)

– Measures microwave limb emission of ozone destroying chemicals and upper tropospheric trace gases

• Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES: USA)

– Down looking and limb looking measurements of air pollution

• Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI: Netherlands/Finland)

– Measures column ozone and aerosols - continues global ozone record of TOMS

MLS

TES nadirTES nadirOMIOMI

HIRDLS Direction of motion

TES limbTES limb

OMIOMI

• Ozone Monitoring Instrument– Nadir solar backscatter spectrometer

• 270-500 nm• 13x24 km footprint• Swath width 2600 km

– Radicals: Column O3, NO2, BrO, OClO, O3 profile ~ 5 km resolution, HCHO

– Tracers: Column SO2– Aerosols (smoke, dust and sulfates)– Cloud top press., cloud coverage– Surface UVB– Tropospheric ozone residual

(when combined with MLS or HIRDLS)

• Ozone Monitoring Instrument– Nadir solar backscatter spectrometer

• 270-500 nm• 13x24 km footprint• Swath width 2600 km

– Radicals: Column O3, NO2, BrO, OClO, O3 profile ~ 5 km resolution, HCHO

– Tracers: Column SO2– Aerosols (smoke, dust and sulfates)– Cloud top press., cloud coverage– Surface UVB– Tropospheric ozone residual

(when combined with MLS or HIRDLS)

EP TOMS vs OMI Total Ozone Column*NASA Polar Aura Validation Experiment (PAVE)

*From Mark Schoeberl (Aura Project Scientist) April, 2005 INTEX-NA Data Workshop

OMI Total NO2 Column* NASA Polar Aura Validation Experiment (PAVE)

*From Mark Schoeberl (Aura Project Scientist) April, 2005 INTEX-NA Data Workshop

OMI Total HCHO Column* NASA Polar Aura Validation Experiment (PAVE)

*From Mark Schoeberl (Aura Project Scientist) April, 2005 INTEX-NA Data Workshop

The NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) is a joint NASA/IPO instrument risk reduction project. It is designed to function as a bridge between the NASA EOS program and NPOESS for the development of the following sensors:

•Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS)•Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS)•Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS)•Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)

Operational Atmospheric Composition measurements: NPOESS

The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) will converge existing polar-orbiting satellite systems under a single national program.

The OMPS program will create five ozone products•High performance Total Column environmental data records (EDR) •Heritage TOMS V7 Total Column EDRs •High performance Ozone Profile EDRs •Heritage SBUV V6 Nadir Profile data records •IR Total Column data records from Cross-track Infra-red Sounder (CRIS) radiances

Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS)

The Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) will continue the daily global data produced by the current ozone monitoring systems (SBUV, TOMS). OMPS has the potential to provide other data, including anthropogenic trace gases.

OMPS Specifications

The Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) is primarily for improved measurements of the temperature and moisture profiles in the atmosphere. However, it’s heritage includes the NASA Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), which is currently producing CO and O3 retrievals in a research mode.

Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS)

SpecificationsTemperature profile: 18.5 km at nadir Moisture profile: 15 km at nadir Pressure profile: 55 km at nadir 1 Kelvin / 1 km layers

*From Wallace McMilan April, 2005 INTEX-NA Data Workshop

AIRS 500mb CO/MODIS AOD, July 18, 2004