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Overview of BiotechnologyWeek 1&2 (12&19 Sept 2013)Mdm Khadijah Hanim Abdul RahmanSchool of Bioprocess Engineering, [email protected]
Course Outcomes (C0s):
• Ability to explain foundations of modern biotechnology.
• Ability to demonstrate important recent advances in methods and applications of biotechnology with regards to microorganisms and plants.
• Ability to differentiate scopes and importance of various biotechnological streams.
• Ability to demonstrate understanding on ethical implications of biotechnology.
Evaluation
• Peperiksaan/ Examination: 60%• Mid-term Examination 1 = 10%• Mid-term Examination 2 = 10%• Final Examination = 40%• • (ii) Kerja kursus/course work: 40%• • Assignments & Quizzes = 40% (Quizzes may be given without prior notice)
List of text books and references :
•Text Book: William J.T. and Michael A.P. (2009).
Introduction to Biotechnology. 2nd Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
•References Books:• 1). Susan R. Barnum. (2005). Biotechnology an introduction. 2nd
edition. Thomson, Brooks/Cole Publication.• 2). Acquaah, G. (2004). Understanding Biotechnology. Pearson.
Prentice Hall. • 3). Bougaize, D., Jewell, T.R. and Buiser, R.G. (2000).
Biotechnology; Demystifying the Concept. Benjamin-Cummings Publication
• 4). Rene Fester Kratz PhD, Donna Rae Siegfried. (2010). Biology For Dummies. Second Edition.
• 5). R.C. Sobti and Suparna S. Pachauri (2009). Essential of biotechnology. CRC press, US.
Minggu/Week Kandungan Kursus / Course Contents(Panduan/Guidelines)
Pensyarah/Lecturer
Week 1-2(9 Sept- 22 Sept)
An Overview of BiotechnologyDefine biotechnology and describe the classical biotechnology and the foundations of new biotechnology. Express the importance and commercial potential of biotechnology.
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Week 3-5(23 Sept- 13 Oct)
Techniques in BiotechnologyDemonstrate the basic principles of Recombinant DNA Technology and illustrate other methods used in biotechnological field, to include tissue culture, electrophoresis, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and biosensor.
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Week 6 (14 Oct-20 Oct) Cuti Pertengahan Semester/ Mid-term Break
Week 7-8 (21 Oct- 3 Nov)
Biotechnology and IndustryIllustrate scopes of industrial biotechnology and examine commercial production of microorganisms and product from microorganisms.
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Week 9(4 Nov-10 Nov)
Biotechnology and Medicine Illustrate scopes of medical biotechnology and examine gene transfer methods, gene therapy and Human Genome Project (HGP) and applications.
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Week 10(11 Nov- 17 Nov)
Biotechnology and Environment Illustrate scopes of environmental biotechnology and examine methods and application of microbial in bioremediation and wastewater treatments.
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Week11-12(18 Nov- 1 Dec)
Biotechnology and AgricultureIllustrate scopes of plant biotechnology and methods of tissue culture used in biotechnology. Differentiate products produced through application of plant genetic engineering methods in crop improvement, herbicides resistance and insect resistance.
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Week 13(2 Dec- 8 Dec)
Recent Advances in BiotechnologyDemonstrate new development and findings in various fields of biotechnology. Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Week 14-15(9 Dec-22 Dec)
Patents and Ethical IssuesDescribe the concept of patents. Illustrate public concerns and risk associated with genetic engineering, ethical, legal and social implications of biotechnology.
Mdm Khadijah Hanim
Week 16(23 Dec-29 Dec)
Minggu Ulangkaji/ Study Week -
Week 17 – 19(30 Dec-10 Jan)
Final Examination -
What is Biotechnology?
Have you ever?
Vaccine/ use antibiotics
Yogurt drink/cheese
/tempeh
Make a bread
Received tissue grown from embryonic stem cells/ see n a ‘knocked
out’ mouse/using insulin to treat diabetes
DefinitionsUsing living organisms or
product of living
organisms for
human/surrounding benefits
To make products
or to solve
problems
Biotechnology
Is biotechnology a new science?
•Gene cloning/ genetic manipulation – modern day techniques; BUT
•Many applications represent old practices with new methodologies.
•Microorganisms have been used in fermentation of bread, cheeses, yogurts, alcoholic beverages.
Fermentation
alcohol •During fermentation- yeast decompose sugar to derive energy•Produce ethanol as waste
Bread•Yeast is added to make dough rise•Yeast ferments sugar releasing CO2 – dough rise and creates holes•Alcohol produced- evaporated when baked
Yeast for baking, wine & beers
http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/Chem101/alcohol/alcohol.htm
Sumerian tablet recipe for beer 3200 BCAncient Egyptians diet included bread & beerChinese use of fermentation using beneficial bacteria to flavor and preserve food. Aztecs make cakes from Spirulina algae.
5000 year old bread
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/bread.htm
Selective breeding
•To improve production of crops and livestock = food
•Organisms with desirable features are purposely mated to produce offspring with the same desirable traits.
•Choosing organisms with useful genes and taking advantage of their genetic potential for human benefit.
Antibiotics
•Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillium mold inhibit the growth of bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (causes skin disease).
•Use to treat bacterial infections in humans.
Birth of modern biotechnology
•Since 1960s, rapid development and understanding in genetics and molecular biology – led to new applications and innovations in biotechnology.
•Gene cloning- ability to identify and reproduce gene of interest
•Genetic engineering- manipulating the DNA of an organism – recombinant DNA technology.
Biotechnology: A science of many disciplines
Summary of interdisciplinary nature in biotechnology• E.g:
Identify potential genes or gene products in bacteria for treating disease
Basic science:- Biology
- Microbiology
etc
• To better understand the role of these genes
Biochemistry
Molecular biologygenetics
• To study the DNA and protein data
• Gather information
Computer science
Statisticsmathema
tics
• Drug testing
Immunology
Human, animal/plan
t physiology
• Chemical engineering
• physics
production
Biotechnology
Modern Biotech
ClassicalBiotech
Genomics
Recombinant DNA
MicrobialBiotech
Plant BiotechAnimal
Biotech
MarineBiotech
Immunology
Medical Biotech
Forensic
Fermentation
Breeding
Restriction enzymologyCloningMicroarrays/GENE CHIP
Human Genome ProjectFunctional genomicsPROTEOMICS
CANCER RESEARCHGENE THERAPYTHERAPEUTIC CLONINGSTEM CELLS
HUMAN DEFENCE SYSTEMVACCINESANTIBODIES
FOOD BIOTECHENZYMOLOGYANTIBIOTICSFUELSBIOPOLYMERSAGRICULTUREBIOREMEDIATION
TISSUE CULTUREGENETICALLY MODIFIEDMEDICIANL
TRANSGENICSAGRICULTURE
FISH BIOTECHNATURAL BIOPRODUCTS
ANIMAL HUSBUNDARYCROP IMPROVEMENTHIGHER YEILDHIGHER RESISTANCE
CHEESEBEERWINEBREADYOGHURT
DNA FINGER PRINTINGCRIMINIAL PROFILINGCRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
Domestication of animals and cultivation of plants
Artificial selection of genetic variation or selective breeding
Evidence since 8000-1000BC Eg maize, rice, wheat, palms,
dogs, horses, camels ,oxens
Prehistoric attempts by ancient ancestors to manipulate genetic composition of useful species.
Historical development of Biotechnology
Herbs for medicine ancient vaccines
Saffron- stigmas of the flowerCrocus sativus
Cumin seeds have a distinctive bitter flavor and strong, warm aroma due to their abundant essential oil content. Their smell can also be detected in the eater's sweat even after consuming only small amounts. It is used as an ingredient of curry powder. In herbal medicine, cumin is classified as stimulant, carminative, and antimicrobial
Tumeric
And the ancient Chinese first inoculated people with a weakened strain of the smallpox (variola) virus to prevent further infection
Why was Mendel's work not appreciated b4 1900?
1850-1900birth of modern genetics
Charles DarwinOrigin of species Gregor Mendel
Principles of Inheritance in pea plants
1900
1850
1866
1859
Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries & Tschermak Rediscovery of Mendel’s work. Beginning of modern genetics 1900
Natural selection. How does the variation that drives evolution get transmitted? If Darwin had considered Mendel's work he would have an available answer. Darwin did receive Mendel's paper but was unread (unopened).
Gregor Johann Mendelfather of classical geneticsHeinzendorf Central EuropeAugustinian monk1856
Developed the theory of inheritanceDemonstrated with statistical data from crossing Pisum sativumSuggested that every cell contained pairs of ‘factors’ and that each pair determine specific traits (law of segregation)
Unappreciated (due to lack of understanding in cell structure and cell division), but rediscovered 1900
Experiments in plant hybridization
Chromosomal theory of inheritanceChromosomes discovered in early 20th centuryEpigenetic interpretation was further established
Inherited traits are controlled by genesThey reside in chromosomesThese traits are faithfully transmitted through gametes (reproductive cell) to future individuals in the next generation
Thomas Hunt Morgan
1900-1950cell biology, chromosomes, the search for genetic material
1900 1950
Stevens & WilsonSex chrXX: female XY: male
1902
1908
Archibald GarrodInborn errors of metabolism‘one mutant gene-one metabolic block’Due to lack of specific enzyme (albinism & alkaptonuria)
1944
Avery, MacLeod & McCartyPurified the transforming principle found to be DNA
1945
Max DelbruckBacteriophages
NB Nucleic acid was 1st discovered 1869 by Friedrich Miescher obtained from pus
1910
Thomas H MorganChr theory of inheritanceX linked inheritanceFly lab (Sturtevant)Linkage analysis
Barbara McClintockJumping genesColour variationin MaizeTransposableelements
Erwin ChargaffA:T, G:C ratio
1st antibiotic Penicillin discovered byAlexander FlemingHoward Florey1928
1919 term biotechnology used fro the 1st time
Karl Ereky
Paul Berg & Herb Boyer1st recombinant DNA molecules
1972
Francis Crick & James WatsonSolved double helixstructure of DNA
1953
1950-1980The code breakers
1950 198019701960
Smith & Wilcox1st restriction enzymeHind III
19701951
Rosalind FranklinX-ray diffraction photos of DNA
1952
Martha Chase &Alfred HersheyProof that DNA isMolecule of heredity
1977
Fred SangerDNA sequencing
BoyerHuman Insulin from bacteria1978 Genentech
Monolconal antibody 1975 Kohler and Milstein.
The dawn of biotechnology
1960s-1980s• 1960's Olah Hornykiewicz, who originally discovered
that Parkinson's disease - development of L-Dopa as a therapeutic agent while working in Toronto.
• 1961 Discovery of the hematopoietic stem cell by Toronto researchers
• 1975 George Kohler and Cesar Milstein show that fusing cells can generate monoclonal antibodies.
• • 1982 First genetically engineered product - human insulin produced by Eli Lilly and Company using E. coli bacteria - is approved for use by diabetics.
1980-2000
1980 1990 2000
Kary MullisPCR
1985 Olson, YAC1987
1989
Francis CollinsLap Chee TsuiIdentified gene CFTR(cystic fibrosis)
Human Genome project
Embryonic stem cells
1998
GM corn, FlavrSavr tomatoes
1994
Breast cancer gene Bcl-1, Bcl-2Obesity geneApoptosis gene etcidentified
WilmutClonesDolly
1997
Gene therapy trial
Automated DNASequencing machineCaltech & ABI
1986
Check timeline
Huntington's diseaseLinked to markerGusella
Announcement of HGP completionCollins & Venter
Alec JeffreysDNA fingerprinting 1984
2000-2010
2000 2005 2010
Glofish2003GM zebrafish
Preimplantation genetics
Francis CollinsLap Chee TsuiIdentified gene CFTR(cystic fibrosis)
Human Genome project
Breast cancer gene Bcl-1, Bcl-2Obesity geneApoptosis gene etcidentified
Gene Chip
Gene control of developmentin Drosophila
Personal genomeSequencing
$1000
Rice genome seq-2002
1986
Check timeline
Personalised medicine
Announcement of HGP completionCollins & Venter
Products of modern biotechnology•Currently- product related to human
health•Pharmaceutical products: drugs, vaccines
and diagnostic kits •1st biotechnology product: in
1982,Genentech: recombinant insulin for diabetes.
•Many products created by gene cloning: recombinant protein.
•Future trends: gene therapy (treat and cure human disease)
Production of recombinant protein
Types of biotechnology
Microbial
Agricultural
animal Forensic
Microbial Biotechnology• Microbial Biotechnology – manipulation of
microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria▫ Create better enzymes▫ More efficient decontamination processes f
or industrial waste product removal▫ Used to clone and produce large amounts
of important proteins used in human medicine
Aspergillus nigerSaccharomyces
cerevisae
Agriculture
• Agricultural Biotechnology▫ Genetically engineered, pest-resistant
plants, drought resistance, cold-tolerant. ▫ Foods with higher protein or vitamin
content▫ Drugs developed and grown as plant
products- molecular pharming (tobacco is a non food crop- to produce recombinant proteins in their leaves)
Animal•Animal Biotechnology
▫ Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins Antibodies (treatment for patients with immunity
disorder) Transgenic animal: secreted therapeutic proteins
in their milk. Produced in large scale.▫ Animals as important models in basic research
Gene “knockout” experiments ( 1 or more genes are disrupted- to study the function of a gene)
Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies▫ Animal cloning
Source of transplant organs
1. Cloning requires an egg cell, and an adult donor cell. The (unwanted) chromosomes are removed from the egg cell and discarded. The nucleus, containing the DNA to be cloned, is removed from the donor cell. 2. The donor nucleus is inserted into the empty egg cell, a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Afterwards the egg contains a full (adult) set of chromosomes as if it had been fertilised normally. 3. A pulse of electricity, or a chemical 'shock', kick-starts the development process, and the embryo begins to grow. 4. Cell division begins. The subsequent development of the embryo depends upon how successfully the donor nucleus has 're-programmed' the egg.
Forensic
•Forensic Biotechnology▫ DNA fingerprinting- method for detecting
an organism’s unique DNA pattern Inclusion or exclusion of a person from
suspicion based on DNA evidence Paternity cases Identification of human remains Endangered species Tracking and confirmation of the spread of
disease ie E. coli, AIDS, meningitis etc.
Bioremediation
•Bioremediation▫ The use of biotechnology to process and
degrade a variety of natural and manmade substances Particularly those that contribute to
pollution▫ For example, bacteria that degrade
components in crude oil 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska
Aquatic• Aquatic Biotechnology
▫ Aquaculture – raising finfish or shellfish in controlled conditions for use as food sources
30% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide▫ Genetic engineering
Disease-resistant strains of oysters Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon and
other finfish▫ Rich and valuable sources of new genes, proteins and
metabolic processes with important applications for human benefits
Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules
Medical
•Medical Biotechnology▫Involved with the whole spectrum of human
medicine Preventive medicine Diagnosis of health and illness Treatment of human diseases
▫New information from Human Genome Project
Gene therapy▫Stem cell technologies
Medical
•Medical Biotechnology
Regulatory
•Regulatory Biotechnology▫Quality Assurance (QA)
All activities involved in regulating the final quality of a product
▫Quality Control (QC) Part of QA process that involves lab testing
and monitoring of processes and applications to ensure consistent product standards
Biological Challenges of the 21st Century•How will medical biotechnology
change our lives in the years ahead?▫Human Genome Project
Research on the function of human genes and controlling factors that regulate genes
▫Human proteome Collection of proteins responsible
for activity in a human cell
Biological Challenges of the 21st Century•How will medical biotechnology change
our lives in the years ahead?▫Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
Single nucleotide changes (mutations) in DNA sequences that vary from individual to individual
These variations influence how we respond to stress and disease and are the cause of genetic diseases Arthritis, stroke, cancer, heart disease,
diabetes, and behavioral and emotional illnesses
Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
Biological Challenges of the 21st Century•How will medical biotechnology change
our lives in the years ahead?▫Pharmacogenomics is customized medicine
Tailor-designing drug therapy and treatment strategies based on the genetic profile of a patient
▫Metabolomics A snapshot of the small molecules produced
during cellular metabolism Glucose, cholesterol, ATP, and signaling
molecules
Biological Challenges of the 21st Century•How will medical biotechnology change
our lives in the years ahead?▫Nanotechnology
Applications that incorporate extremely small devices
Small particles that can deliver drugs to cells
Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
Biological Challenges of the 21st Century•How will medical biotechnology change
our lives in the years ahead?▫Regenerative medicine
Genetically modifying stem cells of patients to treat genetic disease conditions
The Biotechnology Workforce
•Biotechnology is a global industry▫Generates more than $63 billion in
worldwide revenues▫$40 billion in sales of biological drugs in
the UnitedStates
The Biotechnology Workforce
•Jobs in Biotechnology▫Research and development▫Operations, biomanufacturing and
production▫Bioinformatics▫Quality assurance and quality control▫Clinical research and regulatory affairs▫Marketing, sales, finance, legal
The Biotechnology Workforce