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Overview of Connecticut’s Overview of Connecticut’s Juvenile Justice SystemJuvenile Justice System
Hector GlynnExecutive Director
Overview of the SystemOverview of the System
13 Juvenile Courts (Superior Court, Juvenile 13 Juvenile Courts (Superior Court, Juvenile Matters)Matters)
3 Public Juvenile Detention Centers (Hartford, 3 Public Juvenile Detention Centers (Hartford, Bridgeport, New Haven)Bridgeport, New Haven)
Private residential facilitiesPrivate residential facilities Community-based programsCommunity-based programs Correctional facilitiesCorrectional facilities
Connecticut's juvenile justice system is a statewide system of juvenile courts, detention centers, private residential facilities and juvenile correctional facilities.
System Philosophy and GoalsSystem Philosophy and Goals
IndividualizedIndividualized supervision, care, and treatmentsupervision, care, and treatment provided pursuant to an individual case management provided pursuant to an individual case management (probation) plan that (probation) plan that involves the familyinvolves the family of the juvenileof the juvenile. .
School and community programs promoting School and community programs promoting preventionprevention. .
A statewide system of A statewide system of community-based servicescommunity-based services designed to designed to keep the juvenile in the home and keep the juvenile in the home and community whenever possiblecommunity whenever possible. .
The juvenile justice system in Connecticut is grounded in the concepts of restorative justice,
emphasizing protection of the community, offender accountability, and rehabilitation
The goals of the system, as defined in the Juvenile Justice The goals of the system, as defined in the Juvenile Justice Act of 1995, include:Act of 1995, include:
System Philosophy and GoalsSystem Philosophy and Goals Uniform intake proceduresUniform intake procedures including “risk and needs” including “risk and needs”
assessment instruments and case classification plans to inform assessment instruments and case classification plans to inform decision-making relative to detention, residential placement decision-making relative to detention, residential placement and treatment plans. and treatment plans.
Facilitated access to treatmentFacilitated access to treatment programs addressing drug programs addressing drug and alcohol abuse, emotional and behavioral problems, sexual and alcohol abuse, emotional and behavioral problems, sexual abuse, health needs, and education.abuse, health needs, and education.
A statewide A statewide network of high quality professionalnetwork of high quality professional medical, medical, psychological, psychiatric and substance abuse psychological, psychiatric and substance abuse testing and testing and evaluationevaluation..
Programming for Programming for anger managementanger management and nonviolent and nonviolent conflict conflict resolutionresolution. .
A coordinated statewide A coordinated statewide system of secure residential system of secure residential facilitiesfacilities and and closely supervised nonresidential centersclosely supervised nonresidential centers and programs.and programs.
Community centered programsCommunity centered programs involving restitution, involving restitution, community service, mentoring, and intensive early intervention.community service, mentoring, and intensive early intervention.
Law EnforcementLaw Enforcement
Initial Contact
Issue a warning and release the juvenile.
Confer with parents and release the juvenile.
Make a referral to a community-based organization.
Make a referral to formal diversion services, where available (JRB, YSB, etc.).
Make an arrest.
P o lic e h av e c o n tac t w ith y o u th
P o lic e d ec id e to a r r es t o r n o t
P o lic e t a k e n of o r m a l a c t io n m a y
wa r n o r c o un se l
Y o ut h un de r 1 6 c h a r ge d wit h n o nSJO o f f e n se br o ugh t h o m e o r a no r de r o f de t e n t io n c a n be so ugh t
Y o ut h un de r 1 6 c h a r ge d wit h a nSJO o f f e n se c a n be br o ugh t t o
de t e n t io n
R ef er r a l to S u p er io r c o u r t f o r ju v en ilem atte r s
D iv e rs io np ro g ra mmin g
J u v en ile R ev iewBo ar d s
Y o ut h un de r 1 6 c h a r ge d wit h a nSJO o f f e n se c a n be r e le a se d t o
h o m e
D e t e n t io nR e le a se H e a r in g
P r o b atio nI n tak e
Moving through the SystemMoving through the System
P r o b atio nI n tak e
H a n dlin g
N o n ju d ic ia lh an d lin g
J u d ic ia lh an d lin g
D isp o sit io n D isp o sit io n
D is m is sAs s es s ed an d
d is c h ar g edN o n ju d ic ia ls u p er v is io n
N o nad ju d ic a tio n
D elin q u en c yT r an s f er r ed to
ad u lt c o u r t
D is m is s ed
N o llied
D is c h ar g ed
P la c e d o np r o ba t io n
C R T P r o c es s
Moving through the SystemMoving through the System
C P T p la c e m e n tp r o c e ss
P la c e m e n t t oC JT S
dir e c t p la c e m e n tt o r e side n t ia l
C R T P r o c es s
c o m m itted toD C F
P ar o le
Moving through the SystemMoving through the System
Decrease in Juvenile CrimeDecrease in Juvenile Crime
Arrest Rate of Persons Under Age 18 (per 100,000 persons age 10 to 17) in Fairfield County
7,8417,379
6,460
7,111
5,713
4,865
4,784
4,037
01,000
2,0003,0004,000
5,0006,0007,000
8,0009,000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Decrease in Juvenile CrimeDecrease in Juvenile Crime
Arrest Rate of Persons Under Age 18 (per 100,000 persons age 10 to 17) in Hartford County
13,19212,963
11,599
12,128
10,839
8,919 8,414 8,569
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Decrease in Juvenile CrimeDecrease in Juvenile Crime
Arrest Rate of Persons Under Age 18 (per 100,000 per persons age 10 to 17) in New Haven County
12,78714,369
13,487 11,741 12,164
9,1558,332 7,922
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Juveniles Referred to Connecticut Superior Juveniles Referred to Connecticut Superior Court, Juvenile Matters: 1989 – 2003*Court, Juvenile Matters: 1989 – 2003*
Source: Connecticut Judicial Branch, Court Support Services Division.
8,145
9,925
10,767
11,576
12,064
13,656
14,453
14,612
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1989-90 1991-92 1993-94 1995-96 1997-98 1999-2000 2001-02 2003
2003 Referrals by Court Location2003 Referrals by Court Location
LocationTotal ReferredFor Delinquency
Total Referredfor FWSN Court Total
New HavenNew Haven 17801780 411411 23652365
HartfordHartford 16061606 327327 20012001
WaterburyWaterbury 11731173 368368 16761676
BridgeportBridgeport 11131113 230230 14001400
New BritainNew Britain 10011001 263263 13451345
WaterfordWaterford 765765 216216 10501050
MiddletownMiddletown 565565 194194 844844
RockvilleRockville 548548 161161 771771
WillimanticWillimantic 445445 131131 610610
TorringtonTorrington 369369 138138 558558
StamfordStamford 359359 6161 441441
NorwalkNorwalk 327327 6666 412412
DanburyDanbury 311311 7070 399399
TOTAL REFERRALS 10362 2636 13872
Source: Connecticut Judicial Branch, Court Support Services Division.
CT Arrest Under 18CT Arrest Under 18
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Number of Arrests for Violent Crime Index Number of Arrests for Violent Crime Index OffensesOffenses
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Arr
es
ts p
er
10
0,0
00
yo
uth
, ag
es
10
-17
Source: OJJDP Juvenile Violent Crime Index, August 2005
2004 FWSN Cases2004 FWSN Cases Four CategoriesFour Categories: Runaway, Beyond : Runaway, Beyond
Control, Immoral Conduct & TruancyControl, Immoral Conduct & Truancy
4,161 referrals involving 3,850 unique 4,161 referrals involving 3,850 unique juvenilesjuveniles
46% female, 54% male46% female, 54% male 49% Caucasian, 20% African-American, 49% Caucasian, 20% African-American,
26% Hispanic, 0.6% Asian, 4.2% Other26% Hispanic, 0.6% Asian, 4.2% Other 65% Judicial handling, 35% non-judicial 65% Judicial handling, 35% non-judicial
handlinghandling Dispositions: 23% get Supervision, 3% get Dispositions: 23% get Supervision, 3% get
committedcommitted
Growth of FWSN ReferralsGrowth of FWSN Referrals
3,700
3,056
2,600
2,098
3,425
4,0134,352
4,021 4,161
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 2004
Truancy & Juvenile JusticeTruancy & Juvenile Justice
Truancy accounts for 40%-50% of all Truancy accounts for 40%-50% of all FWSN referralsFWSN referrals
A child is truant if they have 4 A child is truant if they have 4 unexcused absences from school in unexcused absences from school in any one month or 10 unexcused any one month or 10 unexcused absences in any school yearabsences in any school year
Mental Health Mental Health
For children admitted to pre-trial detention centers:
• 55% show signs of a mental health disorder
• 20% require prompt psychiatric intervention
• 22% of children were in the mental health system when referred to court supervision
Connecticut Mental Health Cabinet Report 2004
Adult SystemAdult System
The mission of Connecticut’s The mission of Connecticut’s Department of Correction is to: Department of Correction is to:
“ “protect the public, protect staff, and protect the public, protect staff, and provide safe, secure and humane provide safe, secure and humane supervision of offenders with supervision of offenders with opportunities that support successful opportunities that support successful community reintegration.”community reintegration.”
Trying Youth as Adults Harms Children
Children in adult prisons are:Children in adult prisons are: 7.7 times as likely to commit suicide.7.7 times as likely to commit suicide. 5 times as likely to be sexually 5 times as likely to be sexually
assaultedassaulted Twice as likely to be beaten by staff Twice as likely to be beaten by staff
andand 50% more likely to be attacked with 50% more likely to be attacked with
a weapon than children in juvenile a weapon than children in juvenile institutions. institutions.
receive fewer rehabilitative supports receive fewer rehabilitative supports including: education, treatment and including: education, treatment and vocational training;vocational training;
are at risk of “school of crime” training, with are at risk of “school of crime” training, with unhealthy adult mentors.unhealthy adult mentors.
Youth in the adult system…..
When they reenter, they …
are subject to increased stigma and labeling; may have weakened ties to family and other support systems;will have difficulty finding and keeping a job.
Trying Youth as Adults Jeopardizes Trying Youth as Adults Jeopardizes Public SafetyPublic Safety
Youth in the adult system are more Youth in the adult system are more likely to recidivate than youth in the likely to recidivate than youth in the juvenile system --juvenile system -- They will reoffend more quickly and They will reoffend more quickly and
more oftenmore often And for more serious offensesAnd for more serious offenses
A Closer Look at the Research:A Closer Look at the Research:
New Jersey/New York New Jersey/New York (Jeffrey Fagan)(Jeffrey Fagan) 1,600 15 & 16 year olds: half tried as adults in NY and half 1,600 15 & 16 year olds: half tried as adults in NY and half
tried as juveniles in NJ charged with burglary and robberytried as juveniles in NJ charged with burglary and robbery No difference in re-offense rate for burglary offendersNo difference in re-offense rate for burglary offenders Re-arrest rate for NJ robbery offenders was 29% lower than for Re-arrest rate for NJ robbery offenders was 29% lower than for
NY offenders who were in adult courtNY offenders who were in adult court Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (David Myers)(David Myers)
557 youth matched for age, past criminal record, weapon used 557 youth matched for age, past criminal record, weapon used etc…etc…
Re-offense rate was worse for youth tried in adult court Re-offense rate was worse for youth tried in adult court More likely to be rearrested and more likely to be charged with More likely to be rearrested and more likely to be charged with
violent feloniesviolent felonies Florida Florida (Donna Bishop)(Donna Bishop)
1996 comparison of youth transferred to adult court and those 1996 comparison of youth transferred to adult court and those who remained in juvenile justice system for same offenses and who remained in juvenile justice system for same offenses and similar prior recordssimilar prior records
Youth in the adult system were a third more likely to re-offend Youth in the adult system were a third more likely to re-offend than those sent to the juvenile justice systemthan those sent to the juvenile justice system
Of those youth who committed new crimes, those sent to adult Of those youth who committed new crimes, those sent to adult court re-offended at twice the rate of those sent to juvenile court re-offended at twice the rate of those sent to juvenile courtcourt
Transfer to Adult CourtTransfer to Adult Court
Juveniles confined in a detention center and subsequently Juveniles confined in a detention center and subsequently transferred to the adult court may be placed in the custody of transferred to the adult court may be placed in the custody of the Department of Correction and held in an adult facility both the Department of Correction and held in an adult facility both pretrial and following conviction. pretrial and following conviction.
Juveniles ageJuveniles age 14 or 15 charged with a Class A or B 14 or 15 charged with a Class A or B felony are automatically transferred to the adult felony are automatically transferred to the adult criminal courtcriminal court..Additionally, Additionally, juveniles age 14 or 15 charged with a juveniles age 14 or 15 charged with a Class C or D felonyClass C or D felony or with an unclassified felony or with an unclassified felony may be may be transferred to the adult criminal courttransferred to the adult criminal court upon a motion upon a motion by the juvenile prosecutor and order of a Juvenile Matters by the juvenile prosecutor and order of a Juvenile Matters Judge (discretionary transfers).Judge (discretionary transfers).Juveniles charged with a Class B felony and the Juveniles charged with a Class B felony and the “discretionary transfers” can be returned to the Superior “discretionary transfers” can be returned to the Superior Court for Juvenile Matters upon order of a judge in the adult Court for Juvenile Matters upon order of a judge in the adult court.court.
FISCAL ARCHITECTURE OF JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEMS
Pennsylvania—“Act 148”• State pays 80 percent of the county cost of community-based juvenile justice services. The county pays state 40 percent of the cost of state juvenile confinement.• Three years after Act 148 was enacted in the late 1970s, there was a 75 percent increase in state subsidies for county programs; by the early 1980s, secure placements for juveniles dropped 24 percent.
Wisconsin—“Youth Aids”• Allocation for each county is based on the total county youth population and the number of juvenile arrests and county secure placements.• A year after Youth Aids” was enacted in 1980, 25 counties shared $26 million in funding plus state capacity-building money for community alternative programs. Between 1995 and 2006, Milwaukee—the city within the biggest county—experienced a 74 percent decline in commitments to secure state facilities.
FISCAL ARCHITECTURE OF JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEMS
Ohio—“RECLAIM Ohio”• State provides counties with fixed financial support for community-based
juvenile justice services minus a fraction of the total for each youth sent to the state for handling.
• Counties are allocated the savings based on their use (or lack) of commitments to state facilities the previous year.
• Between RECLAIM Ohio’s enactment in 1992 and 2004, the number of youths committed to secure state care in Ohio fell 31 percent.
Illinois—“Redeploy Illinois”• County identifies target type of delinquent behavior or overall delinquent
population and commits to 25 percent reduction in corrections commitments from average number during the previous three years.
• State provides funding for the county to deliver services related to the targeted populations, particularly juveniles committed for court evaluations, and nonviolent offenders.
• Since starting in mid-2004, Redeploy pilot sites include the 2nd Judicial District (containing 12 rural counties) and in St. Clair, Peoria, and Macon. Preliminary projections suggest the four pilot sites will have a 33 percent reduction in commitments to the state by the end of year one, resulting in $2 million less being spent on youth incarceration costs.
