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Overview of Desalination
Status & Future Trends
Water Globe Consulting Nikolay Voutchkov, PE, BCEE
2012 Lisbon, Portugal
Desalination
Desalination – Where Are We Today?
60%
34%
4% 2%
Technology
RO Thermal ED Other
40 Million m³/dayRO Desalination
23 Million m³/dayThermal Desalination
40 % of All Plants > 50,000 m³/day
65 % Installed Capacity Increase Expected by 2015
16,000 Desalination Plants Worldwide – 66.4 Million m³/day
Source: IDA Desalination Yearbook 2011-2012
Source: WDR, July 2010
Projected New Desalination Capacity
in 20127.9 MM m³/day
Actual New Capacity in 2011 6.8 MM m³/day
Thermal vs. RO Desalination
Membrane Desalination – Key Trends
SWRO Desalination Technologies Dominate;
Large - (over 50,000 m³/day) and Mega - (over 200,000 m³/day) Desalination Plants Are the Wave of the Future;
Most Large Urban Coastal Centers Worldwide Have Established a Target to Produce 25 % of their Drinking Water from Desalination;
Research &Development Activities are in 10-Year High – Likely to Yield Breakthroughs in Membrane and Desalination Technologies by 2015;
Large SWRO Projects Are Aiming at Sustainability – Green is In!
Water Production Costs of Recent SWRO Desalination
Projects
400
MLD
Sor
ek, I
srae
l
500
MLD
Mac
taa,
Alge
ria
330
MLD
Had
era,
Isra
el
360
MLD
Ask
elon,
Isra
el
2 M
LD M
GD S
and
City, C
A
200
MLD
Ham
ma,
Alge
ria
95 M
lD T
ampa
Bay
, FL
170
MLD
Fuja
irah,
UAE
190
MLD
Car
lsbad
, CA
200
MLD
Bar
celon
a, S
pain
140
MLD
Per
th I,
Aus
tralia
250
MLD
Syd
ney,
Aus
tralia
150
MLD
Per
th II
, Aus
tralia
410
MLD
Melb
ourn
e, A
ustra
lia
130
MlD
Gold
Coa
st, A
ustra
lia
300
MLD
Ade
laide
, Aus
tralia
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Co
st
of
Wat
er ,
US
$/m
³
Common Features of Low-Cost Desalination Projects
Low Cost HDPE Open Intakes or Beach Wells;
Near-Shore/On-Shore Discharges w/o Diffuser Systems or Co-discharge w/ Power Plant or WWTP Outfalls;
Point of Product Water Delivery within 5 km of Desalination Plant Site;
RO System Design w/ Feed of Multiple Trains by Common High Pressure Pumps and Energy Recovery Systems;
Turnkey Method of Project Delivery.
Typical Cost and Energy Ranges(Medium & Large SWRO Plants)
Classification Cost ofWater
Production (US$/m³)
SWRO System Energy Use
(kWh/m³)
Low-End Bracket 0.5 – 0.8 2.5 – 2.8
Medium Range 1.0- 1.5 3.0 – 3.5
High-End Bracket 2.0 – 4.0 4.0 – 4.5
Average 1.0 3.0
Evolving SWRO Membrane Performance
Larger Membrane Element Area: 41 m² vs. 37 m²;
Larger RO Element Productivity: 28 to 47 m³/day;
Improved Salt Rejection: 99.7 to 99.8 %;
Increased Boron Rejection: 90 to 93 %;
Wider Membrane Spacers: 28 mil vs. 34 mil.
Membrane Pretreatment is Becoming More Popular for Large
Plants! 300,000 m³/day Adelaide SWRO Plant, Australia :
– Disk Filters + Submersible UF;– Largest SWRO Facility with Membrane Pretreatment.
Where Membrane Pretreatment Has Worked Well? – for Source Waters of Low Bio-fouling Potential:
Subsurface or Deep Open Ocean Intakes; Plants w/ DAF or Other Pretreatment Ahead of UF/MF
Membranes.
Where Membrane Pretreatment Has Faced Challenges? Shallow Open Intakes Exposed to Heavy Algal Blooms; Systems Designed for Overly High Flux Rates Based on
Short-term Piloting.
New Membrane & Pipe Materials
& Separation Technologies
Where Future Cost Savings Would Come
From?
Main Areas Expected to Yield Cost Savings in the Next 5 Years
(20 % Cost & Power Reduction )
Improvements in Membrane Element Productivity: Polymetric Membranes (Incorporation of Nano-particles Into
Membrane Polymer Matrix); Bio-membranes & Enzymatic Transport of Water Carbon Nanotube Membranes
Increased Membrane Useful Life and Reduced Fouling: Smoother Membrane Surface Increased Membrane Material Longevity; Use of Systems for Continuous RO Membrane Cleaning; UF/MF Membrane Pretreatment.
Commercial Forward Osmosis Systems;
Larger RO Elements, Trains and Equipment.
“The Best” of Seawater DesalinationPresent Status & Future Forecasts
Parameter Today Within 5 Years Within 20 Years
Cost of Water (2012 US$/m³)
US$0.5-0.8 US$0.4-0.6 US$0.2-0.4
Construction Cost(US$/m³/day)
1,200-2,200 1,000-1,800 500-1,000
Power Use of SWRO System (kWh/m³)
2.5-2.8 2.0-2.3 1.4-1.8
Membrane Productivity(m³/day/SWRO membrane)
28-47 35-55 95-120
Membrane Useful Life(years)
5-7 7-10 10-15
Plant Recovery Ratio (%) 45-50 50-55 55-65
Concluding Remarks
The Ocean Is Becoming One of the Key Sources of Reliable and Draught-Proof Coastal Water Supply in the Next 10 Years;
Seawater Desalination is Economical Today and Will Become Even More Cost-Competitive in the Future;
The Future of Seawater Desalination Is Bright – 20% Cost of Water Reduction in the Next 5 Years;
Long-term Investment In Research and Development Has the Potential to Reduce the Cost of Desalinated Water by 80 % In the Next 20 Years.
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