Overview of Recent Highlights from ISOL Facilities

Juha ÄystöDepartment of Physics, University of Jyväskylä

& Helsinki Institute of PhysicsFinland

Introduction to ISOL and Physics

Low-energy and stopped beam experimentsMasses, charge radii, exotic decays

Post-accelerated ISOL beamsCoulex and fusion

Conclusions

Overview of Recent Highlights from ISOL Facilities

Juha ÄystöDepartment of Physics, University of Jyväskylä

& Helsinki Institute of PhysicsFinland

Introduction to ISOL and Physics

Low-energy and stopped beam experimentsMasses, charge radii, exotic decays

Post-accelerated ISOL beamsCoulex and fusion

Conclusions

I am thankful to many colleagues, in particular to C. Gross, P. Butler, G. Bollen, J.-M- Poutissou and P. Van Duppen

driver accelerator

thin target high-temperature thick target

fragment separator

experiment

ion source

mass separator

storage ringcooling

In Flight ISOL

heavy ions light ions, neutrons

post accelerator

GeV/u (s) meV to 100 MeV/u

(ms to several s)

gas catcher

(ms)

IGISOL(ms)

Cooling & trappingCharge breeding

experiment

RILIS

NEW !!!

SHIPTRAPGSI

ISOLDECERN

SPIRALGANIL

ISOL-JAERI

ISACTRIUMF

HRIBFOak Ridge

ANL

LEBIT-MSU

SLOWRIRIKEN

IGISOL Jyväskylä

+ IGISOLs at Sendai and Warsaw

EXCYTCatania

LISOLLeuven

Thick target ISOL

IGISOL / gas catcher

ISOL

RIB Physics Reach

A major question: SHELL STRUCTURE FAR FROM STABILITY ?

IMPACT ON R-PROCESS ?

Spin-orbit ?Pairing ?Effective force ?-tensor forceContinuum-coupling?……

Spin-orbit ?Pairing ?Effective force ?-tensor forceContinuum-coupling?……

B. Pfeiffer et al. Acta Phys. Polon. B27(1996)

?

J.D

ob

aczew

ski an

d W

.Nazare

wic

zP

hil.

Tra

ns.

R.

Soc.

Lon

d.

A356,

2007 (

1998)

J.D

ob

aczew

ski an

d W

.Nazare

wic

zP

hil.

Tra

ns.

R.

Soc.

Lon

d.

A356,

2007 (

1998)Shell gap energy and magicity ? – HFB + SkP calculationShell gap energy and magicity ? – HFB + SkP calculation

100Sn

78Ni

132Sn

48Ca

208Pb

NEW ISOL-DATA !!!

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 310

10

10

10

10

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

SPEGTOFI

HALF-LIFE RANGE [s]

AC

CU

RA

CY

m/m

Direct Mass Measurement Techniques

Penning traps

ESR-TOF

ESR Schottky

D. Lunney, et al., Rev. Mod. Ph. 75(2003)1021

M/M < 10-7

M/M < 10-5

Bm

qc B

m

qc

B

Penning trap

STEPS of measurement:

* cooling and bunching in buffer gas filled RFQ (ms)

* mass selective cooling & purification in preparation Penning trap (> 10 ms); R=105

* mass measurement or isomer separation in precision Penning trap (100 ms); R=106

For details: See A. Jokinen (A1-4), S. George (F9-4), P. Schury (H2-6), J. Dilling (J2-1), A. Herlert (QW-071), A. Jokinen (QT227)

PERFORMANCE:

R = 107

→ δm/m ≥ 8 10-9

PERFORMANCE:

R = 107

→ δm/m ≥ 8 10-9

1m

Bunches,3keV energy

60keV ISOLDE-

ion beam

1 c m

5 cm

60 000 V

B = 4.7 T

B = 6 T

Linear RFQ trap

ISOLTRAP

1 cm

100 MeV/u 1 eV

Penning trap mass measurements

Laser spectroscopy soon

Gas stopping

Beam preparation

LEBIT

Fissiontarget

Analysing magnet

spectroscopic setup

precision trap

microchannel plate (MCP)

IGISOL facility

JYFLTRAP setup

7 T

mag

net

purification trap

Si 1

Si 2

+

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Coun

ts/f

req

uency

106490010648001064700

Frequency Hz

A = 101

Y

Zr

Nb

Mo

Purification trap

Precision trap

JYFLTRAP

[18] G. Bollen, D. Davies, M. Facina, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 152501 (2006).

A. Herlert, et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 251, (2006) 131

T. Eronen, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 232501 (2006)

M/M < 10-7

M/M < 10-5

Bm

qc B

m

qc

B

Penning trapCERN Jyväskylä

NSCL-MSU

8

8

20

20

50

50

126

82

82

28

28

Highlights of nuclear mass measurements at ISOL facilitiesHighlights of nuclear mass measurements at ISOL facilities

LEBIT @ MSU:38Ca, 70mBr, 68Se44S, n-rich 65Fe and 66Co

LEBIT @ MSU:38Ca, 70mBr, 68Se44S, n-rich 65Fe and 66Co

CPT @ Argonne:46V, 64Geheavy fission products

CPT @ Argonne:46V, 64Geheavy fission products

ISOLTRAP @ CERN:~300 isotopes measured22Mg,32Ar, 72Kr 74Rb, 81Zn, 133Sn

ISOLTRAP @ CERN:~300 isotopes measured22Mg,32Ar, 72Kr 74Rb, 81Zn, 133Sn

SHIPTRAP @ GSI:masses of rp nucleidrip-line nuclei

SHIPTRAP @ GSI:masses of rp nucleidrip-line nuclei

JYFLTRAP @ Jyväskylä:~200 isotopes measured26Si, 62Ga, 92Rhfission products; 83Ga, 110Mo

JYFLTRAP @ Jyväskylä:~200 isotopes measured26Si, 62Ga, 92Rhfission products; 83Ga, 110Mo

30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Z

N

92Br: Sn=3.2 MeV

JYFLTRAP

ISOLTRAP at CERNISOLTRAP at CERN

STABLE

100Sn 132Sn

78Ni

189 NEW MASSES

Niobium ?

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

[ma

ss(A

ME

20

03

) -

ma

ss(e

xp)]

/ M

eV

100 100m 101 102 102m 103 104 105 106 107

Nb isotope

New mass measurements of fission products

T1/2 ≈ 100 ms

28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 486

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

S

2n (

Me

V)

Z

50 45 40 35 302

3

4

5

6

7

Sh

ell g

ap

(M

eV

)

Z

AME03 TRAP data

N=50

46

48 50

52

5490Zr

78Ni

EVOLUTION OF N=50 SHELL GAP

Next critical mass: 82Zn !!ISOLTRAP ???

Isotopes measured by laser spectroscopy-H.-J. Kluge and W. NörtershäuserSpectrochim. Acta B 58,(2003) 1031

Measured at IGISOL- cooled and bunched ion beams- refractory element

11Li (8.5 ms); ISAC *, 6He; ANL

n-rich yttrium isotopes; IGISOL *

multi-qp isomers; IGISOL130mBa (10 ms), 178m1Hf…

n-rich Be; SLOWRI @ RIKEN

31Mg HFS+NMR; ISOLDE

Highlights of laser spectroscopy at ISOL facilitiesHighlights of laser spectroscopy at ISOL facilities

Next 8He at GANIL ?

2s 2S1/2

3s 2S1/2

2p 2P1/2,3/2

3d 2D3/2,5/2= 30 ns

735 nm

610 nm

5.4 eV

Lithium atomic levels

Resonance Ionization of 11Li

735 nm

6,7,8,9,11Li

Laser @735 nm

Laser @610 nm

ElectrostaticLenses

PZT

CO-Laser2

Magnet

Ion Signal

Experimental setup

3.104 Atoms/sTechnique developed at GSI.

3.104 Atoms/sTechnique developed at GSI.

R. Sánchez et al., PRL 96, 033002 (2006)Nature Physics 2, 145 (2006)M. Puchalski et al., PRL 97, 133001 (2006)

R. Sánchez et al., PRL 96, 033002 (2006)Nature Physics 2, 145 (2006)M. Puchalski et al., PRL 97, 133001 (2006)

Results: Nuclear Charge Radii

6 7 8 9 10 11

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7 Pachucki LBSM SVMC DCM AV18IL2 NCSM FMD SVMCFC

rc (f

m)

Li IsotopeI. Tanihata et. al. PRL 55, 2676 (1985)I. Tanihata et. al. PL B 206, 592 (1988)

This surprising result indicates that the Li-core is indeed strongly perturbed or polarized by interactions between halo neutrons and core nucleons.

+40 kV

Ion beam cooler

Light collection region

(Laser resonance fluorescence)

Traps and accumulates ions – typically 100 - 500 ms

Reduces energy spread of ion beam (< 1eV)

Improves emittance of ion beam

Releases ions in a 10 µs bunch

Beam cooling and bunching with RFQA. Nieminen, et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 204 (2003) 563

Beam cooling and bunching with RFQA. Nieminen, et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 204 (2003) 563

2∙104 improvement of SNR !Allows to work with 100 ions/s rates

174Hf

20.0

20.1

20.2

20.3

20.4

20.5

17,8

18,2

18,6

19,0

19,4

19,8

20,2

84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104Mass Number, A

<r2>

A /

fm2

Stable Isotopes

Radioactives

Isomers

Yttrium charge radii

Yttrium charge radii B. Cheal et al., Phys. Lett. B 645, 133 - 137 (2007).

48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

S2n

[M

eV

]

Neutron number

Pd Rh Ru Tc Mo Zr Sr Rb Br

Increased binding due to large prolate deformation!

Result very similar to neighboring Sr and Zr chains

Shape coexistence!

8

8

20

20

50

50

126

82

82

28

28

Highlights of decay studies at ISOL facilitiesHighlights of decay studies at ISOL facilities

ISOLDE & IGISOL: Triple- structure of 12C12N & 12B 3decay

ISOLDE & IGISOL: Triple- structure of 12C12N & 12B 3decay

ISOL at GSI: *2He decay of 94mAg ISOL at GSI: *2He decay of 94mAg

JYFLTRAP @ Jyväskylä: Trap-assisted spectroscopy104Zr,113Tc,…

JYFLTRAP @ Jyväskylä: Trap-assisted spectroscopy104Zr,113Tc,…

HRIBF at Oak Ridge:Ranging out spectroscopy79Cu, 85Ga,…

HRIBF at Oak Ridge:Ranging out spectroscopy79Cu, 85Ga,…

Several facilities: *Superallowed -decays 22Mg, 26Al,…62Ga,74Rb

Several facilities: *Superallowed -decays 22Mg, 26Al,…62Ga,74Rb

LISOL at Leuven:RILIS in decay studies 67mCo,…

LISOL at Leuven:RILIS in decay studies 67mCo,…

ISOL @ JAERI:Heavy fission productsISOL @ JAERI:Heavy fission products

ISOLDE:132Sn-region spectroscopyISOLDE:132Sn-region spectroscopy

10C

14O

26mAl

38mK

42Sc

46V

50Mn

54Co

34Cl

Ft = 3072.7 ± 0.8 sVud = 0.9738 (4)From Ft and GA of muon decay

J.C Hardy and I.S. Towner, Phys. Rev. C 71(2005)055501

)1(2))(1( 2 V

RVCR

G

KftFt

’ 1+NS

New Q-value determinations with Penning Traps

22Mg M. Mukherjee et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004) 15080126Alm,42Sc, 46V T. Eronen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 23250134Ar F. Herfurth et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 15 (2002) 1738Ca G. Bollen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 15250146V G. Savard et al,, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005) 10250162Ga T. Eronen et al., Phys. Lett. B 636 (2006) 19174Rb A. Kellerbauer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004) 072502

Alarming new result of QEC of 46V from CPT and JYLFTRAP: (QEC)=2.2 (9) keV ?

--> Need to check all QEC values !

Unitarity of CKM matrix?= -0.0034(14) !!Unitarity of CKM matrix?= -0.0034(14) !!

CVC and the unitarity of the CKM matrix !

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

3060

3065

3070

3075

3080

3085

3090

3095

Co

mp

ara

tive

ha

lf-lif

e [

s]

Z of the daughter nucleus

Hardy&Towner, PRC71(-05)055501 JYFLTRAP CPT ISOLTRAP

10C14O

22Mg26Alm

34Cl34Ar

38Km

42Sc

46V50Mn

54Co62Ga

74Rb

New data (ISOLDE, ISAC, IGISOL, CPT)

New yet unpublished measurements26Al, 26Si, 42Ti, 50Mn, 54C0

Current Status – CKM Matrix

Unitarity check via the matrix elements of the first row:

Vus and Vub from particle physics data (K and B meson decays)

• Most precise Vud From nuclear β decay !

• 4th Int. Workshop on the CKM Unitarity Triangle, Nagoya, 12/2006

Δ+1=++2

ub

2

us

2

ud VVV

2257(20)0.Vus M. Moulson, ArXiV:hep-ph/0703013

08(10)000- .Δ

J. C. Hardy, ArXiV:hep-ph/0703165v1Vud = 0.97378(27)

Confirms the unitarity, but more work needed on theoretical corrections as well as new data!

Post-accelerated ISOL

FACILITY DRIVER POWER USER BEAMSACCELERATED

ENERGY PHYSICSREACH

LOUVAINE-LA-NEUVE (BELGIUM) 1989

30 MeV protons

6 kW 6He, 7Be, 10,11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 18,19Ne, 35Ar

10 MeV/ucyclotron

Astrophysics, Nuclear structure

HRIBFOak Ridge (USA) 1997

100 MeVp, d, (-ve ion source)

1 kW 7Be, 17,18F, 69As, 67,83Ga, 75-79Cu, 80-87Ge, 84Se, 92Sr, 118,120,122,124Ag, 129Sb, 130-134Sn, 132,134,136Te

2 - 10 MeV/utandem

Nuclear Structure, Astrophysics

ISACTRIUMF (CANADA) 2000

500 MeV protons

50 kW 8,9,11Li, 11C, 20,21Na, 18Ne, 26Al, 34Ar

4.5 MeV/ulinac

Astrophysics,Condensed matter, Nuclear Structure

SPIRALGANIL (FRANCE) 2001

100 MeV/u heavy ions

6 kW 6,8He, 15,19-21O, 18F, 17-19,23-26Ne, 33-35, 44,46Ar, 74-77Kr

2 - 25 MeV/ucyclotron

Nuclear structure, Astrophysics

REX ISOLDE (CERN)2001

1.4 GeV protons

3 kW 8,9Li, 10,11Be,24-29Na, 28-32Mg, 68Ni, 67-73Cu, 74,76,78,80Zn, 70Se, 88,92Kr, 108In, 108,110Sn,122,124,126Cd, 138,140,142,144Xe, 148Pm, 153Sm, 156Eu

0.3 - 3 MeV/ulinac

Nuclear structure, Condensed matter, Astrophysics

counts

counts

energy (keV)

78Zn

80Zn

108Pd

730 keV: 2+-0+

1492 keV: 2+-0+

0 500 1000 1500 2000

800

600

400

200

0

80

60

40

20

0

0 500 1000 1500 2000

80Ga

78Ga 108Pd

x 5

0

• 80Zn (T1/2=0.5 s) @ 108Pd (2.0 mg/cm2)Energy = 2.79 MeV/uIntensity = 3000 ppsPurity = 43 (5) %

• 78Zn (T1/2=1.5 s) @ 108Pd (2.0 mg/cm2)Energy = 2.87 MeV/uIntensity = 4300 ppsPurity = 64 (13) %

Coulomb excitation of even-even Zn isotopes up to N=50 *

laser onlaser off

* J. Van de Walle et al., to be published

Proton NumberNeutron Number

Ni

Zn

Ge

N=50 isotones

B(E

2,2

+1

0+

1)

[W.u

.]E(2

+1)

[keV

]

B(E

2,2

+1

0+

1)

[W.u

.]E(2

+1)

[keV

]Ni,Zn,Ge isotopes

this work

Ge up to N=50: HRIBF exp: Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(2005)122501

Result in conformity with the new mass data !

Enhancement of 9Li sub-barrier fusion

• W. Loveland et al, Physical Review C 74(2006) 064609

ISAC I at TRIUMF

Shapira et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 25, s01, 241 (2005)Liang et al., PRL 91, 15271 (2003); PRC 75, 054607 (2007)

Fusion with heavy n-rich radioactive beams

• Large sub-barrier fusion enhancement• Inelastic excitation and neutron transfer play an

important role in the observed fusion enhancement

• Important for superheavy element synthesis• ERs made with 132,134Sn cannot be made with stable

Sn!

Fusion with n-deficient radioactive beams

76Kr + 58Ni

130Nd (4p)131Pm (3p)129Pr (5p)

SPIRAL(GANIL)

Conclusions

• Traditional ISOL method is succesfully complemented by IGISOL and gas catcher techniques

– gaining universality in RIB production

• Novel ion manipulation techniques (RFQ, charge breeding, ion traps,…) have made significant impact towards high-sensitivity and precision experiments

• Penning trap technique coupled with an ISOL method opens new opportunities for mass and spectroscopy measurements

– About 500 atomic masses measured with precision better than 10 keV– Mass derivatives can probe nuclear structure (deformation, shell gaps)– Evidence observed for the persistence of the neutron shell gap towards 78Ni

• Post-accelerated RIBs start producing physics on n-rich nuclei– Coulex and transfer reaction experiments shown feasible– Isomeric beam production demonstrated– Role of ”magic” numbers far from stability

• Results on N=20, 50 and 82 n-rich nuclei

ISOL & future: Intensity and precision frontier !

Shell Gap Energies from TheoryShell Gap Energies from Theory

M. Stoitsov, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 132502 (2007)

HFB-THO + density functional theory

J. Pearson, S. GorielyNuclear Physics A 777(2006)623

P. Möller et al.ADNDT 59(1995)185

Fit to 2149 measured masses (AME03)