Overview of the autonomic (vegetative) nervous system ...anatom.ua/wp-content/uploads/PNS- · Overview of the autonomic (vegetative) nervous system . 31 It should be emphasized that

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Overview of the autonomic

(vegetative) nervous system

Overview of the autonomic (vegetative) nervous system

The nervous system for topographic indication is divided into two divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) i peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Brain and spinal cord are related to the central nervous system (CNS).

Nerves, ganglia, nerve plexus and nerve endings are the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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For anatomical and functional

principle nervous system is divided into

two parts: the somatic nervous system

and autonomic nervous system (ANS).

The division of somatic nervous system

and autonomic was proposed in the late

XVIII century by K.Bisha.

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The somatic nervous system innervates the

soma (skin), skeletal muscles, joints. The

somatic nervous system of the body provides a

link with the environment.

The autonomic nervous system innervates

internal organs and coordinates their work.

Provides adaptive-trophic effects on the whole

body.

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In the current international anatomical nomenclature (Sao Paulo, 1997) instead of the term VPS or autonomic nervous system is proposed term "autonomous part of the peripheral nervous system," but in the national educational and scientific literature on anatomy, physiology and also in the clinic is common to use the term "VNS ".

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VNS is a part of the nervous system, that conducts the functions of the homeostasis regulation and getting used to the environmental conditions that Are constantly changing. VNS innervates the visceral organs and conducts the adapto- trophical influence on the whole organism.

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VNS for anatomical and functional principle is divided into two parts: the sympathetic part of ANS or sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic ANS part or parasympathetic nervous system. The term "parasympathetic nervous system" was introduced in 1925

D.Lenhli. In recent years, within the SPA is isolated metasympatychnu nervous system (research A.D.Nozdrachova, 1983)

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Autonomic features or functions of plant life (breathing, digestion, dis-multiplication, selection, etc.) are regulated by structure-rounds autonomic nervous system.


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Dzh.Lenhli in 1889 divided the entire autonomic nervous system into two main divisions - parasympathetic and sympathetic. Separately, it has been allocated so-called enteral system or intestinal plexus.


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Modern International anatomical nomenclature (Sao Paulo, 1997) offers not use the term autonomous (vegetative) nervous system to avoid many significance. Instead it was proposed the term ‘autonomous department’; autonomous part of the peripheral nervous system, divisio autonomica; pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici, which distinguishes the sympathic part, pars sympathica, and the parasympathetic part, pars parasympathica.





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However, it should be noted, that in the national scientific and educational literature, the term "autonomic nervous system" is more prevalent and therefore more understandable. In addition, in recent years due to research-A.D.Nozdracheva Jenny (1983, 1989) within the autonomic nervous system, probes offer quality local highlight another part (system unit) - metasymphatic.


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According to the modern definition of autonomous (vegetative) nervous system - a part of the nervous system that serves as the regulating constancy of internal environment (homeostasis) and in-application of the terms of the Navier-former environment that is constantly changing.


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Regulation of homeostasis includes the

support for the body at the right level of

biochemical, physical, chemical, and

other enzymatic constants, violation of

which is shown not only by numerous

vegetative, but also by somatic

dysfunction.


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Regulation of homeokinesis includes providing of various forms (mental, emotional, physical) and implementation of biological motivation of the whole organism. Violation of adequate homeokinetic reactions changes behavior, contributes maladjustment and eventually causes the emerge of mental illness or death of the organism.


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Nowadays the sympathetic autonomic (vegetative) nervous system is seen as a system alarm, mobilizing defenses and resources for active interaction with environmental factors, i.e. as ergotropic system.


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Parasympathetic part, as well as metasympathetic, was designed to restore and maintain homeostasis, disturbed as a result of the activity of the body, that carries trophotropic impact. This metasympathetic autonomous (vegetative) nervous system implements this feature regionally (a separate organ or part).


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The central segmental structures include autonomic parasympathetic nucleus III, VII, IX, X pairs of cranial nerves, sacral parasympathetic neurons of the spinal cord and sympathetic neurons located in the lateral horns of the spinal cord in the thoraco-lumbar region. These central segmental centers (centers) are genuine autonomous centers because of their features and patterns of operation.


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The most significant differences between the morphological autonomous (vegetative) nervous system and the somatic nervous system are:

1) placing cells of the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts in certain places CNS (segmental centers);

2) 2) the location of the second neuron axon and neuron bodies third simple reflex arc outside the CNS.


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Bodies of the third neurons accumulate as vegetative ganglions. That’s why the fibers of the autonomic (vegetative) nervous system, that carry impulses from the spinal cord or the brain, are called preganglionar and the fibers that carry impulses from the ganglion to the organ – postganglionar.


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For the degree of distance from the central nervous system and for topography vegetative nodes are divided into:

1) placed on either side of the spine nodes and queues or paravertebral nodes (nodes sympathetic trunk);

2) 2) placed in front spine units or second stage prevertebral units;

3) 3) located nearby organs or tissues of the internal components of phase III (respectively, extra- and intra-organ). Units I and II stage is sympathetic; Third stage units are predominantly parasympathetic.


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At the end of all preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons, and in terminals of the most postganglionic parasympathetic fibers released neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In addition, some postganglionic sympathetic fibers, that innervate sweat glands, are also broadcast via acetylcholine.


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Noradrenalin is a neurotransmitter in postganglionic symphatical endings.


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A wide range of neuro-transmitters is typical for neurons of the metasymphatic part of the autonomous department of peripheral nervous system, so among them we can distinguish holinergetic, adrenergic, serotoninergetic, peptidergetic and other neurons.


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In the organs with dual autonomic innervation interaction functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are observed in the form of caused effects antagonism.


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For example, stimulation of sympathetic nerves causes the narrowing of pupils, inhibition of peristalsis, sphincter relaxation, expansion of the bronchi and coronary arteries, strengthening and acceleration the heart rate. Irritation of parasympathetic nerves leads to constriction of the pupil, increased peristalsis, sphincter closure, the narrowing of the bronchi and coronary arteries to slowing down and weakening heartbeat.


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It should be emphasized that under the conditions of autonomic and somatic body functions as one integrated system, as sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous structures are widely used, so their functional synergy and antagonism are the two sides of the same process of homeostasis and homeokinesis regulation.


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Parasympathetic part of the autonomic

department of the peripheral nervous

system.


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Parasympathetic part of autonomous department of the peripheral nervous system is represented by preganglionic fibers, going together with III, VII, IX and X pairs of cranial nerves and pelvic visceral nerves, parasympathetic nodes ( among which are two types:

1) extraorganic;

2) 2) intraorganic, as well as relevant postganglionic fibers.


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Extraorganic parasympathetic components are located near bodies innervated. These include 5 large parasympathetic nodes of the head (Ciliary wing-palatine, submandibular, sublingual-headed, ear) and parasympathetic pelvic nodes.

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Ciliar ganglion, g.ciliare,

has an uncertain shape and size (its

length in an average of 2 mm). This

node is located in the thickness of

fat tissue in the posterior part of the

eye socket on the outer surface of

the optic nerve.


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Ciliary ganglion has three roots:

1) parasympathetic root, radix

parasympathica;

2) sympathetic root, radix

sympathica;

3) sensitive root, radix sensoria.

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Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of ciliary unit consist of short ciliary nerves, nn.ciliares brevis, are sent to the eyeball, penetrate the sclera and innervate ciliary muscle and iris sphincter muscle.

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G.pterygopalatinum, near

to the size of 5 mm co-located in the pterygo-palatine fossa on the side of the pterygo-palatal opening.

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Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers wing-palatal node providing secretory gland innervation of the mucosa of the nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx and lacrimal gland.

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Pterygoplatal ganglion has three

roots:


parasympathica;


sympathica;


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Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers pterygo-palatal node provides secretory gland innervation of the mucosa in the nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx and lacrimal gland.

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Submandibular node, g.submandibulare, of about 3 mm, lies on the submandibular salivary gland under n.lingualis.

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Submandibular ganglion has

three roots:


parasympathica;


sympathica;


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Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers submandibular node providing secretory innervation submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

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Sublingual node, g.sublinguale, sometimes is

placed on the lateral surface of sublingual salivary glands, but more often is a cluster of neurons along the branches n.lingualis to sublingual gland.


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Sublingual ganglion has three

roots:


parasympathica;


sympathica;


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Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the sublingual node provide secretory innervation to the sublingual gland.

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Ear node, g.oticum, of about 3 mm, located in the infratemporal fossa medially from the n.mandibularis under the oval hole.

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Ear ganglion has three roots:


parasympathica;

2) sympathetic root, radix sympathica;



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Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers ear unit provide the secretory innervation of the parotid salivary gland.

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Pelvic nodes, gg.pelvica, are located in the lower part of hypogastric pelvic plexus and other vegetative plexus. Each has three roots:

1) ) parasympathetic root, radix

parasympathica;

2) sympathetic root, radix sympathica;



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Nn.splanchnici pelvici come from the front of branches II-IV sacral nerves (most of them are preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, less - sensitive) and provide parasympathetic and sensitive innervation of the pelvic organs and intestinal tract below the descending colon.

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The sympathetic part of

the autonomous department of the peripheral nervous

system

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The sympathetic part of the autonomous department of the peripheral nervous system is represented by preganglionic and postganglionic fibers and paravertebral (nodes sympathetic trunk) and prevertebral sympathetic nodes.

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Do you want to be happy?

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BE HAPPY!

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Overview of the autonomic (vegetative) nervous system ...anatom.ua/wp-content/uploads/PNS- · Overview of the autonomic (vegetative) nervous system . 31 It should be emphasized that