Overview of the Exam and Review Process · - Two (of four) free response essays (one from first half, one from second half of U.S. history. - Total time: 130 minutes. • Reading

AHAP Review Materials April 2006 Mr. Montuori

Overview of the Exam and Review Process Exam date: Friday morning, May 5, 2006 1. Review your notes and essays (regular and DBQs). Start with the Colonial era and work your way forward chronologically by period. A list of major periods is attached. For each:

a. Look up facts, people, terms, concepts you don't know in your review book. Use the Unit Assignment sheets as a guide.

b. Try to characterize each period in your own words by summarizing it in a few phrases, AND naming several main events and trends.

c. Pick up a few dates to "hang" the rest of the period on. 2. Commit to memory conflicting interpretations of major issues in each period. (We've written essays on some of these issues.) 3. Draft an essay outline for each period paying particular attention to developing a thesis statement and outlining your support. Again, use the focus questions on the Unit Assignment sheets as “essay” questions. Review your notes to see how you might improve your response. Before the AP test, practice writing a few essays out in full without your notes. (Use the essay questions in your review books.) 4. Practice a couple of timed essays. Allow yourself 30 minutes only, outline and write out your response in full. Practice some multiple choice questions too. Remember, however, that actual study is more important. 5. Get together with others and go through a similar process. 6. Get enough sleep before the exam. If you've been cramming for nights, you won't be able to analyze and write clearly. 7. On the day of the exam: bring two #2 pencils, two dark blue or black ink pens, and a watch that doesn't beep. Pace yourself.

AHAP Review Packet 1 April 2006

Test format: Section I (50%): 80 multiple choice questions, 55 minutes The multiple choice questions are chronologically ordered within clusters of 8 to 10 questions each. There is a 1/4 point penalty for wrong answers. You may skip some questions, gaining no points and incurring no penalty, but if you skip too many, you’ll wind up with a low score. Each successive cluster will become somewhat more difficult, so guessing will probably pay off earlier, rather than later in the exam. Likewise, skip questions in the last few clusters. Section II (50%): - One DBQ (no choice)

- Two (of four) free response essays (one from first half, one from second half of U.S. history.

- Total time: 130 minutes.

• Reading period, 15 minutes (No essay writing permitted. Use this to read and evaluate the DBQ question & documents, and take brief notes).

Suggested use of remaining time:

• Writing period, 1 hour and 55 minutes.

45 minutes to write your DBQ response. 5 minutes to choose and analyze 1st essay 30 minutes to write 1st essay 5 minutes to choose and analyze 2nd essay 30 minutes to write 2nd essay Note: The review materials below have been compiled over the years. They consist of summaries: incomplete in themselves, but a decent overview. Use these to view the (now famous) “Big Picture” to which I always refer. You still need to connect the dots with facts and details (i.e. study other materials). Work hard, but don’t lose sleep. The best of luck to all you!


Major Periods & Important Dates In American History


Colonial Period 1607-1763 Jamestown, 1607 (first African-Americans, 1619) French and Indian war 1754-1763

Revolutionary Period, 1763-1789

End to salutary neglect with end to French & Indian War, 1763 Lexington and Concord, 1775 Declaration of Independence, 1776 Articles of Confederation ratified, 1781 Battle of Yorktown, 1781 Treaty of Paris, 1783 Critical Period, 1781- 1788

Early Republic, 1789-1824

Constitution Ratified, 1789 French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars War of 1812, 1812-1815 “Era of Good Feelings,” 1816-1824

Market Revolution, 1816-1845

Clay’s American System, 1816 Erie Canal completed, 1825

Age of Jackson, 1824-1840

Property requirements for suffrage dropped “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824 Andrew Jackson elected, 1828 (“the people’s president”) Reform movements abound

Antebellum Period, 1840-1860

Manifest Destiny, 1840s Mexican War, 1846-48 Sectional Crisis, 1850s Election of Lincoln, 1860

Civil War, 1861-65

Confederate States of America founded, 1861 Fort Sumter attacked, 1861 Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 Confederate Surrender, 1865 Lincoln assassinated, 1865

Reconstruction, 1865-77

Slavery abolished, Civil War amendments Weak presidents: Andrew Johnson, U.S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes

Major Periods & Important Dates In American History


Nation reunifies, but South remains embittered, devastated

The European-American Settlement of the West, 1877-1900 Destruction of Native Americans’ Way of Life Farming, Ranching, and Mining

Industrialism (The Gilded Age), 1865-1900 (a northern phenomenon) U.S. Imperialism, 1890-1914

Panama Canal built Spanish-American War, 1898 Virgin Islands purchased

Progressive Era 1900-1914

Government reform of industrial society

WWI, 1914-18 U.S. involved 1917-1918 Wilson’s 14 Points Treaty of Versaille, League of Nations

The (Roaring) Twenties

Prohibition Women gain right to vote General prosperity Stock speculation

The Great Depression, 1929-41

1929 Stock market crash FDR elected, 1932 WWII erupts, 1939

World War II, 1939-45 (U.S. involvement, 1941-45)

Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 Germany surrenders, May 8, 1945 A-bombs dropped, August 6 & 9, 1945, Japan surrenders

Cold War, 1947-1989

NATO, 1st peacetime alliance Soviets test A-bomb, 1949 China goes communist, 1949 Korean War, 1950-53 McCarthyism, 1950-54 Vietnam War, 1965-73 Détente, 1972-1979 Fall of Berlin Wall, 1989 Collapse of Soviet Union, 1991

Civil Rights Movement, 1954-68

Brown v. Board of Ed. decision, 1954 24th Amendment, 1964 Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassinated, 1968


Globalization President Nixon, 1969-1974, Watergate, Resigns, avoiding Impeachment, 1974, Arab Oil

Embargo and Energy Crisis, '73-74 President Gerald Ford, 1974-76 President Jimmy Carter, 1977-80, Iran Hostage Crisis President Ronald Reagan, 1981-89, Supply-side economics, nuclear build-up, cold war ends, Iran-Contra Affair President George Bush, 1989-92, The Persian Gulf War, 1991 President Bill Clinton, 1993-2001, Impeachment, acquittal. Record-setting economic growth. Troops to Somalia (’93), Bosnia (’95) President George W. Bush, 2001-present, Contested Election; 9/11, War on Terror, Iraq War 2003-present.

Colonial Period 1607-1775 Themes: 1. mercantilism: the universal economic theory 2. rivalry of three major nations – England, France and Spain 3. English colonies the least tightly controlled 4. geography and native population affects each colony profoundly Spain: 1. South America, Central America, American Southwest 2. King the source of all authority 3. emphasis on gold, huge haciendas 4. cruel to Indian workers 5. strongly Catholic 6. mercantilist France: 1. Canada for fur trade – St. Lawrence and Mississippi River systems 2. West Indies for sugar 3. Friendly with Indians – coureurs de bois 4. Mercantilism – Colbert and Joint stock companies 5. Strongly Catholic – no Huguenots allowed 6. Never many colonists Dutch: 1. Established trading centers in Hudson River Valley at Albany (Fort Orange)

and New Amsterdam 2. Good relations with Native American trading partners. 3. Purely economic in nature – not interested in territory.

England: 1. established by joint stock companies and proprietors on Eastern seaboard 2. spread inland along the rivers 3. Capture New Amsterdam in 1664 (renamed New York)

Southern Colonies: 1. Virginia – Jamestown – John Smith – the first settlement


2. tidewater plantations – rice, tobacco, slavery 3. local self government – House of Burgesses in Va. Counties in the Piedmont 4. mixed populations, small farmers, indentured servants inland in the

Piedmont 5. Oglethorpe – Georgia – the last colony founded

Middle Colonies:

1. Penn and Quakers the dominant colony 2. agriculture, iron and merchants 3. mixed population, government and religion

New England: 1. Massachusetts dominant – colonized Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode

Island 2. Puritans – Bradford, Winthrop 3. town government – General Court 4. farming, whaling, merchants

French and Indian Wars to the American Revolution, 1754-1775 Themes: 1. France and England fought for 125 years around the world France and England struggle to control colonies in America 2. England ousts France from America

3. English effort to control colonies more tightly and have them pay the cost of the war leads to the American Revolution

French and Indian War

1. Fought in Ohio Valley and St. Lawrence 2. Battle of Quebec (Wolfe and Montcalm) the turning point 3. 1763 Treaty of Paris – France gives up the continent

Spanish west of Mississippi England gets Florida and East of Mississippi

4. France wants revenge, so helps the American colonies in the Revolution

Aftermath: 1. England tightens mercantilism, ends salutary neglect 2. King’s Proclamation Line of 1763 closes Ohio Valley to colonists

3. England broke, and wants Americans to share cost of war: taxes imposed


Weakening ties causes: History of experience with local government, much social mobility

distance from England, long time policy of salutary neglect, religious freedom and Enlightenment ideas

1. Greenville Acts – Sugar Act > Stamp Act Congress Stamp Act > Boycott, Sons of Liberty Stamp Act Repeal

2. Townsend Acts (import duties)

Colonial governments paid by England > Boycott Repealed 3. Lord North – Tea tax > Boston Tea Party > Intolerable Acts 4. Intolerable Acts > First Continental Congress

Concord and Lexington > Second Continental Congress Declaration of Independence

Articles of Confederation and U.S. Constitution (1783-1789)

Themes:

1. Articles of Confederation establish an ineffective government 2. critical period – will the country survive? 3. constitution written to assure adequate central government compatible with

freedom from tyranny

Articles of Confederation 1. Congress was a place where “ambassadors from the states” meet 2. no executive to carry out laws 3. no federal courts to settle disputes 4. congress cannot tax – only ask for money

Critical period

1. Northwest Ordinance and the Ordinance of 1785 2. monetary chaos – rivalry between states provides incentive for new constitution 3. Shay’s Rebellion

Constitution 1. convention in Philadelphia – Madison, Washington the leaders 2. principles-

a. federalism b. separation of powers c. checks and balances


3. compromised to accomplish aims 4. Article 1 – legislature

a. two houses, Senate by states, House of Representatives by population b. law passed by majority of both houses and signed by President c. Cam over ride a veto by 2/3 vote d. House can impeach. Senate approves appointments by majority vote,

approves treaties e. enumerated areas in which pass laws plus elastic clause

5. Article 2 – Executive – President a. carries out laws b. conducts foreign policy c. appoints federal judges d. commander –in- chief

6. Article 3 – Judiciary – Supreme Court a. tries cases between states b. tries cases against federal laws c. lower courts established by Congress

7. Amendments by 2/3 of Congress, ¾ of state legislatures 8. Federalist Papers argued successfully for passage – Jay, Hamilton, Madison 9. Bill of Rights – first ten amendments guaranteeing personal liberty were added

immediately

Early Administrations 1789-1812 Themes:

1. Governments firmly established 2. American caught in the English French wars 3. Parties develop 4. Boundaries enlarged by Louisiana Purchase

Washington (1789-1797)

1. domestic achievements: federal courts established Bill of Rights passed Hamilton’s banks and manufacturing strengthened 2. foreign affairs: Neutrality Proclamation Jay Treaty – England leaves fur posts in Ohio Valley Genet affair – Resist attempts of France to get aid for French Revolution

Adams (1797-1801)

1. Domestic: parties formed – Federalists ( Adams, Hamilton) Republicans or “Democratic-Republicans” or “Jeffersonian Republicans” (Jefferson)


Alien and Sedition Acts – restrictions on freedom of speech and on foreigners Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions – Ky. and Va. Assemblies protest the Alien and Sedition Acts

2. Foreign

XYZ Affair – French won’t receive American ambassador Adams refuses to go to war with Franc

Jefferson (1801-1809) 1. Domestic:

laissez faire tries to restrict federal judges – can’t Marbury v. Madison – John Marshall declares Supreme Court can decide whether a law is constitutional (judicial review)

2. Foreign: Louisiana Purchase sends Lewis and Clark into wilderness war with Barbary Pirates tries to make France and England respect American neutral rights with the Embargo Act – unsuccessful

Madison (1808-1816) 1. War of 1812 against England 2. Caused by land greed, nationalism (War Hawks), impressment, fur forts in Ohio, seizing ships 3. British invasion of America – burned Washington D.C. 4. Jackson’s victory at New Orleans 5. Treaty of Ghent – nothing changes 6. Hartford Convention - New England threatens to secede; adds to demise of Federalists

Age of Jackson Themes:

1. Jackson’s presidency signals more democratic trend 2. coincides with beginning of industrialization and the market revolution 3. followed by reform movements 4. followed by manifest destiny and westward expansion

Jackson 1828-1836

1. From the west – not part of the old aristocracy 2. democratic tendencies – increased suffrage, party conventions “spoil system” 3. Opposes and destroys second BUS – institution of the privileged 4. Strongly nationalistic – opposed Nullification Ordinance of Calhoun 5. Resolved by Clay’s Compromise in 1833

Industrialization 1818

1. Industrialization centered in Northeast 2. Cotton gin transforms south to cotton area 3. Old Northwest Territory linked to northeast by canals and railroads


Reform movement

1. Women’s rights 2. Abolitionists 3. Education 4. Good writers centered in New England

Manifest Destiny

1. Builds on Monroe Doctrine – America turns away from Europe 2. Florida from Span – 1819 3. Texas colonized, becomes independent 4. Oregon settled by missionaries and farmers 5. Mormons in Utah 6. California settlers gold 7. War with Mexico

a. Polk b. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: America gets southwest

8. Gadsden purchase added 1853 9. China and Japan trade develops 10. Continuing problem of slavery in the new lands

Compromise of 1820 Compromise of 1850

Important Figures: Calhoun – Southern, states rights, pro slavery (a war hawk in 1812) Webster – nationalist (a war hawk in 1812) Clay – the Great Compromiser – for the American system (a war hawk in 1812)

Civil War Themes: 1. Increasingly difficult to compromise the slavery issue 2. Multiple causes – economics, philosophy of government, fanaticism 3. Devastating war for five years 1868-1865 4. North fought to preserve union – added war aim of emancipation 5. Lincoln the dominant figure – assassinated Leading up to war 1. How to deal with slavery in the new lands from Mexico – compromise of 1850 2. Douglas reopens Kansas and Nebraska to popular sovereignty 3. “Bleeding Kansas” 4. Increased abolitionist activity – underground railroad, won’t cooperate with Fugitive Slave law 5. Dred Scott decision 6. John Brown’s Raid 7. Different economic interests – no tariff ( South) v. protective tax 8. Lincoln’s election in 1868 as a Republican scares South – they secede


The War 1. Devastation – 600,000 died 2. Lincoln has poor generals, but blockade. Finally 3won with Grant and Sherman. 3. South has Lee and Holds out for a long time – hopes for English aid but doesn’t come 4. Lincoln widens war aim with Emancipation Proclamation and 13th Amendment 5. Ends at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia 6. Lincoln assassinated – 1865

Reconstruction Themes: How was the nation to be reunited? How was slavery to be undone? How was economic recovery in the South to be accomplished? Would Congress become the dominant branch of government? Problem of former slaves 1. Black Codes 2. No land for freedmen 3. K.K.K. Reunion 1. Lincoln Plan 2. Johnson Plan 3. Radical Plan 4. 14th and 15th amendments 5. “Carpet bag” Governments

Congressional supremacy 1. Congressional Reconstruction 2. Impeachment attempt 3. Supreme Court Economy of South and North 1. Manufacturing Boom in North 2. Depressed cotton economy tenant farmers, sharecroppers in south


U.S. Government Structure 1. Separation of powers – 3 branches Congress – 2 Houses – pass laws work by committee 17 delegated powers + elastic clause

Senate – passes treaties (2/3), tries impeachment (2/3) approves appointments to courts and exec

House – impeaches, starts finance bills, chooses Pres if no majority President – executes the laws with cabinet and departments commander in chief chief of state sets foreign policy wins by majority of electoral college – unitary rule Courts – federal and state court system 9 on Supreme Court can find laws unconstitutional – Marbury v. Madison 2. Federalism – Role for states – reserved powers Roles for federal government – delegated powers, limited power 3. Checks and balances – impeachment Judicial review Appointments must be approved 2 Houses Veto 4. Unwritten constitution- 2 term-limit for President (“written” as of 1951) President responsible for economy since FDR Political parties 5. Adaptability of Constitution- Amendments Elastic clause Judicial interpretation Agencies 6. Ambiguities- War power Foreign policy Interpretation of federalism Executive privilege 7. Amendments – Bill of Rights

Expansion of voting – 18, poll tax forbidden, blacks, women Washington DC, direct Election of Senate. President – electoral college votes for Pres and VP separately, 2 terms, disability,


shorten lame duck Income tax Blacks – 13, 14, 15 14th – equal treatment for all by federal and state government.

8. Parties - primaries, conventions President: head of his party

Laws

Amendments to the Constitution (Ratification dates)

1-10: Bill of Rights, ratified 1791

1: freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion (includes separation of church and state); freedom to petition the government.

2: Right of militia to bear arms. 3: No quartering of soldiers in citizens’ homes without consent. 4: Protection from search and seizure of property without a warrant 5: Grand jury indictment required; no double jeopardy; Right to not incriminate oneself;

can’t be deprived of life, liberty, or private property without due process. 6: Right to speedy trial by jury of peers; specific charges required; accused must be

present during witness testimony; Right to a lawyer and to compel witnesses to testify on one’s behalf.

7: Right to a jury trial. 8: No cruel or unusual punishment; reasonable bail while awaiting trial. 9: This listing of rights doesn’t mean one doesn’t have other rights, or that those

unmentioned rights are any less important. 10: Powers not given to federal or kept by state government belong to state governments

and the people. 11: Citizens of another state or country can’t sue a state in federal court without its

permission (1798)


12: Separated out electoral college vote for vice president to avoid a repeat of the election of 1800 deadlock (Jefferson and Burr tied)

Civil War Amendments: 13-15 13: abolished slavery, 1865 14: establish equality under the law for African-Americans, 1868 15: established suffrage for former slaves, and all African-Americans 16: established government’s power to collect income taxes from individuals, 1916 17: Switched U.S. senate selection to direct election by people (instead of by the state

legislatures), 1916 18: Established government’s right to enforce prohibition, 1919 19: Established woman suffrage, 1920 20: “lame duck” amendment moved up presidential inauguration and Congress meetings to

January (from March) 21: Repealed prohibition, 1933 22: Made the two-term limit on presidency part of the Constitution (as opposed to the

“unwritten constitution,” 1951 23: representation and right to vote in Washington, D.C., 1961 24: Abolished the poll tax, a charge for the right to vote, 1964 25: Established Congressional power to legislate a process for presidential succession, in the

event of the president’s incapacity to govern, 1967 26: Lowered suffrage to age 18 (lowered from age 21), 1971 27: Congress can’t vote itself a raise to take effect during the same term, 1992

Agriculture: Homestead Act, 1862: 160 acres free if resident for 5 years Agricultural Adjustment Acts, 1933, 1938. Farmers paid not to grow crops as price

supports. These have only recently been curtailed in the 1990s.


Business/ Labor: Interstate Commerce Commission, (ICC) 1886. Regulates railroads Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890: Forbids all combinations in restraint of trade Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914: Forbids interlocking directorates holding companies, tie-in

contract. Prohibits use of antitrust laws against unions Federal Reserve System (“the Fed”), 1916: establishes a national bank for banks, to

regulate the money supply by setting reserve, discount rate, and open market sale or purchase of government bonds. Run by regional boards. Currently chaired by Alan Greenspan..

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 1934: 1934, regulates stock exchanges (e.g. buying on margin) and monitors trading for unfair manipulation of stock exchanges.

National Industrial Recovery Act 1933: Codes of business that set wages, hours and prices.

National Labor Relations Act, 1933 Guarantees the right to organize and bargain collectively, forbids blacklists

Social Security Act, 1935: Old age pension and unemployment insurance. Medicare for aged included in 1965. Taft Hartley Act 1947 Forbids closed shop, permits states to bar union shop, allow

temporary injunctions of strikes affecting national welfare. Taylor Act, 1967, forbids strikes in New York State of public employees (police,

firefighters, teachers, etc.). Severe fines for violations. Many other states have similar laws.

Immigration: 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act Suspended immigration of all Chinese. Another law prohibited immigration of criminals, paupers, and "mentally defective"

persons. 1891 By this year the federal government had established full control of immigration.

Regulations now forbid the immigration of: • "persons suffering from a loathsome or dangerous contagious disease." • It also included earlier provisions which kept out criminals, prostitutes, paupers,

and "mentally defective" persons. • It required that an immigrant prove to officials that he or she would not become a

burden on society. 1892 Ellis Island opens in New York City as a federal immigration inspection station


1894 Immigration Restriction League formed. Between 1896 and 1915, this group waged

a half dozen attempts to pass a literacy requirement for entry to the U.S. 1901 Congress bars anarchists from entry, after President McKinley is assassinated by a

man professing to be an anarchist. 1908 Gentlemen's Agreement President Theodore Roosevelt made a deal in which Japan

agreed to deny passports to its laborers who wished to come to the United States.

1917 Literacy Test is finally enacted. Every immigrant aged 16 or older must be able to

read. It keeps out very few immigrants. 1921 Emergency Quota Act set temporary quotas which favored northern and western

Europeans. Maximum annual total set at 358,000. It offered no entry to Africans or Asians.

1924 National Origins Act reduces the annual total to 164,000. It also drastically

reduced the number of southern and eastern Europeans allowed entry. Italy's quota, for example, was reduced from 42,000 to 4,000 persons.

1929 Total limited to 150,000 annually, with specific quotas for each country; these were

based on the number of people from each country living in the U.S. in 1920 1930s Refugees from the Nazis are barred entry to the U.S. Despite the fact that these

people sought to escape persecution or even death, the quota system kept most of the refugees ù principally Jewish ù from coming to the U.S.

1952 The McCarran-Walter Act retained the quota system and slightly amended exisiting

laws. On the one hand, it permitted Asians living in the U.S. to become citizens and allowed 2,000 Asians to enter the country each year. Allowed the government to deport aliens considered subversive. (Truman Administration).

1965 The Immigration and Nationality Act eliminated the quota system. It kept a limit

on the annual total, but allowed anyone to enter on a first come, first served basis. For the first time, anyone from southern Europe, Africa, or Asia received the same consideration as someone from France or Germany. Gives preference to professionals and skilled workers, and those related to U.S. citizens. (LBJ Administration)


1979 New laws allowed an additional 50,000 refugees to be accepted annually, although the president was granted the power to admit more refugees as the need arose. A refugee is anyone escaping persecution or having a well-founded fear of persecution. (Carter Administration)

1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act imposes fines against employers who hire

illegal aliens. Employers must now check documents which prove citizenship. It has not slowed the entry of illegal immigrants from Latin America via the Mexican border. (Reagan Administration)

African Americans 1865 13th Amendment ratified, abolishing slavery 1866 Civil Rights Act grants citizenship to the freedmen, but is overturned in court. 1868 14th Amendment ratified, granting equal citizenship and rights under the law,

regardless of race or color 1870 15th Amendment ratified, grants the right to vote to all, regardless of race or

color 1876 The contested presidential election of 1876 results in a deal in which Union troops

are removed from the South, thus ending Reconstruction; enforcement of the "Civil War Amendments" comes to an end. By 1890 in the South, de jure segregation is legally-enforced in schools, hotels, buses, trains, train stations, restrooms, restaurants, water fountains. Virtually every public and private facility — is segregated. In the North, de facto segregation (segregation in fact) means that in practice, blacks are not hired, sold houses, or admitted entrance to many private institutions and clubs.

1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruled that "separate, but equal" facilities do not violate the

14th Amendment; segregation is therefore considered constitutional. 1912 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is

formed by W.E.B. DuBois and a group of white and black citizens to fight for the political equality of all races.

1917 “The Great Migration” begins, which continues through the 1960s, originally a

response to demands for additional labor during wartime. The north begins to experience de facto racial segregation, race riots.


1920s Marcus Garvey founds the Universal Negro Improvement Association, and its Black

Star shipping line. Garvey promotes pride in African heritage, and black nationalism: a very different approach to black civil rights in America.

1933 FDR establishes a group of African-American advisors, known as the “black

cabinet.” New Deal programs provide jobs and assistance to blacks as well as whites.

1941 A. Phillip Randolph leads the March on Washington Movement, urging equal

opportunity legislation in federally-contracted defense industries. Executive Order 8802.

1948 President Truman orders the desegregation of the Armed Forces, against his

generals’ wishes. 1954 Brown v. Board of Education: "separate is inherently unequal." Emmet Till tortured and killed in Mississippi, creating nationwide shock at white

Southern hostility and violence upon blacks. 1955- Rosa Parks, NAACP; Montgomery Bus boycott, Martin Luther King, Jr. 1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott a success; city bus system desegregated; African-

American bus drivers hired. The Supreme Court rules segregation in public transportation is unconstitutional.

1956-57, Little Rock Nine at Little Rock Central High. President Eisenhower sends U.S.

Army to desegregate Little Rock, Arkansas's Central High School; the "Little Rock Nine" are allowed to attend. Congress passes the weak Civil Rights Act of 1957, but it has little impact on voting rights.

1960 Lunch Counter Sit-ins, Nashville TN. Led by college students in the Student

Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced “snick”). Adults turned to boycott Nashville stores for employment. Achieved integration in the city.

Congress passes a weak Civil Rights Act of 1960; again, little impact 1960-61, 100 other cities held sit-ins. 50,000 Americans participated. 3,600 arrested. 1961 Freedom Rides, Congress Of Racial Equality(CORE) led an integrated civil

disobedience bus tour through the South, led to violence, firebombs, beatings, all nationally televised. Led to federal intervention by JFK and RFK as attorney general.


1963 KKK bomb kills four black schoolgirls in a Birmingham, Alabama church. Birmingham

Anti-Segregation Campaign. Police Chief Bull Connor's violent retaliation against peaceful protestors results in riots. Riots spread to other U.S. cities north and south. MLK, Jr. arrested: "Letter From Birmingham Jail."

June: Medgar Evers, NAACP officer, shot to death in Mississippi by unknown

gunman August: March on Washington, more than 200,000 blacks and whites demonstrate,

King gives "I have a dream" speech. 1964 Freedom Summer Massive voter registration drive in Mississippi, organized and

staffed by white and black college students, many from the North. Three civil rights workers, two white and from the north are murdered by the KKK.

Civil Rights Act of 1964. These murders stir awareness and condemnation by much

of the nation, including President Johnson, and leads directly to his successful initiation and push for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which Congress passes. The Act outlaws job discrimination, and all forms of segregation.

24th Amendment does away with poll taxes; “war on poverty” declared by President Johnson’s "Great Society" Program launched. LBJ declares a "war on poverty." Economic Opportunity Act, Medicare/Medicaid, school aid, HUD, 1965 Voting Rights Act eliminates literacy tests Robert C. Weaver, first black appointed to the Cabinet Malcolm X assassinated 1967 Riots in many U.S. cities. 43 dead in Detroit's riot. National Guard troops called in

to help. Affirmative Action programs established, requiring businesses and colleges receiving federal funding to increase job opportunities and admissions for women and minorities.

1968 April 4, Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated in Nashville, Tennessee. Riots again erupt around the country. 1978 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ruled that the school's affirmative

action "quota system" was unconstitutional and that Bakke, a white applicant, should be admitted. However, it also ruled that race could be one factor in determining admission to a college.


2003 Affirmative action case is heard by the Supreme Court to determine whether

University of Michigan affirmative action policies, which consider race as one of many factors, but don’t use a quota, is constitutional (see Bakke case above).

Major Figures in the Struggle for African-American Civil Rights

Booker T. Washington - turn of century; accommodate to present conditions, don't insist on social equality or pushing for political rights, emphasis on economic self sufficiency, vocational education, dignity, and self respect. Founder of the Tuskegee Institute. W.E.B. DuBois - Early 1900s; historian and activist; founder of the NAACP, circa 1909. Protest all inequalities, bring law suits for rights, educate the "talented tenth" for the professions as a vanguard; integrate. Wrote first revisionist history of reconstruction. . Ida B. Wells(-Barnett) – Progressive era activist from the south; school teacher at age 16, journalist and anti-lynching Progressive-era activist. Her work for women’s suffrage was rebuffed by many white woman suffragettes. Wells was fiercely determined and remained active despite death threats. Marcus Garvey - 1920s; colorful founder of the United Negro Improvement Association; black pride; promote black businesses; solidarity with blacks world wide; back to Africa; steamship company for repatriation goes bankrupt. Scandal led to conviction for mail fraud, exile. A. Phillip Randolph - Organizer of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Organized and canceled a March on Washington in 1944 to protest discrimination in the defense industry. Gained Executive Order 8802 from FDR which fulfilled this demands. Led the 1963 March with King. Thurgood Marshall NAACP's lead lawyer arguing the 1954 Brown v. Bd. of Ed. case. Later named as Supreme Court Justice (1st black ever) by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. - Southern Christian Leadership Conference founder, boycotts, sit-ins, protests, marches, law suits; non violent direct action, his very effective strategy, to raise consciousness, press for laws to dismantle Jim Crow laws and establish voting rights; his vision: a fully integrated society.


Malcolm X - 1950s, early 1960s leader of Black Muslims, contempt for white society, black nationalist, separatist, unity with blacks worldwide, discipline and self respect, full civil rights for blacks. Led rallies, international protests. Rejected nonviolence and assimilation, but altered views upon return from Mecca. Stokely Carmichael - arises from SNCC. Originates slogan of "black power," intimidation, black pride, full rights and control of black communities: Black Panthers, Angela Davis, e.g. Jessie Jackson - ran for President in 1984 with the Rainbow Coalition, emphasis on solving poverty problems, lower military budget with money diverted to domestic problems, affirmative action, increase black voter participation. Louis Farrakhan - leader of the Nation of Islam, black nationalist, separatist. Known for derogatory statements against whites, particularly Jews. Lately has nudged himself a bit toward center with the "Million Man March" which brought together a more diverse, but solely black and male, leadership and following, and called for black male responsibility. Al Sharpton - Formerly: raise consciousness of racism with marches, and protests, distrust of legal system. Presently shifting to electoral politics. Ran for U.S. Senator from NY in 1990's, and presidential candidate in 2004. Clarence Thomas - career at first outside civil rights community, opposes affirmative action and special programs for minorities, just enforce present laws, hard work and self discipline, avoid self pity and self image of underdog. Now a Reagan appointee on the Supreme Court. J.C. Watts Republican House representative from Oklahoma, Watts opposes affirmative action and supports other conservative social and political views. He supports conservative actions to help the poor, but not blacks specifically, such as the Commercial Revitalization Tax Act (1998).

Women 1848 First national women's suffrage convention meets in Seneca Falls, NY. Attendees

include Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Frederick Douglass. Issued the "Declaration of Rights and Sentiments" which called for political equality, specifically property and voting rights for women.

1869- 1896 Four new Western states are the first to grant women suffrage (WY, ID, UT, CO)


1890 NAWSA, Carrie Chapman Catt (begun by Stanton, Anthony) Highly organized, centrally managed, grassroots group. “The Winning Plan” state campaigns to pressure congress for an amendment.

1910- 1912 Five additional Western states follow suit 1916 National Woman's Party, Alice Paul, militant faction splits off from NAWSA, uses

C.D. Arrests embarrass Wilson who urges passage of amendment to Congress. 1920 President Wilson finally endorses suffrage, in part for women’s crucial role during

the war. The 19th Amendment gives women suffrage, but it has little impact on reform politics.

1921 Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act. Stimulated by high maternity and infant mortality rates. Provided states with funds for maternal education and public health nurses. First federal welfare funding in U.S. history. Ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1929. 1928 First Congressional hearing on the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by any state on account of sex."

1963 The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan, challenged the notion that women were

the "weaker sex." Advocated that women be admitted to the professions and high-level business positions. The opening salvo of the modern women's rights movement.

1964 Civil Rights Act forbids gender discrimination in employment. 1966 National Organization for Women (NOW) is formed by Betty Friedan and other

feminists to increase awareness of discrimination against and domination over women by men, as well as to pass antidiscrimination legislation and push for equal pay and day-care centers.

1972 Congress passes ERA and sends it out to the states for possible ratification. Three

quarters or 38 states needed to ratify. (See 1928 above, and 1982 below.) Higher Education Act forbids discrimination in admission to colleges and universities. One section, Title IX, states that "No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving


Federal financial assistance." Public schools and colleges greatly increased funding of women's sports programs as a result.

1973 Roe v. Wade, extremely controversial, ruled that laws prohibiting abortion in the

first six months of pregnancy are unconstitutional because the first amendment implies a right to privacy, which in this matter applies to a woman's choices regarding her own body. This ruling has been narrowed in recent years by further Supreme Court challenges.

1978 The Pregnancy Discrimination Act bans employment discrimination against pregnant

women. 1981 The U.S. Supreme Court rules that excluding women from the draft is

constitutional. Kirchberg v. Feenstra, overturns state laws designating a husband “head and

master” with unilateral control of property owned jointly with his wife. 1982 Deadline for state ratification; ERA falls short of 38 states by 3. 1984 In Roberts v. U.S. Jaycees, sex discrimination in membership policies of

organizations, such as the Jaycees, is forbidden by the Supreme Court, opening many previously all-male organizations (Kiwanis, Rotary, Lions) to women.

The state of Mississippi belatedly ratifies the 19th Amendment, granting women

the vote. 1986 In Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986), the U.S. Supreme Court held

that a hostile or abusive work environment can prove discrimination based on sex. 1987 Johnson v. Santa Clara County: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that it is permissible

to take sex and race into account in employment decisions even where there is no proven history of discrimination but when evidence of a manifest imbalance exists in the number of women or minorities holding the position in question.

1989 In Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490 (1989), the Supreme

Court affirms the right of states to deny public funding for abortions and to prohibit public hospitals from performing abortions.

1994 Gender Equity in Education Act: trains teachers in gender equity, promotes math

and science learning by girls, counsels pregnant teens.


The Violence Against Women Act funds services for victims of rape and domestic violence, allows women to seek civil rights remedies for gender-related crimes, provides training to increase police and court officials’ sensitivity and a national 24-hour hotline for battered women.

1996 United States v. Virginia, affirms that the male-only admissions policy of the state-

supported Virginia Military Institute violates the Fourteenth Amendment. 1997 Elaborating on Title IX, the Supreme Court rules that college athletics programs

must actively involve roughly equal numbers of men and women to qualify for federal support.

1998 Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America agrees to pay $34 million to settle an

E.E.O.C. lawsuit contending that hundreds of women were sexually harassed. Burlington Indus ries, Inc. v. Ellerth: The Supreme Court rules that employers are

liable for sexual harassment even in instances when a supervisor’s threats are not carried out, but not when the employer took steps to prevent or promptly correct any sexually harassing behavior and/or when the employee did not take advantage of available opportunities to stop the behavior.

t

2000 CBS Broadcasting agrees to pay $8 million to settle a sex discrimination lawsuit by

the E.E.O.C. on behalf of 200 women. United States v. Morrison: The U.S. Supreme Court invalidates those portions of

the Violence Against Women Act permitting victims of rape, domestic violence, etc. to sue their attackers in federal court.

Native Americans 1763 Proclamation Line of 1763 by British government to protect Indians. 1828 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: In 1828 the Cherokee, a "civilized" tribe who

had lived in peace working as farmers, building houses and roads found gold on their land. As a result white settlers moved in and the State of Georgia claimed jurisdiction over the Cherokee. The Cherokee sued claiming they were independent from Georgia. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee. The victory was short lived, however, as President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s decision.

1830 Indian Removal Act pushes the Five Civilized Tribes west of the Mississippi

River.


1838 Trail of Tears: Forced removal of the Cherokee west of Mississippi. 1850-60 California's Indian population: from 100,000 to 35,000 1851 Fort Laramie Treaty grants Indians their territory forever; Indians, in turn,

guarantee safe passage of Oregon Trail travelers. 1860s First Sioux War. Transcontinental railroad construction and westward

movement of Americans begin widespread encroachment on Plains Indian lands.

1864 Sand Creek Massacre: 300 peaceful Indian men, women & children attacked

and slaughtered by U.S. Army under Colonel Chivington. 1867 Reservation policy established for the Black Hills & Oklahoma. 1870- 1880s Second Sioux War, Nez Percé, Apache Indian Wars with U.S. 1871 End of treaty-making by U.S.; Indians subject to U.S. policy. 1876 Custer's Last Stand: 264 soldiers killed by 2,500 Sioux & Cheyenne at Little

Bighorn River, Montana. 1877 The Sioux surrender; Crazy Horse killed. The Nez Percé captured at

Canadian border after 1,700 mile flight under Chief Joseph. 1885 Of an original 60 million, only 1,000 buffalo remain in the U.S. 1886 Apache's Geronimo surrenders. 1887 Dawes Act breaks up remaining tribal lands; enforces "Americanization"

policy of settlement on reservations. 1890 Wounded Knee, South Dakota massacre of Native Americans. 1924 Congress passes a law granting Indians full citizenship who hadn’t already

received it. 1932 President Hoover reorganizes the Bureau of Indian Affairs; increases its

budget.


1934 Wheeler-Howard Act: Ended land allotments, restored unsold surplus lands

to tribal ownership, authorized tribes to form councils with significant powers over their people. FDR's “New Deal” for Indians.

1953 Eisenhower’s “Termination” policy established to assimilate Native

Americans. A dramatic revision of federal policy that ended the Bureau of Indian Affairs and all of its programs (later reestablished). It divided tribal property among its members. Limited tribal self government and relocated many Indians to the cities where jobs were available. The Termination policy also ended federal responsibility and social services (health, education, and welfare).

1973 Sit-in at D.C. Bureau of Indian Affairs to protest conditions. Indian rights

movement gathers momentum, especially in organizations such as the American Indian Movement (AIM).

1974 Oglala civil war, Wounded Knee, S.D. siege by F.B.I. agents 1980s- Native American tribes granted exceptions to state anti-gambling present laws in New York, Connecticut, and other states, opening casinos on

reservations. Native American and other human remains in American museums are returned to tribes for burial.

Politics/Government: Pendleton Act: Created the Civil Service exams whereby you get a government job by

taking an exam instead of by favor. Federal Campaign Reform Act of 1974. Following Watergate, matching funds to

Presidential candidates up to maximum of $5 million in primary, and $20 million in the election, limits spending by Senate and House candidates, and limits contribution by individuals and political organizations.

War Powers Act, 1974: The President can send troops into combat must inform congress within 48 hours. Congress may then order the troops home if it wishes. Hostilities must terminate within 90 days unless Congress gives explicit permission for them to continue.


Supreme Court Cases

CIVIL RIGHTS CASES Dred Scott – 1857 A negro slave was not a citizen and could not

sue for his freedom. Slaves were property who could by taken anywhere in U.S. Helped bring on Civil War

Plessy v. Ferguson – 1896 Segregation does not violate the 14th amendment as long as facilities are equal. Made Jim Crow laws constitutional.

Brown v. Board of Education – 1954 Segregated schools are illegal and violate the 14th amendment. In 1955 further decided this decision should be implemented with all deliberate speed.

Bakke Case – 1979 In medical school students cannot be admitted by quota but race can be considered for admission. Important for reverse discrimination.

GOVERNMENT AND RIGHTS Marbury v. Madison – 1803 Chief Justice Marshall established “Judicial

Review”. The Supreme Court may decide whether a law is unconstitutional.

Baker v. Carr – 1962 Legislative districts must represent equal numbers of voters. Reduced the rural vote. 1 man 1 vote.

Engel v. Vitale – 1962 Regents Prayer is unconstitutional even if it is nondenominational

Gideon v. Wainwright – 1963 Accused have a right to a lawyer in all felony cases.

Miranda v. Arizona – 1966 Before questioning, police must inform suspect of his right to remain silent, and have a lawyer.

Gannett Case – 1976 Judge can restrict press coverage of pretrial hearings. Limits freedom of the press.

LABOR AND BUSINESS Dartmouth College Case, 1819 States cannot Impair contract, Supported

property rights Wabash v. Illinois, 1886 State laws regulating RR were unconstitutional

as RR is interstate commerce. Under cut control of big business

Schechter v. U.S., 1935 NRA was unconstitutional. Regulated interstate commerce under cut New Deal

Youngstown Steel v. Sawyer, 1952 Truman could not order seizure of steel plant to avoid production stoppage due to strike


during the Korean War. Limited Presidential power.

Constitutional Issues

1. 1789 Judicial review (John Marshall, Ky-Va. Resolutions) Narrow (strict) v. Broad (loose) construction (Bank, Louisiana Purchase) Freedom of speech ( Alien and Sedition Acts) Election of President (12th amendment) 2. 1820-1868 States rights – tariffs, nullification Territorial rule? Freedom of speech gag rule Union of states? 3. 1865 – Reconstruction Balance between branches of government Impeachment Rights of blacks – amendments 13, 14, 15 4. Industrialization Narrow v. broad interpretation of interstate commerce (knight) Plessy – 14th amendment 5. Progressives democratization – senators, women’s vote income tax war powers and League of Nations 6. New Deal court packing plan loose construction balance between branches 7. Post World War II Warren Court – coddles criminals? Civil Rights – poll taxes, discrimination, segregationBrown v. Board of Education limit Presidents – interim, illness democratize – 18 year old vote, voting in Washington DC, Baker v. Carr


Economic History Hamilton’s Financial Plans, 1790s

Federal payment of state and national debts incurred during revolution Creation of a national bank (Bank of the United States) Institute tariffs to protect American industries from foreign competition

Differing economies in North, South & West caused sectionalism and political conflict,

1800-60 North: Industry and trade were dominant due to poor soil, excellent seaports, great

rivers for transport and for factory waterpower, Roads and canals were built with state money to expand this capability.

West: (Old Northwest: Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio) Agriculture

dominated due to excellent farmlands here also, but primarily in grains due to colder climate, shorter growing season. Slavery is uneconomical, so it essentially didn’t exist here. The West eventually aligns with the North.

South: Agriculture dominated due to excellent farmlands, rivers best for transport

only (not waterpower), Invention of cotton gin leads to cotton’s dominance of economy, growth of slave trade and use, and desire for westward expansion (especially to Texas). The slave issue becomes divisive and leads to sectionalism as abolition becomes a political movement. The tariff issue also leads to sectionalism. The 1828 Tariff of Abominations leads to John Calhoun of SC to write his Nullification Doctrine, a theory that states may nullify laws which it determines to be unconstitutional. This, in turn, leads to the belief that states may secede (leave) the Union, which eventually leads to Civil War.

Industrialism (1865-1920)

During and after the Civil War (1861-65), northern industries grew enormously.

The corporation, a legal entity, and the issuing of stocks, led to nationwide businesses with enormous factories. This also led to the concentration of wealth in a very few hands, which led, in turn, to poltical corruption by the “robber baron” business leaders.

Government maintained a laissez-faire policy: government would not interfere with

the economy, even in the event of a depression. Hypocritically, however, the federal government did send in the U.S. army to break workers’ strikes.


Progressive Era: Government moved away from laissez faire with Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal policy of mediating disputes between workers and management, and trustbusting.

The Welfare State

New Deal: Franklin Roosevelt’s policy of mild pro-unionism, and intervention in economy toward relief, recovery, and moderate reforms.

The Great Society: Lyndon Johnson’s program to wage the “War on Poverty” in the

1960s. Established Medicaid (health care coverage for the poor), federal education subsidies (Headstart e.g.), jobs programs (VISTA, e.g.). Never fully funded due to the massive cost of the Vietnam War.

Supply-side economics (Reaganomics): Cut corporate and individual taxes, cut social

spending by government in order to encourage private investment leading to economic growth, and eliminate some federal business regulations to increase profits.

This top-down approach to economic intervention, meant to create growth, was

sometimes referred to as “trickle-down economics” because it was asserted that additional wealth in corporations and the upper class would trickle down to the lower classes.

NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement, 1994: tariffs removed amongst

Canada, United States and Mexico to stimulate greater trade and economic growth; critics believe it is resulting in fewer American exports and jobs in the United States. (Bush, Clinton)

GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1994: like NAFTA, this economic

agreement seeks to encourage free trade by reducing tariffs and other trade restrictions. It is enforced by the World Trade Organization (WTO). (Clinton)

Both of the two agreements above concern the overriding issue of “globalization” of

the world’s economy.


Major Political Parties

Federalists: Pro England, manufacturing, strong national government, army, BUS, limited free speech. Hamilton, Adams

Jeffersonian (Democratic) Republicans: Pro French, farmers, strong state governments, low taxes, individual

rights, small army, small national government anti national internal improvements, anti manufacturing. Jefferson, Madison, Monroe

Parties fall apart as Republicans become more like the Federalists when

in office, and Federalists are tainted by the Hartford Convention. Whigs: assumed to be the party of the wealthy, Clay’s American plan (tariff,

internal improvements, and BUS), city oriented, nationalist, established business, anti Jackson. Clay, Webster, Tyler

Democrats: assumed to be the party of the common man, anti high tariff, expansionist, anti BUS inheritors of Jefferson’s concern for farmer, rising businessmen, Jackson, Van Buren, Calhoun, Polk.

Parties fall apart during the 1850s when they can’t deep their southern

and northern wings together. Republicans: Pro northern business, high tariff, Homestead Act, help to R.R., hold

union together, free the slaves, hard money, pro imperialism. Lincoln, Grant, McKinley, T. Roosevelt. There are conservative and progressive-reform wings.


Evolution of U.S. Political Parties The founders did not foresee nor did they approve of the emergence of political parties. Political parties would formalize those factions and yield concentrated power, corruption, and tyranny. Nevertheless, during the Federalist period, 1789-1800, political parties did coalesce around opposing leaders Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. The chart below shows the development of the three different two-party systems. Note that while the “two-party system” existed for most of our history, the names and major positions of these parties changed over time. Roman numerals following election years indicate the emergence of each of the four two-party systems. Some of the more significant minor parties are also included here. 1790's Federalists Democratic-Republicans (or "Jeffersonian Republicans") 1796 (I) John Adams 1800 Jefferson 1804 Jefferson 1808 Madison 1812 Madison 1816 Monroe 1820 Monroe National Republicans Democrats1824 John Quincy Adams 1828 Andrew Jackson 1832 1836 Liberty Van Buren 1840 (II)1 Whigs Harrison/Tyler 1844 Polk 1848 Taylor/Fillmore Free Soil1852 Pierce 1856 Buchanan 1860 Republicans Lincoln S. Democrats N. Democrats 1864 Lincoln 1868 Grant 1872 Grant 1876 (III) Hayes Democrats1880 Garfield/Arthur 1884 Cleveland 1888 Harrison 1892 Populist Cleveland 1896 McKinley

1 A true two-party system was now firmly established.


Republican Socialist Democrat 1900 McKinley/T. Roosevelt 1904 T. Roosevelt 1908 Taft 1912 Progressive (Bull Moose) Wilson 1916 Communist2 Socialist Wilson 1920 Harding/Coolidge 1924 Coolidge 1928 Hoover 1932 F.D. Roosevelt 1936 F.D. Roosevelt 1940 F.D. Roosevelt 1944 F.D. Roosevelt/Truman 1948 States' Rights3 Progressive Truman 1952 Eisenhower 1956 Eisenhower 1960 Kennedy/Johnson 1964 Johnson 1968 Nixon 1972 Nixon/Ford 1976 Carter 1980 Reagan Citizens Party1984 Reagan 1988 Bush 1992 Clinton 1996 Reform4 Green Clinton 2000 G.W. Bush5 2004 G.W. Bush

2 The Socialist Party lost a more radical wing, which itself split into two Communist Parties, shown here as one party for simplicity. 3 The States' Rights Party, also known as the Dixiecrats, was a revolt from the Democratic Party, due to Truman's support for African American civil rights. Led by then SC governor Strom Thurmond. 4 H. Ross Perot, Texas billionaire, ran independently for the Presidency. Although he received no electoral votes, he did receive more than 19 million popular votes, the largest percentage for a "third party" candidate since Teddy Roosevelt ran as the Bull Moose candidate in 1912. The movement spawned by his candidacy has developed into a "Reform" Party, but has no clear vision other than to "throw the rascals out." 5 This contested election was not decided until January 2001 by the Supreme Court. It n6w appears that Gore would have actually won the popular vote and the electoral vote, had all of Florida’s ballots been recounted. This was done by an independent media consortium after President Bush’s inauguration.


U.S. Presidential Synopsis Mr. Keith Wood

The Young Republic, 1788-1815 1. George Washington, 1789-1797VP - John Adams Secretary of State - Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury - Alexander Hamilton Major Items:

• Judiciary Act, 1789 • Tariff of 1789 • Whiskey Rebellion, 1799 • French Revolution - Citizen Genét, 1793 • Jay Treaty with England, 1795 • Pinckney Treaty with Spain, 1795 • Farewell Address, 1796 • First Bank of United States , 1791-1811

2. John Adams, 1797-1801Federalist VP - Thomas Jefferson Major Items:

• XYZ Affair, 1797 • Alien Act, Sedition Act, 1798 • Naturalization Act • "Midnight Judges," 1801 • Kentucky (Jefferson) and Virginia (Madison) Resolutions, 1798

3. Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809Republican VP - Aaron Burr Secretary of State - James Madison Major Items:

• Marbury v. Madison, 1803 • Louisiana Purchase, 1803 • Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1805 • 12th Amendment, 1804 • Embargo Act, 1807 • Non-Intercourse Act, 1809


4. James Madison, 1809-1817Republican VP - George Clinton Secretary of State - James Monroe Major Items:

• Macon Act, 1810 • Berlin and Milan Decrees • Orders in Council • "War Hawks," 1811-1812 • War of 1812 • Hartford Convention, 1814 • First Protective Tariff, 1816

Era of Good Feelings and the Era of the Common Man, 1815-1840 5. James Monroe, 1817-1825Republican VP - Tompkins Secretary of State - John Quincy Adams Major Items:

• Marshall's Decisions: McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819; Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819; Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824

• Acquisition of Florida from Spain, 1819 • Transcontinental or Adam-Oñis Treaty, 1819 • Missouri Compromise, 1820 • Monroe Doctrine, 1823 • Sectional Tariff, 1824 • Favorite Sons Election [Jackson, J. Q. Adams, Crawford, Clay], 1824

6. John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829National Republican VP - John C. Calhoun Secretary of State - Henry Clay Major Items:

• "Corrupt Bargain" • Erie Canal, 1825 • Tariff of Abominations • Calhoun's Exposition and Protest, 1828


7. Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837Democrat VP - John C. Calhoun and Martin Van Buren Major Items:

• Jacksonian Democracy • Tariffs of 1832 and 1833 • The 2nd Bank of the United States (due to expire in 1836) • Formation of the Whig Party, 1832

8. Martin Van Buren, 1837-1841Democrat VP - Richard M. Johnson Major Items:

• Panic of 1837 • Specie Circular, no Bank of the United States • Unsound financing by state governments

Ante-Bellum Period, 1840-1860 9. William Henry Harrison, 1841Whig VP - John Tyler Secretary of State - Daniel Webster 10. John Tyler, 1841-1845Anti-Jackson Democrat ran as VP on Whig ticket Secretary of State - Daniel Webster Major Items:

• Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842 • Vetoes Clay's bill for 3rd Bank of the United States • Canadian Border set at 45th parallel

11. James K. Polk, 1845-1849original "dark horse" candidate Democrat VP - Dallas Major Items:

• Manifest Destiny • Texas becomes a state, 1845 • Oregon boundary settled, 1846 • Mexican War, 1846-1848 • Treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo, 1848


• Wilmot Proviso 12. Zachary Taylor, 1849-1850Whig VP - Millard Fillmore 13. Millard Fillmore, 1850-1853Whig Secretary of State - Daniel Webster Major Items:

• Compromise of 1850 • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850 (Britain and U. S. agree not to expand in Central

America if the canal is built) • Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852

14. Franklin Pierce, 1853-1857Democrat VP - King Major Items:

• Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854 • popular sovereignty • Japan opened to world trade, 1853 • Underground Railroad • Bleeding Kansas • Ostend Manifesto, 1854

15. James Buchanan, 1857-1861Democrat VP- Breckinridge Major Items:

• Dred Scott decision, 1857 • Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858

Civil War, 1861-1865 16. Abraham Lincoln, 1861-1865Republican VP - Andrew Johnson Secretary of State - William H. Seward (New York) Secretary of Treasury - Salmon P. Chase Secretary of War - Edwin M. Stanton Major Items:

• Civil War, 1861-1865


• Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 • Homestead Act, 1862 • Morill Act, 1862 (created agricultural colleges) • Assassinated April 14th, 1865, by John Wilkes Booth

Reconstruction, 1865-187717. Andrew Johnson, 1865, 1869Republican Secretary of State - William H. Seward Major Items:

• 13th Amendment, 1865 • 14th Amendment, 1868 • Reconstruction Act, 1867 • Tenure of Office Act, 1867 • Impeachment Trial, 1868 • Formation of KKK • Adoption of Black Codes in the South

18. Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877Republican VP - Colfax, Wilson Secretary of State - Hamilton Fish Major Items:

• 15th Amendment, 1870 • First Transcontinental Railroad, 1869 • Tweed Ring • Panic of 1873 • Crédit Mobilier • Whiskey Ring • Indian Ring

Gilded Age, 1877-1900 19. Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-1881Republican VP - Wheeler Major Items:

• Bland-Allison Act, 1878 (free coinage of silver) • Troops withdrawn from the South, 1877

20. James A Garfield, March 4 to September 19, 1881


Republican VP - Chester A. Arthur Secretary of State - James A. Blaine Major Items:

• Assassinated by C. Julius Guiteau 21. Chester A. Arthur, 1881-1885Republican Secretary of State - James A. Blaine Major Items:

• Pendleton Act, 1883 (set up civil service commission) 22. Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889Democrat VP - Hendricks Major Items:

• Knights of Labor, 1886 • Haymarket Riot, 1886 • Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 • Washburn v. Illinois, 1886

23. Benjamin Harrison, 1889-1893Republican VP - Morton Secretary of State - James A. Blaine Major Items:

• Sherman Anti-trust Act, 1890 • Populist Party Platform, 1892 • North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington become states, 1889 • Idaho and Wyoming become states, 1890 • McKinley Tariff, 1890 • Sherman Act, 1890

24. Grover Cleveland, 1893-1897Second Administration (only President to serve two non-consecutive terms) Democrat VP - Stevenson Major Items:

• Panic of 1893 • Hawaiian incident, 1893 • Venezuelan Boundary Affair, 1895 • Pullman Strike, 1894 • American Federation of Labor


• Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894 25. William McKinley, 1897-1901Republican VP - Garet Hobart, 1896-1900 VP - Theodore Roosevelt Secretary of State - John Hay Major Items:

• New Imperialism • Spanish-American War, April 1898 - February 1899 • Open Door Policy, 1899 • Boxer Rebellion, 1900 • McKinley was assassinated by Leon Czolgosz, 1901

Progressive Age, 1900-1920 26. Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-1908Republican VP - Fairbanks Secretary of State - John Hay, Elihu Root Major Items:

• Panama Canal, 1903-1914 • "Square Deal" • Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904 • Portsmouth Treaty, 1905 • Gentleman's Agreement with Japan, 1904 • Hague Conferences, 1899 and 1907 • Hepburn Act, 1906 • Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, and "muckrakers", 1906 • Political reforms of the Roosevelt Era • Trust-busting • Coal Strike • Conservation • Venezuelan Debt Controversy, 1902 • Dominican Republic Crisis, 1902 • Algerian Conference over Morocco, 1906

27. William Howard Taft, 1909-1913Republican VP - Sherman Major Items:

• Paine-Aldrich Tariff, 1909


• Pinchot-Ballinger controversy, 1909 (conservation v. reclamation) • "Dollar Diplomacy"

28. Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921Democrat VP - Marshall Major Items:

• Underwood Tariff, 1913 • 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments • Federal Reserve System, 1913 • Glassower Act, 1913 • Federal trade Commission, 1914 • Clayton Anti-trust Act, 1914 • Troops to Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Virgin Islands, Mexico • The Lusitania, May 1915 • "Fourteen Points," January 1917 • Treaty of Versailles, 1919-1920 • "New Freedom"

Roaring Twenties, 1920-1929 29. Warren G. Harding, 1921-1923"Dark Horse" candidate Republican VP - Calvin Coolidge Secretary of State - Charles Evans Hughes Major Items:

• Teapot Dome Scandal • Washington Conference, 1921-1922 • Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922

30. Calvin Coolidge, 1923-1929Republican VP - Dawes Secretary of State - Frank Kellogg Major Items:

• Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 31. Herbert Hoover, 1929-1933Republican VP - Curtis


Secretary of State - Henry L. Stimson Major Items:

• National Origins Immigration Act, 1929 • Panic and Depression • Stock market Crash, 1929 • Hawley-Smoot tariff, 1930

The New Deal and the Era of Reform, 1920-1945 32. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933-1945Democrat VP - Garner, Wallace, Truman Major Items:

• New Deal • "Alphabet soup" bureaucracies • World War 2 • Labor reforms

33. Harry S. Truman, 1945-1953Democrat VP - Barkley Major Items:

• World War 2 ends • Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August 1945 • Taft-Harley Act, 1947 • Truman Doctrine, 1947 • Marshall Plan, 1947 • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949 • Korean War, 1950-1953 • "Fair Deal"

The Cold War, 1945-1968 34. Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1953-1961Republican VP - Nixon Major Items:

• 22nd Amendment • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) • Suez Crisis, 1956 • Eisenhower Doctrine


• the "race for space" • Alaska and Hawaii become states, 1959

35. John F. Kennedy, 1961-1963Democrat VP - Lyndon B. Johnson Major Items:

• Alliance for Progress • Baker v. Carr, 1962 • Peace Corps • Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 • "New Frontier" • Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty • Assassinated in Dallas, Texas, November 22, 1963, by Lee Harvey Oswald

36. Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1968Democrat VP - Humphrey Major Items:

• The "Cold War" • Cuban Policy • Income tax cut • Wesberry v. Sanders, 1964 • Civil Rights Act, 1964 • Voting Rights Act, 1965 • Anti-Poverty Act, 1964 • Elementary and Secondary education reform • Medicare • "Great Society"

Detente and Rapprochement, 1968 - present 37. Richard M. Nixon, 1968-1974Republican VP - Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford Major Items:

• "Imperial Presidency" • Landing on the moon, July 1969 • Warren Burger, Chief Justice, 1969 • Woodstock, August 1969 • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established, 1970 • 16th Amendment, 1971 • Visit to China, February 1972


• Visit to Russia, May 1972 • Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), 1972 • Kissinger and "shuttle diplomacy," 1973-1975 • Wounded Knee, South Dakota, 1973 • Allende regime in Chile overthrown with the help of the CIA, September 1973 • Agnew resigns, 1973 • Nixon resigns just prior to impeachment vote, August 9, 1974 • Pentagon Papers, August 30, 1971 (superior court allows the NY Times to publish)

38. Gerald Ford, 1974-1976Republican 1st appointed President VP - Nelson Rockefeller Neither President nor Vice-President had been elected Major Items:

• Pardons Richard Nixon • OPEC crisis, 1974

39. Jimmy Carter, 1977-1981Democrat VP - Walter Mondale Major Items:

• Panama Canal Treaty signed, September 1977 • Established diplomatic relations with China and ended recognition of Taiwan • Three-Mile Island Incident, March 1979 (nuclear reactor leak in Pennsylvania) • Egypt and Israel peace treaty; Sadat and Begin win the Nobel Prize, 1979 • Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979 (rescue attempt, 8 killed, April 1980) • Seizure of Afghanistan by Soviets, 1979 • "Stagflation" • Boycott of Olympics in Moscow to protest invasion of Afghanistan

40. Ronald Reagan, 1981-1989Republican VP - George Bush Major Items:

• Hostages returned • Falkland Islands Crisis, 1982 (U. S. supports England) • 1500 Marines sent to Beirut, 1983; withdrawn in 1984 • Grenada, October 1983 • Nicaragua, 1984 • Sandra Day O'Connor, first woman appointed to the Supreme Court • "Supply-side economics" • Iran-Contra Hearings, Summer 1987 (Oliver North)


41. George H. Bush, 1989- 1993Republican VP - Dan Quayle Major Items:

• Berlin Wall came down leading to the reunification of Germany, 1989 • Savings and Loan Scandal, 1990 • Invasion of Panama, 1990 • Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm (the Gulf War), January to August 1992

42. Bill Clinton, 1993-2001Democrat VP - Al Gore Major Items:

• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1993 • Proposed a national health care system, 1993 • Participated in air strikes in Bosnia, 1994 • Participated in air strikes in Iraq • Sex scandal, 1998 • Participated in air strikes on Serbia, 1999

43. George W. Bush, 2001-2009 Republican VP - Dick Cheney Major Items:

• Disputed election, eventually decided by the Supreme Court • "Compassionate Conservatism" • September 11, 2001 Attacks • War on Terrorism, post-September 11, 2001

o Attacks terrorist forces in Afghanistan o Patriot Act o Iraq War & Occupation, 2003-present

• Proposed Social Security Reform


Foreign Policy

Revolution Alliance of 1778 with France Treaty of Paris, 1783 Napoleonic Wars Washington’s Farewell Address: No entangling alliances

British impressment of American sailors (freedom of seas) French seizures of U.S. ships Barbary Pirates defeated (Jefferson) Embargo, 1807 (Jefferson) War of 1812 against England (Madison)

Expansion Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (Jefferson)

Monroe Doctrine, 1819 (Monroe) Manifest Destiny, 1840s (Polk) Texas annexed, 1845 Mexican-American War, 1846-1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexican Cession, 1848 Oregon, 1846 Gadsden Purchase, 1853 Ostend Manifesto (failed attempt for Cuba) Alaska purchased from Russia, 1867 (Seward)

Imperialism Spanish-American War, 1898 (McKinley)

Teller Amendment, 1898 Acquire Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines Hawaii acquired as a territory Platt Amendment, 1901 (T. Roosevelt) Panama Canal (U.S. intervention in Colombia) Roosevelt Corollary, 1903-04

World War I Freedom of the seas, objections to German sub warfare, (Wilson)

(British blockades, U.S. ships, stopped, seized) Reject Treaty of Versailles, 1919 (League of Nations, World Court)

Isolationism Washington Conference, 1921 (Harding) Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1924 (Coolidge) Neutrality Acts, 1935, 1936, 1937 (F.D.R. opposes)

World War II U.S. Recognition of Soviet Union (F.D.R.)

Good Neighbor Policy Lend-Lease Act Selective Service, 1940


Atlantic Charter, 1941, U.S.-Great Britain (United Nations) Pearl Harbor

Cold War Atomic bomb tested, July 1945; used August 1945(Truman)

Iron Curtain Truman Doctrine George Kennan’s containment policy Marshall Plan, 1948 Berlin Airlift, 1948 NATO, 1949 Korean War, 1950-53 (Truman/Ike) CIA-orchestrated coups in Iran, Guatemala, 1953-54 Warsaw Pact formed, 1955 Covert aid to South Vietnam (Ike), 1956 Fidel Castro deposes Batista, leads a communist Cuba U-2 incident, 1960 Bay of Pigs, 1961 (J.F.K.) Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 J.F.K. increases military advisors to 16,000 in Vietnam Johnson sends ground troops to Vietnam, 1965 Escalates to >500,000 troops by 1968 Nixon spreads conflict to Laos and Cambodia Nixon ends U.S. role in the war by 1973 (Vietnamization) Détente: China recognized; Soviet grain deal, SALT I & II CIA-orchestrated coup in Chile, 1973 U.S. objects to 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (Carter) Iranian hostages U.S. invades Grenada, 1983 (Reagan) Support for Contras, Iran-Contra scandal (Reagan) S.D.I (“Star Wars”) proposed Gorbachev: glasnost, perestroika Berlin Wall torn down, 1989, East/West Germany reunited (Bush Sr.) Soviet Union dissolved, 1991 U.S. invades Panama, 1988 “War on Drugs” (Bush Sr.)

Post-cold war “New World Order” (Bush, Sr.) Persian Gulf War, 1991 U.S. troops to Somalia, 1993 (Clinton) U.S. troops to Bosnia, 1995 War on Terrorism (George W. Bush): 9/11, Afghanistan Invasion,

Homeland Security Dept., Patriot Act The Bush Doctrine: Pre-emptive War; Iraq War, 2003


Documents

Overview of the Exam and Review Process · - Two (of four) free response essays (one from first half, one from second half of U.S. history. - Total time: 130 minutes. • Reading