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5/16/2015 Overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosed,nonmetastaticbreastcancer
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosednonmetastaticbreastcancer?topicKey=ONC%2F737&elapsedTimeMs=0 1/16
OfficialreprintfromUpToDate www.uptodate.com2015UpToDate
AuthorsAlphonseTaghian,MD,PhDMoatazNElGhamry,MDSofiaDMerajver,MD,PhD
SectionEditorDanielFHayes,MD
DeputyEditorDonSDizon,MD,FACP
Overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosed,nonmetastaticbreastcancer
Alltopicsareupdatedasnewevidencebecomesavailableandourpeerreviewprocessiscomplete.Literaturereviewcurrentthrough:Apr2015.|Thistopiclastupdated:Aug25,2014.
INTRODUCTIONGlobally,breastcanceristhemostfrequentlydiagnosedcancerandtheleadingcauseofcancerdeathinwomen.IntheUnitedStates,breastcanceristhemostcommonlydiagnosedcancerandthesecondmostcommoncauseofcancerdeathinwomen.Inaddition,breastcanceristheleadingcauseofdeathinwomenages40to49years.
Breastcanceristreatedwithamultidisciplinaryapproachinvolvingsurgicaloncology,radiationoncology,andmedicaloncology,whichhasbeenassociatedwithareductioninbreastcancermortality[1].
Thistopicwillprovideanoverviewoftheinitialtreatmentofbreastcancerandposttreatmentsurveillance.Theepidemiology,clinicalmanifestations,diagnosis,stagingofbreastcancer,andspecificdiscussionsofthemultimodalitytreatmentsforearlybreastcancerandtheapproachtometastaticdiseasearediscussedelsewhere.(See"Clinicalfeatures,diagnosis,andstagingofnewlydiagnosedbreastcancer"and"Systemictreatmentformetastaticbreastcancer:Generalprinciples"and"Metastaticbreastcancer:Localtreatment".)
Becauseductalcarcinomainsitu(DCIS)andinvasivebreastcanceraremanageddifferently,wewillrestrictdiscussioninthistopictoinvasivebreastcancer.AdiscussiononDCISiscoveredseparately.(See"Breastductalcarcinomainsitu:Epidemiology,clinicalmanifestations,anddiagnosis"and"Ductalcarcinomainsitu:Treatmentandprognosis".)
PATIENTSTRATIFICATIONThevastmajorityofpatientswithnewlydiagnosedbreastcancerintheUnitedStatesanddevelopedcountrieshavenoevidenceofmetastaticdisease.Forthesepatients,thetreatmentapproachdependsonthestageatpresentation.Fortreatmentpurposes,breastcancerischaracterizedusingtheTumor,Node,Metastasessystem(TNM)(table1):
Approximately5percentofpatientswillhavesimultaneousmetastaticdiseaseidentifiedattheinitialpresentation(denovostageIVbreastcancer).Thetreatmentapproachtothesepatientsisdiscussedseparately.(See"RoleofbreastsurgeryforstageIVbreastcancer"and"Systemictreatmentformetastaticbreastcancer:Generalprinciples".)
EARLYSTAGEBREASTCANCERIngeneral,patientswithearlystagebreastcancerundergoprimarysurgery(lumpectomyormastectomy)tothebreastandregionalnodeswithorwithoutradiationtherapy(RT).Followingdefinitivelocaltreatment,adjuvantsystemictherapymaybeofferedbasedonprimarytumorcharacteristics,suchastumorsize,grade,numberofinvolvedlymphnodes,thestatusofestrogen(ER)andprogesterone(PR)receptors,andexpressionofthehumanepidermalgrowthfactor2(HER2)receptor.
BreastconservingtherapyBreastconservingtherapy(BCT)iscomprisedofbreastconservingsurgery(BCS,ie,lumpectomy)plusradiationtherapy(RT).ThegoalsofBCTaretoprovidethesurvivalequivalentofmastectomy,acosmeticallyacceptablebreast,andalowrateofrecurrenceinthetreatedbreast.BCTallows
EarlystageThisincludespatientswithclinicalstageI,IIA,orasubsetofstageIIBdisease(T2N1).
LocallyadvancedThisincludesasubsetofpatientswithclinicalstageIIBdisease(T3N0)andpatientswithstageIIIAtoIIICdisease.
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http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosednonmetastaticbreastcancer?topicKey=ONC%2F737&elapsedTimeMs=0 2/16
patientswithinvasivebreastcancertopreservetheirbreastwithoutsacrificingoncologicoutcome.SuccessfulBCTrequirescompletesurgicalremovalofthetumor(withnegativesurgicalmargins)followedbymoderatedoseRTtoeradicateanyresidualdisease.(See"Breastconservingtherapy".)
CriteriathatprecludeBCTinclude(see"Breastconservingtherapy",sectionon'PatientselectionforBCT'):
ForpatientswhodesireBCTbutarenotcandidatesatthetimeofpresentation,analternativeapproachistheuseofneoadjuvanttherapy,whichmayallowforBCSwithoutcompromisingsurvivaloutcomes.(See'Neoadjuvantsystemictherapy'below.)
MastectomyAmastectomyisindicatedforpatientswhoarenotcandidatesforBCTandthosewhoprefermastectomy.(See"Mastectomy:Indications,types,andconcurrentaxillarylymphnodemanagement",sectionon'Selectioncriteriaformastectomy'.)
RoleofRTPostmastectomyRTisindicatedforpatientsathighriskforlocalrecurrence,suchasthosewithcancerinvolvingthedeepmarginsandpathologicallyinvolvedaxillarylymphnodes.IfthelikelihoodofpostmastectomyRTishighpreoperatively,thismayaffectthechoiceofmastectomytype,thechoiceofthereconstructiveapproach,andoptimaltimingofthebreastreconstruction(immediateversusdelayed).BasedupontheEarlyBreastCancerTrialistsCollaborativeGroupmetaanalysisof3786womenwithinvasivebreastcancerundergoinganaxillarydissectionandmastectomy,therewasareductioninrecurrencesfornodepositivewomen([n=1314,onetothreenodespositive]and[n=1772,fourormorenodespositive])undergoingpostmastectomyradiation,butnotfornodenegativewomen[2].
Thus,preoperativecoordinationofcareassuresthebestoutcome.Inmanycenters,thisisaccomplishedbymultidisciplinarybreastclinics.(See"Adjuvantradiationtherapyforwomenwithnewlydiagnosed,nonmetastaticbreastcancer",sectionon'Patientstreatedwithmastectomy'.)
EvaluationoftheaxillarynodesTheriskformetastasestotheaxillarynodesisrelatedtotumorsizeandlocation,histologicgrade,andthepresenceoflymphaticinvasionwithintheprimarytumor.Althoughinternalmammaryorsupraclavicularnodesmaybeinvolvedattheinitialpresentation,theyrarelyoccurintheabsenceofaxillarynodeinvolvement.(See"Managementoftheregionallymphnodesinbreastcancer",sectionon'Internalmammarylymphnodes'and"Managementoftheregionallymphnodesinbreastcancer",sectionon'Supraclavicularlymphnodes'.)
Theevaluationoftheregionalnodesdependsonwhetheraxillaryinvolvementissuspectedpriortosurgery:
Forpatientspresentingwithclinicallysuspiciousaxillarylymphnodes,apreoperativeworkupincludingultrasoundplusfineneedleaspiration(FNA)orcorebiopsycanhelptodeterminethebestsurgicalapproach.
MulticentricdiseaseLargetumorsizeinrelationtobreastPresenceofdiffusemalignantappearingcalcificationsonimaging(ie,mammogramormagneticresonanceimaging[MRI])
PriorhistoryofchestRT(eg,mantleradiationforHodgkindisease)PregnancyPersistentlypositivemarginsdespiteattemptsatreexcision
Forpatientswithapositivebiopsy,anaxillarynodedissectionshouldbeperformedatthetimeofbreastsurgery.(See"Techniqueofaxillarylymphnodedissection".)
Forpatientspresentingwithanegativebiopsy,nofurtherworkupisrequiredpriortosurgery.Thesepatientsshouldundergoasentinellymphnodebiopsy(SLNB)atthetimeofsurgery.(See"Diagnosis,stagingandtheroleofsentinellymphnodebiopsyinthenodalevaluationofbreastcancer"and"Sentinellymphnodebiopsyinbreastcancer:Techniques".)
5/16/2015 Overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosed,nonmetastaticbreastcancer
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosednonmetastaticbreastcancer?topicKey=ONC%2F737&elapsedTimeMs=0 3/16
AdjuvanttherapySystemictherapyreferstothemedicaltreatmentofbreastcancerusingendocrinetherapy,chemotherapy,and/orbiologictherapy.(See"Adjuvantchemotherapyforhormonereceptorpositiveornegative,HER2negativebreastcancer"and"AdjuvantmedicaltherapyforHER2positivebreastcancer"and"Adjuvantendocrinetherapyfornonmetastatic,hormonereceptorpositivebreastcancer".)
Tumorcharacteristicspredictwhichpatientsarelikelytobenefitfromspecifictypesoftherapy.Forexample,hormonereceptorpositivepatientsbenefitfromtheuseofendocrinetherapy.Inaddition,patientswithhumanepidermalgrowthfactorreceptor2(HER2)positivecancersbenefitfromtreatmentusingHER2directedtreatment.(See"Prognosticandpredictivefactorsinearly,nonmetastaticbreastcancer".)
Forpatientswithearlystagebreastcancer,treatmentisbasedontumorcharacteristics,patientstatus,andpatientpreferences:
LOCALLYADVANCEDBREASTCANCERLocallyadvancedbreastcancerisbestmanagedwithmultimodalitytherapyemployingsystemicandlocoregionaltherapy.(See'Patientstratification'above.)
NeoadjuvantsystemictherapyMostpatientswithlocallyadvancedbreastcancershouldreceiveneoadjuvantsystemictherapy.Thegoaloftreatmentistoinduceatumorresponsebeforesurgeryandenablebreast
PatientswithaclinicallynegativeaxillaryexaminationshouldundergoaSLNBatthetimeofsurgery.FurtherevaluationoftheregionalnodesdependsonthefindingsatSLNB.
Patientswhohavelessthanthreepathologicallyinvolvedsentinelnodesmaynotrequireacompleteaxillarynodedissection[3].However,whetherornotpatientswiththreeormorepathologicallyinvolvedsentinelnodesshouldundergoanaxillarynodedissectionisbestdeterminedonanindividualizedbasis,takingintoaccountallothertumorriskfactorsandthepatientsperformancestatusandcomorbidities.(See"Diagnosis,stagingandtheroleofsentinellymphnodebiopsyinthenodalevaluationofbreastcancer".)
Patientswithhormonereceptorpositivebreastcancershouldreceiveendocrinetherapy.Whethertheyalsoshouldreceiveadjuvantchemotherapydependsonpatientandtumorcharacteristics.(See"Adjuvantendocrinetherapyfornonmetastatic,hormonereceptorpositivebreastcancer"and"Adjuvantchemotherapyforhormonereceptorpositiveornegative,HER2negativebreastcancer",sectionon'Indicationsfortreatment'.)
Weofferchemotherapytopatientswithearlystagehormonereceptorpositivecancersthathavehighriskcharacteristics,suchashighgradetumor,largetumorsize(2cm),pathologicallyinvolvedlymphnodes,and/orhigh21generecurrencescore(31).
Intheabsenceofhighriskfeatures,weprefernottoadministerchemotherapy.
ForpatientswithER/PRandHER2negativedisease(triplenegativebreastcancer),weprefertoadministeradjuvantchemotherapyifthetumorsizeis0.5cm.BecausethesepatientsarenotcandidatesforendocrinetherapyortreatmentwithHER2directedagents,chemotherapyistheironlyoptionforadjuvanttreatment,followingorbeforeradiotherapy.Patientswithatriplenegativebreastcancer1cmshouldreceiveacombinationofchemotherapyplusHER2directedtherapy.Themanagementofsmall(1cm)HER2positivebreastcancersiscontroversial.(See"AdjuvantmedicaltherapyforHER2positivebreastcancer",sectionon'Patienteligibility'.)
Followingchemotherapy,patientswithERpositivediseaseshouldalsoreceiveadjuvantendocrinetherapy.(See"AdjuvantmedicaltherapyforHER2positivebreastcancer"and"Adjuvantendocrinetherapyfornonmetastatic,hormonereceptorpositivebreastcancer",sectionon'PatientswithHER2positivetumors'.)
5/16/2015 Overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosed,nonmetastaticbreastcancer
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosednonmetastaticbreastcancer?topicKey=ONC%2F737&elapsedTimeMs=0 4/16
conservation.
Neoadjuvanttherapyresultsinlongtermdistantdiseasefreesurvivalandoverallsurvival(OS)comparabletothatachievedwithprimarysurgeryfollowedbyadjuvantsystemictherapy.(See"Neoadjuvanttherapyforbreastcancer:Rationale,pretreatmentevaluation,andtherapeuticoptions",sectionon'Patientselection'.)
Ourapproachtotheselectionoftreatmentintheneoadjuvantsettingisoutlinedbelow:
SurgicalapproachafterneoadjuvanttreatmentAllpatientsshouldundergosurgeryfollowingneoadjuvantsystemictherapy,eveniftheyhaveacompleteclinicaland/orradiologicalresponse.Inaddition,patientswhoexperienceprogressionwhileonneoadjuvantsystemictherapyshouldproceedwithsurgery,ratherthanswitchingthechemotherapyregimen.(See"Neoadjuvantsystemictherapyforbreastcancer:Response,subsequenttreatment,andprognosis",sectionon'Definitivesurgicaltreatment'.)
PrimarytumorThechoicebetweenbreastconservationandmastectomyafterneoadjuvanttreatmentisdependentonthetreatmentresponseandpatientcharacteristics(eg,breastsizeinrelationtoresidualtumorsize).Similarcriteriausedinthetreatmentofearlystagebreastcancerareapplied.However,patientswhopresentwithalarge(ie,T4)breastlesionshouldundergoamastectomyfollowingneoadjuvanttreatment.(See'Breastconservingtherapy'aboveand'Mastectomy'above.)
RegionalnodesAllpatientsrequireasurgicalevaluationoftheregionalnodesfollowingneoadjuvanttreatment.(See'Evaluationoftheaxillarynodes'aboveand"Neoadjuvantsystemictherapyforbreastcancer:Response,subsequenttreatment,andprognosis",sectionon'Nodalevaluation'.)
PrimarysurgeryAlthoughsomepatientsmaybecandidatesforprimarysurgeryatpresentation,patientswithlocallyadvanceddiseasehaveanextremelyhighriskoflocalrecurrenceanddistantmetastases[4].Asaresult,weprefertotreatpatientswithlocallyadvancedbreastcancerwithneoadjuvantsystemictherapyfirst.
Forpatientswhoproceedwithprimarysurgery,basedonpathologicalresults,postoperativeradiationtherapy(RT)andadjuvanttreatmentshouldbeadministered.(See"Radiationtherapytechniquesfornewlydiagnosed,nonmetastaticbreastcancer"and'Adjuvanttherapy'below.)
AdjuvanttherapyTheuseofpostoperative(adjuvant)systemictherapyisguidedbythepatientsclinicalstatusandtumorcharacteristics:
Formostpatientswithhormonereceptorpositivedisease,werecommendchemotherapyintheneoadjuvantsettingratherthanendocrinetherapy.Chemotherapyisassociatedwithhigherresponseratesinashortertimeperiod.(See"Neoadjuvanttherapyforbreastcancer:Rationale,pretreatmentevaluation,andtherapeuticoptions",sectionon'Patientselection'.)
Forpatientswithhumanepidermalgrowthfactorreceptor2(HER2)positivebreastcancer,aHER2directedagent(eg,trastuzumabwithorwithoutpertuzumab)shouldbeaddedtothechemotherapyregimen.(See"Neoadjuvanttherapyforbreastcancer:Rationale,pretreatmentevaluation,andtherapeuticoptions",sectionon'HER2directedtherapy'.)
Werestrictendocrinetherapyintheneoadjuvantsettingtothetreatmentofpostmenopausalpatientswithhormonereceptorpositivediseasewhoarenotsurgicalcandidates(regardlessoftumorsize)witharelativeorabsolutecontraindicationtochemotherapy(ie,significantmedicalcomorbidities,advancedage,orpoorperformancestatus).(See"Neoadjuvanttherapyforbreastcancer:Rationale,pretreatmentevaluation,andtherapeuticoptions",sectionon'Endocrinetherapy'and"Neoadjuvanttherapyforbreastcancer:Rationale,pretreatmentevaluation,andtherapeuticoptions",sectionon'Patientselection'.)
Patientswhodidnotreceiveneoadjuvantsystemictherapyshouldreceiveadjuvanttreatment.Theuseofchemotherapy,biologictherapy,and/orendocrinetherapyisguidedbythesameprinciplesusedtodeterminetreatmentforearlystagebreastcancer.(See'Adjuvanttherapy'above.)
5/16/2015 Overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosed,nonmetastaticbreastcancer
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosednonmetastaticbreastcancer?topicKey=ONC%2F737&elapsedTimeMs=0 5/16
Patientstreatedwithneoadjuvantendocrinetherapywhoundergosurgeryshouldcontinueendocrinetherapyintheadjuvantsetting.Whetherornottoadministeradjuvantchemotherapyshouldbeindividualized.(See"Neoadjuvanttherapyforbreastcancer:Rationale,pretreatmentevaluation,andtherapeuticoptions",sectionon'Objectives'.)
SPECIALCONSIDERATIONS
FertilitypreservationCliniciansshoulddiscusswithpatientstheriskofinfertilityandpossibleinterventionstopreservefertilitypriortoinitiatingpotentiallygonadotoxictherapy.Thisdiscussionshouldoccursoonafterdiagnosis,sincesomeinterventionstopreservefertilitytaketimeandcoulddelaythestartoftreatment.ThisisconsistentwithguidancefromtheAmericanSocietyofClinicalOncology[5].Thetopicoffertilitypreservationiscoveredindetailseparately.(See"Fertilitypreservationinpatientsundergoinggonadotoxictreatmentorgonadalresection".)
OlderwomenForsomepatientswithestrogenreceptor(ER)positivebreastcancer,inwhomsurgeryisnotanoptionorlifeexpectancyislimited,primaryhormonaltreatmentwitheithertamoxifenoranaromataseinhibitorwithoutsurgeryorradiationtherapy(RT)canbeused[6].Weprefertoindividualizetreatmentbasedonthepresenceofmedicalcomorbiditiesandpatientandclinicianpreference.(See"Generalprinciplesonthetreatmentofearlystageandlocallyadvancedbreastcancerinolderwomen",sectionon'Surgeryversusprimaryendocrinetherapyinwomenwithhormonereceptorpositivedisease'.)
MalebreastcancerThetopicofmalebreastcancerisdiscussedseparately.(See"Breastcancerinmen".)
BreastcancerinpregnancyThetreatmentofbreastcancerinpregnancyisdiscussedseparately.(See"Gestationalbreastcancer:Treatment".)
PROGNOSISThemajorityofbreastcancerrecurrencesoccurwithinthefirstfiveyearsofdiagnosis,particularlywithhormonereceptornegativedisease.However,somerecurrencesoccurmuchlater.InonestudyofpatientswithstageI,II,orIIIbreastcancerwhowerewithoutevidenceofdiseasefiveyearsoutfromtheoriginaldiagnosis,therecurrencerisksinthesubsequentfiveandtenyearswerestill11and19percent,respectively[7].(See"Patternsofrelapseandlongtermcomplicationsoftherapyinbreastcancersurvivors",sectionon'Relapse
Forpatientswhoreceivedthefullcourseofplannedneoadjuvantchemotherapy(see"Neoadjuvantsystemictherapyforbreastcancer:Response,subsequenttreatment,andprognosis",sectionon'Chemotherapy'):
Patientswithhormonereceptorpositivebreastcancershouldreceiveendocrinetherapytoreducetheriskofbreastcancerrecurrenceandbreastcancerrelatedmortality.ThereisnoevidencethattheadditionoffurtherchemotherapyintheformofadjuvanttreatmentimprovesOS.Theselectionofendocrinetherapyismadeaccordingtomenopausalstatus.(See"Neoadjuvantsystemictherapyforbreastcancer:Response,subsequenttreatment,andprognosis",sectionon'Endocrinetherapy'.)
Patientswithhormonereceptornegativebreastcancerwouldtypicallynotreceivefurtherchemotherapyintheadjuvantsetting,asthereisnoevidencethattheadditionofadjuvantchemotherapyimprovesOS.Thesepatientsshouldbeginposttreatmentsurveillance.(See"Approachtothepatientfollowingtreatmentforbreastcancer",sectionon'Guidelinesforposttreatmentfollowup'.)
Insomeexceptionalcaseswherethetumorprogressedduringneoadjuvanttherapyorifthecompleteneoadjuvanttherapycouldnotbedeliveredatthenormallevelsofintensity,adjuvantchemotherapyshouldbediscussedandconsidered.
PatientswithHER2positivebreastcancershouldreceiveoneyearoftrastuzumabfollowingcompletionofsurgerywithouttheadditionoffurtherchemotherapy.ThisrecommendationisbasedonstudiesofadjuvantchemotherapywithorwithouttrastuzumabthatdemonstratedthattheadditionofoneyearoftrastuzumabsignificantlyimprovesdiseasefreesurvivalandOS.(See"Neoadjuvantsystemictherapyforbreastcancer:Response,subsequenttreatment,andprognosis",sectionon'HER2directedtreatment'.)
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patterns'.)
Patientswithearlystagebreastcancerhaveabetterprognosisthanthosepatientsdiagnosedwithlocallyadvanceddisease.AccordingtoTumor,Nodes,Metastases(TNM)stage,fiveyearrelativesurvivalratesbystageforpatientspresentingwithstageI,IIA,IIB,IIIA,IIIB,andIVdiseasewere95,85,70,52,48,and18percent,respectively[8].Bothyounger(age
5/16/2015 Overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosed,nonmetastaticbreastcancer
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosednonmetastaticbreastcancer?topicKey=ONC%2F737&elapsedTimeMs=0 7/16
SUMMARY
PatientstratificationPatientswithanewdiagnosisofbreastcancercanbestratifiedbytheirextentofdisease(see'Patientstratification'above):
Earlystagebreastcancer
PatientswithclinicalstageI,IIA,orasubsetofstageIIBdisease(T2N1)areclassifiedashavingearlystagebreastcancer.
PatientswithaT3tumorwithoutnodalinvolvement(T3N0,asubsetofpatientswithclinicalstageIIBdisease)andthosewhopresentwithstageIIIAtoIIICdiseaseareclassifiedashavinglocallyadvancedbreastcancer.
Approximately5percentofpatientswillpresentwithdistantmetastases(stageIV)atdiagnosis.
Thesurgicalapproachtotheprimarytumordependsonthesizeofthetumor,whetherornotmultifocaldiseaseispresent,andthesizeofthebreast.Theoptionsincludebreastconservingtherapy(breastconservingsurgeryplusradiationtherapy[RT])ormastectomy(withorwithoutRT).Bothapproachesresultinequivalentcancerspecificoutcomes.(See'Earlystagebreastcancer'aboveand"Breastconservingtherapy"and"Mastectomy:Indications,types,andconcurrentaxillarylymphnodemanagement".)
Theriskformetastaticdiseaseintheregionalnodesisrelatedtotumorsize,histologicgrade,andthepresenceoflymphaticinvasionwithintheprimarytumor.Althoughinternalmammaryorsupraclavicularnodesmayalsobeinvolvedattheinitialpresentation,theyrarelyoccurintheabsenceofaxillarynodeinvolvement.Thesurgicalapproachtotheregionalnodesdependsontheclinicalstatusoftheaxilla(see'Evaluationoftheaxillarynodes'above):
Forpatientspresentingwithclinicallysuspiciousaxillarynodes,apreoperativeworkupincludingultrasoundpluslymphnodebiopsycanhelptodeterminethebestsurgicalapproach.Ifthelymphnodebiopsyispositive,anaxillarynodedissectionshouldbeperformed.Ifthelymphnodebiopsyisnegative,asentinellymphnodebiopsy(SLNB)atthetimeofsurgeryshouldbeperformed.(See"Managementoftheregionallymphnodesinbreastcancer",sectionon'Axillaryultrasound'and"Managementoftheregionallymphnodesinbreastcancer",sectionon'Axillarydissection'and"Managementoftheregionallymphnodesinbreastcancer",sectionon'Sentinellymphnodebiopsy'.)
Patientswhopresentwithaclinicallynegativeaxilladonotrequireapreoperativeworkup.ThesepatientsshouldundergoanSLNBatthetimeofdefinitivebreastsurgery.Patientswhohave
5/16/2015 Overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosed,nonmetastaticbreastcancer
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosednonmetastaticbreastcancer?topicKey=ONC%2F737&elapsedTimeMs=0 8/16
Locallyadvancedbreastcancer
adjuvantchemotherapyifthetumorsizeis>0.5cm.(See"Epidemiology,riskfactorsandtheclinicalapproachtoER/PRnegative,HER2negative(Triplenegative)breastcancer"and"Adjuvantchemotherapyforhormonereceptorpositiveornegative,HER2negativebreastcancer".)
PatientswithHER2positivebreastcancer>1cminsizeshouldreceiveacombinationofchemotherapyplusHER2directedtherapy.Followingchemotherapy,patientswithERpositivediseaseshouldalsoreceiveadjuvantendocrinetherapy.(See"AdjuvantmedicaltherapyforHER2positivebreastcancer"and"Adjuvantendocrinetherapyfornonmetastatic,hormonereceptorpositivebreastcancer",sectionon'PatientswithHER2positivetumors'.)
Mostpatientswithlocallyadvanced,inoperablebreastcancershouldreceiveneoadjuvantsystemictherapyratherthanproceedingwithprimarysurgery.Thesepatientsareusuallynotcandidatesforbreastconservationattheirinitialpresentation.Neoadjuvanttreatmentimprovestherateofbreastconservationwithoutcompromisingsurvivaloutcomes.(See'Neoadjuvantsystemictherapy'above.)
Formostpatients,werecommendchemotherapyintheneoadjuvantsettingratherthanendocrinetherapy.Chemotherapyisassociatedwithhigherresponseratesinafastertimeframe.AHER2directedagent(ie,trastuzumab)shouldbeaddedtothechemotherapyregimenfortumorsthatareHER2positive.(See"Neoadjuvanttherapyforbreastcancer:Rationale,pretreatmentevaluation,andtherapeuticoptions",sectionon'Eligibilityforprimarysurgery'.)
Werestrictendocrinetherapyintheneoadjuvantsettingtothetreatmentofpostmenopausalpatientswhoarenotsurgicalcandidatesatthetimeofpresentationandhavearelativeorabsolutecontraindicationtochemotherapy(ie,significantmedicalcomorbidities,advancedage,orpoorperformancestatus).(See"Neoadjuvanttherapyforbreastcancer:Rationale,pretreatmentevaluation,andtherapeuticoptions",sectionon'Endocrinetherapy'and"Neoadjuvanttherapyforbreastcancer:Rationale,pretreatmentevaluation,andtherapeuticoptions",sectionon'Eligibilityforprimarysurgery'.)
Followingsurgery(withorwithoutneoadjuvantsystemictherapy),allpatientswhoundergobreastconservingsurgeryshouldundergoadjuvantRTtomaximizelocoregionalcontrol.(See"Adjuvantradiationtherapyforwomenwithnewlydiagnosed,nonmetastaticbreastcancer".)
SomepatientstreatedbyamastectomyshouldreceivepostmastectomyRT.TheadministrationofadjuvantRTshouldbebasedupontheoriginalpretreatmentstage,regardlessofthepathologicresponsetoneoadjuvanttherapy.(See"Neoadjuvantsystemictherapyforbreastcancer:Response,subsequenttreatment,andprognosis"and"Adjuvantradiationtherapyforwomenwithnewlydiagnosed,nonmetastaticbreastcancer".)
Theuseofchemotherapy,biologictherapy,and/orendocrinetherapyisguidedbythesameprinciplesusedtodeterminetreatmentforearlystagebreastcancer.(See'Adjuvanttherapy'above.)
Forpatientswhoreceivedneoadjuvantchemotherapy:
Patientswithhormonereceptorpositivebreastcancershouldreceiveadjuvantendocrinetherapy.Theselectionofendocrinetherapyismadeaccordingtomenopausalstatus.(See"Neoadjuvantsystemictherapyforbreastcancer:Response,subsequenttreatment,andprognosis",sectionon'Endocrinetherapy'.)
Patientswithhormonereceptornegativebreastcancershouldnotreceivefurthertreatmentprovidedtheycompletedtheplannedneoadjuvantchemotherapyregimen.Thesepatientsshouldbeginposttreatmentsurveillance.(See"Approachtothepatientfollowingtreatmentforbreastcancer",sectionon'Guidelinesforposttreatmentfollowup'.)
Patientswithhormonereceptornegativebreastcancerwhodidnotcompleteplannedneoadjuvant
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http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overviewofthetreatmentofnewlydiagnosednonmetastaticbreastcancer?topicKey=ONC%2F737&elapsedTimeMs=0 9/16
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treatmentpriortosurgeryarecandidatesforfurtherchemotherapyinthepostoperative(oradjuvant)setting.
PatientswithHER2positivebreastcancershouldreceiveoneyearoftrastuzumabfollowingcompletionofsurgery.(See"Neoadjuvantsystemictherapyforbreastcancer:Response,subsequenttreatment,andprognosis",sectionon'HER2directedtreatment'.)
Patientstreatedwithneoadjuvantendocrinetherapywhoundergosurgeryshouldcontinueendocrinetherapyintheadjuvantsetting.Whetherornottoadministeradjuvantchemotherapyshouldbeindividualized.(See"Neoadjuvanttherapyforbreastcancer:Rationale,pretreatmentevaluation,andtherapeuticoptions",sectionon'Endocrinetherapy'and"Neoadjuvanttherapyforbreastcancer:Rationale,pretreatmentevaluation,andtherapeuticoptions",sectionon'Eligibilityforprimarysurgery'.)
ForsomepatientswithERpositivebreastcancer,inwhomsurgeryisnotanoptionorlifeexpectancyislimited,primaryhormonaltreatmentwitheithertamoxifenoranaromataseinhibitorwithoutsurgerycanbeused.(See'Olderwomen'aboveand"Generalprinciplesonthetreatmentofearlystageandlocallyadvancedbreastcancerinolderwomen",sectionon'Surgeryversusprimaryendocrinetherapyinwomenwithhormonereceptorpositivedisease'.)
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14. SwainSM,JeongJH,GeyerCEJr,etal.Longertherapy,iatrogenicamenorrhea,andsurvivalinearlybreastcancer.NEnglJMed2010362:2053.
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GRAPHICS
Tumornodemetastases(TNM)stagingsystemforcarcinomaofthebreast
Primarytumor(T)*TX Primarytumorcannotbeassessed
T0 Noevidenceofprimarytumor
Tis Carcinomainsitu
Tis(DCIS) Ductalcarcinomainsitu
Tis(LCIS) Lobularcarcinomainsitu
Tis(Paget's) Paget'sdisease(Pagetdisease)ofthenippleNOTassociatedwithinvasivecarcinomaand/orcarcinomainsitu(DCISand/orLCIS)intheunderlyingbreastparenchyma.CarcinomasinthebreastparenchymaassociatedwithPaget'sdiseasearecategorizedbasedonthesizeandcharacteristicsoftheparenchymaldisease,althoughthepresenceofPaget'sdiseaseshouldstillbenoted.
T1 Tumor20mmingreatestdimension
T1mi Tumor1mmingreatestdimension
T1a Tumor>1mmbut5mmingreatestdimension
T1b Tumor>5mmbut10mmingreatestdimension
T1c Tumor>10mmbut20mmingreatestdimension
T2 Tumor>20mmbut50mmingreatestdimension
T3 Tumor>50mmingreatestdimension
T4 Tumorofanysizewithdirectextensiontothechestwalland/ortotheskin(ulcerationorskinnodules)
T4a Extensiontothechestwall,notincludingonlypectoralismuscleadherence/invasion
T4b Ulcerationand/oripsilateralsatellitenodulesand/oredema(includingpeaud'orange)oftheskin,whichdonotmeetthecriteriaforinflammatorycarcinoma
T4c BothT4aandT4b
T4d Inflammatorycarcinoma
PosttreatmentypT.Theuseofneoadjuvanttherapydoesnotchangetheclinical(pretreatment)stage.Clinical(pretreatment)Twillbedefinedbyclinicalandradiographicfindings,whileypathologic(posttreatment)Twillbedeterminedbypathologicsizeandextension.TheypTwillbemeasuredasthelargestsinglefocusofinvasivetumor,withthemodifier"m"indicatingmultiplefoci.Themeasurementofthelargesttumorfocusshouldnotincludeareasoffibrosiswithinthetumorbed.
Regionallymphnodes(N)
Clinical
NX Regionallymphnodescannotbeassessed(eg,previouslyremoved)
N0 Noregionallymphnodemetastases
N1 MetastasestomovableipsilaterallevelI,IIaxillarylymphnode(s)
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N2 MetastasesinipsilaterallevelI,IIaxillarylymphnodesthatareclinicallyfixedormattedorinclinicallydetectedipsilateralinternalmammarynodesintheabsenceofclinicallyevidentaxillarylymphnodemetastases
N2a MetastasesinipsilaterallevelI,IIaxillarylymphnodesfixedtooneanother(matted)ortootherstructures
N2b MetastasesonlyinclinicallydetectedipsilateralinternalmammarynodesandintheabsenceofclinicallyevidentlevelI,IIaxillarylymphnodemetastases
N3 Metastasesinipsilateralinfraclavicular(levelIIIaxillary)lymphnode(s)withorwithoutlevelI,IIaxillarylymphnodeinvolvementorinclinicallydetectedipsilateralinternalmammarylymphnode(s)withclinicallyevidentlevelI,IIaxillarylymphnodemetastasesormetastasesinipsilateralsupraclavicularlymphnode(s)withorwithoutaxillaryorinternalmammarylymphnodeinvolvement
N3a Metastasesinipsilateralinfraclavicularlymphnode(s)
N3b Metastasesinipsilateralinternalmammarylymphnode(s)andaxillarylymphnode(s)
N3c Metastasesinipsilateralsupraclavicularlymphnode(s)
Pathologic(pN)**
pNX Regionallymphnodescannotbeassessed(eg,previouslyremoved,ornotremovedforpathologicstudy)
pN0 Noregionallymphnodemetastasisidentifiedhistologically
pN0(i) Noregionallymphnodemetastaseshistologically,negativeimmunohistochemistry(IHC)
pN0(i+) Malignantcellsinregionallymphnode(s)nogreaterthan0.2mm(detectedbyH&EorIHCincludingisolatedtumorcellclusters(ITC))
pN0(mol) Noregionallymphnodemetastaseshistologically,negativemolecularfindings(RTPCR)
pN0(mol+) Positivemolecularfindings(RTPCR),butnoregionallymphnodemetastasesdetectedbyhistologyorIHC
pN1 Micrometastasesormetastasesin13axillarylymphnodesand/orininternalmammarynodeswithmetastasesdetectedbysentinellymphnodebiopsybutnotclinicallydetected
pN1mi Micrometastases(greaterthan0.2mmand/ormorethan200cells,butnonegreaterthan2.0mm)
pN1a Metastasesin13axillarylymphnodes,atleastonemetastasisgreaterthan2.0mm
pN1b Metastasesininternalmammarynodeswithmicrometastasesormacrometastasesdetectedbysentinellymphnodebiopsybutnotclinicallydetected
pN1c Metastasesin13axillarylymphnodesandininternalmammarylymphnodeswithmicrometastasesormacrometastasesdetectedbysentinellymphnodebiopsybutnotclinicallydetected
pN2 Metastasesin49axillarylymphnodesorinclinicallydetectedinternalmammarylymphnodesintheabsenceofaxillarylymphnodemetastases
pN2a Metastasesin49axillarylymphnodes(atleastonetumordepositgreaterthan2.0mm)
pN2b Metastasesinclinicallydetectedinternalmammarylymphnodesintheabsenceofaxillarylymphnodemetastases
pN3 Metastasesintenormoreaxillarylymphnodesorininfraclavicular(levelIII
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axillary)lymphnodesorinclinicallydetectedipsilateralinternalmammarylymphnodesinthepresenceofoneormorepositivelevelI,IIaxillarylymphnodesorinmorethanthreeaxillarylymphnodesandininternalmammarylymphnodeswithmicrometastasesormacrometastasesdetectedbysentinellymphnodebiopsybutnotclinicallydetectedorinipsilateralsupraclavicularlymphnodes
pN3a Metastasesintenormoreaxillarylymphnodes(atleastonetumordepositgreaterthan2.0mm)ormetastasestotheinfraclavicular(levelIIIaxillarylymph)nodes
pN3b Metastasesinclinicallydetectedipsilateralinternalmammarylymphnodesinthepresenceofoneormorepositiveaxillarylymphnodesorinmorethanthreeaxillarylymphnodesandininternalmammarylymphnodeswithmicrometastasesormacrometastasesdetectedbysentinellymphnodebiopsybutnotclinicallydetected
pN3c Metastasesinipsilateralsupraclavicularlymphnodes
PosttreatmentypN
Posttreatmentyp"N"shouldbeevaluatedasforclinical(pretreatment)"N"methodsabove.Themodifier"sn"isusedonlyifasentinelnodeevaluationwasperformedaftertreatment.Ifnosubscriptisattached,itisassumedthattheaxillarynodalevaluationwasbyaxillarynodedissection(AND).
TheXclassificationwillbeused(ypNX)ifnoypposttreatmentSNorANDwasperformed
NcategoriesarethesameasthoseforpN
Distantmetastasis(M)M0 Noclinicalorradiographicevidenceofdistantmetastases
cM0(i+) Noclinicalorradiographicevidenceofdistantmetastases,butdepositsofmolecularlyormicroscopicallydetectedtumorcellsincirculatingblood,bonemarrow,orothernonregionalnodaltissuethatarenolargerthan0.2mminapatientwithoutsymptomsorsignsofmetastases
M1 Distantdetectablemetastasesasdeterminedbyclassicclinicalandradiographicmeansand/orhistologicallyprovenlargerthan0.2mm
PosttreatmentypMclassification.TheMcategoryforpatientstreatedwithneoadjuvanttherapyisthecategoryassignedintheclinicalstage,priortoinitiationofneoadjuvanttherapy.Identificationofdistantmetastasesafterthestartoftherapyincaseswherepretherapyevaluationshowednometastasesisconsideredprogressionofdisease.Ifapatientwasdesignatedtohavedetectabledistantmetastases(M1)beforechemotherapy,thepatientwillbedesignatedasM1throughout.
Anatomicstage/prognosticgroups0 Tis N0 M0
IA T1 N0 M0
IB T0 N1mi M0
T1 N1mi M0
IIA T0 N1 M0
T1 N1 M0
T2 N0 M0
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IIB T2 N1 M0
T3 N0 M0
IIIA T0 N2 M0
T1 N2 M0
T2 N2 M0
T3 N1 M0
T3 N2 M0
IIIB T4 N0 M0
T4 N1 M0
T4 N2 M0
IIIC AnyT N3 M0
IV AnyT AnyN M1
*TheTclassificationoftheprimarytumoristhesameregardlessofwhetheritisbasedonclinicalorpathologiccriteria,orboth.Designationshouldbemadewiththesubscript"c"or"p"modifiertoindicatewhethertheTclassificationwasdeterminedbyclinical(physicalexaminationorradiologic)orpathologicmeasurements,respectively.Ingeneral,pathologicdeterminationshouldtakeprecedenceoverclinicaldeterminationofTsize.Sizeshouldbemeasuredtothenearestmillimeter.IfthetumorsizeisslightlylessthanorgreaterthanacutoffforagivenTclassification,itisrecommendedthatthesizeberoundedtothemillimeterreadingthatisclosesttothecutoff.Multiplesimultaneousipsilateralprimarycarcinomasaredefinedasinfiltratingcarcinomasinthesamebreast,whicharegrosslyormacroscopicallydistinctandmeasurable.Tstageisbasedonlyonthelargesttumor.Thepresenceandsizesofthesmallertumor(s)shouldberecordedusingthe"(m)"modifier.InvasionofthedermisalonedoesnotqualifyasT4dimplingoftheskin,nippleretraction,oranyotherskinchangeexceptthosedescribedunderT4bandT4dmayoccurinT1,T2,orT3withoutchangingtheclassification.Thechestwallincludesribs,intercostalmuscles,andserratusanteriormuscle,butnotthepectoralismuscles.Inflammatorycarcinomaisaclinicalpathologicentitycharacterizedbydiffuseerythemaandedema(peaud'orange)involvingathirdormoreoftheskinofthebreast.Theseskinchangesareduetolymphedemacausedbytumoremboliwithindermallymphatics.Althoughdermallymphaticinvolvementsupportsthediagnosisofinflammatorybreastcancer,itisneithernecessarynorsufficient,intheabsenceofclassicalclinicalfindings,forthediagnosisofinflammatorybreastcancer.Ifacancerwasdesignatedasinflammatorybeforeneoadjuvantchemotherapy,thepatientwillbedesignatedtohaveinflammatorybreastcancerthroughout,evenifthepatienthascompleteresolutionofinflammatoryfindings.Clinicallydetectedisdefinedasdetectingbyimagingstudies(excludinglymphoscintigraphy)orbyclinicalexaminationandhavingcharacteristicshighlysuspiciousformalignancyorapresumedpathologicmacrometastasisbasedonfineneedleaspirationbiopsywithcytologicexamination.Confirmationofclinicallydetectedmetastaticdiseasebyfineneedleaspirationwithoutexcisionbiopsyisdesignatedwithan(f)suffix,forexample,cN3a(f).Excisionalbiopsyofalymphnodeorbiopsyofasentinelnode,intheabsenceofassignmentofapT,isclassifiedasaclinicalN,forexample,cN1.Informationregardingtheconfirmationofthenodalstatuswillbedesignatedinsitespecificfactorsasclinical,fineneedleaspiration,corebiopsy,orsentinellymphnodebiopsy.Pathologicclassification(pN)isusedforexcisionorsentinellymphnodebiopsyonlyinconjunctionwithapathologicTassignment.Classificationisbasedonaxillarylymphnodedissectionwithorwithoutsentinellymphnodebiopsy.
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Classificationbasedsolelyonsentinellymphnodebiopsywithoutsubsequentaxillarylymphnodedissectionisdesignated(sn)for"sentinelnode,"forexample,pN0(sn).**Isolatedtumorcellclusters(ITC)aredefinedassmallclustersofcellsnotgreaterthan0.2mm,orsingletumorcells,oraclusteroffewerthan200cellsinasinglehistologiccrosssection.ITCsmaybedetectedbyroutinehistologyorbyimmunohistochemical(IHC)methods.NodescontainingonlyITCsareexcludedfromthetotalpositivenodecountforpurposesofNclassificationbutshouldbeincludedinthetotalnumberofnodesevaluated.RTPCR:reversetranscriptase/polymerasechainreaction."Notclinicallydetected"isdefinedasnotdetectedbyimagingstudies(excludinglymphoscintigraphy)ornotdetectedbyclinicalexamination."Clinicallydetected"isdefinedasdetectedbyimagingstudies(excludinglymphoscintigraphy)orbyclinicalexaminationandhavingcharacteristicshighlysuspiciousformalignancyorapresumedpathologicmacrometastasisbasedonfineneedleaspirationbiopsywithcytologicexamination.Anatomicstage:M0includesM0(i+).ThedesignationpM0isnotvalidanyM0shouldbeclinical.IfapatientpresentswithM1priortoneoadjuvantsystemictherapy,thestageisconsideredStageIVandremainsStageIVregardlessofresponsetoneoadjuvanttherapy.Stagedesignationmaybechangedifpostsurgicalimagingstudiesrevealthepresenceofdistantmetastases,providedthatthestudiesarecarriedoutwithin4monthsofdiagnosisintheabsenceofdiseaseprogressionandprovidedthatthepatienthasnotreceivedneoadjuvanttherapy.Postneoadjuvanttherapyisdesignatedwiththe"y"prefix.Forpatientswithapathologiccompleteresponse(pCR)toneoadjuvanttherapy,nostagegroupisassigned(ie,yT0N0M0).T1includesT1mi.T0andT1tumorswithnodalmicrometastasesonlyareexcludedfromStageIIAandareclassifiedStageIB.
UsedwiththepermissionoftheAmericanJointCommitteeonCancer(AJCC),Chicago,Illinois.TheoriginalsourceforthismaterialistheAJCCCancerStagingManual,SeventhEdition(2010)publishedbySpringerNewYork,Inc.
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Disclosures:AlphonseTaghian,MD,PhDNothingtodisclose.MoatazNElGhamry,MDNothingtodisclose.SofiaDMerajver,MD,PhD[Breastcancer(Palbociclib)]AstraZeneca[Breastcancer(Circulatingtumorcells)].Speaker'sBureau:LillyOncology(Breastcancer).Consultant/AdvisoryBoards:Pfizer[Breastcancer(Palbociclib)].OtherFinancialInterest:JanssenR&D,LLC[Breastcancer(CellSearch)].DonSDizon,MD,FACPNothingtodisclose.Contributordisclosuresarereviewedforconflictsofinterestbytheeditorialgroup.Whenfound,theseareaddressedbyvettingthroughamultilevelreviewprocess,andthroughrequirementsforreferencestobeprovidedtosupportthecontent.AppropriatelyreferencedcontentisrequiredofallauthorsandmustconformtoUpToDatestandardsofevidence.Conflictofinterestpolicy
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