P ROIECT A PUSENI : Sustainable development of a traditional landscape in E astern Europe

PPROIECTROIECT AAPUSENIPUSENI:

Sustainable development of a traditional Sustainable development of a traditional landscape in landscape in EEastern Europeastern Europe

Evelyn Ruşdea, Katja Brinkmann & Albert Reif University of Freiburg

ContentsContents

(1) Proiect Apuseni: structure

(2) Study area and traditional land-use

(3) Interdisciplinary research: aims and methods

(Dr. Evelyn Rusdea)

(4) Evaluation methods and model based scenarios

(Katja Brinkmann)

(5) Participatory methods and „Leading projects“

(Dr. Evelyn Rusdea)

... an interdisciplinary, intercultural, participatory research project

(1)(1) Proiect Apuseni: Proiect Apuseni: StructureStructure

Technical data

Duration: 15.9.2000 - 30.9.2003 (3 years)

Support: German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) FKZ 0339720

Directors: Prof. Dr. Werner Konold - Institute for Landscape Management Prof. Dr. Albert Reif - Institute of Silviculture Freiburg

Coordination: Dr. Evelyn Ruşdea, Institute for Landscape Management (D) Dr. Ioan Povară, Institute of Speleology Bucharest (RO)

Partners: 9 German institutions/partners 9 Romanian institutions/partners 80-90 partners

(35 German, 55 Romanian)

Gheţari1.100 m a.s.l.

montaneclimate

1.400 mm4.5o C

ROMANIA

(2)(2) Study area: Study area: Geographical positionGeographical position

6.000 ha

- 3.800 ha forest- 2.200 ha open land

308 ha

175 ha forest 133 ha open land

High pasture “Poiana Călineasa”, 1350 m a.s.l.

“core area” Gheţari, 1.100 m a.s.l.

Transect

Gîrda – Gheţari – high pasture

Gîrda de Sus,

700 m a.s.l.

(2)(2) Study area: Study area: Transect & Transect & “core area”“core area”

Study area: Study area: RegionRegion

Region „Ţara Moţilor“

• permanent settlements for the last 120 years

• Romanian “Moti”

• dispersed settlements

(2)(2) Study area: Study area: ColonisationColonisation

• small farms 1-3 ha meadows, pastures, small fields, gardens

• subsistence production

(2)(2) Traditional land use: Traditional land use: MeadowsMeadows

Hay harvesting with scythe, rake and fork

Animals per family: 1- 2 cows, calfs; 1-2 horses; pigs, chickens, dogs, cats

Most animals on the high pasture during the summer

Milk processed to cheese, whey and horse manure used as pig feed

(2)(2) Traditional land use: Traditional land use: Animal rearingAnimal rearing

Marele Alb

Bassner pigWarm blooded horses and heavy horses Pinzgau-influenced breed

Bălţată Românească- influenced breed

German Simmenthal- influenced breed

= Main means of subsistence

(2)(2) Traditional land use: Traditional land use: High pastureHigh pasture

From May to July: ¾ of the animals and half of the population are on the high pasture

“Poiana Călineasa” (1.350 m)

Over utilisation of forests, new wealth in the short term

Electricity

Power chainsaws

Construction of roads

Consumption of luxury products: packaged supermarket goods, cars, land in the lowlands etc.

Increased social differences

(2)(2) Drastic changes since 1995 Drastic changes since 1995

Waste and rubbish increases

Traditional constructions replaced by modern building materials

(3) (3) ActivActivee pparticipationarticipation of the people and local key actors provides the basis for implementation

(2) (2) InterdisciplinaryInterdisciplinary researchresearch between the disciplines of natural, economic and social sciences

(4) AnalysisAnalysis of land-use and society, evaluations and model-based “scenarios” are fundamental to exemplary implementation

(5) (5) Intercultural cooperationIntercultural cooperation between German and Romanian scientists, and the local actors, contribute to a common understanding and exchange of knowledge and expertise

(1) (1) Scaling upScaling up from an inventory of the “core area” of Ghetari towards a transect between the village “Girda de Sus” and the high pasture to the region “Ţara Moţilor”

(3)(3) Interdisciplinary researchInterdisciplinary research

Methodological principlesMethodological principles

(3)(3) Interdisciplinary research and resultsInterdisciplinary research and results

Farmer interviews

Soil analysis

Field experiments

Forest and vegetation inventory

(by M. Parichi)

Soil depth

extremly superficial (< 10 cm)very superficial (11 - 20 cm)moderate superficial (21 - 50 cm)shallow (51 - 75 cm)moderate depht (76 - 100 cm)strongly depht (101 - 125 cm)

Copyright: PROIECT APUSENI, 2003

N(

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 km

Soil map of Gheţari (308 ha)


Vegetationstypen (vereinfacht)

Copyright: PROIECT APUSENI, 2003

N

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 km

Wege

SäumeÄckerTrittfluren

FichtenwälderBergmischwälderGebüsche u.ä.HalbtrockenrasenGoldhafer-Wiesen, magerGoldhafer-FettwiesenBorstgrasrasenFeuchtwiesen


Path, track

Track margin, pathways

Field, garden

Fringes

Vegetation types

Spruce forest (Piceetum)

Beech-Fir forest (Fagetum)

Shrubland (Corylus, Spiraea)

Pasture (Festuco-Brometea)

Meadow (Festuco-Brometea)

Meadow (Polygono-Trisetion)

Pasture/meadow (Violion can.)

Meadow (Calthion)

Vegetation map of Gheţari (308 ha)

(by E. Auch)

Households: Households: interrelation of handcrafts, agronomy, forestryinterrelation of handcrafts, agronomy, forestry


Transdisciplinary structure of the project

Analysis of landscape, land-use and land-use techniques

in agriculturein forestry

Integrated Evaluation of potentials for development(with participation of the local population, the local authorities and regional organizations)

Integrated planning for land-use managementStrategies and scenarios for a regional development

Analysis of frame conditionsNatural conditions Socio-economic conditions

Socio-economic analysis of the rural economyat the level of householdsat the level of the villageat the level of regional economical circles

Agriculture Forestry Trade TourismCommerce

Ecological evaluation Socio-economic evaluation


Interdisciplinary evaluation methods and development of model based scenarios

Based on objective oriented project design and management ......(ZOPP, GTZ 1997) poor access to resources

poor living conditions

low level of development

barely marketable produce

infertile soils

lack of infrastructureno running water

water pollution

little fruit and vegetables

forest devastation

too little forest

poor timber quality

poor diet

poor drinking water quality

poor market access

lack of marketing

low incomes

too little money

too little hay

poor pasture

low agricultural production

no animal breedingno fertilisation

EFFECTS no accumulation of capital

resources

subsistence farming

CAUSES

untended pasture

(1) Problem analysis(2) Analysis of objectives(3) Identify indicators for evaluation

Interdisciplinary modelling and visualisation of scenarios

Analysis of alternative developments- recommendations

(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarioscenarios

Definition of scenarios for future developments

Social problemsEconomic and ecological problems

I PR PP A I PR PP A few shops x x n insufficient basic education x n

range of stock in shops too small x x ? low qualification of teachers x n no local market x x ? long distances to school x n

no products for tourists x y long distances to high school x n

facilities/ trade

no merchandising of traditions x y no foreign languages x n no machines for timber processing x n

education

insufficient job training x n poor timber quality x y road too long x x x n

not enough forest, timber x y poor roads x x x n forestry, wood technology

timber too expensive x n no private cars x n limited access to markets x x y

transport and traffic

transport problems x x n no investment capital x y no water supply x x y

too high proportion of subsistence x x y long distance to spring x x y

marketing, access to markets

poor marketing x x y few crops and vegetables x x y deficiency of manure for meadows x y problems with electricity x n

no mineral fertiliser for pastures x y no dentist x n insufficient pasture management x y no hospital x n no fertilisation in the high pasture x y no church on Calineasa x n

insufficient productivity of pastures x y no telephone/mobile phones x n low yield of hay from meadows x y no computer x n

EC

ON

OM

IC D

IME

NS

ION

agriculture

deficiencies in animal keeping x x y no restaurant n

no hair dresser x n water pollution x y small houses x n

tourists destroy, pollute x ?

supply

not enough flats to rent x n degradation of forest ? ? ? y no TV, few programs x x n

low fertility of soils x y no disco x n

holiday activities

no sport facilities x n EC

OL

OG

Y

environmental pollution

low wages x x y

low income x x y few working places x x x ? too much work to be done x ?

SO

CIA

L

DIM

EN

SIO

NS

working places, job situation

Women overworked x n

I = InterviewPR = PRAPP = Project representationA = Project aim ?

(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: cenarios: Problem analysisProblem analysis

poor access to resources

poor living conditions

low level of development

barely marketable produce

infertile soils

lack of infrastructureno running water

water pollution

little fruit and vegetables

forest devastation

too little forest

poor timber quality

poor diet

poor drinking water quality

poor market access

lack of marketing

low incomes

too little money

too little hay

poor pasture

low agricultural production

no animal breedingno fertilisation

EFFECTS no accumulation of capital

resources

subsistence farming

CAUSES

untended pasture

Problem tree

Central problem

(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: cenarios: Problem analysisProblem analysis

Oberziele Teilziele (abgeleitete Ziele)Handlungsziele (durchnummeriert)

1. Erhalt seltener und gefährdeter Pflanzenarten2. Erhalt seltener und gefährdeter Pflanzengesellschaften3. Erhalt der Waldstrukturdiversität4. Erhalt der Offenlandbiozönosenvielfalt5. Sicherung naturnaher, standortsangepasster Waldnutzung

6. Sicherung naturnaher, standortsangepassterGrünlandnutzung

7. Aufbau einer umw eltverträglichen Abfallentsorgung8. Umw eltbildung (Gemeinderat/Bevölkerung)9. Verbesserung der menschl. Fäkalienentsorgung

Schutz der Grund- und Oberflächengewässer 10. Vermeidung von Verschmutzung, Beseitigung der Ursachen

Weiterentw. einer ressourcenschonendenWassernutzung 11. Verbesserung der Regenw assernutzung

12. Sicherung von Fallbeispielen im Bereich Architektur13. Schaffung von Bew usstsein und Wertschätzung14. Erhalt farbenfroher Blumenw iesen15. Erhalt der Landschaftsvielfalt

16. Optimierung der Nutzung von Arnika17. Aufbau von Übernachtungs-und Versorgungskapazitäten18. Aufbau der Käsevermarktung19. Aufbau von touristischen Infrastrukturmaßnahmen20. Erhalt der Leistungsfähigkeit der Waldbestände21. Sicherung/ Verbesserung der Holzqualität22. Weiterentw icklung der Holzw irtschaft23. Steigerung der Heuproduktion24. Verbesserung der Weidenmanagement- und Weidequalität25. Steigerung des Futterw ertes26. Einkreuzung leistungsfähiger Kuhrassen27. Verbesserung der Arbeitsergonomie im Stall28. Einführung von Hygienestandards in der Stallhaltung29. Verbesserung der Stallmistqualität

30. Aufbau von "Genossenschaften"31. Qualif izierung von Vermietern32. Ausgew ogene Beteiligung am Kapitalbestand33. Weiterentw icklung der Subsistenz34. Förderung des Gemüseanbaus35. Einrichtung einer Wasserleitung36. Permanent gute Trinkw asserqualität

5. Zugang zu Ressourcen und Dienstleistungen

Förderung naturnaher, standortsangepasster Land-nutzungsformen

1. Schutz biotischer Ressourcen

2. Schutz abiotischer Ressourcen

3. Erhalt der Eigenart der Landschaft

4. Optimierung der Einkommenssituation

Diversifizierung der Einkommensquellen

Optimierung der fowi. Produktion

Optimierung der landw. Produktion

Förderung der Selbstbest. und Chancengleichheitder Bewohner

Verbesserung der Lebensqualitätsstandards

Erhalt der Biodiversität

Aufbau einer umweltverträglichen Abfallentsorgung

Erhalt und Weiterentwicklung traditioneller Bauweisen

Förderung und Erhalt der Landschaftsästhetik

Clustering of Objectives

Eco

logy

Eco

logy

Eco

no

my

Eco

no

my

So

cia

lS

oci

al

Specific Objectives ActivitiesOverall Objectives

Formulate Indicators for evaluation

and measurement

Identify Indicators

(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: cenarios: Analysis of ObjectivesAnalysis of Objectives

Little emigration

Stagnation of wages

Stagnation of productivity

High inflation rate

Slow privatisation

Stagnation of working places

Stabilisation of currency

Emigration

Wages increase

Productivity increases

Rapid privatisation

Rationalisation and new investments

Action strategies and frame scenarios

no EU-membership of RO until 2017EU-membership of RO until 2017

EU-membership or not?

best case worst case

(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: cenarios: Definition of scenariosDefinition of scenarios

action strategies

action strategies

strategy 1: “Traditio” defensive, no investment

slow development of tourism and productivity

increased forest exploitation

few education opportunities

high self-determination

preservation of high biodiversity in open

landlow environmental

pollution

strategy 2: “Evolutio”investment in tourism, forestry and agriculture

improvements in:tourism, productivity and techniques in

agriculture and forestrysustainable forest use decrease of forestry

income

higher education opportunities

moderate external influences,high self-

determination

decrease of biodiversityincrease of

environmental awareness

strategy 3: “Capitalinvestitio”strong external investment activity

improvements in:tourism, working

places, infrastructure, marketing of regional

products

low self-determination,high external

influences

increase of environmental

pollutionsolution of problems

in Infrastructure

economy social ecology

Frame scenario + action strategy = Scenario definition 6 scenarios and basis scenario (actual state)

EU-membership of RO until 2017

no EU-membership of RO until 2017

Scenario

(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: cenarios: Definition of scenariosDefinition of scenarios

household module

grassland modulesecondary descriptors

Frame moduleprimary descriptors Data exchange

hay yield fertilisation working hours

volumeetc.forest module

secondary descriptors

Aven

ue P

rogr

amM

S Ex

cel d

ata

proc

essin

g

ecological Indicators

economic Indicators

OUTPUT

INPUT

Net diagram"Amoeba"

rareness/endangeringnaturalness/hemeroby

etc.

working hours

earned income

whole income

invested capital

Evalua

tion

of S

cena

rios

OUTPUT

INPUTamount of

householdsanimals and

tourists technology and production level

etc.

Spatial modelling

Non-spatial modelling

(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: cenarios: Modelling of scenariosModelling of scenarios

Spatial modelling with GIS1) Defining the input variables

(primary descriptors) for the calculation of scenarios

2) Calculation of the secondary descriptors (amount of domestic

animals,etc.)

3) Calculation of the production level due to the amount of

domestic animals

4) Calculation of grassland area fo rhouseholds for the supply

within the target scenario

5) Calculation and Distribution of the resulting amount of manure

within the target scenario

6) Calculation of the necessary mineral fertiliser input

8) Calculation of the working hours and further costs for

agriculture

7) Simulation of the land use changes and their influence on

the floristic composition

Flo

w o

f th

e sc

enar

io c

alcu

lati

on

in

AV

EN

UE

OUTPUTecological indicators- rareness/ endangeringnaturalness/ hemeroby

Integrated evaluation: Net diagramm

“Amoeba”

Data export to household module

economic indicators-working hours, hay yield,

Fertilisation, etc.


Non-spatial modelling Non-spatial modelling with MS Excelwith MS Excel

(by E. Auch)

Data Processing in MS Excel

working hours

Invested capital

whole income

earned income

structure of income

economic indicators


Example of two scenario types depicted as an amoeba diagram

Ecological indicatorsEconomic indicators

“Traditio”- none EU

2017

actual state

Changes (%)

(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: resultscenarios: results

“Evolutio”- EU 2017

Transdisciplinary structure ofTransdisciplinary structure of the the PPROIECTROIECT A APUSENIPUSENI

Analysis of landscape, land-use and land-use techniques

in agriculturein forestry

Integrated Evaluation of potentials for development(with participation of the local population, the local authorities and regional organizations)

Analysis of frame conditionsNatural conditions Socio-economic conditions

Socio-economic analysis of the rural economyat the level of householdsat the level of the villageat the level of regional economical circles

Agriculture Forestry Trade TourismCommerce

Strategies and scenarios for a regional development

Ecological evaluation Socio-economic evaluation

Inte

rnal

an

d e

xter

nal

co

mm

un

icat

ion

(p

ub

lic

rela

tio

ns,

mas

s-m

ed

ia)

Po

litic

al a

dve

rtis

ing

Par

tici

pa

tio

n

Transdisciplinary structure of the project

Participation in the PPROIECTROIECT A APUSENIPUSENI

(5) (5) Participatory methodsParticipatory methods

• Information / Motivation

• Participation

• Co-operation Leading projects, „Forum comunal“Association „Platoul Gheţari - Călineasa“

Interviews (locals and experts), PRA, workshops, consulting

Public relations, opening ceremony, flyers, discussions, lectures

Participatory actions: examples

Gheţari in 2017 ?

Planning for RealRole-playWorkshop for the future

Leading Projects

Planning for Real

Meeting with the mayors from the region

(5) (5) Participatory methods: Participatory methods: Participatory actionsParticipatory actions

Role-playing „Future of Gheţari until 2017“ – 3 Role-playing „Future of Gheţari until 2017“ – 3 scenariosscenarios

Capital- investitio

TraditioEvolutio

(5) (5) Participatory methods: Participatory methods: Participatory actionsParticipatory actions

Participation through „Leading projects“

• Grassland management and fertilisation

• Animal breeding, construction of stables

• Vegetable crops

• Medicinal plants: Arnica montana

• Water supply

• Rural tourism

(5) (5) Participatory methods: Participatory methods: Leading projectsLeading projects

Leading Leading project „Animal breeding“project „Animal breeding“

Animal breeding

Planning of stable building

Winterschool

- New vegetable species and varieties

- Greenhouse (plastic film)

- Seedling procurement

- Winterschool

Leading project „Crop cultivation“


Leading project „Medicinal plants“Leading project „Medicinal plants“

Arnica montana

New tourist

pension

Seminar„Rural tourism“

Leading project „Rural tourism“Leading project „Rural tourism“

Leading project „Rural tourism“


Tourists Information center in Ghetari:

A traditional blockhouse stable, roof made from spruce branches

Thank you for your attention!

Documents

P ROIECT A PUSENI : Sustainable development of a traditional landscape in E astern Europe