Language Summary 3

lm have to/had to (2): questions and short answers 3A 0 p21

QUESTIONS

question word When

PRESENT What SIMPLE

How many PAST tests SIMPLE

SHORT ANSWERS

Present Simple Yes, 1/you/we/they do. Yes, he/she/it does. Past Simple

auxiliary

do does Do Does did

Did

subject have to

1/you/we/they have to he/she/it have to 1/you/we/they have to he/she/it have to 1/you/he/she/ have to it/we/they

1/you/he/she/ have to it/we/they

I No, 1/you/we/they don't. No, he/she/it doesn't.

infinitive

go? know? have work do?

pass

Yes, 1/you/he/she/it/we/they did. I No, 1/you/he/she/it/we/they didn't.

a degree? at night?

an oral test?

TIPS! • In Present Simple questions we can say: Do you lwve to . . . ? or Have you got to . . . ?: Do you l�ave to worll tonight? = Have you got to worll tonigll t? • We can't use have got to in Past Simple questions: Did you lwve to worll last n igl1 t ? not Had)·eu get te werlz last night?

•

• We can't use Have you to . . . ? or Had you to . . . ? to make questions: Do you have to wear a suit? not Have yeu te wear a suit? Wllen did you have to be there? not V/lwl l1ad yeu le he there? 1m Present Continuous and Present Simple 3B 0 p23

• \Ne use the Present Continuous for things that: a) are happening at the moment of speaking: Today J1e's doing some gardening.

I'm writing to tell you lww it feels to be unemployed. b) are temporary and happening around now, but maybe not at the moment of

speaking: Now J1e's loollingfor his first job. I'm al'l'lyingfor every job I can.

• We use the Present Simple for: a) daily routines and things we always/sometimes/never do: He reads

tl1e adverts in the paper eve1y clay. l never get an intervie\v. b) verbs that describe states (be, want, have got, thinll , etc.): He needs a real job.

People tJJinJl I'm too old.

Activity and state verbs

• Activity verbs talk about activities and actions. We can use activity verbs in the Present Simple and the Present Continuous: He plays football eve1y clay. He5 playing football JJO\V. Typical activity verbs are: play, worll, write, eat, run and do.

• State verbs talk about states, feelings and opinions. We don't usually use state verbs in the Present Continuous (or other continuous verb forms): I l i lle l1 im. not I'm liking him. I tl1 in ll its great. not I'm thinking its great. Learn the common state verbs in the picture.

TIP! • Some verbs can be both activity verbs and state verbs: I'm l�aving a showa (activity). He lws tll ree children. (state) .

Common state verbs

Present Continuous

• We make the Present Continuous with: subject + be + (not) + verb+ing.

POSITIVE I 'm working at the moment. You/We/They're looking for a job. He/She/lt's waiting for you.

NEGATIVE I'm not driving very fast. You/We/They aren't watching TV. He/She/lt isn't working now.

WH- QUESTIONS question word auxiliary Where am What are Who is

YES/NO QUESTIONS Am I working today?

subject I you/we/they he/she/it

Are you/we/they watching TV? Is he/she/it waiting for me?

SHORT ANSWERS Yes, I am.

verb+ing going? doing? looking at?

Yes, you/we/they are. Yes, he/she/it is. I No, I'm not.

No, you/we/they aren't. No, he/she/it isn't.

TIPS• • See G2.2 for the spelling rules for verb+ing forms. • We can also make negatives and negative short answers with 're not and � not: They're not playing. Is she waiting? No, slu� not. • We often use the Present Continuous with: now, today, at the moment.

1;'1681 Apologies, reasons and promises (3D tJ p26) • For apologies we often use: I'm (really) sorry, (but) I can't/

couldn't + infinitive. I'm really sony, but I can 't see you lonig/1(. I'm sony, I co"u ldn 't finish it yesterday.

• For reasons we often use: I have to/had to + infinitive. I lu1ve to tahe a client out to dinner. I h£1d to l•elp Kate.

• For promises we often use: I'll + infinitive. 1 '1 1 do it now. I'll see you on Friday, I promise.

Language Summary 3

Present Simple

• For I!youlwe!tl1ey the Present Simple is the same as the infinitive. For he/she/it we add -s or -es to the infinitive: l1e lives, she watches, it goes.

• We make the Present Simple negative with: don't or doesn't + infinitive.

POSITIVE 1/You/We/They live in the UK. He/She/lt wants to go home.

NEGATIVE 1/You/We/They don't live in Germany. He/She/lt doesn't want to go out.

PRESENT SIMPLE POSITIVE: SPELLING RULES

spelling rule most verbs: add -s

verbs ending in -eh, -sh, -s, -ss, -x or -z: add -es verbs ending in consonant + y: -y � -ies

the verbs go and do: add -es

the verb have is irregular

WH- QUESTIONS question word auxiliary subject

examples plays likes reads watches /'wotf•zl finishes /'f•mf•zl study � studies goes does ldAzl

has

infinitive Where What

do does

1/you/we/they he/she/it

live? do?

YES/NO QUESTIONS Do 1/you/we/they live here? Does he/she/it come from England?

SHORT ANSWERS Yes, 1/you/we/they do. Yes, he/she/it does. I No, llyou/we/they don't.

No, he/she/it doesn't.

TIPS! • There is often a pattern in this type of conversation: we apologise � we give a reason � we make a promise. • To respond to an apology we often use these phrases: Oh, don't worry. Another time, maybe. Oh, dea1: Wluit happened? 0/1, right. Wh)' not ?

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