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DEVELOPMENT OF TILAPIA FOR SALINEDEVELOPMENT OF TILAPIA FOR SALINE

WATERS IN THE PHILIPPINESWATERS IN THE PHILIPPINES

M. M.M. M. TayamenTayamen, T. A., T. A.AbellaAbella,,R. A. Reyes, Ma. J. C.R. A. Reyes, Ma. J. C. DantingDanting,,

A. M. Mendoza, E. B. Marquez, A. C.A. M. Mendoza, E. B. Marquez, A. C. SalguetSalguet,,M. M.M. M.ApagaApaga, and R. C. Gonzales, and R. C. Gonzales

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COLLABORATORSCOLLABORATORS

National Freshwater Fisheries TechnologyNational Freshwater Fisheries Technology

Center of the Bureau of Fisheries and AquaticCenter of the Bureau of Fisheries and AquaticResources (NFFTC/BFAR)Resources (NFFTC/BFAR)

Freshwater Aquaculture Center of the CentralFreshwater Aquaculture Center of the CentralLuzon State University (FAC/CLSU)Luzon State University (FAC/CLSU)

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Funded by:Funded by:

Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR)Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR)

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ObjectiveObjective

To develop a saline tolerant breed ofTo develop a saline tolerant breed oftilapia for sustainable brackishwatertilapia for sustainable brackishwater

aquaculture.aquaculture.

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Specific Objectives:Specific Objectives:

To document and evaluate existing tolerant tilapiaTo document and evaluate existing tolerant tilapiastocks in the Philippines;stocks in the Philippines;

To assess the reproductive performance of improvedTo assess the reproductive performance of improvedbreeds in brackishwater based environment;breeds in brackishwater based environment;

To assess the culture performance of new breeds ofTo assess the culture performance of new breeds oftilapia in brackishwater conditions; andtilapia in brackishwater conditions; and

To disseminate information through training manualTo disseminate information through training manualto competent breeders and culture operators.to competent breeders and culture operators.

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MethodsMethods

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The FounderstocksThe Founderstocks

O.O. aureusaureus originated from Israel. Obtained in 1977originated from Israel. Obtained in 1977through the Freshwater Aquaculture Center Central Luzonthrough the Freshwater Aquaculture Center Central Luzon

State University (FACState University (FAC--CLSU).CLSU). O.O. spilurusspilurus -- introduced in 1998 fromintroduced in 1998 from MaricultureMariculture andand

Fishery Development, Kuwait Institute for Science Research.Fishery Development, Kuwait Institute for Science Research.

O.O. mossambicusmossambicus obtained from BFARobtained from BFAR--NIFTC,NIFTC, BonuanBonuan,,PangasinanPangasinan and from the wild inand from the wild in BulacanBulacan..

O. niloticusO. niloticus (GIFT 8th Generation)(GIFT 8th Generation) was developed bywas developed by

combining the best performing genetic groups from eightcombining the best performing genetic groups from eightdiverse Nile tilapia strains and their crosses.diverse Nile tilapia strains and their crosses.

O. niloticusO. niloticus (FAC Selected Tilapia(FAC Selected Tilapia -- FAST)FAST) this strainthis strain

was a product of within family selection (based on bodywas a product of within family selection (based on bodyweight) ofweight) ofO. niloticusO. niloticusin a rotational mating scheme at FAC.in a rotational mating scheme at FAC.

O. niloticusO. niloticus(YY males)(YY males) developed in the Egypt Swanseadeveloped in the Egypt Swansea

strain ofstrain of O. niloticusO. niloticus obtained from the School of Biologicalobtained from the School of BiologicalSciences, University of Wales, Swansea (UWS) in 1988.Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea (UWS) in 1988.

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Phase 1 Breeding Plan

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Phase 2 Breeding Plan

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ResultsResults

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Table 1. Mean gain in weight at harvestTable 1. Mean gain in weight at harvestacross test stations of 27 crossacross test stations of 27 cross

combinationscombinations

82.06g82.06gMean weight across environmentsMean weight across environments

89.71089.710 efef111.32111.32 abcabc64.34864.348 ijij64.37364.373 ijij89.95089.950 efefYYYY

118.779118.779 aa102.410102.410 cdcd75.27975.279 ghighi82.21282.212 fgfg67.78667.786 hijhijFaSTFaST

115.127115.127 abab113.537113.537 abab64.26664.266 ijij104.747104.747 bcdbcd74.68674.686 ghighiGIFTGIFT

90.34590.345 efef--36.60436.604 ll--60.71260.712 jj

58.796 j58.796 j--65.27965.279 ijij77.62677.626 ghgh106.427106.427 bcdbcdO.O. aureusaureus

105.045105.045 bcdbcd99.80299.802 dede48.54648.546 kk96.43696.436 dede102.478102.478 cdcdO.O.spilurusspilurus

FaSTFaSTGIFTGIFTO.O. mossambicusmossambicusO.O. aureusaureusO.O. spilurusspilurus

DAM STRAINDAM STRAINSIRESIRE

STRAINSTRAIN

O.O. mossambicusmossambicus

Means with the same letter are not significantly different (P

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Table 2. Mean survival across testTable 2. Mean survival across test

stations of 27 cross combinationsstations of 27 cross combinations

48.45%48.45%Mean survival across environmentsMean survival across environments

52.53152.531 abcabc52.43552.435 abcabc46.22946.229 efef52.13052.130 abcabc48.29148.291 cdefcdefYYYY

49.67949.679 bcdebcde53.14653.146 abab47.43147.431 defdef45.68845.688 efef51.01451.014 abcdabcdFaSTFaST

41.22541.225 gg52.76552.765 abab44.79344.793 fgfg55.29055.290 aa46.48746.487 efefGIFTGIFT

48.30448.304 cdefcdef--37.24337.243 hh--52.83452.834 abab

46.45946.459 efef--47.54847.548 defdef46.25446.254 efef46.86646.866 defdefO.O. aureusaureus

48.95148.951 bcdefbcdef48.43348.433 cdefcdef47.44947.449 defdef46.18846.188 efef53.11253.112 ababO.O.spilurusspilurus

FaSTFaSTGIFTGIFTO.O. aureusaureusO.O.spilurusspilurus

DAM STRAINDAM STRAIN



SIRESIRE

STRAINSTRAIN

Means with the same letter are not significantly different (P

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Table 3.Table 3. HeteroticHeterotic effects on differenteffects on different

crosses among five strains of tilapia forcrosses among five strains of tilapia for

growth and survivalgrowth and survival

-- 9.459.45+ 10.02+ 10.02-- 28.3728.37-- 22.4422.44-- 18.4318.43-- 28.5828.58+ 7.64+ 7.64StrainStrain

HeterosisHeterosis

10.98***10.98***7.47***7.47***28.00***28.00***24.26***24.26***19.58***19.58***22.11***22.11***7.19***7.19***

MeanMean

differencedifference

105.20105.20

42.6542.6582.0082.00

42.5642.5670.6870.68

34.4934.4983.8583.85

38.7038.7086.6886.68

37.7937.7955.2655.26

32.6532.65101.34101.34

41.6541.65Mean valueMean value

of Crossbredof Crossbred2/2/

116.18116.18

53.0653.0674.5374.53

58.8258.8298.6898.68

48.0748.07108.11108.11

44.7244.72106.26106.26

42.1542.1577.3777.37

45.9045.9094.1594.15

35.2735.27GrowthGrowthMean valueMean value

ofofPure breedPure breed 1/1/

O.niloticusO.niloticus

(GIFT) x(GIFT) x

O.niloticusO.niloticus((FaSTFaST))

O.O.mossambicusmossambicus xx

O.niloticusO.niloticus((FaSTFaST))

O.O. aureusaureusxx


((FaSTFaST))

O.O. spilurusspilurus

xx

O. niloticusO. niloticus((FaSTFaST))


xx

O. niloticusO. niloticus(GIFT)(GIFT)

O.O.

spilurusspilurusxx

O.O.mossambicusmossambicus

O.O.

spilurusspilurus

xxO.O.

aureusaureus

C R O S S E SC R O S S E S

INDICESINDICES

AverageAverage HeterosisHeterosis --12.8012.80

*** indicate highly significant differences between pure bred and crossbred at 0.05 level

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-- 14.8714.87AverageAverage HeterosisHeterosis

-- 6.826.82+ 11.26+ 11.26-- 4.024.02-- 3.483.48-- 10.5110.51+ 7.14+ 7.14-- 8.448.44StrainStrain

HeterosisHeterosis

3.49***3.49***4.84***4.84***1.93***1.93***1.81***1.81***5.57***5.57***3.36***3.36***4.29***4.29***MeanMeandifferencedifference

47.7247.72

23.9023.9047.8247.82

20.5920.5946.0746.07

19.6719.6750.1250.12

20.8620.8647.4247.42

18.3518.3550.4250.42

13.0413.0446.5246.52

18.9418.94

Mean valueMean value

of Crossbredof Crossbred2/2/

51.2151.21

28.9128.9142.9842.98

22.5422.5448.0048.00

24.5024.5051.9351.93

21.7221.7252.9952.99

22.7322.7347.0647.06

18.3518.3550.8150.81

19.0319.03SurvivalSurvival

Mean valueMean value

ofof

Pure breedPure breed 1/1/


(GIFT) x(GIFT) x


((FaSTFaST))

O.O.

mossambicusmossambicus xx


((FaSTFaST))

O.O. aureusaureusxx


((FaSTFaST))


xx

O. niloticusO. niloticus

((FaSTFaST))


xx

O. niloticusO. niloticus

(GIFT)(GIFT)

O.O.

spilurusspilurusxx

O.O.mossambicusmossambicus

O.O.

spilurusspilurus

xx

O.O.

aureusaureus

C R O S S E SC R O S S E S

INDICESINDICES

*** indicate highly significant differences between pure bred and crossbred at 0.05 level

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Table 4. Number of male and femaleTable 4. Number of male and femalebreeders of the 16 best performing strainbreeders of the 16 best performing strain

combination used to build the basecombination used to build the basepopulation.population.

88121244S1 x S5S1 x S57799141444S4 x S2S4 x S266

99141444S4 x S4S4 x S455

1010151555S5 x S1S5 x S1441010151555S1 x S1S1 x S133

1111161666S5 x S5S5 x S522

11.511.5171766S2 x S1S2 x S111

% Composition to% Composition to

Base PopulationBase Population

FEMALE (n)FEMALE (n)MALE (n)MALE (n)CROSSCROSSRANKRANK

1.51.5--33S6 x S4S6 x S499

6.56.5101033S4 x S5S4 x S588

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Table 4. Number of male and femaleTable 4. Number of male and femalebreeders of the 16 best performing strainbreeders of the 16 best performing straincombination used to build the basecombination used to build the basepopulation.population.

1001001501505050

1.51.52211S5 x S2S5 x S21616

2.52.54411S5 x S3S5 x S31515

3.53.56611S1 x S2S1 x S21414

4.54.58811S3 x S5S3 x S51313

11--22S6 x S5S6 x S51212

558822S1 x S4S1 x S41111

5.55.59922S5 x S4S5 x S41010

% Composition to% Composition to

Base PopulationBase PopulationFEMALE (n)FEMALE (n)MALE (n)MALE (n)CROSSCROSSRANKRANK

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Table 5. Combining ability for growth (g)Table 5. Combining ability for growth (g)

and survival (%) of the different tilapiaand survival (%) of the different tilapia

strainsstrains

- 0.2581 c+ 11.190 bO. niloticus (FaST)+ 2.8107

a

+ 23.726a

O. niloticus (GIFT)

- 2.8854 d- 21.615 dO. mossambicus

+ 0.2549 bc+ 4.228 cO aureus+ 1.6173 ab+ 0.515 cO. spilurus

Fish was used as Maternal

Strain

Survival (%)Growth (g)

Combining Abilities *

Means within parental groups in the same column with the same letter are not significantly different

(P

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Table 5. Combining ability for growthTable 5. Combining ability for growth(g) and survival (%) of the different(g) and survival (%) of the different

tilapia strainstilapia strains

+ 1.2812 a- 1.079 cdO. niloticus (YY)

+ 0.5992 ab+ 2.270 bcO. niloticus (FaST)

- 0.5058 abc+ 6.241 abO. niloticus (GIFT)

- 0.7855 bc- 17.971 eO. mossambicus

- 1.6010 c- 4.390 dO aureus

+ 0.4717 ab+ 7.634 aO. spilurus

Fish was used as Paternal

Strain Growth (g) Survival (%)

Means within parental groups in the same column with the same letter are not significantly different

(P

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Table 6. Phase 2; rankTable 6. Phase 2; rank--order and significant of ranks for finalorder and significant of ranks for final bodybody

weightweight corrected for sex effect of the different cross combinationscorrected for sex effect of the different cross combinations

across and within environmentsacross and within environments

1010abcdefabcdef33 abcabc66 abcdabcd1515bcdefghibcdefghi1818 cdefghijcdefghij2121(S4S4)x(S4S5)(S4S4)x(S4S5)

99 abcdefabcdef77 abcdefgabcdefg1313bcdebcde1111bcdefbcdef1111bcdefbcdef44(S1S1)x(S4S5)(S1S1)x(S4S5)

88 abcdeabcde1414abcdefghabcdefgh3737 dede11 aa1212 cdefgcdefg3535(S5S5)x(S3S5)(S5S5)x(S3S5)

77 abcdabcd1111abcdefghabcdefgh1919bcdebcde3030 defghidefghi44 bcbc2323(S4S4)x(S5S4)(S4S4)x(S5S4)

66 abcdabcd88 abcdefgabcdefg88 abcdabcd2020 cdefghicdefghi88 bcdbcd33(S1S1)x(S4S4)(S1S1)x(S4S4)

55 abcdabcd2222 defghdefgh1010bcdebcde44 bcbc1313 cdefgcdefg3636(S5S5)x(S4S2)(S5S5)x(S4S2)

44 abcabc--3434dede2525 cdefghicdefghi22 abab2020(S4S4)x(S2S1)(S4S4)x(S2S1)33

abab

1818defghdefgh

22abab

--99bcdebcde

2727(S5S1)x(S1S4)(S5S1)x(S1S4)

22 abab11 aa2424bcdebcde1616bcdefghibcdefghi33 bcbc66(S1S4)x(S4S4)(S1S4)x(S4S4)

11 aa1212abcdefghabcdefgh11 aa33 bcbc1010bcdefbcdef99(S1S5)x(S5S3)(S1S5)x(S5S3)

AcrossAcross

ENVENV

ENV4ENV4

TANKTANK

ENV3ENV3

CAGECAGE

ENV2ENV2

PONDPOND

ENV1ENV1

CAGECAGE

GroupGroup

crosscross

CrossesCrosses

1919 defghijdefghij1313abcdefghabcdefgh33 abcabc66bcdbcd3434 klmklm4040


xx O. niloticusO. niloticus

EgyptEgypt

3737 lmnlmn2424 defghdefgh2828bcdebcde2222 cdefghicdefghi3737 mm3939O.O. mossambicusmossambicus

91.1091.1060.2160.21100.89100.8985.5485.54101.13101.13MEANMEAN WT. (g)WT. (g)

Ranks within test environment sharing the same superscript are not significant

different P

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Table 6. Phase 2; rankTable 6. Phase 2; rank--order and significant of ranks fororder and significant of ranks for survivalsurvival

of the different cross combinations across environmentsof the different cross combinations across environments

(S1S1)x(S4S5)(S1S1)x(S4S5)

CrossesCrosses

(S1S1)x(S4S2)(S1S1)x(S4S2)

(S2S1)x(S1S2)(S2S1)x(S1S2)

(S1S1)x(S4S4)(S1S1)x(S4S4)

(S5S5)x(S1S5)(S5S5)x(S1S5)

(S4S5)x(S1S2)(S4S5)x(S1S2)

(S1S5)x(S1S1)(S1S5)x(S1S1)

(S2S1)x(S4S2)(S2S1)x(S4S2)

(S1S5)x(S5S1)(S1S5)x(S5S1)

(S5S1)x(S1S2)(S5S1)x(S1S2)

88 cdecde

99 cdefcdef

1010 defgdefg

1313

88

2626

O.O. mossambicusmossambicus xx O. niloticusO. niloticus EgyptEgypt

Mean SURVMean SURV

22 bb

33 bcbc

55 bcdbcd

77 cdcd

44 bcbc

11 aa

66 bcdbcd

44

Group crossGroup cross

22

1010

33

3333

2424

77

3939

4040

O.O. mossambicusmossambicus 2121 ghijghij

2727 hijklhijkl

53.56 (1,396)53.56 (1,396)MEAN SURV. (%)*MEAN SURV. (%)*

Ranks within test environment sharing the same superscript are not significant

different (P

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ConclusionConclusion

Phase 1Phase 1 purebreds performed better than the hybrids in almostpurebreds performed better than the hybrids in almost

all crosses indicating no hybrid vigor for growth andall crosses indicating no hybrid vigor for growth andsurvival in crossbred progenies except forsurvival in crossbred progenies except for O.O. spilurusspilurusxx

O.O. aureusaureusandand O.O. mossambicusmossambicusxx FaSTFaST for growth andfor growth and

O.O. spilurusspilurusxx O.O. mossambicusmossambicusandand O.O. mossambicusmossambicusxxFaSTFaST for survivalfor survival

average negativeaverage negative heterosisheterosis reflects the minimal nonreflects the minimal non--

additive genetic variance and therefore does not justifyadditive genetic variance and therefore does not justifya crossbreeding approacha crossbreeding approach

it is possible to improve the trait for salinity tolerance ofit is possible to improve the trait for salinity tolerance of

this species through selection that exploits the additivethis species through selection that exploits the additiveeffects of genes controlling this traiteffects of genes controlling this trait

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ConclusionConclusion

Phase 2Phase 2 an increased in terms of growth and survival wasan increased in terms of growth and survival was

achieved through selectionachieved through selection Salinity tolerance in terms of growth and survival wasSalinity tolerance in terms of growth and survival was

influenced by the male parentinfluenced by the male parent O.O. spilurusspiluruswhile thewhile the

female parentfemale parent O. niloticusO. niloticusFaSTFaST influenced the growthinfluenced the growthraterate

All hybrids cross with pureAll hybrids cross with pure O.O. spilurusspiluruswas included inwas included in

the top ranking families based on survival but not all topthe top ranking families based on survival but not all topranking families based on body weight were included inranking families based on body weight were included in

the top ranking families based on survivalthe top ranking families based on survival

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