Package ‘tmap’ · 2016. 8. 5. · Package ‘tmap’ May 7, 2016 License GPL-3 Title Thematic Maps Type Package LazyLoad yes Description Thematic maps are geographical maps in

Package ‘tmap’May 7, 2016

License GPL-3Title Thematic MapsType PackageLazyLoad yesDescription Thematic maps are geographical maps in which spatial data distributions are visual-

ized. This package offers a flexible, layer-based, and easy to use approach to create the-matic maps, such as choropleths and bubble maps.

Version 1.4-1Date 2016-05-06Depends R (>= 3.0),Imports methods, sp, raster (>= 2.5-2), grid, rgdal, rgeos, classInt,

htmltools, htmlwidgets, KernSmooth, osmar, RColorBrewer, spdep,XML, leaflet, geosphere

Suggests rmarkdown, knitr, OpenStreetMapVignetteBuilder knitrRoxygenNote 5.0.1NeedsCompilation noAuthor Martijn Tennekes [aut, cre],

Joel Gombin [ctb],Sebastian Jeworutzki [ctb],Kent Russell [ctb],Richard Zijdeman [ctb]

Maintainer Martijn Tennekes Repository CRANDate/Publication 2016-05-07 00:36:45

R topics documented:tmap-package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3+.tmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1

2 R topics documented:

animation_tmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7append_data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8approx_areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9bb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10calc_densities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12crop_shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14geocode_OSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14get_asp_ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15get_IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16get_proj4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18map_coloring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18metro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20offset_line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20points_to_raster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21poly_to_raster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23print.tmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24qtm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25read_GPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27read_osm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28read_shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32sample_dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32save_tmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34sbind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35set_projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36smooth_map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37smooth_raster_cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41split.SpatialPolygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41style_catalogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42tmap-element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43tmap_leaflet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44tmap_mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45tmap_style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47tm_bubbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48tm_compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52tm_credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53tm_facets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55tm_fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59tm_grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63tm_iso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64tm_layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65tm_lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73tm_raster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77tm_scale_bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81tm_shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82tm_text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84tm_view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

tmap-package 3

tm_xlab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92write_shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Index 94

tmap-package Thematic Maps

Description

Thematic maps are geographical maps in which spatial data distributions are visualized. This pack-age offers a flexible, layer-based, and easy to use approach to create thematic maps, such as choro-pleths and bubble maps. It is based on the grammar of graphics, and resembles the syntax ofggplot2.

Details

This page provides a brief overview of all package functions. See vignette("tmap-nutshell")for a short introduction with examples. See vignette("tmap-modes") for a short demo of the twooutput modes: plot and interactive view.

Quick plotting method

qtm To plot a thematic map————————— —————————————————————————————————

Main plotting method

Shape specification:

tm_shape To specify a shape object————————— —————————————————————————————————

Aesthetics layers:

tm_fill To create a polygon layer (without borders)tm_borders To create polygon borderstm_polygons To create a polygon layer with borderstm_bubbles To create a layer of bubblestm_dots To create a layer of dotstm_lines To create a layer of linestm_raster To create a raster layer

../doc/tmap-nutshell.html../doc/tmap-modes.html

4 tmap-package

tm_text To create a layer of text labels————————— —————————————————————————————————

Facetting (small multiples)

tm_facets To define facets————————— —————————————————————————————————

Attributes:

tm_grid To create grid linestm_scale_bar To create a scale bartm_compass To create a map compasstm_credits To create a text for creditstm_xlab and tm_ylab To create axis labels————————— —————————————————————————————————

Layout element:

tm_layout To adjust the layout (main function)tm_legend Shortcut to adjust the legendtm_view Options for the interactive view mode————————— —————————————————————————————————

Change options:

tmap_mode To set the tmap mode: "plot" or "view"ttm To toggle between the modestmap_style To set the default style————————— —————————————————————————————————

Handy tool functions

bb To create, extract or modify a bounding boxgeocode_OSM To get geocode based on locationget_asp_ratio To get the aspect ratio of a shape objectget_IDs To get ID values of a shape objectappend_data To append a data frame to a shape objectapprox_areas To approximate area sizes of polygonscalc_densities To calculate density valuesget_projection To get the map projectionset_projection To set the map projection

tmap-package 5

split To split a shape objectsbind To bind shape objectscrop_shape To crop shape objectsmap_coloring To color polygons with different colors for adjacent polygons————————— —————————————————————————————————

Generate spatial objects

smooth_map To create a smooth map (raster, contour lines and dasymetric polygons)smooth_raster_cover To create a smooth cover of a raster objectsample_dots To sample dots from polygonspoints_to_raster To bin spatial points to a rasterpoly_to_raster To convert polygons to a raster————————— —————————————————————————————————

Input functions

read_shape To read a shape objectread_GPX To read a GPX fileread_osm To read Open Street Map data————————— —————————————————————————————————

Output functions

print Plot in graphics device or view interactively in web browser or RStudio’s viewer panetmap_leaflet Obtain a leaflet widget objectanimation_tmap Create an animationsave_tmap To save thematic maps (both in plot and view mode)write_shape To write a shape object————————— —————————————————————————————————

Spatial datasets

World World country data (spatial polygons)

6 +.tmap

Europe European country data (spatial polygons)NLD_prov Netherlands province data (spatial polygons)NLD_muni Netherlands municipal data (spatial polygons)metro Metropolitan araes (spatial points)rivers Rivers (spatial lines)land Global land cover (spatial grid)————————— —————————————————————————————————

Author(s)

Martijn Tennekes

See Also

vignette("tmap-nutshell")

vignette("tmap-modes")

+.tmap Stacking of tmap elements

Description

The plus operator allows you to stack tmap-elements, and groups of tmap-elements.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'tmap'e1 + e2

Arguments

e1 first tmap-element

e2 second tmap-element

See Also

tmap-element and vignette("tmap-nutshell")

../doc/tmap-nutshell.html../doc/tmap-modes.html../doc/tmap-nutshell.html

animation_tmap 7

animation_tmap Create animation

Description

Create a gif or mpeg animation from a tmap plot. The free tool ImageMagick is required.

Usage

animation_tmap(tm, filename = "animation.gif", width = NA, height = NA,delay = 40)

Arguments

tm tmap object. In order to create a series of tmap plots, which will be the frames ofthe animation, it is important to set nrow and ncol in tm_facets, for otherwisea small multiples plot is generated. Commonly, where one map is shown at atime, both nrow and ncol are set to 1.

filename filename of the video (should be a .gif or .mpg file)

width width of the animation file (in pixels)

height height of the animation file (in pixels)

delay delay time between images (in 1/100th of a second)

Note

Not only tmap plots are supported, but any series of R plots.

Examples

## Not run:data(World, metro, Europe)

m1

8 append_data

## End(Not run)

append_data Append data to a shape object

Description

Data, in the format of a data.frame, is appended to a shape object. This is either done by a right joinwhere keys are specified for both data and shape, or by fixed order.

Usage

append_data(shp, data, key.shp = NULL, key.data = NULL,ignore.duplicates = FALSE, ignore.na = FALSE,fixed.order = is.null(key.data) && is.null(key.shp))

Arguments

shp shape object, which is one of

1. SpatialPolygons(DataFrame)

2. SpatialPoints(DataFrame)

3. SpatialLines(DataFrame)

4. SpatialGrid(DataFrame)

5. SpatialPixels(DataFrame)

data data.frame

key.shp variable name of shp map data to be matched with key.data. If not specified,and fixed.order is FALSE, the ID’s of the polygons/lines/points are taken.

key.data variable name of data to be matched with key.shp. If not specified, and fixed.orderis FALSE, the row names of data are taken.

ignore.duplicates

should duplicated keys in data be ignored? (FALSE by default)

ignore.na should NA values in key.data and key.shp be ignored? (FALSE by default)

fixed.order should the data be append in the same order as the shapes in shp?

Value

Shape object with appended data.

approx_areas 9

Examples

## Not run:data(Europe)

f

10 bb

unit.size size of the unit in terms of coordinate units. The coordinate system of many pro-jections is approximately in meters while thematic maps typically range manykilometers, so by default unit="km" and unit.size=1000 (meaning 1 kilome-ter equals 1000 coordinate units).

total.area total area size of shp in number of squared units (by default kilometers). Usefulif the total area of the shp differs from a reference total area value.

Details

To approximate the sizes in squared units, either the total.area or the unit.size is required.Note that this method is an approximation, since it depends on the used projection and the level ofdetail of the SpatialPolygons object. Projections with equal-area property are highly recommended.

Value

Numeric vector of area sizes.

Examples

data(NLD_muni)

NLD_muni$area

bb 11

If x is not specified, a bounding box can be created from scratch (see details.

ext Extension factor of the bounding box. If 1, the bounding box is unchanged. Val-ues smaller than 1 reduces the bounding box, and values larger than 1 enlargesthe bounding box. This argument is a shortcut for both width and height withrelative=TRUE. If a negative value is specified, then the shortest side of thebounding box (so width or height) is extended with ext, and the longest side isextended with the same absolute value. This is especially useful for boundingboxes with very low or high aspect ratios.

cx center x coordinate

cy center y coordinate

width width of the bounding box. These are either absolute or relative (depending onthe argument relative).

height height of the bounding box. These are either absolute or relative (depending onthe argument relative).

xlim limits of the x-axis. These are either absolute or relative (depending on theargument relative).

ylim limits of the y-axis. See xlim.

relative boolean that determines whether relative values are used for width, height,xlim and ylim or absolute. If x is unspecified, relative is set to "FALSE".

current.projection

projection string (see set_projection) of the that corresponds to the

projection projection string (see set_projection) to transform the bounding box to.

as.extent should the bounding box be returned as extent? If FALSE (default) then a matrixis returned

Details

An existing bounding box (defined by x) can be modified as follows:

• Using the extension factor ext.

• Changing the width and height with width and height. The argument relavitve determineswhether relative or absolute values are used.

• Setting the x and y limits. The argument relavitve determines whether relative or absolutevalues are used.

A new bounding box can be created from scratch as follows:

• Using the extension factor ext.

• Setting the center coorinates cx and cy, together with the width and height.

• Setting the x and y limits xlim and ylim

Value

bounding box (see argument as.extent)

12 calc_densities

See Also

geocode_OSM

Examples

## load shapesdata(NLD_muni)data(World)

## get bounding box (similar to sp's function bbox)bb(NLD_muni)

## extent it by factor 1.10bb(NLD_muni, ext=1.10)

## convert to longlatbb(NLD_muni, projection="longlat")

## change existing bounding boxbb(NLD_muni, ext=1.5)bb(NLD_muni, width=2, relative = TRUE)bb(NLD_muni, xlim=c(.25, .75), ylim=c(.25, .75), relative = TRUE)bb("Limburg", projection = "rd")

bb_italy

calc_densities 13

Description

Transpose quantitative variables to densitiy variables, which are often needed for choroplets. Forexample, the colors of a population density map should correspond population density counts ratherthan absolute population numbers.

Usage

calc_densities(shp, var, unit = "km", unit.size = 1000, total.area = NA,suffix = "", drop = TRUE)

Arguments

shp a shape object, i.e., a SpatialPolygons(DataFrame)

var name(s) of a qualtity variable name contained in the shp data

unit the preferred unit, for instance, "km", "m", or "miles". Density values are cal-culated in var/unit^2.


total.area total area size of shp in number of squared units (by default kilometers). Usefulif the total area of the shp differs from a reference total area value.

suffix character that is appended to the variable names. The resulting names are usedas column names of the returned data.frame.

drop boolean that determines whether an one-column data-frame should be returnedas a vector

Value

Vector or data.frame (depending on whether length(var)==1 with density values. This can beappended directly to the shape file with append_data with fixed.order=TRUE.

Examples

data(NLD_muni)

NLD_muni_pop_per_km2

14 geocode_OSM

crop_shape Crop shape object

Description

Crop a shape object (from class Spatial-class or Raster).

Usage

crop_shape(x, y, ...)

Arguments

x shape object, i.e. an object from class Spatial-class or Raster

y bounding box (2 by 2 matrix), an extent, or a shape object from which thebounding box is extracted.

... arguments passed on to crop

Details

This function is a wrapper around crop from the raster package. It does two things in addition:SpatialGrid objects are allowed, and if y is a shape object with a different projection, it is tem-porarily reprojected in order to obtain a bounding box by which x is cropped.

See Also

bb

Examples

data(Europe, land)

land_europe

get_asp_ratio 15

Usage

geocode_OSM(q, projection = "longlat")

Arguments

q a character that specifies a search query. For instance "India" or "CBS Weg 11, Heerlen, Netherlands".

projection projection in which the coordinates and bounding box are returned. Either aPROJ.4 character string or a shortcut. See get_proj4 for a list of shortcut val-ues.

Value

A list of two items: "coords", a vector containing the longitude and latitude coordinates, and"bbox", the corresponding bounding box.

See Also

bb

Examples

geocode_OSM("India")

geocode_OSM("CBS Weg 1, Heerlen")

geocode_OSM("CBS Weg 1, Heerlen", projection = "rd")

get_asp_ratio Get aspect ratio

Description

Get the aspect ratio of a shape object, i.e., the map width devided by the map height.

Usage

get_asp_ratio(x, width = 700, height = 700, res = 100)

Arguments

x shape object (either Spatial or a Raster) or a tmap object.

width See details; only applicable if x is a tmap object.

height See details; only applicable if x is a tmap object.

res See details; only applicable if x is a tmap object.

16 get_proj4

Details

The arguments width, height, and res are passed on to png. If x is a tmap object, a temporarilypng image is created to calculate the aspect ratio of a tmap object. The default size of this image is700 by 700 pixels at 100 dpi.

Value

aspect ratio

get_IDs Get ID’s of the shape items

Description

Get ID’s of the shape items. For polygons and lines, the ID attribute is used. For points, thecoordinates are used.

Usage

get_IDs(shp)

Arguments


1. SpatialPolygons(DataFrame)2. SpatialPoints(DataFrame)3. SpatialLines(DataFrame)

Value

vector of ID’s

get_proj4 Get a PROJ.4 character string

Description

Get full PROJ.4 string from either an existing PROJ.4 string or a shortcut.

Usage

get_proj4(x)

get_proj4 17

Arguments

x a PROJ.4 character string or a shortcut, which is one of:

"longlat" Not really a projection, but a plot of the longitude-latitude coordi-nates (WGS84 datum).

"wintri" Winkel Tripel (1921). Popular projection that is useful in worldmaps. It is the standard of world maps made by the National GeographicSociety. Type: compromise

"robin" Robinson (1963). Another popular projection for world maps. Type:compromise

"eck4" Eckert IV (1906). Projection useful for world maps. Area sizes arepreserved, which makes it particularly useful for truthful choropleths. Type:equal-area

"hd" Hobo-Dyer (2002). Another projection useful for world maps in whicharea sizes are preserved. Type: equal-area

"gall" Gall (Peters) (1855). Another projection useful for world maps inwhich area sizes are preserved. Type: equal-area

"merc" Web Mercator. Projection in which shapes are locally preserved, a vari-ant of the original Mercator (1569), used by Google Maps, Bing Maps, andOpenStreetMap. Areas close to the poles are inflated. Type: conformal

"utmXX(s)" Universal Transverse Mercator. Set of 60 projections where eachprojection is a traverse mercator optimized for a 6 degree longitude range.These ranges are called UTM zones. Zone 01 covers -180 to -174 degrees(West) and zone 60 174 to 180 east. Replace XX in the character stringwith the zone number. For southern hemisphere, add "s". So, for instance,the Netherlands is "utm31" and New Zealand is "utm59s"

"mill" Miller (1942). Projetion based on Mercator, in which poles are dis-played. Type: compromise

"eqc0" Equirectangular (120). Projection in which distances along meridiansare conserved. The equator is the standard parallel. Also known as PlateCarr\’ee. Type: equidistant

"eqc30" Equirectangular (120). Projection in which distances along meridiansare conserved. The latitude of 30 is the standard parallel. Type: equidistant

"eqc45" Equirectangular (120). Projection in which distances along meridiansare conserved. The latitude of 45 is the standard parallel. Also known asGall isographic. Type: equidistant

"rd" Rijksdriehoekstelsel. Triangulation coordinate system used in the Nether-lands.

EPSG code A valid code from the EPSG database

Value

validated PROJ.4 character string

See Also

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections for a overview of projections. http:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projectionshttp://trac.osgeo.org/proj/

18 map_coloring

//trac.osgeo.org/proj/ for the PROJ.4 project home page. An extensive list of PROJ.4 codescan be created with rgdal’s make_EPSG.

land Spatial data of global land cover

Description

Spatial data of global land cover, of class SpatialGridDataFrame. The data includes a populationtimes series from 1950 to (forecasted) 2030. All metro areas with over 1 million inhabitants in 2010are included.

Usage

data(land)

Details

Important: publication of these maps is only allowed when cited to Tateishi et al. (2014), and when"Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Chiba University and collaborating organizations." isshown. See http://www.iscgm.org/gm/glcnmo.html#use.

Source

http://www.iscgm.org/gm/glcnmo.html

References

Production of Global Land Cover Data - GLCNMO2008, Tateishi, R., Thanh Hoan, N., Kobayashi,T., Alsaaideh, B., Tana, G., Xuan Phong, D. (2014), Journal of Geography and Geology, 6 (3).

map_coloring Map coloring

Description

Color the polygons of a map such that adjacent polygons have different colors

Usage

map_coloring(x, algorithm = "greedy", ncols = NA, minimize = FALSE,palette = NULL, contrast = 1)

http://trac.osgeo.org/proj/http://trac.osgeo.org/proj/http://www.iscgm.org/gm/glcnmo.html#usehttp://www.iscgm.org/gm/glcnmo.html

map_coloring 19

Arguments

x Either a SpatialPolygons(DataFrame) or an adjacency list.

algorithm currently, only "greedy" is implemented.

ncols number of colors. By default it is 8 when palette is undefined. Else, it is set tothe length of palette

minimize logical that determines whether algorithm will search for a minimal number ofcolors. If FALSE, the ncols colors will be picked by a random procedure.

palette color palette.

contrast vector of two numbers that determine the range that is used for sequential anddiverging palettes (applicable when auto.palette.mapping=TRUE). Both num-bers should be between 0 and 1. The first number determines where the palettebegins, and the second number where it ends. For sequential palettes, 0 meansthe brightest color, and 1 the darkest color. For diverging palettes, 0 means themiddle color, and 1 both extremes. If only one number is provided, this numberis interpreted as the endpoint (with 0 taken as the start).

Value

If palette is defined, a vector of colors is returned, otherwise a vector of color indices.

Examples

## Not run:qtm(World, fill="MAP_COLORS", fill.palette="Pastel2")tm_shape(World) +

tm_polygons("MAP_COLORS", palette="Pastel2")

## End(Not run)data(World, metro)

World$color

20 offset_line

metro Spatial data of metropolitan areas

Description

Spatial data of metropolitan areas, of class SpatialPointsDataFrame. The data includes a popu-lation times series from 1950 to (forecasted) 2030. All metro areas with over 1 million inhabitantsin 2010 are included.

Usage

data(metro)

Source

http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/

References

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014). WorldUrbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.

offset_line Create a double line or offset line

Description

Create a double line or offset line. The double line can be useful for visualizing two-way tracks oremulating objects such as railway tracks. The offset line can be useful to prevent overlapping ofspatial lines.

Usage

offset_line(shp, offset)

double_line(shp, width, sides = "both")

Arguments

shp SpatialLines(DataFrame)

offset offset from the original lines

width width between the left and righthand side

sides character value that specifies which sides are selected: "both", "left", or"right". The default is "both". For the other two options, see also the shortcutfunction offset_line.

http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/

points_to_raster 21

Examples

### Demo to visualise the route of the Amstel Gold Race, a professional cycling race## Not run:tmpdir

22 points_to_raster

Arguments

shp shape object. Either a SpatialPoints(DataFrame) or a SpatialGrid(DataFrame).

nrow number of raster rows. If NA, it is automatically determined by N and the aspectratio of shp.

ncol number of raster columns. If NA, it is automatically determined by N and theaspect ratio of shp.

N preferred number of raster cells.

by name of a data variable which should be a factor. The points are split andcounted according to the levels of this factor.

to.Raster logical; should the output be a Raster object (TRUE), or a SpatialGridDataFrame(FALSE). If TRUE, a RasterBrick is returned when by is specified, and a RasterLayerwhen by is unspecified.

Details

This function is a wrapper around rasterize.

Value

A SpatialGridDataFrame, or a Raster object when (to.Raster=TRUE)

See Also

poly_to_raster

Examples

## Not run:data(NLD_muni, NLD_prov)

# sample points (each point represents 1000 people)NLD_muni_points

poly_to_raster 23

poly_to_raster Convert spatial polygons to a raster

Description

Convert spatial polygons to a raster. The value of each raster cell will be the polygon ID number.Alternatively, if copy.data, the polygon data is appended to each raster cell.

Usage

poly_to_raster(shp, nrow = NA, ncol = NA, N = 250000, use.cover = FALSE,copy.data = FALSE, to.Raster = !copy.data, ...)

Arguments

shp shape object. Either a SpatialPoints(DataFrame) or a SpatialGrid(DataFrame).

nrow number of raster rows. If NA, it is automatically determined by N and the aspectratio of shp.

ncol number of raster columns. If NA, it is automatically determined by N and theaspect ratio of shp.

N preferred number of raster cells.

use.cover logical; should the cover method be used? This method determines per rastercell which polygon has the highest cover fraction. This method is better, butvery slow, since N times the number of polygons combinations are processed(using the getCover argument of rasterize). By default, when a raster cellis covered by multiple polygons, the last polygon is taken (see fun argment ofrasterize))

copy.data should the polygon data be appended to the raster? Only recommended when Nis small.

to.Raster logical; should the output be a Raster object (TRUE), or a SpatialGridDataFrame(FALSE). If TRUE, a RasterBrick is returned when by is specified, and a RasterLayerwhen by is unspecified. For very large rasters, use TRUE, since large Raster ob-jects are accessed from disk.

... arguments passed on to rasterize

Value

A SpatialGridDataFrame, or a Raster object when (to.Raster=TRUE)

See Also

points_to_raster

24 print.tmap

Examples

## Not run:data(NLD_muni)

# choropleth of 65+ population percentagesqtm(NLD_muni, fill="pop_65plus", format="NLD")

# rasterized versionNLD_rst

qtm 25

Value

If mode=="plot", then a list is returned with the processed shapes and the metadata. If mode=="view",a leaflet object is returned (see also tmap_leaflet)

qtm Quick thematic map plot

Description

Draw a thematic map quickly.

Usage

qtm(shp, fill = NA, bubble.size = NULL, bubble.col = NULL,dot.col = NULL, text = NULL, text.size = 1, text.col = NA,line.lwd = NULL, line.col = NULL, raster = NA, borders = NA,scale = NA, title = NA, projection = NULL, format = NULL,style = NULL, basemaps = NA, ...)

Arguments


1. SpatialPolygons(DataFrame)2. SpatialPoints(DataFrame)3. SpatialLines(DataFrame)4. SpatialGrid(DataFrame)5. SpatialPixels(DataFrame)6. RasterLayer, RasterStack, or RasterBrick

In "view" mode (see tmap_mode) there are two other options. 1) If omitted, aninteractive map without thematic layers is opened. 2) In addition, if a character isprovided, this character is used as a search query for OpenStreetMap nominatim.This will position the interactive map accordingly. Arguments of tm_view, suchas set.view can be passed on directly.

fill either a color to fill the polygons, or name of the data variable in shp to draw achoropleth. Only applicable when shp is type 1 (see above).

bubble.size name of the data variable in shp for the bubble map that specifies the sizes of thebubbles. If neither bubble.size nor bubble.col is specified, no bubble map isdrawn. Only applicable when shp is type 1, 2, or 3 (see above).

bubble.col name of the data variable in shp for the bubble map that specifies the colors ofthe bubbles. If neither bubble.size nor bubble.col is specified, no bubblemap is drawn. Only applicable when shp is type 1, 2, or 3 (see above).

dot.col name of the data variable in shp for the dot map that specifies the colors of thedots.

26 qtm

text Name of the data variable that contains the text labels. Only applicable whenshp is type 1, 2, or 3 (see above).

text.size Font size of the text labels. Either a constant value, or the name of a numericdata variable. Only applicable when shp is type 1, 2, or 3 (see above).

text.col name of the data variable in shp for the that specifies the colors of the text labels.Only applicable when shp is type 1, 2, or 3 (see above).

line.lwd either a line width or a name of the data variable that specifies the line width.Only applicable when shp is type 3 (see above).

line.col either a line color or a name of the data variable that specifies the line colors.Only applicable when shp is type 3 (see above).

raster either a color or a name of the data variable that specifices the raster colors.Only applicable when shp is type 4, 5, or 6 (see above).

borders color of the polygon borders. Use NA to omit the borders.

scale numeric value that serves as the global scale parameter. All font sizes, bubblesizes, border widths, and line widths are controled by this value. The param-eters bubble.size, text.size, and line.lwd can be scaled seperately withrespectively bubble.scale, text.scale, and line.scale.

title main title. For legend titles, use X.style, where X is layer name (see ...).

projection character that determines the projection. Either a PROJ.4 character string or ashortcut. See get_proj4 for a list of shortcut values. By default, the projec-tion is used that is defined in the shp object itself, which can be obtained withget_projection.

format tm_layout wrapper used for format. Currently available in tmap: "World", "Eu-rope", "NLD", "World_wide", "Europe_wide", "NLD_wide". Own wrapperscan be used as well (see details).

style tm_layout wrapper used for style. Available in tmap: "bw", "classic". Ownwrappers can be used as well (see details).

basemaps basemaps for the view mode. See tm_view

... arguments passed on to the tm_* functions. If an argument name is not uniquefor a particular tm_ function, then it should be prefixed with the function namewithout "tm_". For instance, style is an argument of tm_fill, tm_bubbles,and tm_lines. Therefore, in order to define the style for a choropleth, itsarugment name should be fill.style.

Details

This function is a convenient wrapper of the main plotting method of stacking tmap-elements. Thefirst argument is a shape object (normally specified by tm_shape). The next arguments, from fillto raster, are the aesthetics from the main layers. The remaining arguments are related to the maplayout. Any argument from any main layer can be specified (see ...). It is also possible to stacktmap-elements on a qtm plot. See examples.

For format any character value, say "xxx" can be used if the wrapper function "tm_format_xxx"exists. The same applies for the arguments colors, and style.

read_GPX 27

Value

tmap-element

See Also


Examples

data(World, rivers, metro)

# just the mapqtm(World)

# choroplethqtm(World, fill = "economy", format="World", style="col_blind")

qtm(World, fill="HPI", fill.n=9, fill.palette="div", fill.auto.palette.mapping=FALSE,fill.title="Happy Planet Index", format="World", style="gray")

# bubble mapqtm(World, borders = NULL) + qtm(metro, bubble.size = "pop2010",

bubble.title.size="Metropolitan Areas", bubble.scale=.5, format = "World")

# TIP: check out these examples in view mode, enabled with tmap_mode("view")

read_GPX Read GPX file

Description

Read a GPX file. By default, it reads all possible GPX layers, and only returns shapes for layersthat have any features.

Usage

read_GPX(file, layers = c("waypoints", "tracks", "routes", "track_points","route_points"))

Arguments

file a GPX filename (including directory)

layers vector of GPX layers. Possible options are "waypoints", "tracks", "routes","track_points", "route_points". By dedault, all those layers are read.

../doc/tmap-nutshell.html

28 read_osm

Value

for each defiend layer, a shape is returned (only if the layer has any features). If only one layeris defined, the corresponding shape is returned. If more than one layer is defined, a list of shapeobjects, one for each layer, is returned.

Examples

### Demo to visualise the route of the Amstel Gold Race, a professional cycling race## Not run:tmpdir

read_osm 29

osm_poly(query)

osm_line(query)

osm_point(query)

Arguments

x shape, bounding box, or osmar object. If a shape (from class Spatial orRaster) is specified, the bounding box of it is taken. See also ... (otherarguments). If a bounding box is specified, it should be in longitude latitudecoordinates.

raster logical that determines whether a raster or vector shapes are returned. In the lat-ter case, specify the vector selections (see argument ...). By default, raster=TRUEif no vector selections are made, and raster=FALSE otherwise.

zoom passed on to openmap. Only applicable when raster=TRUE.

type passed on to openmap Only applicable when raster=TRUE.

minNumTiles passed on to openmap Only applicable when raster=TRUE.

mergeTiles passed on to openmap Only applicable when raster=TRUE.

... arguments passed on to bb in case x is a shape, or arguments that specifypolygons, lines, and/or points queries, created with osm_poly, osm_line, andosm_point respectively.

query query to select polygons, lines, or points. Currently, two formats are sup-ported: 1) key, 2) key=value. See http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Map_Features for Open Street Map keys and values.

Value

The output of read_osm is a SpatialGridDataFrame if raster=TRUE, and otherwise a named listof SpatialPolygonsDataFrame, SpatialLinesDataFrame, and/or SpatialPointsDataFrame ob-jects. The names of this list are the names of arguments defined at ....

Examples

## Not run:#### Choropleth with OSM background

# load Netherlands shapedata(NLD_muni)

# read OSM raster dataosm_NLD

30 read_shape

tm_polygons("population", convert2density=TRUE, style="kmeans", alpha=.7, palette="Purples")

#### A close look at the building of Statistics Netherlands in Heerlen

# create a bounding box around the CBS (Statistics Netherlands) buildingCBS_bb

read_shape 31

Arguments

file a shape file name (including directory)current.projection

the current projection of the shape object, if it is missing in the shape file.It should be either a PROJ.4 character string (see http://trac.osgeo.org/proj/), of one of the following shortcuts:

"longlat" Not really a projection, but a plot of the longitude-latitude coordi-nates (WGS84 datum).

"wintri" Winkel Tripel (1921). Popular projection that is useful in worldmaps. It is the standard of world maps made by the National GeographicSociety. Type: compromise

"robin" Robinson (1963). Another popular projection for world maps. Type:compromise

"eck4" Eckert IV (1906). Projection useful for world maps. Area sizes arepreserved, which makes it particularly useful for truthful choropleths. Type:equal-area

"hd" Hobo-Dyer (2002). Another projection useful for world maps in whicharea sizes are preserved. Type: equal-area

"gall" Gall (Peters) (1855). Another projection useful for world maps inwhich area sizes are preserved. Type: equal-area

"merc" Mercator (1569). Projection in which shapes are locally preserved.However, areas close to the poles are inflated. Google Maps uses a closevariant of the Mercator. Type: conformal

"utmXX(s)" Universal Transverse Mercator. Set of 60 projections where eachprojection is a traverse mercator optimized for a 6 degree longitude range.These ranges are called UTM zones. Zone 01 covers -180 to -174 degrees(West) and zone 60 174 to 180 east. Replace XX in the character stringwith the zone number. For southern hemisphere, add "s". So, for instance,the Netherlands is "utm31" and New Zealand is "utm59s"

"mill" Miller (1942). Projetion based on Mercator, in which poles are dis-played. Type: compromise

"eqc0" Equirectangular (120). Projection in which distances along meridiansare conserved. The equator is the standard parallel. Also known as PlateCarr\’ee. Type: equidistant

"eqc30" Equirectangular (120). Projection in which distances along meridiansare conserved. The latitude of 30 is the standard parallel. Type: equidistant

"eqc45" Equirectangular (120). Projection in which distances along meridiansare conserved. The latitude of 45 is the standard parallel. Also known asGall isographic. Type: equidistant

"rd" Rijksdriehoekstelsel. Triangulation coordinate system used in the Nether-lands.

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections for a overviewof projections. Use set_projection to reproject the shape object.

... other parameters, such as stringsAsFactors, are passed on to readOGR

http://trac.osgeo.org/proj/http://trac.osgeo.org/proj/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections

32 sample_dots

Details

This function is a convenient wrapper of rgdal’s readOGR. It is possible to set the current projection,if it is undefined in the shape file. If a reprojection is required, use set_projection.

For the Netherlands: often, the Dutch Rijksdriehoekstelsel (Dutch National Grid) projection is pro-vided in the shape file without proper datum shift parameters to wgs84. This functions automaticallyadds these parameters. See http://www.qgis.nl/2011/12/05/epsg28992-of-rijksdriehoekstelsel-verschuiving/(in Dutch) for details.

Value

shape object

rivers Spatial data of rivers

Description

Spatial data of rivers, of class SpatialLinesDataFrame

Usage

data(rivers)

Source

http://www.naturalearthdata.com

sample_dots Sample dots from spatial polygons

Description

Sample dots from spatial polygons according to a spatial distribution of a population. The popula-tion may consist of classes. The output, a SpatialPointsDataFrame, can be used to create a dot map(see tm_dots), where the dots are colored according to the classes.

Usage

sample_dots(shp, vars = NULL, convert2density = FALSE, nrow = NA,ncol = NA, N = 250000, npop = NA, n = 10000, w = NA,shp.id = NULL, var.name = "class", var.labels = vars, unit = "km",unit.size = 1000, randomize = TRUE, output = c("points", "grid"), ...)

http://www.qgis.nl/2011/12/05/epsg28992-of-rijksdriehoekstelsel-verschuiving/http://www.naturalearthdata.com

sample_dots 33

Arguments

shp A shape object, more specifically, a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame.

vars Names of one or more variables that are contained in shp. If vars is not pro-vided, the dots are sampled uniformly. If vars consists of one variable name,the dots are sampled according to the distribution of the corresponding variable.If vars consist of more than one variable names, then the dots are sampled ac-cording to the distributions of those variables. A categorical variable is addedthat contains the distrubtion classes (see var.name).

convert2density

Should the variables be converted to density values? Density values are used forthe sampling algorithm, so use TRUE when the values are absolute counts.

nrow Number of grid rows

ncol Number of grid colums

N Number of grid points

npop Population total. If NA, it is recontructed from the data. If density values arespecified, the population total is approximated using the polygon areas (see alsounit and unit.size).

n Number of sampled dots

w Number of population units per dot. It is the population total divided by n. Ifspecified, n is calculated accordingly.

shp.id Name of the variable of shp that contains the polygon identifying numbers ornames.

var.name Name of the variable that will be created to store the classes. The classes aredefined by vars, and the labels can be configured with var.labels.

var.labels Labels of the classes (see var.name).

unit Unit, see calc_densities. Needed to relate npop to w, if they are not bothspecified.

unit.size Unit size, see calc_densities. Needed to relate npop to w, if they are not bothspecified.

randomize should the order of sampled dots be randomized? The dots are sampled class-wise (specified by vars). If this order is not randomized (so if randomize=FALSE),then the dots from the last class will be drawn on top, which may introduce a per-ception bias. By default randomize=TRUE, so the sampled dots are randomizedto prevent this bias.

output format of the output: use "points" for spatial points, and "grid" for a spatialgrid.

... other arguments passed on to calc_densities and approx_areas

Details

The sampling algoritm is the following: TO DO

34 save_tmap

Examples

## Not run:data(World)World_dots

sbind 35

insets_vp viewport of an inset map, or a list of viewports of multiple inset maps. Thenumber of viewports should be equal to the number of tmap objects specifiedwith insets_tm.

verbose should information messages be returned?

... arguments passed on to device functions or to saveWidget

Examples

## Not run:data(NLD_muni, NLD_prov)m

36 set_projection

Arguments

... shape objects. Each shape object is one of1. SpatialPolygons(DataFrame)2. SpatialPoints(DataFrame)3. SpatialLines(DataFrame)

Value

shape object

set_projection Set and get the map projection

Description

The function set_projection sets the projection of a shape file. It is a convenient wrapper ofspTransform and projectRaster with shortcuts for commonly used projections. The projectioncan also be set directly in the plot call with tm_shape. This function is also used to set the currentprojection information if this is missing. The function get_projection is used to get the projectioninformation.

Usage

set_projection(shp, projection = NULL, current.projection = NULL,overwrite.current.projection = FALSE)

get_projection(shp)

Arguments

shp shape object of class Spatial or Raster (see details).projection character that determines the new projection. Either a PROJ.4 character string

or a shortcut. See get_proj4 for a list of shortcut values. This argument is onlyused to transform the shp. Use current.projection to specify the currentprojection of shp.

current.projection

the current projection of shp. Only use this if the current projection is missingor wrong.

overwrite.current.projection

logical that determines whether the current projection is overwritten if it alreadyhas a projection that is different.

Details

For raster objects, the projection method is based on the type of data. For numeric layers, thebilinear method is used, and for categorical layers the nearest neighbor. See projectRaster fordetails.

smooth_map 37

Value

set_projection returns a (transformed) shape object with updated projection information. get_projectionreturns the PROJ.4 character string of shp.

smooth_map Create a smooth map in various formats: smooth raster, contour lines,and dasymetric polygons.

Description

Create contour lines (isolines) from a shape object. To make the iso lines smooth, a 2D kernaldensity estimator is applied on the shape object. These lines are used to draw an isopleth. Also, thepolygons between the countour lines are returned. They can be used to create a dasymetric map.

Usage

smooth_map(shp, var = NULL, nrow = NA, ncol = NA, N = 250000,unit = "km", unit.size = 1000, smooth.raster = TRUE, nlevels = 5,style = ifelse(is.null(breaks), "pretty", "fixed"), breaks = NULL,bandwidth = NA, cover.type = NA, cover = NULL, cover.threshold = 0.6,weight = 1, extracting.method = "full", buffer.width = NA,to.Raster = FALSE)

Arguments

shp shape object of class Spatial or Raster. Spatial points, polygons, and gridsare supported. Spatial lines are not.

var variable name. Not needed for SpatialPoints. If missing, the first variablename is taken.

nrow number of rows in the raster that is used to smooth the shape object. Onlyapplicable if shp is not a SpatialGrid(DataFrame) or Raster

ncol number of rows in the raster that is used to smooth the shape object. Onlyapplicable if shp is not a SpatialGrid(DataFrame) or Raster

N preferred number of points in the raster that is used to smooth the shape object.Only applicable if shp is not a SpatialGrid(DataFrame) or Raster

unit unit specification. Needed when calculating density values. When set to NA, thedensities values are based on the dimensions of the raster (defined by nrow andncol). See also unit.size.


smooth.raster logical that determines whether 2D kernel density smoothing is applied to theraster shape object. Not applicable when shp is a SpatialPoints object.

38 smooth_map

nlevels preferred number of levels

style method to cut the color scale: e.g. "fixed", "equal", "pretty", "quantile", or"kmeans". See the details in classIntervals.

breaks in case style=="fixed", breaks should be specified

bandwidth single numeric value or vector of two numeric values that specifiy the bandwidthof the kernal density estimator. By default, it is 1/50th of the shortest side in units(specified with unit.size).

cover.type character value that specifies the type of raster cover, in other words, how theboundaries are specified. Options: "original" uses the same boundaries asshp (default for polygons), "smooth" calculates a smooth boundary based onthe 2D kernal density (determined by smooth_raster_cover), "rect" uses thebounding box of shp as boundaries (default for spatial points and grids).

cover SpatialPolygons shape that determines the covered area in which the contourlines are placed. If specified, cover.type is ignored.

cover.threshold

numeric value between 0 and 1 that determines which part of the estimated 2Dkernal density is returned as cover. Only applicable when cover.type="smooth".

weight single number that specifies the weight of a single point. Only applicable if shpis a SpatialPoints object.

extracting.method

Method of how coordinates are extracted from the dasymetric polygons. Op-tions are: "full" (default), "grid", and "single". See details. For the slowestmethod "full", extract is used. For "grid", points on a grid layout are se-lected that intersect with the polygon. For "simple", a simple point is generatedwith gPointOnSurface.

buffer.width Buffer width of the iso lines to cut dasymetric polygons. Should be small enoughto let the polygons touch each other without space in between. However, too lowvalues may cause geometric errors.

to.Raster should the "raster" output (see output) be a RasterLayer? By default, it isreturned as a SpatialGridDataFrame

Details

For the estimation of the 2D kernal density, code is borrowed from bkde2D. This implementionis slightly different: bkde2D takes point coordinates and applies linear binning, whereas in thisfunction, the data is already binned, with values 1 if the values of var are not missing and 0 ifvalues of var are missing.

Value

List with the following items:

"raster" A smooth raster, which is either a SpatialGridDataFrame or a RasterLayer (seeto.Raster)

"iso" Contour lines, which is a SpatialLinesDataFrame

"dasy" Dasymetric polygons, which is a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame

smooth_map 39

"bbox" Bounding box of the used raster

"ncol" Number of rows in the raster

"nrow" Number of columns in the raster

Examples

###################################### Already smoothed raster####################################vol

40 smooth_map

# assign to World shapeWorld$pop_metro

smooth_raster_cover 41

smooth_raster_cover Get a smoothed cover of a raster object

Description

Get a smoothed cover of a raster object. From all non-missing values of a raster object, a 2D kernaldensity is applied. The output is a SpatialPolygons object. Used by smooth_map.

Usage

smooth_raster_cover(shp, var = NA, bandwidth = NA, threshold = 0.6,output = "SpatialPolygons")

Arguments

shp raster object, from either SpatialGrid(DataFrame) or Raster class.

var name of the variable from which missing values are flagged. If unspecified, thefirst variable will be taken.

bandwidth single numeric value or vector of two numeric values that specifiy the bandwidthof the kernal density estimator. See details.

threshold numeric value between 0 and 1 that determines which part of the estimated 2Dkernal density is returned as cover.

output class of the returned object. One of: SpatialPolygons, SpatialLines, SpatialGridDataFrame,or RasterLayer. A vector of class names results in a list of output objects.

Details

For the estimation of the 2D kernal density, code is borrowed from bkde2D. This implementionis slightly different: bkde2D takes point coordinates and applies linear binning, whereas in thisfunction, the data is already binned, with values 1 if the values of var are not missing and 0 ifvalues of var are missing.

split.SpatialPolygons Divide into multiple shape objects

Description

Divide a shape object into multiple objects.

42 style_catalogue

Usage

## S3 method for class 'SpatialPolygons'split(x, f, drop = FALSE, ...)

## S3 method for class 'SpatialPoints'split(x, f, drop = FALSE, ...)

## S3 method for class 'SpatialLines'split(x, f, drop = FALSE, ...)

Arguments

x shape object, which is one of

1. SpatialPolygons(DataFrame)

2. SpatialPoints(DataFrame)

3. SpatialLines(DataFrame)

f factor to split x

drop unused factor levels are dropped

... other arguments (not used)

Value

List of shape objects.

style_catalogue Create a style catalogue

Description

Create a style catalogue for each predefined tmap style. The result is a set of png images, one foreach style.

Usage

style_catalogue(path = "./tmap_style_previews", styles = NA,include.global.styles = TRUE)

style_catalog(path = "./tmap_style_previews", styles = NA,include.global.styles = TRUE)

tmap-element 43

Arguments

path path where the png images are stored

styles vector of tm_style_XXX function names. By default, it contains all styles thatare included in tmap, and, if include.global.styles=TRUE, also the user de-fined tm_style_XXX function names.

include.global.styles

See above

tmap-element tmap element

Description

Building block for drawing thematic maps. All element functions have the prefix tm_.

Details

The fundamental, and hence required element is

• tm_shape that specifies the shape object, and also specifies the projection and bounding box

The elements that serve as aesthetics layers are

• tm_fill to fill the polygons

• tm_borders to draw polygon borders

• tm_polygons to draw polygons (it is a combination of tm_fill and tm_borders)

• tm_bubbles to draw bubbles

• tm_lines to draw lines

• tm_text to add text annotations

• tm_raster to draw a raster

The layers can be stacked by simply adding them with the + symbol. The combination of theelements described above form one group. Multiple groups can be stacked. Each group should startwith tm_shape.

The attribute elements are

• tm_grid to specify coordinate grid lines

• tm_credits to add a credits/acknowledgements text label

• tm_scale_bar to add a measurement scale bar

• tm_compass to add a map compass

The element tm_facets specifies facets (small multiples). The element tm_layout is used tochange the layout of the map.

44 tmap_leaflet

See Also


vignette("tmap-modes")

The examples in each of the element functions

tmap_leaflet Create a leaflet widget from a tmap object

Description

Create a leaflet widget from a tmap object. An interactive map (see tmap_mode) is an automaticallygenerated leaflet widget. With this function, this leaflet widget is obtained, which can then bechanged or extended by using leaflet’s own methods.

Usage

tmap_leaflet(x, mode = "view", show = FALSE, ...)

Arguments

x tmap object. A tmap object is created with qtm or by stacking tmap-elements.

mode the mode of tmap, which is set to "view" in order to obtain the leaflet object.See tmap_mode for details.

show should the leaflet map be shown? FALSE by default

... arguments passed on to print.tmap

Value

leaflet object

See Also

tmap_mode, tm_view, print.tmap

Examples

# world choropleth/bubble map of the worlddata(World, metro)metro$growth

tmap_mode 45

tm_layout(legend.bg.color = "grey90", legend.bg.alpha=.5, legend.frame=TRUE)

lf % leaflet::addMarkers(2.2945, 48.8582, popup = "Eiffel tower")

tmap_mode Set tmap mode to static plotting or interactive viewing

Description

Set tmap mode to static plotting or interactive viewing. The global option tmap.mode determinesthe whether thematic maps are plot in the graphics device, or shown as an interactive leaflet map.The function tmap_mode is a wrapper to set this global option. The convenient function ttm is atoggle switch between the two modes. Tip: use tmap_mode in scripts and ttm in the console.

Usage

tmap_mode(mode = c("plot", "view"))

ttm()

Arguments

mode one of

"plot" Thematic maps are shown in the graphics device. This is the defaultmode, and supports all tmap’s features, such as small multiples (see tm_facets)and extensive layout settings (see tm_layout). It is recommended for sav-ing static maps (see save_tmap).

"view" Thematic maps are viewed interactively in the web browser or RStu-dio’s Viewer pane. Maps are fully interactive with tiles from OpenStreetMapor other map providers. See tm_view for options related to the "view"mode. This mode generates a leaflet widget, which can also be directlyobtained with tmap_leaflet. With RMarkdown, it is possible to publishit to an HTML page. There are a couple of contraints in comparison to"plot":

• The map is always projected accoring to the Web Mercator projection.Although this projection is the de facto standard for interactive web-based mapping, it lacks the equal-area property, which is importantfor many thematic maps, especially choropleths (see examples fromtm_shape).

46 tmap_mode

• Small multiples are not supported• The legend cannot be made for aesthetics regarding size, which are

bubble size and line width.• Text labels are not supported (yet)• The layout options set with tm_layout) regarding map format are not

used. However, the styling options still apply.

Value

the mode before changing

See Also

vignette("tmap-modes"), tm_view for viewing options, and tmap_leaflet for obtaining a leafletwidget

Examples

# world choropleth/bubble map of the worlddata(World, metro)metro$growth

tmap_style 47

title = "Population (per km^2)", id = "name") +tm_borders("grey25", alpha=.5) +tm_shape(NLD_prov) +tm_borders("grey40", lwd=2)

# restore current modetmap_mode(current.mode)

tmap_style Set the default tmap style

Description

Set the default tmap style, which is contained in the global option tmap.style.

Usage

tmap_style(style)

Arguments

style name of the style. The function tm_style_ should exist and be a wrap-per of tm_layout. The default style when loading the package is "white",which corresponds to the function tm_style_white.

Value

the style before changing

See Also

tm_layout for predefined styles, and style_catalogue to create a style catelogue of all availablestyles.

Examples

data(World)

current.style

48 tm_bubbles

tm_bubbles Draw bubbles or dots

Description

Creates a tmap-element that draws bubbles or small dots. Both colors and sizes of the bubbles canbe mapped to data variables.

Usage

tm_bubbles(size = 0.2, col = NA, alpha = NA, border.col = NA,border.lwd = 1, border.alpha = NA, scale = 1, perceptual = FALSE,size.lim = NA, sizes.legend = NULL, sizes.legend.labels = NULL, n = 5,style = ifelse(is.null(breaks), "pretty", "fixed"), breaks = NULL,palette = NULL, labels = NULL, auto.palette.mapping = TRUE,contrast = NA, max.categories = 12, colorNA = NA, textNA = "Missing",showNA = NA, jitter = 0, xmod = 0, ymod = 0, title.size = NA,title.col = NA, legend.size.show = TRUE, legend.col.show = TRUE,legend.format = list(), legend.size.is.portrait = FALSE,legend.col.is.portrait = TRUE, legend.hist = FALSE,legend.hist.title = NA, legend.size.z = NA, legend.col.z = NA,legend.hist.z = NA, id = NA)

tm_dots(col = NA, size = 0.02, title = NA, legend.show = TRUE,legend.is.portrait = TRUE, legend.z = NA, ...)

Arguments

size a single value or a shp data variable that determines the bubble sizes. The refer-ence value size=1 corresponds to the area of bubbles that have the same heightas one line of text. If a data variable is provided, the bubble sizes are scaled pro-portionally (or perceptually, see perceptual) where the largest bubble will getsize=1. If multiple values are specified, small multiples are drawn (see details).

col color(s) of the bubble. Either a color (vector), or categorical variable name(s).If multiple values are specified, small multiples are drawn (see details).

alpha transparency number between 0 (totally transparent) and 1 (not transparent). Bydefault, the alpha value of the col is used (normally 1).

border.col color of the bubble borders.

border.lwd line width of the bubble borders. If NA (default), no bubble borders are drawn.

border.alpha transparency number, regarding the bubble borders, between 0 (totally trans-parent) and 1 (not transparent). By default, the alpha value of the col is used(normally 1).

scale bubble size multiplier number.

tm_bubbles 49

perceptual logical that determines whether bubbles are scales with a perceptually (TRUE)or mathematically (FALSE, default value). The perceived area of larger bubblesis often underestimated. Flannery (1971) experimentally derived a method tocompensate this, which is enabled by this argument.

size.lim vector of two limit values of the size variable. Only bubbles are drawn whosevalue is greater than or equal to the first value. Bubbles whose values exceed thesecond value are drawn at the size of the second value. Only applicable whensize is the name of a numeric variable of shp

sizes.legend vector of bubble sizes that are shown in the legend. By default, this is determinedautomatically.

sizes.legend.labels

vector of labels for that correspond to sizes.legend.

n preferred number of color scale classes. Only applicable when col is a numericvariable name.

style method to process the color scale when col is a numeric variable. Discrete op-tions are "cat", "fixed", "sd", "equal", "pretty", "quantile", "kmeans","hclust", "bclust", "fisher", and "jenks". A numeric variable is processedas a categorial variable when using "cat", i.e. each unique value will corre-spond to a distinct category. For the other discrete options, see the details inclassIntervals. Continuous options are "cont" and "order". The former mapsthe values of col to a smooth gradient, whereas the latter maps the order of val-ues of col to a smooth gradient. They are the continuous variants of respectivelythe discrete methods "equal" and quantile".

breaks in case style=="fixed", breaks should be specified

palette color palette (see RColorBrewer::display.brewer.all) for the bubbles. Onlywhen col is set to a variable. The default palette is taken from tm_layout’s ar-gument aes.palette.

labels labels of the classesauto.palette.mapping

When diverging colour palettes are used (i.e. "RdBu") this method automaticallymaps colors to values such that the middle colors (mostly white or yellow) areassigned to values of 0, and the two sides of the color palette are assigned tonegative respectively positive values. When categorical color palettes are used,this method stretches the palette is there are more levels than colors.


max.categories in case col is the name of a categorical variable, this value determines howmany categories (levels) it can have maximally. If the number of levels is higherthan max.categories and auto.palette.mapping is FALSE, then levels arecombined.

50 tm_bubbles

colorNA colour for missing values. Use NULL for transparency.

textNA text used for missing values.

showNA logical that determines whether missing values are named in the legend. Bydefault (NA), this depends on the presence of missing values.

jitter number that determines the amount of jittering, i.e. the random noise added tothe position of the bubbles. 0 means no jittering is applied, any positive numbermeans that the random noise has a standard deviation of jitter times the heightof one line of text line.

xmod horizontal position modification of the bubbles, in terms of the height of oneline of text. Either a single number for all polygons, or a numeric variable inthe shape data specifying a number for each polygon. Together with ymod, itdetermines position modification of the bubbles. See also jitter for randomposition modifications. In most coordinate systems (projections), the origin islocated at the bottom left, so negative xmod move the bubbles to the left, andnegative ymod values to the bottom.

ymod vertical position modification. See xmod.

title.size title of the legend element regarding the bubble sizes

title.col title of the legend element regarding the bubble colorslegend.size.show

logical that determines whether the legend for the bubble sizes is shownlegend.col.show

logical that determines whether the legend for the bubble colors is shown

legend.format list of formatting options for the legend numbers. Only applicable if labels isundefined. Parameters are:

scientific Should the labels be formatted scientically? If so, square brackets areused, and the format of the numbers is "g". Otherwise, format="f", andtext.separator, text.less.than, and text.or.more are used. Also,the numbers are automatically rounded to millions or billions if applicable.

format By default, "f", i.e. the standard notation xxx.xxx, is used. If scientific=TRUEthen "g", which means that numbers are formatted scientically, i.e. n.dddE+nnif needed to save space.

digits Number of digits after the decimal point if format="f", and the numberof significant digits otherwise.

text.separator Character string to use to separate numbers in the legend (de-fault: "to").

text.less.than Character string to use to translate "Less than" (which is the de-fault).

text.or.more Character string to use to translate "or more" (which is the de-fault).

... Other arguments passed on to formatClegend.size.is.portrait

logical that determines whether the legend element regarding the bubble sizes isin portrait mode (TRUE) or landscape (FALSE)

tm_bubbles 51

legend.col.is.portrait

logical that determines whether the legend element regarding the bubble colorsis in portrait mode (TRUE) or landscape (FALSE)

legend.hist logical that determines whether a histogram is shown regarding the bubble col-ors

legend.hist.title

title for the histogram. By default, one title is used for both the histogram andthe normal legend for bubble colors.

legend.size.z index value that determines the position of the legend element regarding thebubble sizes with respect to other legend elements. The legend elements arestacked according to their z values. The legend element with the lowest z valueis placed on top.

legend.col.z index value that determines the position of the legend element regarding thebubble colors. (See legend.size.z)

legend.hist.z index value that determines the position of the histogram legend element. (Seelegend.size.z)

id name of the data variable that specifies the indices of the bubbles. Only used for"view" mode (see tmap_mode).

title shortcut for title.col for tm_dots

legend.show shortcut for legend.col.show for tm_dotslegend.is.portrait

shortcut for legend.col.is.portrait for tm_dots

legend.z shortcut for legend.col.z shortcut for tm_dots

... arguments passed on to tm_bubbles

Details

Small multiples can be drawn in two ways: either by specifying the by argument in tm_facets, orby defining multiple variables in the aesthetic arguments. The aesthetic arguments of tm_bubblesare size and col. In the latter case, the arguments, except for the ones starting with legend., canbe specified for small multiples as follows. If the argument normally only takes a single value, suchas n, then a vector of those values can be specified, one for each small multiple. If the argumentnormally can take a vector, such as palette, then a list of those vectors (or values) can be specified,one for each small multiple.

Value

tmap-element

References

Flannery J (1971). The Relative Effectiveness of Some Common Graduated Point Symbols in thePresentation of Quantitative Data. Canadian Cartographer, 8 (2), 96-109.

See Also



52 tm_compass

Examples

data(World, metro)metro$growth

tm_credits 53

show.labels number that specifies which labels are shown: 0 means no labels, 1 (default)means only north, 2 means all four cardinal directions, and 3 means the fourcardinal directions and the four intercardinal directions (e.g. north-east).

cardinal.directions

labels that are used for the cardinal directions north, east, south, and west.

text.color color of the text. By default equal to the argument attr.color of tm_layout.

color.dark color of the dark parts of the compass, typically (and by default) black.

color.light color of the light parts of the compass, typically (and by default) white.

lwd line width of the compass

position position of the text. Vector of two values, specifing the x and y coordinates.Either this vector contains "left", "LEFT", "center", "right", or "RIGHT" for thefirst value and "top", "TOP", "center", "bottom", or "BOTTOM" for the secondvalue, or this vector contains two numeric values between 0 and 1 that specifiesthe x and y value of the left bottom corner of the compass. The uppercase valuescorrespond to the position without margins (so tighter to the frame). The defaultvalue is controlled by the argument "attr.position" of tm_layout.

Examples

current.mode

54 tm_credits

Arguments

text text. Multiple lines can be created with the line break symbol "\n". Facets canhave different texts: in that case a vector of characters is required. Use "" toomit the credits for specific facets.

size relative text size

col color of the text. By default equal to the argument attr.color of tm_layout.

alpha transparency number between 0 (totally transparent) and 1 (not transparent). Bydefault, the alpha value of col is used (normally 1).

align horizontal alignment: "left" (default), "center", or "right". Only applicableif text contains multiple lines

bg.color background color for the text

bg.alpha Transparency number between 0 (totally transparent) and 1 (not transparent).By default, the alpha value of the bg.color is used (normally 1).

fontface font face of the text. By default, determined by the fontface argument of tm_layout.

fontfamily font family of the text. By default, determined by the fontfamily argument oftm_layout.

position position of the text. Vector of two values, specifing the x and y coordinates.Either this vector contains "left", "LEFT", "center", "right", or "RIGHT" for thefirst value and "top", "TOP", "center", "bottom", or "BOTTOM" for the secondvalue, or this vector contains two numeric values between 0 and 1 that specifiesthe x and y value of the center of the text. The uppercase values correspondto the position without margins (so tighter to the frame). The default value iscontrolled by the argument "attr.position" of tm_layout.

See Also

tm_xlab

Examples

current.mode

tm_facets 55

tm_facets Small multiples

Description

Creates a tmap-element that specifies facets (small multiples). Small multiples can be created intwo ways: 1) by specifying the by argument with one or two variable names, by which the datais grouped, 2) by specifying multiple variable names in any of the aesthetic argument of the layerfunctions (for instance, the argument col in tm_fill). This function further specifies the facets, forinstance number of rows and columns, and whether the coordinate and scales are fixed or free (i.e.independent of each other).

Usage

tm_facets(by = NULL, ncol = NULL, nrow = NULL, free.coords = FALSE,drop.units = free.coords, drop.empty.facets = TRUE, showNA = NA,textNA = "Missing", free.scales = is.null(by),free.scales.fill = free.scales, free.scales.bubble.size = free.scales,free.scales.bubble.col = free.scales, free.scales.text.size = free.scales,free.scales.text.col = free.scales, free.scales.line.col = free.scales,free.scales.line.lwd = free.scales, free.scales.raster = free.scales,inside.original.bbox = FALSE, scale.factor = 2,drop.shapes = drop.units)

Arguments

by data variable name by which the data is split, or a vector of two variable namesto split the data by two variables (where the first is used for the rows and thesecond for the columns).

ncol number of columns of the small multiples grid. Not applicable if by containstwo variable names.

nrow number of rows of the small multiples grid. Not applicable if by contains twovariable names.

free.coords logical. If the by argument is specified, should each map has its own coordinateranges?

drop.units logical. If the by argument is specified, should non-selected spatial units bedropped? If FALSE, they are plotted where mapped aesthetics are regared asmissing values. By default, TRUE if free.coords=TRUE. Not applicable forraster shapes.

drop.empty.facets

logical. If the by argument is specified, should empty facets be dropped? Emptyfacets occur when the by-variable contains unused levels. When TRUE and twoby-variables are specified, empty rows and colums are dropped.

56 tm_facets

showNA If the by argument is specified, should missing values of the by-variable beshown in a facet? If two by-variables are specified, should missing values beshown in an additional row and column? If NA, missing values only are shownif they exist. Similar to the useNA argument of table, where TRUE, FALSE, andNA correspond to "always", "no", and "ifany" respectively.

textNA text used for facets of missing values.

free.scales logical. Should all scales of the plotted data variables be free, i.e. independentof each other? Possible data variables are color from tm_fill, color and sizefrom tm_bubbles and line color from tm_lines.

free.scales.fill

logical. Should the color scale for the choropleth be free?

free.scales.bubble.size

logical. Should the bubble size scale for the bubble map be free?

free.scales.bubble.col

logical. Should the color scale for the bubble map be free?

free.scales.text.size

logical. Should the text size scale be free?

free.scales.text.col

logical. Should the text color scale be free?

free.scales.line.col

Should the line color scale be free?free.scales.line.lwd

Should the line width scale be free?free.scales.raster

Should the color scale for raster layers be free?

inside.original.bbox

If free.coords, should the bounding box of each small multiple be inside theoriginal bounding box?

scale.factor Number that determines how the elements (e.g. font sizes, bubble sizes, linewidths) of the small multiples are scaled in relation to the scaling factor of theshapes. The elements are scaled to the scale.factorth root of the scaling factorof the shapes. So, for scale.factor=1, they are scaled proportional to thescaling of the shapes. Since elements, especially text, are often too small toread, a higher value is recommended. By default, scale.factor=2.

drop.shapes deprecated: renamed to drop.units

Value

tmap-element

See Also



tm_facets 57

Examples

data(World, Europe, NLD_muni, NLD_prov, land, metro)

current.mode

58 tm_facets

tm_facets(by="name", free.coords=TRUE, drop.units=TRUE)

tm_shape(land) +tm_raster("black") +tm_facets(by="cover_cls")

## End(Not run)

# Facets defined by groupings defined by two variables## Not run:World$HPI3

tm_fill 59

tm_fill Draw polygons

Description

Creates a tmap-element that draws the polygons. tm_fill fills the polygons. Either a fixed color isused, or a color palette is mapped to a data variable. tm_borders draws the borders of the polygons.tm_polygons fills the polygons and draws the polygon borders.

Usage

tm_fill(col = NA, alpha = NA, palette = NULL, convert2density = FALSE,area = NULL, n = 5, style = ifelse(is.null(breaks), "pretty", "fixed"),breaks = NULL, labels = NULL, auto.palette.mapping = TRUE,contrast = NA, max.categories = 12, colorNA = NA, textNA = "Missing",showNA = NA, thres.poly = 0, title = NA, legend.show = TRUE,legend.format = list(), legend.is.portrait = TRUE, legend.hist = FALSE,legend.hist.title = NA, legend.z = NA, legend.hist.z = NA, id = NA,...)

tm_borders(col = NA, lwd = 1, lty = "solid", alpha = NA)

tm_polygons(col = NA, alpha = NA, border.col = NA, border.alpha = NA,...)

Arguments

col For tm_fill, it is one of

• a single color value• the name of a data variable that is contained in shp. Either the data vari-

able contains color values, or values (numeric or categorical) that will bedepicted by a color palette (see palette. In the latter case, a choropleth isdrawn. #’

• "MAP_COLORING". In this case polygons will be colored such that adja-cent polygons do not get the same color. See the underlying functionmap_coloring for details.

For tm_borders, it is a single color value that specifies the border line color. Ifmultiple values are specified, small multiples are drawn (see details).

alpha transparency number between 0 (totally transparent) and 1 (not transparent). Bydefault, the alpha value of the col is used (normally 1).

palette a palette name or a vector of colors. See RColorBrewer::display.brewer.all()for the named palette. Use a "-" as prefix to reverse the palette. The defaultpalette is taken from tm_layout’s argument aes.palette.

60 tm_fill

convert2density

boolean that determines whether col is converted to a density variable. Shouldbe TRUE when col consists of absolute numbers. The area size is either approx-imated from the shape object, or given by the argument area.

area Name of the data variable that contains the area sizes in squared kilometer.

n preferred number of classes (in case col is a numeric variable).

style method to process the color scale when col is a numeric variable. Discrete op-tions are "cat", "fixed", "sd", "equal", "pretty", "quantile", "kmeans","hclust", "bclust", "fisher", and "jenks". A numeric variable is processedas a categorial variable when using "cat", i.e. each unique value will corre-spond to a distinct category. For the other discrete options, see the details inclassIntervals. Continuous options are "cont" and "order". The former mapsthe values of col to a smooth gradient, whereas the latter maps the order of val-ues of col to a smooth gradient. They are the continuous variants of respectivelythe discrete methods "equal" and quantile".

breaks in case style=="fixed", breaks should be specified.

labels labels of the classes.auto.palette.mapping

When diverging colour palettes are used (i.e. "RdBu") this method automaticallymaps colors to values such that the middle colors (mostly white or yellow) areassigned to values of 0, and the two sides of the color palette are assigned tonegative respectively positive values. When categorical color palettes are used,this method stretches the palette is there are more levels than colors.


max.categories in case col is the name of a categorical variable, this value determines howmany categories (levels) it can have maximally. If the number of levels is higherthan max.categories and auto.palette.mapping is FALSE, then levels arecombined.

colorNA color used for missing values. Use NULL for transparency.

textNA text used for missing values.

showNA logical that determines whether missing values are named in the legend. Bydefault (NA), this depends on the presence of missing values.

thres.poly number that specifies the threshold at which polygons are taken into account.The number itself corresponds to the proportion of the area sizes of the polygonsto the total polygon size. By default, all polygons are drawn. To ignore polygonsthat are not visible in a normal plot, a value like 1e-05 is recommended.

title title of the legend element

legend.show logical that determines whether the legend is shown

tm_fill 61

legend.format list of formatting options for the legend numbers. Only applicable if labels isundefined. Parameters are:

scientific Should the labels be formatted scientically? If so, square brackets areused, and the format of the numbers is "g". Otherwise, format="f", andtext.separator, text.less.than, and text.or.more are used. Also,the numbers are automatically rounded to millions or billions if applicable.

format By default, "f", i.e. the standard notation xxx.xxx, is used. If scientific=TRUEthen "g", which means that numbers are formatted scientically, i.e. n.dddE+nnif needed to save space.

digits Number of digits after the decimal point if format="f", and the numberof significant digits otherwise.

text.separator Character string to use to separate numbers in the legend (de-fault: "to").

text.less.than Character string to use to translate "Less than" (which is the de-fault).

text.or.more Character string to use to translate "or more" (which is the de-fault).

... Other arguments passed on to formatClegend.is.portrait

logical that determines whether the legend is in portrait mode (TRUE) or land-scape (FALSE)

legend.hist logical that determines whether a histogram is shownlegend.hist.title

title for the histogram. By default, one title is used for both the histogram andthe normal legend.

legend.z index value that determines the position of the legend element with respect toother legend elements. The legend elements are stacked according to their zvalues. The legend element with the lowest z value is placed on top.

legend.hist.z index value that determines the position of the histogram legend element

id name of the data variable that specifies the indices of the polygons. Only usedfor "view" mode (see tmap_mode).

... for tm_polygons, these arguments passed to either tm_fill or tm_borders.For tm_fill, these arguments are passed on to map_coloring.

lwd border line width (see par)

lty border line type (see par)

border.col border line color

border.alpha transparency number between 0 (totally transparent) and 1 (not transparent). Bydefault, the alpha value of the col is used (normally 1).

Details

Small multiples can be drawn in two ways: either by specifying the by argument in tm_facets,or by defining multiple variables in the aesthetic arguments. The aesthetic argument of tm_fill(and tm_polygons) is col. In the latter case, the arguments, except for thres.poly, and the ones

62 tm_fill

starting with legend., can be specified for small multiples as follows. If the argument normallyonly takes a single value, such as n, then a vector of those values can be specified, one for eachsmall multiple. If the argument normally can take a vector, such as palette, then a list of thosevectors (or values) can be specified, one for each small multiple.

Value

tmap-element

See Also


Examples

data(World, Europe, NLD_muni, NLD_prov)

# Constant filltm_shape(World) + tm_fill("darkolivegreen3") + tm_format_World(title="A green World")

# Borders onlytm_shape(Europe) + tm_borders()

# Data variable containing colours valuesEurope$isNLD

tm_grid 63

tm_shape(World) +tm_polygons("economy", title="Economy", id="name") +tm_text("iso_a3", size="AREA", scale=1.5) +

tm_format_World()

# Map coloring algorithm## Not run:tm_shape(NLD_prov) +

tm_fill("name", legend.show = FALSE) +tm_shape(NLD_muni) +

tm_polygons("MAP_COLORS", palette="Greys", alpha = .25) +tm_shape(NLD_prov) +

tm_borders(lwd=2) +tm_text("name", shadow=TRUE) +

tm_format_NLD(title="Dutch

Documents

Package ‘tmap’ · 2016. 8. 5. · Package ‘tmap’ May 7, 2016 License GPL-3 Title Thematic Maps Type Package LazyLoad yes Description Thematic maps are geographical maps in