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Chap. 7- Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics

Chap. 8- Aircraft in Motion

Chap. 9- Flight Navigation

Part 2 Principles of Flight & NavigationPart 2 Principles of Flight & Navigation

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4 Forces of Flight

Daniel Bernoulli

Lift & Angle of AttackAirfoil Design (Sub-sonic)

• Dutch physicist, 1738

• Discovered relationship between the pressure and speed of fluid in motion

• Bernoulli’s Principle: “As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure decreases”

7 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics7 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics

Aircraft Lift

• Induced Lift (“Bernoulli” lift)

• Dynamic Lift (relative wind strikes the wing underside, further increasing pressure, at increasing angles of attack - “Newtonian” lift)

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Stall

Wingtip VorticesDrag (the “Killer”)

• Drag (parasitic and induced) limits ability to go forward.

• Vortices create drag and wake turbulence.

• Separation occurs at high angle of attack and eliminates lift.

• Supersonic flow different than sub-sonic flow (air ahead is warned by compressed air at leading edge).

7 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics7 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics

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The Axes of An Aircraft Lateral AxisLongitudinal Axis

Vertical Axis

8 Aircraft in Motion8 Aircraft in Motion

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Engines

Reciprocating

• Fuel converted to energy in cylinder

Turbine

• Turbojet

• Turbofan

• Turboprop

• Turboshaft

8 Aircraft in Motion8 Aircraft in Motion

Rocket

• Fuel + Oxygen

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8 Aircraft in Motion8 Aircraft in Motion

Parts of a Reciprocating EnginePropeller Cross-Section

• Airfoil designed to yield constant force.

• Propeller tip speeds approach Mach 1.

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Fuel System

Gravity Fed System

Force Fed System

8 Aircraft in Motion8 Aircraft in Motion

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Aircraft Instruments

• Performance - How aircraft responds to commands

• Control - Current state of aircraft devices

Instrument Types

Engine Flight Navigational

Tachometer

Oil Pressure

Oil Temperature

Manifold Pressure

Carburetor Temp.

Exhaust Gas Temp.

Airspeed Indicator

Altimeter

Turn/slip Indicator

Vertical Speed Ind.

Attitude Indicator (Artificial Horizon)

Mag. Compass

Heading Ind.

VOR Indicator

Loran

GPS

8 Aircraft in Motion8 Aircraft in Motion

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Global Coordinate System Greenwich, England

9 Flight Navigation9 Flight Navigation

Flat maps of a round object

• Prime Meridian (0° longitude) defined to pass through Greenwich, England

• International Date Line (180° longitude) on opposite side and defines the start of a new day.

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Sectional Charts

• Relief - Elevations

• Hydrographic - Bodies of water

• Cultural - Cities, towns

• Airports - Civil & Military

• Airspace & Airways - Navigation

Basic Navigation Techniques

• Pilotage - Reference to visible landmarks

• Dead Reckoning - Systematic consideration of all factors that could affect the flight

9 Flight Navigation9 Flight Navigation

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Electronic Navigation Aids

• VOR’s and similar beacons

• Global Positioning Satellites (GPS)

9 Flight Navigation9 Flight Navigation

Electronic Landing Aids

• Instrument Landing Systems

• Microwave Landing Systems

• Differential GPS Landing Systems