Page 1 Copyright © 2002-03 ALL Consulting, All Rights Reserved January 3, 2003ALL Consulting Coal Bed Natural Gas Produced Water Management and Beneficial

January 3, 2003January 3, 2003 ALL ConsultingALL Consulting Page Page 11Copyright © 2002-03 ALL Consulting, All Rights

ReservedCopyright © 2002-03 ALL Consulting, All Rights

Reserved

Coal Bed Natural Gas Produced Water Coal Bed Natural Gas Produced Water Management and Beneficial Use AlternativesManagement and Beneficial Use Alternatives

Coal Bed Natural Gas Produced Water Coal Bed Natural Gas Produced Water Management and Beneficial Use AlternativesManagement and Beneficial Use Alternatives

Prepared by:Prepared by:

J. Daniel Arthur, P.E.J. Daniel Arthur, P.E.

Bruce G. Langhus, Ph.D., CPGBruce G. Langhus, Ph.D., CPG

ALL Consulting – Tulsa, OklahomaALL Consulting – Tulsa, Oklahoma

Prepared by:Prepared by:

J. Daniel Arthur, P.E.J. Daniel Arthur, P.E.

Bruce G. Langhus, Ph.D., CPGBruce G. Langhus, Ph.D., CPG

ALL Consulting – Tulsa, OklahomaALL Consulting – Tulsa, Oklahoma

American Petroleum Institute Water ForumAmerican Petroleum Institute Water Forum

April 2004April 2004

American Petroleum Institute Water ForumAmerican Petroleum Institute Water Forum

April 2004April 2004



Reserved

Project CooperatorsProject Cooperators

• Ground Water Protection RF• ALL Consulting• Ft. Lewis College• Bureau of Land Management• US Dept. of Energy – Fossil Energy• US Forest Service• US EPA• State Agencies: Montana, Colorado, New

Mexico, Wyoming, Kansas• Southern Ute and Crow Indian Tribes• CBM Industry (including BP,

Evergreen Resources, Fidelity E&P,J.M. Huber, Marathon/Pennaco,ConocoPhillips, Anadarko Petroleum, Williams, CDX Gas)

• Environmental Community (San Juan Citizens Alliance)

• Golder & Associates

• Ground Water Protection RF• ALL Consulting• Ft. Lewis College• Bureau of Land Management• US Dept. of Energy – Fossil Energy• US Forest Service• US EPA• State Agencies: Montana, Colorado, New

Mexico, Wyoming, Kansas• Southern Ute and Crow Indian Tribes• CBM Industry (including BP,

Evergreen Resources, Fidelity E&P,J.M. Huber, Marathon/Pennaco,ConocoPhillips, Anadarko Petroleum, Williams, CDX Gas)

• Environmental Community (San Juan Citizens Alliance)

• Golder & Associates

Members of the project team visiting CBM operations in

Wyoming

Members of the project team visiting CBM operations in

Wyoming



Reserved

Five-State Emphasis AreaFive-State Emphasis Area

• Emphasis area includes producing and emerging CBNG basins with high-quality water in high water demand areas

• Highly varied land ownership with significant federal minerals

• CBNG operations vary widely• Public concerns regarding CBNG

are especially polarized in the emphasis area

• Powder River and San Juan Basins offer the greatest immediate opportunity to study beneficial use alternatives for CBNG produced water and will set the tone for future plays.

• Emphasis area includes producing and emerging CBNG basins with high-quality water in high water demand areas

• Highly varied land ownership with significant federal minerals

• CBNG operations vary widely• Public concerns regarding CBNG

are especially polarized in the emphasis area

• Powder River and San Juan Basins offer the greatest immediate opportunity to study beneficial use alternatives for CBNG produced water and will set the tone for future plays.



Reserved

Produced Water VolumesProduced Water VolumesCX Ranch CBM Field - Per Well Production History

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

Apr-9

9

Jun-

99

Aug-9

9

Oct-

99

Dec-9

9

Feb-00

Apr-0

0

Jun-

00

Aug-0

0

Oct-

00

Dec-0

0

Feb-01

Apr-0

1

Jun-

01

Aug-0

1

Oct-

01

Dec-0

1

Feb-02

Apr-0

2

Jun-

02

Pe

r W

ell

Ga

s (

cfp

d)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Pe

r W

ell

Wa

ter

(bp

d)



Reserved

Avoiding MisconceptionsAvoiding Misconceptions



Reserved

Delineating Beneficial UsesDelineating Beneficial Uses

Duck IslandDuck IslandDuck IslandDuck Island

Water RecreationWater RecreationWater RecreationWater Recreation

Recreational FishingRecreational FishingRecreational FishingRecreational Fishing

Wildlife WateringWildlife WateringWildlife WateringWildlife Watering

Erosion ControlErosion ControlErosion ControlErosion Control

Iron RemovalIron RemovalIron RemovalIron Removal

Discharge ControlDischarge ControlDischarge ControlDischarge Control

Produced Water ImpoundmentProduced Water Impoundment(Wyoming)(Wyoming)



Reserved

Water Rights & ClassificationsWater Rights & ClassificationsTotal dissolved solids (ppm)*

Comments

Less than 1,000(EC < 1.5 mmhhos/cm)

Excellent for all classes of livestock.

1,000 to 2,999(EC = 1.5-5 mmhos/cm)

Very satisfactory for all classes of livestock. May cause temporary and mild diarrhea in livestock not accustomed to them.

3,000 to 4,999(EC = 5-8 mmhos/cm)

Satisfactory for livestock, but may cause temporary diarrhea or be refused at first by animals not accustomed to them.

5,000 to 6,999(EC = 8-11 mmhos/cm)

Can be used with reasonable safety for dairy and beef cattle, sheep, swine, and horses. Avoid use for pregnant or lactating animals.

7,000 to 10,000(EC = 11-16 mmhos/cm)

Considerable risk in using for pregnant or lactating cows, horses or sheep, or for the young of these species. In general, use should be avoided although older ruminants, horses, poultry, and swine may subsist on them under certain conditions.

Over 10.000(EC > 16 mmhos/cm)

This water is considered unsatisfactory for all classes of livestock.

Angel and the Bad Man, 1936, John WayneWayne ultimately persuades the water holder to share some of his water supply with the adjoining neighbors.



Reserved

Produced Water TreatmentProduced Water Treatment

• Analysis of Treatment Technologies:– Reverse Osmosis/Mod RO– UV Sterilization– Chlorination– Wetlands Treatment– Ion Exchange– Capacitive Desalination– EDR- Electro Dialysis

Reversal– Freeze/Thaw/Evaporation– Chemical Treatment– Distillation

• Analysis of Treatment Technologies:– Reverse Osmosis/Mod RO– UV Sterilization– Chlorination– Wetlands Treatment– Ion Exchange– Capacitive Desalination– EDR- Electro Dialysis

Reversal– Freeze/Thaw/Evaporation– Chemical Treatment– Distillation Constructed Wetland for the Treatment of Constructed Wetland for the Treatment of

CBM Produced Water in Wyoming.CBM Produced Water in Wyoming.

Ice Buildup on Framework of Freezing PadIce Buildup on Framework of Freezing Pad(Boysen et al, 1997)(Boysen et al, 1997)

Ice Buildup on Framework of Freezing PadIce Buildup on Framework of Freezing Pad(Boysen et al, 1997)(Boysen et al, 1997)



Reserved

Beneficial Use AlternativesBeneficial Use Alternatives

• Underground Injection– Class II Injection

– Class V Injection

• Surface Discharge– Land Surface Discharge

– To a Water Body

– Non-Point Source Discharge

• Impoundments & Infiltration– Wildlife Watering

– Fisheries/Fish Ponds

– Recharge

– Recreation

– Evaporation ponds

– Wetlands

• Underground Injection– Class II Injection

– Class V Injection

• Surface Discharge– Land Surface Discharge

– To a Water Body

– Non-Point Source Discharge

• Impoundments & Infiltration– Wildlife Watering

– Fisheries/Fish Ponds

– Recharge

– Recreation

– Evaporation ponds

– Wetlands

Trout Fishing in a CBM Trout Fishing in a CBM Produced Water PondProduced Water Pond

Direct Surface Discharge LocationDirect Surface Discharge Location



Reserved

Beneficial Use Alternatives (cont.)Beneficial Use Alternatives (cont.)

• Industrial Use– Dust Control– Drilling/Development Fluids– Power Generation– Field Wash– Others

• Agricultural Use– Irrigation– Livestock Watering– Soil Remediation

• Public Water Use– Domestic Use– Municipal Water Supply

• Potable Use• Non-potable Use

• Industrial Use– Dust Control– Drilling/Development Fluids– Power Generation– Field Wash– Others

• Agricultural Use– Irrigation– Livestock Watering– Soil Remediation

• Public Water Use– Domestic Use– Municipal Water Supply

• Potable Use• Non-potable Use

Recycled Tire Stock TankRecycled Tire Stock Tank

Spray Irrigation of CBM Spray Irrigation of CBM Produced WaterProduced Water



Reserved

Underground InjectionUnderground Injection

• Common AlternativesCommon Alternatives– Coal Seam InjectionCoal Seam Injection

• Re-injection (active Re-injection (active producing coal)producing coal)

• Injection into coal which Injection into coal which is not actively is not actively producingproducing

– Non-Coal InjectionNon-Coal Injection• Injection into coal Injection into coal

sequence aquiferssequence aquifers• Injection into deeper Injection into deeper

receiving formationsreceiving formations

• Common AlternativesCommon Alternatives– Coal Seam InjectionCoal Seam Injection

• Re-injection (active Re-injection (active producing coal)producing coal)

• Injection into coal which Injection into coal which is not actively is not actively producingproducing

– Non-Coal InjectionNon-Coal Injection• Injection into coal Injection into coal

sequence aquiferssequence aquifers• Injection into deeper Injection into deeper

receiving formationsreceiving formations



Reserved

Surface DischargeSurface Discharge

• Droughts in many Droughts in many western states have led western states have led to misconceptions to misconceptions regarding surface regarding surface discharge impacts to discharge impacts to watersheds.watersheds.

• Some waterways have Some waterways have experienced severe lows experienced severe lows in flow that have in flow that have essentially aligned with essentially aligned with CBM development.CBM development.

• Droughts in many Droughts in many western states have led western states have led to misconceptions to misconceptions regarding surface regarding surface discharge impacts to discharge impacts to watersheds.watersheds.

• Some waterways have Some waterways have experienced severe lows experienced severe lows in flow that have in flow that have essentially aligned with essentially aligned with CBM development.CBM development.

• Actual discharges to surface waterways Actual discharges to surface waterways are much different than perceived.are much different than perceived.

• Permitting of surface discharges have Permitting of surface discharges have been extremely conservative to-date.been extremely conservative to-date.

• Utilizing surface discharge for produced Utilizing surface discharge for produced water management can provide many water management can provide many benefits, but can be complicated to benefits, but can be complicated to permit. permit.

• Actual discharges to surface waterways Actual discharges to surface waterways are much different than perceived.are much different than perceived.

• Permitting of surface discharges have Permitting of surface discharges have been extremely conservative to-date.been extremely conservative to-date.

• Utilizing surface discharge for produced Utilizing surface discharge for produced water management can provide many water management can provide many benefits, but can be complicated to benefits, but can be complicated to permit. permit.



Reserved

Impoundments & InfiltrationImpoundments & Infiltration

• Design standards varyDesign standards vary• Impoundments are Impoundments are

increasing in sizeincreasing in size• Evaporation often a Evaporation often a

prioritypriority• Impoundment types:Impoundment types:

– Wildlife and livestock Wildlife and livestock wateringwatering

– FisheriesFisheries– Aquifer RechargeAquifer Recharge– RecreationRecreation– Storage/EvaporationStorage/Evaporation– Constructed WetlandsConstructed Wetlands– CombinationsCombinations

• Design standards varyDesign standards vary• Impoundments are Impoundments are

increasing in sizeincreasing in size• Evaporation often a Evaporation often a

prioritypriority• Impoundment types:Impoundment types:

– Wildlife and livestock Wildlife and livestock wateringwatering

– FisheriesFisheries– Aquifer RechargeAquifer Recharge– RecreationRecreation– Storage/EvaporationStorage/Evaporation– Constructed WetlandsConstructed Wetlands– CombinationsCombinations

Lake EvaporationLake Evaporation



Reserved

Municipal & DomesticMunicipal & Domestic

• Common AlternativesCommon Alternatives– Domestic UsesDomestic Uses

• Potable Water UsePotable Water Use• Non-Potable UseNon-Potable Use

– Municipal UsesMunicipal Uses• Potable Water UsePotable Water Use• Non-Potable UseNon-Potable Use

• ChallengesChallenges– Produced water is not Produced water is not

always viewed as a always viewed as a product.product.

– Supply requirements are Supply requirements are not always fully considered.not always fully considered.

– Significant coordination is Significant coordination is required.required.

• Common AlternativesCommon Alternatives– Domestic UsesDomestic Uses

• Potable Water UsePotable Water Use• Non-Potable UseNon-Potable Use

– Municipal UsesMunicipal Uses• Potable Water UsePotable Water Use• Non-Potable UseNon-Potable Use

• ChallengesChallenges– Produced water is not Produced water is not

always viewed as a always viewed as a product.product.

– Supply requirements are Supply requirements are not always fully considered.not always fully considered.

– Significant coordination is Significant coordination is required.required.



Reserved

Industrial UsesIndustrial Uses

• Common AlternativesCommon Alternatives– Coal Mine UseCoal Mine Use– Concentrated Animal Concentrated Animal

Feeding OperationsFeeding Operations– Power/Utilities (cooling Power/Utilities (cooling

tower supply water)tower supply water)– Field and Vehicle Wash Field and Vehicle Wash

FacilitiesFacilities– Enhanced Oil RecoveryEnhanced Oil Recovery– Commercial FisheriesCommercial Fisheries– Fire ProtectionFire Protection– Other!Other!

• Common AlternativesCommon Alternatives– Coal Mine UseCoal Mine Use– Concentrated Animal Concentrated Animal

Feeding OperationsFeeding Operations– Power/Utilities (cooling Power/Utilities (cooling

tower supply water)tower supply water)– Field and Vehicle Wash Field and Vehicle Wash

FacilitiesFacilities– Enhanced Oil RecoveryEnhanced Oil Recovery– Commercial FisheriesCommercial Fisheries– Fire ProtectionFire Protection– Other!Other!

Power Plant Cooling TowerPower Plant Cooling TowerPhoto: Tom KenedyPhoto: Tom Kenedy

Air-Crane Collecting WaterAir-Crane Collecting WaterPhoto: Erickson Air-CranePhoto: Erickson Air-Crane



Reserved

Agricultural UseAgricultural Use

• Common AlternativesCommon Alternatives– IrrigationIrrigation

• Center PivotCenter Pivot• Side (Wheel) Roll Side (Wheel) Roll

SystemSystem• Big Gun SystemBig Gun System• Flood IrrigationFlood Irrigation

– Stock WateringStock Watering

• Common AlternativesCommon Alternatives– IrrigationIrrigation

• Center PivotCenter Pivot• Side (Wheel) Roll Side (Wheel) Roll

SystemSystem• Big Gun SystemBig Gun System• Flood IrrigationFlood Irrigation

– Stock WateringStock Watering

Center Pivot Irrigation System (Oklahoma)Center Pivot Irrigation System (Oklahoma)

Stock Watering Tank (WY)Stock Watering Tank (WY)J.M. Huber CorporationJ.M. Huber Corporation

PW Irrigation PW Irrigation (PRB)(PRB)

Fidelity Fidelity ExplorationExploration



Reserved

Questions?Questions?

Documents

Page 1 Copyright © 2002-03 ALL Consulting, All Rights Reserved January 3, 2003ALL Consulting Coal Bed Natural Gas Produced Water Management and Beneficial