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Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences Volume 4, Number 1, 2014

© 2014 Insuderc Academic Publishers

STATUS OF MAGNESIUM AND MANGANASE IN SELECTED ANTI-DIABETIC MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA

S.T.Magili1, H.M.Maina,2 J.T.Barminas,2 O.N.Maitera2 and Y.K.Musa1.

1Department of Chemistry, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola, Adamawa

E-mail:[email protected]

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to determine the concentration of magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) in the leave, stem bark and root bark of ten selected anti-diabetic medicinal plants namely, Ageratum conyzoides, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Balanites aegytiacae, Daniellia oliveri, Hymenocardia acida, Jathropha gossypiifolia, Leptadenia hastata, Sarcocephalus latifolius, Sclerocarya birrea and Terminalia avicennioides used in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The concentrations of the two elements were determined by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA).The concentration of Mg in the leaves range from (6012.0±331.0 mg/kg) in Daniellia oliveri to (1980.0±178.0 mg/kg) in Terminalia avicennioides. The lowest concentration of Mg was found in the stem bark of Daniellia oliveri (593.0±147.0 mg/kg) and root bark of Terminalia avicennioides ( 591.0±140.0 mg/kg) respectively. The concentration of Mn in the leave of Hymenocardia acida also varied from (1969.0±14.0 mg/kg ) to (25.9±0.2 mg/kg) in the stem bark of Sclerocarya birrea respectively. Results showed that there is a statistically significant concentration variation differences (P<.05) of Mg and Mn in medicinal plants parts samples. This information could be helpful in meeting the requirements for mineral supplements which play an important role in the maintenance of body systems. This research presents the first large scale analysis of medicinal plants in Adamawa State using INAA with regard to their Mg and Mn content. This may be interesting supplement in diabetes mellitus type II.Therefore; these medicinal plants are rich in Mg and Mn which are essential for human health.

Keywords: Anti-diabetic Medicinal Plants, Diabetes Mellitus, INAA, Insulin, Magnesium and Manganese.

INTRODUCTION A wide variety of plant species are used increasingly in virtually all cultures worldwide as a source of medicine, cosmetics, and dietary supplements, adding the growing interest in medicinal plants which is part of the trend towards change in life styles. This movement is based on the belief that plants have a vast potentiality for their use as a curative medicine

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Status of Magnesium and Manganase in Selected Anti-Diabetic Medicinal Plants used in Adamawa State, Nigeria

and food supplements for revitalizing body system, (Junaid, et al., 2006, Odukoya 2007, Stef et al.,2010). According to world health organization report about 80% of the world population is taking interest in indigenous medicinal plants remedies. These medicinal plants have usually been used in the form of fruit and vegetables, drugs or their extract for the treatment of different diseases in both developed and developing countries (Sofowora, 2008, Sahito et al., 2005). Studies have shown that medicinal plants contain both organic and inorganic constituents, and many medicinal plants are found to be rich in one or more individual elements, thereby providing a possible link to the therapeutic action of the medicine (Singh et al., 1997). Studies on the organic constituents of the medicinal plants have been going on long time while little has been done on the inorganic aspect in the medicinal use of these plants (Singh and Garg, 2006). It is important to know the elemental concentration in medicinal plants from the point of view of nutritional requirement and intoxication risk associated with their consumption. The effects and influence of trace elements on administration of medicinal plants is also essential to understand the pharmacological action of the medicinal plants and to decide the dosage of the herbal drugs prepared from these plant materials (Naga Raju et al., 2013). The human body needs a number of minerals in order to maintain good health (Balaji et al., 2000, Ajasa et al., 2004 Yagi et al., 2013,Magili,et al.,2014,). Macro and trace elements influence biochemical processes in the human organism. Active constituents of medicinal plants that is the secondary metabolic and a number of mineral elements play an important role in the metabolism (Kolasani,et al., 2011). Deficiency or excess of elements may cause a number of disorders. For example, Iron deficiency causes anemia which has been reported to affects one third of the world population (Kumari,et al.,2004,Leterme,et al.,2006). Low levels of Zn can induce the pathogenesis of lung cancer ( Cobanoglu,et al., 2010). Breast cancer patients had low levels of Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn in their hair (Joo,et al., 2009). Diabetes mellitus is one of the metabolic disorders that have gravely troubled the human health and quality of life. Conventional agents are being used to control diabetes along with lifestyle management. However, they are not entirely effective and no one has ever been reported to have fully recovered from this disease. Numerous medicinal plants have been used for the management of diabetes mellitus in various traditional systems of medicine worldwide as they are a great source of primary and secondary metabolites and many of them are known to be effective against diabetes mellitus (Kayode,et al.,2012). Medicinal plants with anti-hyperglycemic activities are being more desired, owing to lesser side-effects and low cost. Naga Raju et al., (2013) reported that anti-diabetic medicinal plants undoubtedly have significant effect on lowering blood sugar. Numerous medicinal plants have been reported to be effective in diabetes management, yet plenty of research is still needed to be carried out in this area with

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S.T.Magili, H.M.Maina, J.T.Barminas, O.N. Maitera and Y.K. Musa

a view of finding cheap alternative ways for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (Piero et al., 2013).Trace elements have been identified for long time as potential candidates for improving metabolic disorders such as, insulin resistance, obesity, metabolic syndrome or diabetes (Mertz, 1993,)..Trace element plays a vital part in the metabolism of plants and animals (Stitch, 1957). In the human body, the trace element is made of up to 0.01% of the body’s mass (Nason and Schroeder, 1971). Trace elements, for example the metals selenium, zinc, magnesium, manganase and copper, are essential to maintain the metabolism of the human body. Studies have demonstrated that some trace elements are involved in potentiating insulin action (Anderson et al., 1997, underwood, 1997). Read marked alterations in trace elemental concentrations in human body are therefore associated with occurrence of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, regulation of trace elemental concentrations has been proposed as a potential prevention and management of diabetes mellitus. A good example to illustrate their important contribution is magnesium; low magnesium levels have been associated with increased type 2 diabetes (Chaudhary et al., 2010, Wells, 2008). Considering the importance of trace elements in various human metabolic processes and also their curative properties, this Study is designed to determine the bioavailability of Mg and Mn in selected anti-diabetic medicinal plants which have been utilized in the study area. In the present investigation one of the sensitive analytical techniques was applied like Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) to analyze the content of Mg and Mn in some anti-diabetic medicinal plants parts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample Collection and Treatment The plant samples were obtained from Mubi North, Mubi South and Maiha Local Government, Areas of Adamawa State, from October to December 2011. The medicinal plants were identified by Mr.Jarafu Ulam Mamza of the Department of Biological Sciences Adamawa State University, Mubi, the scientific names, local name and traditional uses of the studied medicinal plants are presented in Table 1. The collected plant material was washed thoroughly with running tap water to remove the dust particles. They were shade dried, powdered and stored in closed air tight polythene bag and kept away from moisture until needed for analysis.

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Table 1: List of the Selected Antidiabetic Medicinal Plant Analysed in this Study. S/No. Botanical Name Family Name Common Name Local Name (Hausa) Traditional Uses.

1. Terminalia avicennioides Combretaceae

Terminalia dictyonuna diels.

Baushe

Skin, diseases, headaches, bronchitis, sore throat, high, blood pressure, diabetes, antibacterial properties, vitamin deficiency, diarrhoea.

2. Hymenocardia acida Hymenocardiaceae Red onion Janyaaro

Malaria, fever, bronchitis, dysentery, jaundice, diabetes, wounds, skin diseases.

3 Leptadenia hastata Asclepiadaceae Cyandum hastatum Dan barawo

Fever, cough, diabetes, gonorrhoea, wounds, colds, diarrhoea.

4. Balamites aegyptiacae Balanitiaceae Soapberry tree Aduwaa Diarrhoea, wounds,

constipation, diabetes, etc

5. Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae

white weed, Billy-Goat weeds

Gwiwan Jimina fever, diarrhea, wounds, bactriocide, headache, pneumonia, Diabetes

6. Sclerocarya birrea Anacaardiaceae Spondias birrea Daniya/Lule/ Nunu Tooth, decay, malaria, Diarrhea sore throats, diabetes, anti-venom.

7 Anogeissus leiocarpus Combretaceae African birch Markee

Antibacterial properties, high blood pressure, diarrhoea, dysentery, skin, disease, wounds, diabetes, fever coughs rheumatism.

8

Jatropha gossypiifolia Euphorbiaceae Wild cassada Zugu

Leprosy, coughs, fever, high blood pressure, diabetes, skin disease, wounds, ulcers, scabies etc.

9 Daniellia oliveri Caesalpinioideae Paradaniellia oliveri maje

Headache, wounds, ulcers, skin disease, fever, jaundice, tooth decay, menstrual disorders, diabetes, burns etc.

10 Sarcocephalus latifolius Rubiaceae Nauclea latifolia tafashiya

Tooth decay, jaundice, indigestion, hernia, wounds, fever ,malaria, kidney failure, diabetes, leprosy, syphilis, swellings etc.

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Sample Preparation for NAA Analysis The method described by Funtua et al. (2012) and Kogo et al.,(2009) with some modifications was adopted. The sealed sample in the polyethylene bags were put in a vial for irradiation. The plant samples were in the ranges of 250- 300 mg as adopted for NIRR-1at Centre for Energy Research and Training ABU, Zaria. Analysis of Samples Standard reference material SRM 1547 (NIST PEACH LEAVES) was analyzed along with the samples for method substantiation and quality control purposes. From results obtained, it was observed that most of the elemental concentrations are comparable to the certified values. The Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) technique has been widely employed for the determination of major, minor and trace elements in medicinal plants, water, clays, pottery, ceramics and other allied materials (Oladipo, 1992, Oladipo, 2003, Kogo et al., 2009).The samples were irradiated using Nigeria Research Reactor-1 (NIRR-1) at a neutron flux of 2.5 x 1011 n/cm2 s in the outer irradiation channels for short lived irradiations. Long-lived irradiations involved neutron irradiation of a batch of reference samples and standards for 6 h at 5.0 x 1011 n/cm 2 sec in the inner irradiation channels using the same facility (Debrah et al., 2011). Each sample or standard underwent two irradiations procedure as described in a work performed by Jonah et al. (2005) for short and long irradiations respectively. For the short irradiation, each sample or standard were irradiated for one minute, allowed to decay for a few minutes, followed by 10 min counting on a HPGe detector coupled to its associated electronics. For the long-lived irradiations, first counting exercise began four days after irradiation, each sample or standard were counted for 30 min to analyze those nuclides with half-lives mainly in the order of hours or few days (Jonah et al.,2006). The same batch of samples were recounted for one hour each after nine to ten days decay in order to analyze those nuclides with half-lives in the order of days and years. Finally, the identification of gamma ray of product radio-nuclides through their energies and quantitative analysis of their concentration were obtained by using the gamma-ray spectrum analysis software, WINSPAM, 2004. Statistical Analysis The obtained results are presented as mean ± SD (standard deviation). All differences are considered significant at 5% level, therefore P-values less than 0.05 (P<0.05) were considered statistically significant at p<0.05 using Analyse-it version 2.3 statistical software for Microsoft Excel. Significant elemental concentration differences in plants samples were determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA).

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Table-2 and figures 1 and 2 shows the mean concentrations and distribution levels of Mg and Mn in the leaves, stem bark and root bark of the selected anti-diabetic medicinal plants. The results for the distribution of Mg in leaves stem bark and root bark of anti-diabetic medicinal plants studied is shown on Figure 1. Read the concentrations Mg in leaves varied from Terminalia avicennioides (1980±178 mg/kg) to Daniellia oliveri (6012±331 mg/kg) with a variability coefficient of 40%. Mg was not detected in the leaves of Hymenocardia acida. More than 60% of all pair wise concentration variation differences were statistically significant (P<.05).

Table 2 Magnesium and Manganese Contents (mg/kg) in selected Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants Parts Species

Plant Species Plant Parts Element Concentrations (mean±SD) Mg Mn

Ageratum conyzoides Leaves 5402.0±265.0 226.1±0.5 Root Bark 2729.0±306.0 220.4±0.4 Stem Bark 3463.0±208.0 80.9±0.3

Anogeissus leiocarpus Leaves 2307.0±164.0 32.9±0.2 Root Bark 1693.0±198.0 37.5±0.2 Stem Bark 2647.0±185.0 38.9±0.2

Balamites aegytiacae Leaves 3216.0±232.0 61.1±0.3 Root Bark 2597.0±255.0 52.6±0.3 Stem Bark 1706.0±229.0 39.1±0.2

Daniellia oliveri Leaves 6012.0±331.0 339.2±0.7 Root Bark 739.0±177.0 46.1±0.2 Stem Bark 593.0±147.0 43.8±0.3

Hymenocardia acida Leaves BDL 1969.0±14.0 Root Bark 3522.0±320.0 317.6±0.6 Stem Bark 1190.0±163.0 139.0±0.4

Jathropha gossypiifolia Leaves 4785.0±321.0 88.7±0.4 Root Bark 4386.0±307.0 103.1±0.4 Stem Bark 3029.0±233.0 48.4±0.2

Leptadenia hastata Leaves 5641.0±299.0 128.9±0.4 Root Bark 3080.0±243.0 165.0±1.0 Stem Bark 2375.0±221.0 44.9±0.3

Sarcocephalus latifolius Leaves 2403.0±147.0 49.3±0.3 Root Bark 3618.0±242.0 45.9±0.3 Stem Bark 1551.0±158.0 35.4±0.2

Sclerocarya birrea Leaves 4212.0±211.0 63.1±0.3 Root Bark 4298.0±232.0 114.2±0.5 Stem Bark 2951.0±177.0 25.9±0.2

Terminalia avicennioides Leaves 1980.0±178.0 173.0±1.0 Root Bark 591.0±140.0 44.4±0.3 Stem Bark BDL 44.2±0.3

BDL: Below detection limit. SD: Standard deviation

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The concentration of Mg in the Stem bark of Daniellia oliveri ranged from (593±147 mg/kg) to Ageratum conyzoides (3463±208 mg/kg) with a variability coefficient of 57%. Mg was not detected in the stem bark of Terminalia avicennioides. Similarly, more than 60% of all pairwise concentration variation differences were statistically significant (P<.05).Root bark Mg concentration ranged from Terminalia avicennioides (591±140 mg/kg) to Jathropha gossypiifolia (4386±307 mg/kg) with a variability coefficient of 48%. Mg was present in all root bark samples analyzed. Again, more than 60% of all pairwise concentration variation differences in root bark samples were statistically significant (P<.05).The order of Mg concentrations distribution level is leaves > root bark > stem bark, on average. Summation of Mg concentration in plants parts revealed that Terminalia avicennioides (2571±318mg/kg) was lowest while Jathropha gossypiifolia (12200±861mg/kg) was highest.

Figure 1: Distribution of Mg in leaves, stem bark and root bark of anti-diabetic medicinal plant The result of this study indicated that the overall order of elemental contents of plants tissues analyzed for Mg in the leaves, stem bark and root bark samples, generally suggests that the most potent source of Mg is the leaves samples as the order of preference revealed Daniellia

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oliveri (6012±333.1 mg/kg) followed by Leptadenia hastata (5641±299.0 mg/kg), Ageratum conyzoides (5402±265.0 mg/kg), and the leaves of Jathropha gossypiifolia (4785±321.0 mg/kg). The results further suggest that root bark alternative for a potent source of Mg is Jathropha gossypiifolia (4386±307.0 mg/kg), while stem bark alternative is Ageratum conyzoides (3463±208.0 mg/kg). Mg status is associated with insulin sensitivity, and a low magnesium intake predicts the development of type II diabetes. Mg supplements largely potentiate insulin (Yagi et al., 2013).This element was proved to have significant biological function and is hence essential to the human body. Moreover, there is evidence that Mg could be implicated in the production of insulin and in the regulation of blood glucose levels. Mg plays a significant role in the release of insulin and the maintenance of the pancreatic Beta-cells (Durlach and Altura, 1983). The element was also reported to have anti-oxidant activities that would help in the management of diabetics mellitus. Therefore, the determination of Mg in medicinal plants may justify the use in Diabetes Therapy. Magnesium is an important cofactor for enzymes and is involved in the carbohydrate metabolism. A strong relationship between magnesium and insulin action has been reported (Magili et al., 2014).The hypoglycemic activity of the plants studied can justifiably be attributed to the presence of Mg in these plants. The element plays a vital role in potentiating insulin (Piero et al., 2012). The distribution of Mn in leaves, stem bark and root bark of antidiabetic medicinal plants studied is also presented on Table 2 and Fig.2. The results revealed that Mn was present in all plants samples analyzed. The concentrations of Mn in leave samples varied from Anogeissus leiocarpus (32.9±0.2 mg/kg) to Hymenocardia acida (1969.25±14.0 mg/kg) with a variability coefficient of 182%. Excepting Balanites aegytiacae v Sclerocarya birrea, Sclerocarya birrea v Sarcocephalus latifolius and Anogeissus leiocarpus v Sarcocephalus latifolius all other pair wise concentration variation differences of Mn in leaves samples are statistically significant (P<.05). The concentration of Mn in the Stem bark ranged from Sclerocarya birrea (25.9±0.2 mg/kg) to Hymenocardia acida (139±0.4 mg/kg) with a variability coefficient of 59%. With exception of Terminalia avicennioides v Leptademia hastata, Terminalia avicennioides v Daniellia oliveri and Balanites aegytiacae v Anogeissus leiocarpus all other pair wise concentration variation differences of Mn in stem bark samples are statistically significant (P<.05). The concentration of Mn in Root bark ranged from Anogeissus leiocarpus (37.54±0.23 mg/kg) to Hymenocardia acida (317.6±0.6 mg/kg) with a variability coefficient of 79%. Excepting Terminalia avicennioides v Daniellia oliveri, Terminalia avicennioides v Sarcocephalus latifolius and Daniellia oliveri v Sarcocephalus latifoliusall other pairwise concentration variation differences of Mn in root bark samples were statistically significant (P<.05). The order of Mn concentrations distribution level is leaves > root bark > stem bark, on average. Summation of

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Mn concentration in plants parts revealed that Anogeissus leiocarpus (109.34±0.63mg/kg) is lowest while Hymenocardia acida (2425.6±15mg/kg) is highest Fig.2.

Figure 2.: Distribution of Mn in leaves, stem bark and root bark of anti-diabetic medicinal plant The concentration of Mn in leaves, stem bark and root bark samples of the medicinal plants samples studied, generally indicated potent plant sources of Mn. These are the leaves of Hymenocardia acida (1969.25±14.0mg/kg, root bark (317.6±0.6) and stem bark (139.0±0.4 mg/kg) samples and the leaves of Daniellia oliveri (339.2±0.7 mg/kg) respectively. However, the results suggest Ageratum conyzoides’s leaves (226.1±0.5 mg/kg) and root bark (220.4±0.4 mg/kg) as suitable alternative source of Mn Table 2. Manganese deficiency can impair glucose utilization. It is a key component of enzyme systems. In humans, the range between deficiency and toxicity of Mn is narrow. The recommended FAO/WHO (1984) values for adults range from 2 to 5 mg Mn/day (Merian, et al; 2004). These plants parts contain appreciable concentration level of Mn and this element is important in the regulation of insulin and control of the blood sugar levels in the human body. Manganese deficiency has

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been observed in various species of animals with the signs of impaired glucose tolerance and alterations in carbohydrates and lipid metabolism. It has been established that Mn deficiency interferes with normal skeletal development in various animal species (Freeland- Graves et al, 1987). Mn is known to be an enzyme activator of the insulin metabolism (Keen, et al., 1984). Mn occurs naturally in foods and plants material and the human body can benefit highly from it. Among the many benefits of Mn, it helps with natural insulin production. According to Bailey and Day (1989) Mn supplementation is effective in maintaining normal blood glucose. These plants parts contain appreciable amount of Mn. This shows that the plants can be used for the management of diabetes mellitus and as a source of Mn supplement. The concentration of this element in plants parts justifies its usage in the management of diabetes mellitus in the study area. CONCLUSION The results of the present study provide justification for the usage of these medicinal plants in the management of diabetes mellitus since they are found to contain appreciable contents of Mg and Mn which play vital roles in blood glucose reduction, thereby aiding in management of diabetes mellitus. This suggest that the analyzed medicinal plants can be considered as potential sources for providing a reasonable amount of the required elements other than diet to the patients of diabetes mellitus. The anti-diabetic potential of these plants can be attributed to the presence of these elements in them. This investigation showed that the leaves, stem bark and the root bark are good source of Mn and Mg. This property can be exploited by the use of these plants for medicinal purposes. In spite of these interesting findings, efforts should be made to quantify the antinutrients in these plants parts so as to actually determine their safety consumption as medicinal plants. This work has further demonstrated that Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis is a useful technique in the multi elemental analysis over a wide range of concentration since its free of matrix interference hence reduced possibility of contamination due to extensive sample preparation and treatment. REFERENCE Anderson R.A, Cheng N.& Bryden N.A, (1997) Elevated intakes of Supplemental Chromium

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