Japan International Cooperation Agencyhttp:/www.jica.go.jp/english/

ISBN978-4-86357-040-5

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2 0 1 1JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY ANNUAL REPORT

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Inclusive and Dynamic Development

A navigation beacon for a lighthouse that was installed by JICA in Yangon Port, after the area was hit by Cyclone Nargis. Training related to maritime safety was also implemented (Myanmar)

Inclusive and Dynamic Development

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Japan International Cooperation Agency Annual Report 2011

Published in November 2011

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IwouldliketoexpressmydeepestcondolencestothevictimsoftheGreatEastJapanEarthquakeandtheirfamilies. ImmediatelyaftertheMarch11earthquakestruckJapan,JICAswungintoaction,workingasaliaisonfortheUnitedNationsDisasterAssessmentandCoordination(UNDAC)teamandinternationalreliefteamsfromvariouscountriesandextendingassistancetodisastervictimsattheNihonmatsuTrainingCenterandotherJICAfacilities.ReliefactivitieswerealsoconductedbyJICAandJOCVrelevantstaffindisaster-affectedareas. Japanreceivedsupportfrommorethan160countriesandregionsworldwide.TheyincludednotonlyAsiannationswithwhichJapanhasstrongeconomicties,butalsomanyMiddleEastandAfricannationswhichthemselveshavesufferednaturaldisasters,conflictorenduringpoverty.IbelievethegreatsupportJapanreceivedreflectsthehighopinionheldbytheworldofJapan’searnestaidfordevelopingcountriesandtheexistenceofhumanism,whichmanifestsitselfinhumansecurityeffortstoofferdedicatedsupporttopeopleincrisisnomatterwheretheyare. AfterWorldWarII,Japanachieveddramaticreconstructionandgrowthwiththesupportoftheinternationalcommunity,beginningwithassistancefromtheUnitedStates.SeveraldecadeshavepassedsinceJapanwentfrombeinganaidrecipienttoanaiddonor.Butnow,onceagain,wehavereceivedaidfromtheinternationalcommunity.Therecentearthquakeremindsusthatwearetrulyconnectedwitheveryoneacrosstheglobe,thataidisnotaone-waystreetbutamutuallyinterdependentsystemwhichisessentialforachievingprosperityforall. TheworldpraisedthepeopleofTohokuwhostoodstrongattheverycenterofthedisasterarea,maintainingorderandhelpingeachother.Ibelievetheseactionsofdependingonandhelpingeachotherwerethehighestexpressionofappreciationthesepeoplecouldhavegiventothecountrieswhichextendedahelpinghanddespitetheirowndifficultsituations. In therestof theworld,manynewdevelopmentsunfolded in2011, includingdemocratizationmovementsintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaandtheindependenceofSouthSudanfollowingaprolongedconflict.Manypeoplecontinuetobeinneedofassistanceandnumerousissuesstillneedtobeaddressed,includingeffortstomeetJapan’sassistancepledgesforAfghanistanandAfrica,reducingincomedisparitiesandpovertyinAsia,andtacklingclimatechangeonaglobalscale. JICAwillforgepartnershipsandmakeitsutmosteffortstoaddresstheseissueswithadiverserangeofactors,includingvariouscountriesandinternationalorganizations,companies,universities,andNGOs. TheJICA Annual Report 2011presentstheagency’sactivitiesduringthefiscalyear2010(fromApril2010toMarch2011).IhopeitwillcontributetoyourfurthersupportandencouragementforJICA’sactivities.

November2011

Foreword

SadakoOgataPresidentJapanInternationalCooperationAgency(JICA)

1

JICA at a GlanceJICA’s Activities in Numbers

TheincreaseinriceproductioninTanzania.Riceproductionrosefrom220,000tonsin1974to1,340,000tonsin2008.JICA’sconsistentassistanceovermanyyearshascontributedtoTanzania’sachievementofself-sufficiencyinrice.

Thetotallengthofrailwaysbuilt,includingtheconstructionofnewlinesanddouble-tracking.ThisisequaltothetotallengthoftherailwaylinefromTokyotothecapitalcityofKagoshimaPrefectureatthesouthwesterntipoftheKyushuisland.

Theamountofgreenhousegas(CO2)emissionsreducedinChinaasaresultofJICA’sassistanceuptofiscal2007forthedevelopmentofrailways,urbantransportsystems,electricpowersupply,andgassupply,amongotherprojects.Incumulativetotal,thisisequaltoapproximatelyone-halfoftheannualgreenhousegasemissionsinJapan.

ThenumberofhealthcareworkerswhoreceivedtraininginAfricain2008.JICAconstructedandimprovededucationcentersforhealthcareworkers,includingnursingschools,in19locationsin6countries.

ThenumberofcountriestowhichJICAprovidedassistancefortheimprovementofmaternalandchildhealth.JICAsupportedtheexpansionofprenatalcare,improvingthesafetyofchildbirth,andpreventinginfectionsininfantsandsmallchildren,amongotheractivities.

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Thenumberofelementaryandjuniorhighschoolclassroomsbuiltin47countriessincethe1980suptothepresent.Thereare2.1millionchildrenwhohavestudiedintheseclassrooms,andtraininghasbeenprovidedtoasmanyas200,000teachers.

ThepercentageofpassengersusingtheairportdevelopedwithJICA’sassistanceamongthenumberofpassengersusingairportsinVietNam.Thepercentagesare76%inThailand,62%inMalaysiaand45%inMyanmar(2008).

ThenumberofresidentswhowereprovidedsewerservicesinChinathroughJICA’scooperationwhichwereimplementedbetween1996and2000.Assistanceforenvironmentalimprovementsalsoreducedannualsulfurdioxide(SO2)emissionsacrossChinaby190,000tons(aquarterofJapan’sannualSO2emissions)in2003.

ThetotallengthofthebridgesbuiltinVietNam.ThisisequaltonearlytwicethetotallengthofJapan’sSeto-OhashiBridge,whichisaseriesofelevatedbridgesconnectedtofivesmallislandsintheSetoInlandSea.

Thenumberofpeoplewhoweresuppliedwithsafewateroverthepastfiveyearsthroughtheconstructionofwatersupplyfacilities,includingwells,in48countries.JICAhasalsotrained14,000watersupplyengineersduringthisperiod.

* An overview of results for the past 10 years is used where there are no references to dates.

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Photos: Marcos Abbs, Kenshiro Imamura, Shinichi Kuno, Sanae Numata, Atsushi Shibuya, Yuji Shinoda

Foreword───────────────────────────────── 1

JICA at a Glance────────────────────── 2

Contents────────────────────────── 4

HIGHLIGHTS 2010────────────────────────────── 6

Striving for dynamic development that benefits allContributing to growth in Japan and the world

1.Helpingresolveissuesfacedbytheinternationalcommunity─────── 8

2.Maximizingdevelopmentimpact─────────────────────── 18

Program Goals and OverviewJapan’s ODA──────────────────────── 24

An Overview of JICA’s Programs─────────────── 27

JICA’s Path for Development Activities────────── 30

Contents

Special Feature

Photo by Sanae Numata

Front cover images from left to right (JICA project):

Bosnia and Herzegovina (The Project for Confidence-Building in Srebrenica on Agricultural and Rural Enterprise Development (SACRED));

Yemen (Broadening Regional Initiative for Developing on Girls’ Education (Part II));

Ethiopia (The Ethiopian Water Technology Center Project Phase-III);Colombia (Bogota Water Supply Improvement Project);Rwanda (The Skills Training for the Reintegration of Demobilised

Soldiers with Disabilities);Yemen (Improvement of TEVT System through the Establishment of

the Model in Automobile Maintenance Sector)

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Concrete Initiatives of JICA’s Programs in Fiscal 2010

Implementation System

Data and Information

Region-Specific Activities and Initiatives

Southeast Asia────────────────────────── 32

East Asia───────────────────────────── 40

Central Asia and the Caucasus────────────────── 44

South Asia───────────────────────── 48

Middle East─ ─────────────────────── 52

Africa─────────────────────────────── 56

Central America and the Caribbean─────────────── 62

South America─ ───────────────────────── 66

The Pacific────────────────────────────────────── 70

Europe─────────────────────────── 74

Cooperation Modality

Technical Cooperation───────────────────── 126

ODA Loan and Private Sector Investment Finance─ ──── 128

Grant Aid─ ─────────────────────────────────── 130

Follow-up Cooperation─ ──────────────────── 132

Training and Dialogue Programs in Japan────────── 134

Volunteer Programs──────────────────── 136

Citizen Participatory Cooperation───────────── 138

Partnerships with NGOs and Other Organizations─ ──── 140

Public-Private Partnerships──────────────── 142

Support for Japanese Emigrants and Their Descendants─── 144

Securing and Training Human Resources────────── 146

JICA-Net─ ──────────────────────────── 148

Japan Centers───────────────────────── 149

Emergency Disaster Relief─ ──────────────────── 150

Enhancing Development Partnerships─ ─────────── 152

History of JICA─ ───────────────────────── 170

Organization Chart─ ────────────────────── 172

Executive Officers and Auditors─ ─────────────── 173

Budget─ ───────────────────────────── 174

Statistics on Program Results────────────────── 175

Issue-Specific Activities and Initiatives

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)─────────── 78

Economic Infrastructure Development────────────── 80

Public Policy─────────────────────────────────── 86

Gender Mainstreaming──────────────────────────── 92

Peacebuilding─────────────────────── 94

Poverty Reduction───────────────────── 96

Human Development─ ────────────────────────── 98

Global Environment─ ─────────────────── 104

Rural Development────────────────────────── 110

Industrial Development─ ───────────────── 116

Research──────────────────────────────── 122

Operation, Management and Evaluation

Public Relations Activities─ ────────────────── 154

Information Disclosure─ ──────────────────── 156

Compliance─ ─────────────────────── 157

Guidelines for Environmental and

Social Considerations─ ─────────────────── 158

Risk Management of ODA Loan Account─ ──────── 162

Safety Management Operations Conducted Overseas─ ─── 163

Evaluation System of

JICA’s Operations and Management────────── 164

Operations Evaluation System────────────────── 165

Efforts to Improve Operations───────────────── 166

Efforts toward ISO Certification────────────── 167

Response to the Great East Japan

Earthquake / Tsunami──────────────────── 168

Financial Statements─ ───────────────────── 208

Financial Conditions─ ───────────────────── 224

Domestic and Overseas Offices───────────────── 232

Glossary────────────────────────── 234

Index of Case Studies─────────────────── 236

Nan-pro: We cannot overlook 5.5 billion people

Efforts From the First Year────── 124

5

InJune2010,theCabinetapprovedtheNewGrowthStrategy,whichlaysouttheJapanesegovernment’spolicyforsupportingJapanesecompanies’entryintodevelopingcountrieswithaviewtorealizingastrongJapaneseeconomy.UndertheNewGrowthStrategy,JICAisaimingtoleverageJapan’sexpertiseandtechnologiesaseffectivetoolsforresolvingthedevelopmentissuesofdevelopingcountriesandachievemutualprosperityforJapanand

thesecountries.Asanewinitiative,JICAiscarryingoutPreparatorySurveysforPublic-PrivatePartnership(PPP)InfrastructureprojectsaswellasPreparatorySurveysforBaseofthePyramid(BOP)BusinessPromotion.

TheearthquakeswhichhitHaitiinJanuary2010andChileinFebruary2010devastatedbothcountries.ForHaiti,JICAprovidedswiftandseamlesscooperation,includingtheUrgentRehabilitationandReconstructionSupportProjectbasedon the findingsof thePostDisasterNeedsAssessment(PDNA),whichwasconductedwiththeUnitedNations,theInter-AmericanDevelopmentBankandotherorganizations.JICAalsoprovidedtrainingsinJapanonthereconstructionprocess.ForChile,JICAimplementedaTechnicalCooperationprojectthroughwhichJICAexpertsshared

Japan’sexperienceandknowledgerelatedtoJapan’stsunamiobservationsystemandtechnology,amongothertechnologies.Movingforward,JICAwillcarryoutactivities,suchasjointresearchwithChileontsunamidisastercountermeasures*andothermeasuresfordisasterriskmanagement.* Consultations with Chile researchers commence from August 2011.

June 2010–

Contributing to the New Growth StrategyPromoting Further Partnerships with the Private Sector

Drawing on Lessons Learned from the Great Hanshin Earthquake and Japan’s Know-HowIn the Wake of the Haiti and Chile Earthquakes, JICA Provides Reconstruction and Disaster Risk Management Cooperation

Key Topics from Fiscal 2010

Related article

Page 11, Page 142–143JICA website “News,” December 28, 2010 and January 31, 2011 press releases

Related article

Page 65, Page 68JICA website “News,” May 28, 2010 and February 10, 2011 press releases

HIGHLIGHTS2010

Chilean researchers and Japanese instructors observing and exchanging views on a large-scale floodgate facility in Numazu Port, Shizuoka Prefecture that makes use of Japan’s latest technology.

The United Nations (UN) Summit fordiscussingtheinitiativesforachievingtheUNMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)bythe2015deadlinewasheldinSeptember2010inNewYork,atwhichUNSecretary-GeneralBanKi-moonunderscoredthatthegoalsareachievable.ThenPrimeMinisterNaotoKanannouncedtheKanCommitmenttoprovidesupportintheareasofhealthandeducationofdevelopingcountries.JICA,too,willmakeutmosteffortstoachievethegoalsof theinternationalcommunitybasedontheprincipleof“humansecurity.”

TheJICAResearch InstitutehasbegunincreasinglydisseminatingitsresearchfindingsthroughpublicationsofEnglish-languageworkingpapersandpolicybriefs,EnglishandJapanesebooks,andavarietyofreports.TheseresearchfindingsobtainedincollaborationwithresearchinstitutesandresearchersinJapanandoverseaswerewidelydisseminatedthroughthesideeventsoftheWorldBankandInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)AnnualMeetingaswellasinternationalsymposiumsandacademicconferences.

September 2010

With Five Years RemainingMDGs Summit: For Achieving the Commitments Made By the International Community

Dissemination of Policy-Oriented Research FindingsJICA Research Institute Contributes to Global Development Aid Agendas

Vice President Kiyoshi Kodera participated in the side event as a panelist from JICA (far right)

Publications of JICA Research Institute

Related article

Page 78–79JICA website “News,” September 17, 2010 press release, News from the Field

Related article

Page 18, Page 122-123JICA website JICA Research Institute

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JICA website http://www.jica.go.jp/english/

Withemergingcountrieshavingagreaterpresenceintermsofdevelopmentcooperation,JICAisstrengtheningitspartnershipswiththesecountries,particularlythoseinAsia.InSeptember2010,PresidentOgatavisitedChinaandtheRepublicofKorea.InOctober,ajointseminaronenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationswasheldamongJICAandthedevelopmentagenciesoftheRepublicofKorea,ChinaandThailand.Furthermore,inDecember,JICAhelditsfirstregularconsultationwiththeKoreaInternationalCooperationAgency(KOICA).Inordertomaximizedevelopmentoutcomes,JICAwillcontinuetobuildstrongpartnershipsandholdstrategicdialogueswiththeseorganizations.

Building New PartnershipsTo Increase Development Effectiveness, JICA Strengthens Partnerships with Emerging Countries

President Dong Soo Kim of the Export-Import Bank of Korea (left) and President Ogata held their first talks in September 2010.

Related article

Page 20, Page 152–153JICA website “News,” September 7, 2010 News from the Field and November 1, 2010 and December 8, 2010 press releases

January 2011

South Sudan Overcomes Long Fought Conflict and Heads Towards IndependenceAssistance for Achieving Peace in the Two Sudans

JICA Carries Out Emergency Relief Operations Overseas and in JapanTeams Dispatched for Flood Disaster in Pakistan, Great East Japan Earthquake, etc.

Trainees learning about auto repair from a Japanese expert at the Juba Multi-Service Training Center in Juba, South Sudan

Sixyearsafterthe2005ComprehensivePeaceAgreementwasreached,areferendumtookplaceinsouthernSudaninJanuary2011,andpeopleofSouthSudanchoseindependencefromtheNorth.In2006,JICAopenedofficesinbothsouthernandnorthernSudanandhasprovidedassistancefortheconsolidationofpeaceandthepreventionofconflictrecurrence.IntheSouth,JICA’sassistancehasincludedassistanceforwar-affectedpeoplethroughvocationaltrainingandlivelihoodimprovementincommunities;assistancetomeetbasic

needs, includinghealth,scienceandmatheducation,andwatersupplyimprovements;andassistanceforinfrastructurereconstruction,includingtherehabilitationofroadsandriverports.JICAwillcontinuetoprovideassistancetoSouthandNorthSudantoenablepeoplestillsufferingfromconflicttoenjoythe“peacedividend”asmuchaspossible.

Related article

Page 17, Page 85JICA website “Countries” South Sudan

Infiscal2010, longrainfallsandfloodingwreakedmuchhavoc,beginningwiththeflooddamageinPakistanwhichaffectedmorethan20millionpeople.JICA’sassistanceincludedthedispatchofmedicalteamsandprovisionofsuppliestothecountry.InthewakeoftheGreatEastJapanEarthquakeinMarch2011,JICAprovidedlogisticalsupportfortheUnitedNationsDisasterAssessmentandCoordination(UNDAC)teamandtheIsraelimedicalteaminJapan.

Related article

Page 151JICA website “News,” September 29, 2010 and April 26, 2011 News from the Field

A medical team member (pharmacist) of the Japan Disaster Relief Team dispenses medicine to disaster victims. A local woman offered to serve

as an interpreter (Pakistan flood damage).

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Striving for dynamic development that benefi ts all

Inclusive and Dynamic Development

Contributing to growth in Japan and the world

Sp

ecial Feature

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As is clearly seen in the recently volatile circumstances of the Middle East, feelings of inequity that arise when the fruits of economic growth are poorly distributed are a factor behind social unrest. What becomes apparent here is the importance of “inclusive development,” an approach that pays attention to widening disparities that can occur with economic growth but which then ensures that all people are benefi ciaries. JICA intends to contribute to growth in not only developing countries but also Japan by pursuing support that is both inclusive and dynamic.

Inclusive development

TheMiddleEasthasseengrowinginstabilitysinceanuprisinginTunisiainDecember2010,andthissituationhasprovidedsignificantpointersonhowdevelopment shouldbepursued.Specifically,developmentshereshedlightonhowemploymentproblemscombinedwithfreedomofspeechissuesbroughtsocialunresttocountrieshavingabundantresources,relativelystrongeconomicindicators,andfairlyhigheducationlevels. Feelingsofinequityarecausedwhengrowthacceleratesbutthefruitsofsuchgrowthareimproperlydistributed—suchaswhenpeoplecannotfindworkorgainsufficient incomedespitebeinghighlyeducated,andwhentheirdissatisfactionatbeingplacedinsuchcircumstancesneverdissipates—havegreatly

changedthecomplexionoftheinternationalcommunity. Here,JICApresentsavisionfor“inclusiveanddynamicdevelopment”;inotherwords,vibrantdevelopmentthatdeliversbenefittoallpeople.Throughinclusivedevelopment,JICAseekstohavemorepeopleenjoybenefitsfrombroadandequalparticipationinthe“growthprocess”asasteptowardachievingpovertyreductionfromsustainableeconomicgrowth.Thevisionalsostressestheimportanceofconsideringthecircumstancesinwhichpeopleareplacedfromvariousanglesconcerning“inclusiveness”soasto“preventdisparity.”Inclusivedevelopmentisbasedonthephilosophyof“humansecurity”thatisabasicpolicyinJapan’sODACharter,and it isaconceptwhose importancehasreceivedrenewedrecognitioninthewakeofrecentdevelopmentsintheMiddleEast.

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ecial Feature

1. Helping resolve issues faced by the international community

1 A counterpart and Japanese expert in the new air traffic control tower simulator at Ho Chi Minh City Airport (Viet Nam)

2 At a school helping to promote women’s education (Yemen)3 Mindanao Container Terminal developed with ODA Loans. Constructed inside an industrial

park in Northern Mindanao, the terminal has contributed to the improvement of the business environment for local Japanese companies (Philippines)

4 NERICA rice pilot farms in the Mwea irrigation area, which has long been supported by JICA (Kenya)

5 Counterparts and a Japanese professor engaged in serologic testing to identify the effectiveness of type B hepatitis vaccines (Fiji)

Former JICA trainees holding candles and praying for the souls of victims of the Great East Japan Earthquake (Gaza Strip, Palestine)

A former JOCV to Mongolia heading a team lending out supplies at a disaster volunteer center in Sendai (left). She had been independently continuing her activities in Mongolia after the end of her JOCV service, but hurried to Sendai after hearing of the disaster.

1 Accelerating growth and benefits

Growth in developing countries and Japan—“Mutual prosperity” sought by the New Growth Strategy

Evenamongdevelopingcountriesneedsareparticularlyacuteinthosenationsfacedwithseverepoverty.Moreover,evenincountriesthatenjoyacertainlevelofeconomicgrowth,deep-rootedproblemsindailylifewillnotberesolvedifdevelopmentfailstopayattentiontodisparitiesbetweentherichandpoorandthefruitsofgrowtharenotsharedwithordinarycitizens.ThiswasmadeclearinthestringofpoliticalupheavalsandspreadingdemocracydemonstrationsthatbeganintheMiddleEastinearly2011.Therearestillmanycountriesintheworldthatfitthisdescription,anditisherethat

Japan’sODAhasanimportantroletoplay. ThecircumstancessurroundingODA,however,havealsobeenundergoingsignificant change in recent years,particularly with regard to Japan’sdomesticsituation.With itseconomystagnantformorethanadecade,Japanrelinquisheditspositionastheworld’ssecondlargesteconomytoChinain2010.Andasitseconomyremainsshackledbyashrinkinglaborforcecausedbyanagingsocietyandlowbirthrate,thereisnowagrowingconsensusthatJapanshouldcontributetoitsowneconomicgrowththroughODA. In termsof resources,energy,food,andotherareas,Japan’seconomyis inescapably linkedto theglobaleconomy.AftertheMarch,2011earthquakedisaster,Japanbelievesthatby fulfilling itscommitments tothe internationalcommunity,helpingresolvesuchglobal issuesaspovertyandinfectiousdiseases,andcontributingtoworldpeaceandprosperity,itisalso

servingitsownnationalinterests. Atthesametime,countriesaroundtheworld—includingdevelopingnations—extendedtheirsupporttoJapaninthedaysfollowingtheGreatEastJapanEarthquake.Suchsupportwasundoubtedlyareflectionofthetrustandgratitudesuchcountrieshavefelt forJapan’sODAprograminpreviousyears*1.Moreover,aswasmadeveryclearbythedisaster,thereareareaswheretheproblemsfacedbydevelopingcountriesandJapanaresimilar,includingtheenvironment,resources,andenergy. WhileitistruethatJICA’smissionistoassistdevelopingcountries,eventsfollowing the Japaneseearthquakeunderlined thatJICA’sexperience inimplementingprojectsoverseascanbeappliedwithinJapan itself.ThiswasdemonstratedbyactivitiestosupportdisastervictimsbyformerJICAvolunteers(JOCV)andinternationalcooperation-orientedNGOsandNPOs in thedaysimmediatelyfollowingthedisaster.Thus,

*1 Following the Great East Japan Earthquake, JICA’s overseas and domestic offices received more than 3,000 messages of sympathy from more than 100 countries. Some of the messages expressing warm support and encouraging speedy recovery can be viewed on the JICA website. http://www.jica.go.jp/information/disaster_msg/index.html

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itisclearthat,inadditiontosupportingdevelopingcountrieswithJapanesetechnologiesandknow-how,JICAwillalsoneedtoaddressvariousissuesinJapanbyutilizingtheknowledgeandnetworksithasgainedthroughoverseasactivitiesandlinkinginternationalanddomesticaspects.

InJune2010,theJapanesegovernment’s“NewGrowthStrategy”wasapprovedbytheCabinet.ThisstrategyaimstoencourageJapanesecompaniestodobusinessoverseas,includingindevelopingcountriesand tosupportsustainablegrowth there. Japanese companiespossesssuperiortechnologiesinsuch

fieldsas infrastructuredevelopment, energyconservation,and theenvironment.Thus,morethanever,opportunitiesaregrowingforJapanesecompanies to ut i l izethese technologies tohelpsolveproblemsindevelopingcountries. Realizingeconomicgrowth together withdevelopingcountriesandseeking“mutualprosperity”formthefoundationoftheNewGrowthStrategy.JICAintendstocontributetotheNewGrowthStrategythroughprojectimplementation[ See

the Case Studies on pages10 and 11].

“Hard infrastructure” and “soft infrastructure”—Promoting package-type cooperation

Ingeneral,“infrastructure” referstopublic structures suchas roads,schools,hospitals,powerandwatertreatmentplants.Ifpeople’slivesaretobeimproved,hygienicenvironmentsmustbeestablishedbydevelopingwaterworksandseweragesystems,andeducationandappropriatehealthandmedicalservicesmustbemadeavailable.Beforethesestepscanbetaken,however,itisfirstnecessarytobuildfacilitiesandtosecuremeansoftransporttothem,whichincluderoadsandbridges,buses,andrailroads.Itisalsonecessarytosupplytheelectricpowerthatthesefacilitiesrequire. However,peoplecannotlivebyso-called“hardinfrastructure”alonewhichinitselfmustbeappropriatelymaintainedandmanagedthroughrelatedlawsandregulationsandthedevelopmentofhumanresources. Variousrightsmustbesecuredforpeopleandcommunities.Civilcodes,commercial lawsandotherstatutesmustbeenacted.Proper investmentenvironmentsmustbeestablished.Suchinstitutionsandhumanresourceshavebecomeknownas“softinfrastructure.” TheGreatEastJapanEarthquakeincluded a massive 9.0 magnitudetremor and an ensuing tsunami of

JICA launched this Technical Cooperation project in January 2011 with focus on Cambodia, Laos, and Viet Nam. The project seeks to develop capacities needed to introduce new technologies for aircraft operation and air traffic control utilizing satellite technology (i.e., new Communications, Navigation and Surveillance/Air Traffic Management [CNS/ATM] systems).

Bringing Safer and More Efficient Aircraft Operation to the East Mekong Region

Case Study

Project for the Capacity Development for Transition to the New CNS/ATM Systems in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam

Shift to a New Regional System GlobalintroductionofnewCNS/ATMsystemsisbeingpromotedbytheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO).Thesesystemssignificantlyraiseair transportsafetyandefficiencybymakingitpossibletoimproveflightprecisionandshortenroutes.Theyareimportanttechnologiesintheefforttomeetcontinuallygrowingairtraveldemand. Thisprojectprovides technicalsupportthroughon-the-jobtrainingandtraininginJapanwiththefollowingobjectives:1)capacitydevelopmentconcerningestablishmentofPerformance-BasedNavigation(PBN)flight,2)developmentoftrainingprogramsconcerningthenewsystemsforair-trafficcontrollersandair-trafficcontrol technicians,and3)introductionofSafetyManagementSystems(SMS).

PBN,which forms thecoreof thenewsystems, isanewnavigation technologyutilizinglocationinformationfromsatellites.Itmakes itpossibletosetsaferandmoreefficientflightroutes. IntroductionofSMSis requiredby ICAO.UnderSMS,aviationoperatorsmanagerisksconcerningaviationsafetyandsystematicallyimplementmeasurestopreventaccidentsandhazardousevents. Thecooperationperiodisfiveyears,andJICAexpertsbased inVietNamtravel toCambodiaandLaos to fulfill theirduties.JICAalsohasbeen implementingsimilarprojectsinPhilippinesandIndonesia.Throughthiscooperation,JICAcontributes to theharmonizationofSoutheastAsiainthefieldofair-trafficcontrolbyintroducingnewaviationsystemsandtechnicalsupporttomanagethesystems.

A JICA expert (right edge in the picture) is guiding counterparts in air-traffic control skills in the control tower of Vientiane Airport, Laos. This control tower was set up with Grant Aid from Japan.

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ecial Feature

A subway in the Indian capital of Delhi whose construction was supported with ODA Loans. JICA is also implementing Technical Cooperation and providing know-how for safe and smooth operation [Photo by Shinichi Kuno]

unanticipatedheightthatstruckcoastalareas.Materialdamagewasoverwhelming,butthecatastrophealsounderlinedtheimportanceofthis‘soft infrastructure’wherebypreviousdisastermanagementeducationhelpedsavecountlesslives. Effectivecooperationcanbeachievedbycombininghardandsoftinfrastructureinawellbalancedmanner.InOctober2008,a reorganizedand ‘expanded’JICAforthefirsttimewasabletouseacombinationofODALoans,GrantAidandTechnicalCooperationtoimplementprojectswithgreater flexibility andeffectiveness.ThiscombinationgivesJICAtheabilitytoimplementpackage-typecooperationthatextendsfromformulationofdevelopmentplanstoestablishmentofhardandsoftinfrastructurebycombining,forexample,infrastructuredevelopmentprojectsusingODALoansandTechnicalCooperationandthenpresentingthemasintegratedpackagestopartnercountries[ See the Case Studies on pages 60, 61, 83, and

85].

Public Private Partnership—Building a “win-win-win” relationship

Asglobal competition intensifiesandbarriers to tradeand investmentfall,privateenterprisesareactivelyexpandingtheirtradeandinvestmenttodevelopingcountries.Atthesametime,Japan’sdomesticlaborpopulationhasbeenshrinkinginrecentyearsduetothecountry’sdecliningbirthrate,anddomesticconsumptionisexpectedtodrop

asaresult.Thus,thereisagrowingneedforJapantobreakawayfromitstraditionalinternalconsumption-driveneconomy.Against thisbackdrop,Japan’s“NewGrowthStrategy”advocatesthe“packageofinfrastructure-relatedsystemexport”;inotherwords,astrategy toexpandJapan’soverseas involvement in theinfrastructurefieldthatisbasedonpublic-privatesectorcollaboration.TheJapanBusinessFederation (Keidanren)and

othereconomicorganizationshaveissuedrecommendationsurgingpromotionofjointpublic-privateinitiatives.Here,anapproachknownasPublicPrivatePartnership(PPP)isreceivingattentionasameansofpromotingeconomicgrowthindevelopingcountries.PPPpursueshigherefficiencyandbetterqualitybydividingtheresponsibilitiesofthepublicandprivatesectorswhileapplyingprivate-sector technologies,know-how,and

The governments of Japan and Indonesia signed the Memorandum of Cooperation for Establishing Metropolitan Priority Areas (MPA) on December 10, 2010 in Indonesia. This MPA initiative aims to develop the investment environment for both soft and hard infrastructure in the Jakarta metropolitan area. JICA is contributing to the initiative by conducting a MPA Master Plan, as the guiding principle of the MPA, and by supporting formulation and acceleration of the development projects that are highly prioritized in the Master Plan.

Promoting Overseas Deployment of Integrated Infrastructure Systems

Case Study

Master Plan for Establishing Metropolitan Priority Area (MPA) for Investment and Industry in Jabodetabek Area

A High-Level Bilateral Agreement TheMPAMasterPlanwillpresentalong-termvisionforinfrastructuredevelopmentinordertoimprovetheinvestmentenvironmentintheJakartametropolitanarea,mainlyforninesectorssuchasseaports,roads,andairports.Thekeyprinciplesofthevisionare“safetyandsecurity”and“environment-friendlytechnologies.”Japanesecompaniesareexpectedtocontributetotheinfrastructureinvestment with their technologies andexpertiseintheseareas. MPAhasbeenpromotedasahigh-levelministerialapproachsinceitspreparatorystage.Theinitiativemainlyfocusesonformulatingandrealizingdevelopmentprojects.TheMPAMasterPlanwillidentifyurgentandprioritized

projectswithpossiblefinancingschemesandpossibilityofprivatesectorparticipationindevelopmentoftheinfrastructure.TheMPASteeringCommittee,whichconsistsofrelevantministersofbothgovernments,hasalreadybeenestablished.Itsupervisesandsupportsthe implementationof the recommendedprojectsandmeasuresintheMPAMasterPlan. TheJICAMasterPlanStudyTeammobilizesnotonlydevelopmentconsultantsbutalsotheexpertiseoftradingcompanies,infrastructureservicecompaniesandotherprivatecompanies.ThisallowstheStudyTeamtomakestrongrecommendationswithrealisticperspectivesofinfrastructureinvestmentandoperationinadditiontourbanplanning.

Signing of the Memorandum of Cooperation by the then Foreign Minister Maehara and Coordinating Minister for the Economy Hatta.

11

The Egypt-Japan University for Science and Technology is supporting the future of science-oriented higher education in Egypt. It opened in March 2009 with support from universities in Japan.

capital.Typically, itshouldinvolvethedevelopmentofbasicinfrastructurewithpublicfunds(ODA,etc.)whiletheprivatesector investments inareasexpectedtobeprofitableaswellasoperations,maintenance,andmanagement. Anotherapproach is“Baseof thePyramid(BOP)business”inwhichprivateenterprisesusebusinessprinciplestoresolveproblemsthataidorganizationshavedifficultyintacklingontheirown. Such approaches that seek toformmeaningfulODA-private-sectorpartnershipstoexpanddevelopmentandgrowtharedesirableforbothdevelopingcountriesandJapan.Giventhis,JICAisreinforcingitsinitiativestopromotePPPinfrastructureprojectsandBOPbusiness.Infiscal2010,JICAbeganimplementing“preparatorysurveysforPPPinfrastructureprojects”basedonproposalssubmittedbytheprivatesector.JICAalsolaunched“preparatorysurveysforBOPbusinesspromotion”thatsupportsurveystogatherinformationandformulatebusinessplansatthebusinessplandevelopmentstage.Moreover,aplantorestartPrivateSectorInvestmentFinancethatprovidesfinancialsupportwhenprivateenterprisesdobusiness indevelopingcountrieswasannouncedata“MinisterialMeetingontheOverseasDeploymentofIntegrated

InfrastructureSystems”heldinDecember2010. Inordertocontinueitssupportforeconomicgrowthindevelopingcountries,JICAwillpromotemoreeffectiveandefficientaidbystrengtheningPublicPrivate Partnerships that generate“win-win-win”situationsfordevelopingcountries,theprivatesector,andODA,whilealsoutilizingthecapitalandvitalityoftheprivatesector[ See the Case Study

on page 11].

Science and technology—Human resources development and networking of institutions of higher education

S c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y p l a ymajorrolesintacklingsuchissuesasenvironmentaldegradation,disastermanagement,andinfectiousdiseases.AdvancementsinS&Tarevitalelementsineffortstorealizeeconomicgrowth,andthedevelopmentofhumanresourceinthisfieldisaparticularlyimportantmeansofpromotingdevelopment. Inthisconnection,keyDietmembersofthegovernment’sCouncilforScienceandTechnologyPolicyissuedaMay2008statementon“theneedto implementjointresearchanddevelopthecapacitiesofuniversitiesandresearchinstitutesbasedontherequirementsandrequestsofdevelopingcountries.”

Withaneyetorealizingsustainabledevelopmentindevelopingcountries,JICAhasbeenpromotingS&T-relatedhumanresourcesdevelopmentandnetworkingofhighereducationinstitutionsaspartofTechnicalCooperation that takesadvantageofJapan’s long-developedexpertiseinS&T.Itlauncheda“scienceandtechnologycooperationonglobalissues”*2schemeinfiscal2008.ItisalsopromotingactivitiescenteredonsuchprojectsastheEgypt-JapanUniversityofScienceandTechnology(E-JUST)andtheASEANUniversityNetwork/SoutheastAsiaEngineeringEducationDevelopmentNetwork (AUN/SEED-Net) topromotecapacitydevelopmentofuniversitiesandresearchinstitutes[ See the Case Study on

page 100].

*2 Specifically, this refers to projects implemented under Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS; Technical Cooperation project) and Dispatch of Science and Technology Researchers (individual expert dispatch).

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ecial Feature

Trainees viewing a model and listening to an explanation of flood countermeasures in major urban areas (Capacity Development for Adaptation to Climate Change)

2 Response to global problems

Countermeasures against climate change—From the standpoints of mitigation and adaptation

Realizingsustainableglobalgrowthrequiresanappropriateresponsetoissuessuchasclimatechange. 2010wasparticularlyhazardous.ManycountriesincludingColombia,Pakistan,VietNam,Benin,andVenezuelasufferedfromseverefloodsandJICArespondedbyprovidingemergencyreliefandsupplies.Pakistan, inparticular,experiencedcontinuoustorrentialrainsthatbeganinlateJulyandsubsequentfloodingaffectedapproximately20millionpeople. InColombia,unremittingrainsthatbeganinAprilcausedfloodingaslateasDecemberandaffectedmorethan1.6millionpeople.Thefloodsdamagednotonlybridges,roadsandotherinfrastructurebutcausedwidespreadsocialdisruptionbyinundatingfarmland,destroyingcropsandlivestockandcausingoutbreaksofdeadlyinfectiousdiseases.

Toaddresssuchnaturaldisasters,JICAimplementsspecificdisasterrelatedtrainingcoursesinJapaninadditiontorelatedTechnicalCooperationprojects.InFebruary2011,Asianofficialsinvolvedinformulatingnaturaldisastercounter-measuresparticipatedinaroughlyone-

monthJICAtrainingcourse,“CapacityDevelopmentforAdaptationtoClimateChange,”thethirdofaseries. It iswidelybelieved in scientificcirclesthatclimatechangeisat leastpartially responsible for triggeringincreasinglyheavyrains,destructive

REDD-plus is a concept to reduce greenhouse gases emissions or to maintain or enhance forest carbon stocks by curbing deforestation/forest degradation or through forest conservation in developing countries. JICA is conducting REDD-plus projects around the world.

Promoting REDD-plus as an Approach to Mitigating Climate Change

Case Study

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD-plus)

From Policy to Action JICAprovidescooperation topromoteREDD-plusfromthreeaspects:1)developmentofpolicies, institutions,andcapacities;2)improvementoftechnologiesformeasuringforestareaandforestcarbonemissions;and3)promotionofdemonstrationactivitiestoreducedeforestationandforestdegradation.Througheachoftheseapproaches,JICAencouragesstrongerpartnershipamongstakeholdersindevelopingcountries. InLaos,whichisaimingtorestoreforestcoverageratiosthathavebeendecliningrapidlyinrecentyears,JICAhasdispatchedexpertsintheforestpolicyfieldwhoareprovidingguidanceandtrainingtoforestadministratorsinordertodeveloptheircapabilitiesinpolicyformulationandinstitutionalplanningintheforestsector,includingREDD-plus. InIndonesia,whichisfacedwiththeproblemofforestfirescausedbydryingpeatlandsand

slash-and-burncultivation,JICAisinvolvedinascienceandtechnologyresearchpartnershipforsustainabledevelopment(SATREPS) incollaborationwith related institutions inIndonesiaandHokkaidoUniversity.Thiscooperationinvolvesdetectingforestfiresusingsatelliteimages,developingapredictionmodel,andestablishingasystemforevaluatingforestcarbonstockforaREDD-plusframework. Moreover, inBrazil, JICA isprovidingcooperationtoreinforcecontrolsonillegallogging,whichoccursfrequentlyinthevastAmazonrainforests.JICAisworkingtobuildamonitoringsystemandstrengthen thecapabilitiesofcounterpartpersonnelsothattheBrazilianFederalPoliceandtheBrazilianInstituteofEnvironmentandRenewableNaturalResources(IBAMA)canmonitorillegalloggingthroughsatelliteimages. JICAwillprovidecomprehensivecooperationinthisfieldtoCambodiaandVietNamaswell.

Forest clearance in Laos

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The Program for Community-based Flood Disaster Management to Adapt to Climate Change in the Nyando River Basin built disaster-management structures in 24 river-basin villages and improved residents’ awareness of disaster management [Photo by Shinichi Kuno]

storms and other adverse weatherpatterns.Countermeasuresincludethegreateruseofso-called“cleanenergy”and“mitigationmeasures”thatcontrolemissionsofgreenhousegases.Anexample is REDD-plus (ReducingEmissionsfromDeforestationandForestDegradation indevelopingcountries)whichseekstoreducegreenhousegasemissionsbycontrollingdeforestationandforestdegradation[ See the Case Study on

page 13].However,becauseittakestimeforsuchmeasurestotakeeffect,other“adaptationmeasures”arealsorequiredintheshortterm. JICAprojectsindevelopingcountrieslackingstrongsocialandadministrativeinfrastructures focusonadaptationmeasurescoveringabroadrangeoffieldsincludingnotonlydisastermanagementbutalsowaterresources,agriculture,mangroveconservation,biodiversityconservation,infrastructuredevelopment,andhealthandhygiene. The16thConferenceofthePartiesoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(COP16)metinCancun,Mexico,inNovemberandDecember2010todiscussaninternationalframeworkforclimatechangecountermeasuresandothermatters.Discussionsincludedachieving an agreement on a newinternational framework for2013 toreplacetheearlierKyotoProtocolwhichestablishednumerical targets for thereductionofgreenhousegases.Duringtheconference,JICAorganizedsideeventsonsuch themesasexchangeofGHGemissionreductionsbetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountriesandreductionofGHGemissionsbycontrollingdeforestation.Italsopresentedprojectsthatsimultaneouslyaddressdevelopmentissuesindevelopingcountriesandclimatechangecountermeasures, andhelddiscussionswithvariouscountries. Moreover,inamovetimedtocorrespondwithCOP16,theJICAResearchInstitute(JICA-RI)publishedabooktitledClimate Change Adaptation and International DevelopmenteditedbyRyoFujikura,JICA-RIVisitingResearchFellow,andMasatoKawanishi,JICASeniorAdvisorandissuedbyEarthscanof theUnitedKingdom,whichcompiledtheresultsofresearchon

JICA is providing comprehensive support to initiatives by the Indonesian government to tackle climate change. This support ranges from policy-making and institutional reform to capacity development at implementation levels. This kind of support framework that reaches from the “upstream” side to the “downstream” side of the policy process is expected to become a model for future cooperation.

Comprehensive Support for Climate Change Countermeasures in Indonesia

Case Study

The Project of Capacity Development for Climate Change Strategies in Indonesia

Supporting the “Formulation” and “Implementation” of Climate Change Countermeasures Thusfar,JICAhasprovidedLowCarbonand Resil ient Development Program topromoteclimatechangecountermeasuresin Indonesia.JICA takes thisapproach toencouragegovernment initiativesfromthe“upstream”sidebyclearlydelineatingpolicyand institutional reformsvis-à-vis suchcountermeasuresina“policymatrix,”andthenprovidingloansinastepwisefashionbasedonevaluationofprogressinrealizingthepolicymatrix. JICAhasalsostartedtheProjectofCapacityDevelopmentforClimateChangeStrategiestoreinforceadministrativecapabilitieswithinthegovernmentthatwillbeneededtomovepolicyfromthe“upstream”sidetothe“downstream”side—i.e.,actualimplementation.

Theprojectcontainsthreesub-projects.Sub-project1aimstoformulateNationallyAppropriateMitigationActions (NAMA)aswellaspromotemeasurement,reporting,andverification(MRV).Italsoseekstomainstreamadaptationmeasuresindevelopmentplanningbystrengtheningcapacitiesamongpolicy-makersandpractitionerssothattheycantakeinitiativestoimplementcountermeasuresbythemselvesSub-project2seekstoprojectandanalyzevariousimpactsofclimatechangebyevaluatingvulnerabilityandadaptivecapacitybasedonwidersocio-economicperspectives. Sub-project3,whichseekstoreinforcecapacit ies to develop greenhouse gas(GHG) inventories*, isaiming toestablishamanagementsystemforupgradingGHGinventoriesregularly,withaviewtoenhancingthequalityoftheinventories.

A workshop on the National Action Plan for GHG Reduction that was jointly organized by JICA, the National Development Planning Agency of Indonesia (BAPPENAS), and South Sumatra Development Agency.

* “GHG inventory” indicates amounts of CO2 and other greenhouse gases that are causes of global warming in terms of both emissions and absorption for each source of emission/absorption in a particular country.

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ecial Feature

Changes in international prices of grains and soybeans

(year)(month)

(US$ per ton)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20111 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7

（日）819

(year)(month)

Wheat

Com

Soybeans

Rice

279.9

268.5

582.0

499.6

A counterpart of the NERICA Promotion Project in Uganda and a Japanese expert. The project is promoting the dissemination of NERICA rice in Uganda [Photo by Shinoda Yuji]

[Source] Website of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)

adaptationmeasures.Thebookpresentsweatherpredictiondata for variouscountriesthatwaspreparedthroughthe“CapacityDevelopmentforAdaptationtoClimateChange”trainingcourseoverthepast twoyears. In thisway,JICAiscontributingtointernationalclimatechangecountermeasuresthroughnotonlyspecificprojectsbutalsoconferencepresentationsandresearch.

Food security—Toward achieving Goal 1 of the MDGs

Theproportionofundernourishedpeopleindevelopingcountriesfellfrom20%at thebeginningof the1990sto16% in the firstyearsof thenewmillennium. Internationalgrainpricesbeganrisingaround2006,peakedduringthespringandsummerof2008,andthenagainbeganrising in2010and2011followingatemporarydecline.Suchgyrationsanduncertaintyhaveaprofoundimpactonimpoverishedpeoples.Thesedevelopmentsareexpectedto leadtoanincreaseofmorethan40millionintheworldwidenumberofpeoplelivinginimpoverishedconditionsduring2010and2011(WorldBankestimates),andarethoughttobeafactorinthestringofpoliticalupheavalsinTunisia,Egypt,andothercountriesoftheMiddleEastinearly2011.

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The Olkaria geothermal plant of Kenya, which is situated on the foot of a dormant volcano. In March 2010, JICA signed an agreement to provide an ODA Loan toward expanding the plant. As the first project to qualify for a Climate Change ODA Loan (“Cool Earth Loan”) in Sub-Saharan Africa, the plant’s expansion is expected to help reduce burden on the global environment in addition to providing power [Photo by Shinichi Kuno]

The s i tuat ion couldimpedeeffortstoachievethe f i rs t target o f theMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)tohalvethenumber of the world’sundernourishedpopulationby2015.Consequently,JICAissupportingthestablesupplyoffoodtothreatenedpopulations.Specifically,JICAsupports initiativesto achieve sustainableagriculturalproductionandimprovemarketing,storageanddistributionsystemsindevelopingcountriesto reinforceoverall foodsecurity[ See the Case Study

on page 127]. InparticularJICAisinvolvedinpriorityactionsthatincludedoublingAfricanriceproductionto28milliontonsby2018incollaborationwiththeCoalitionforAfricanRiceDevelopment(CARD)[ See the Case

Studies on pages 61 and 114].

Resources and energy—Utilizing Japan’s energy-saving and low-carbon technologies

Aga ins t a backd rop o f g l oba lenvironmentalproblemsandgrowingdemand indevelopingcountriesandemergingeconomies,securingstableenergysuppliesisbecominganimportantissuefortheinternationalcommunity. AccordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgency ( IEA)*3, worldwide primaryenergyconsumptionin2008was12.3billiontons (oilequivalent).However,it isestimatedthatthisfigurewillriseto16.7billiontonsby2035,andmorethanhalfofthatdemandwillcomefromdevelopingcountries.ItisalsopredictedthatconsumptioninAsia—particularlyinChinaandIndia—willincreaseevenmore. Inaddition,therecentunrestintheMiddleEast,whichsuppliesthemajorityoftheworld’sfossil fuels, ishavingamajorimpactonenergyprices.Energydrivesindustrialandsocialdevelopmentandunderpinsdaily lifebypoweringtransport,communications,electric,gasandwaterworksinfrastructure.The

damagetothermalandnuclearpowerplantsinthecoastalareasofFukushima,Miyagi,andIbarakiPrefecturesduringJapan’sMarch11earthquakeunderlinedtheneed inbothJapanand the restoftheworldtoreviewenergypoliciesanddiversifyenergysources.TheIEAemphasizedthathowtheenergyproblemevolvesoverthelongtermwilldependonhownationalgovernmentsrespondtotwoissuesthatarecloselyconnected:climatechangeandenergysecurity. The internat ional community—includingdevelopingcountries,Japanandotherdevelopednationsthathaveconsumed vast amounts of energyoverthecourseoftheirowneconomicdevelopment—mustnowconcentrateon“energyconservation”byutilizinglimitedenergyresourcesoverthelongtermwithgreaterefficiencyandstability.Moreover,asJapanpromotesenergyconservation,itmustalsomorefullyexploitrenewableenergies. Havingexperiencedtwooilcrisesinthe1970s,Japanhaspromotedenergy-savingmeasures in its industrialandothersectors,anddevelopedvarioustechnologiesandinstitutionsforenergyconservation.Japanhasalsobecomeexpert in the f ie ld of low-carbontechnologies.Foritspart,JICAwillhelpshareJapan’sknow-howwiththeworld,worktowardreducingworldwideenergyconsumption,and,byextension,lowering

greenhousegasemissions.

Peacebuilding and conflict prevention

Throughout theworld, thenumberofarmedconflictsisgrowingandvastnumbersofcivilianshavebecomevictims.Militaryandpoliticalinitiatives,preventivediplomacy,disarmamentandmediationareoftenineffectiveinresolvingconflictsorre-establishingpeace.Therefore,itisnecessarytotackletheunderlyingcausessuchasdisparitiesbetweentherichandpoororunequalopportunities,andtousedevelopmentassistancetoaddresstheseissues. Theestablishmentofpeaceisthekeypreconditionforresolvingglobalpovertyproblemsandensuringeconomicgrowthinasecureenvironment.ODA isanimportantapproachthatembodiesJapan’sdiplomatic philosophy; namely that“contributingtothepeaceandprosperityofthe internationalcommunitybringspeaceandprosperityhome.”ThepositiveimpactofODAwasrecognizedwhenmanycountries,includingAfghanistan,Rwanda,

*3 World Energy Outlook 2010 (IEA)

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ecial Feature

Sudan,andothernationswhichhaveexperiencedconflict,extendedsupporttoJapaninthewakeofthe2011earthquake. InFebruary2011,votersinthesouthernregionofSudan—acountrythathadbeenembroiledincivilwarformorethan20years—votedtobecometheindependentstateofSouthSudaninJuly,2011.ButeversinceapeaceagreementbetweennorthernandsouthernSudanwasreachedatadonornationsconferenceinOsloinApril2005,JICAhasbeenimplementingreconstructionsupportprojectsinbothregions[ See the Case Study on the right]. During thewar,SouthSudanhadlost most of its schools, hospitals,andothersocialservicesaswellasthebasic infrastructureneeded fordaily living.Consequently,JICAhasprovidedsupporttovictimsoftheconflictthroughvocationaltrainingandlivelihoodimprovementactivities;supportforbasichumanneeds, suchashealthcare,scienceandmathematicseducation,andimprovedwatersupply;andsupportfor infrastructurereconstruction,suchas road improvementand riverportconstruction.JICA’seffortsfocusedonthenewcapitalcityofJubaanditwillcontinuetosupportnation-building.Thiswillincluderegionalassistancedesignedtofosterconfidencebetweencentralandlocallevelsofgovernmentandtocorrectregionaldisparities,with theaimsofdevelopingafoundationforstablenationalfunctionsandpreventingarecurrenceofconflict[ See the Case Study on page 85].

Sudan is a country where reconstruction efforts are continuing following the end of civil war. At a time when many donors are providing assistance that focuses on war-torn southern Sudan, JICA has sought to improve health care services throughout the country. This effort includes support to reinforce management of insufficient human resources for health in the south, and support for improved maternal and child health care in the north.

Village Midwives to Support Rural Maternal and Child Health

Case Study

A Health and Medical Care Program in Sudan (Frontline Mother and Child Health Empowerment Project)

InSudan,morethan70%ofwomengivebirthintheirownhomes.Thismakestheroleofvillagemidwives(VMW),whoaretheclosestassistantsavailabletoexpectantandnursingmothers,veryimportant.AsystemthatplacesoneVMWineachvillagehasbeenestablished.Thepresenceofmidwiveswhograduatefromtrainingschoolsisexpectedtosupportnotonlychildbirthbutalsowomen’sreproductivehealthandthegeneralhealthofregionalresidents. AlthoughnorthernSudanwasnotdirectlyimpactedbytheravagesofconflict,itshealthcaresystemwasweakenedbythecivilwar.Asaresult,maternalandchildhealthindicators(maternalmortalityrate,etc.) inSudanareatalevelthatcouldmakeachievementofitsMDGsdifficult.Since2008,JICAhasprovidedTechnicalCooperationfor thepurposesofdevelopingthecapabilitiesofVMW,whostand

atthefrontlinesofmaternalandchildhealth,andofreinforcingnetworksandsystemsthatsupportVMWactivities. InthestateofSinnar,whichisthepilotregionfortheproject,allVMW(atotalof556)underwentin-servicetrainingforoneweekandreceiveditemsandequipmenttosupportchildbirth.Moreover,trainingwasprovidedtohealthcareprofessionalswhoregularlysupportandguideVMWactivities,andasystemforprovidingtechnical,material,andpsychologicalsupporttoVMWisbeingdeveloped. TheSudanesegovernmentisplanningtospreadthe“VMWempowermentmodel”toallstatesofnorthernSudan.ItisalsostrivingtostrengthenitscapacitytoprovidemorecomprehensivesupporttoVMWthroughthesecondphaseoftheproject,whichisscheduledtostartinAugust2011.

Because many VMW are illiterate, the training focused on practical skills. For some participants, the training provided their first opportunity to acquire new knowledge and skills in decades.

* This Annual Report describes projects that took place during FY2010, and thus the country name and other information provided in this case study pertain to the time prior to the Republic of South Sudan’s independence in July 2011.

17

A donor conference in Fiji that was attended by the World Health Organization, UNICEF, Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), and JICA. The conference was a step forward in realizing effective aid through coordination in developing countries and sharing of wisdom (Project for Strengthening EPI in the Pacific Region) [Photo by Kenshiro Imamura].

A “Workshop on Analysis of Cross-Border Higher Education for Regional Integration and Labor Market in East Asia” hosted by the JICA Research Institute in Bangkok

2. Maximizing development impact

1 Lessons from operational experiences

Reinforcing the program approach

The“ODAReview:SummaryoftheFinalReport”issuedbytheMinistryofForeignAffairsinJune2010laysoutapolicyforathoroughdivisionofroles.TheMinistryofForeignAffairs(MOFA)willconcentrateonpolicyplanningandformulation,andJICAwilltakeresponsibilityforimplementationbyutilizing itsexpertise in linewithcountries’developmentneeds. Givenitseconomiccircumstances,Japancannolongerimplementthekindof“broadandthin”supporttoawiderangeofcountriesthatwaspossibleduringearlierlarge-budgeteras.Accordingly,JICA isre-orientatingthedirectionof

itscooperationbyprovidingassistancebasedonin-depthanalyses(“JICACountryAnalyticalWork”)prepared foreachcountryasitalsoreinforcesitsprogramapproach.ThesestepswillallowJICAtoprovidestrategicandeffectiveassistance. Startinginfiscal2010JICAbeganthisin-depthanalysisapproachforsome30countries.TheanalyticalworksanalyzedevelopingcountriesfromdevelopmentperspectivessothatJICAcanstudyandimplementeffectivecooperationasadevelopmentassistanceorganization.Preparationofanalyticalworkstargetingsome30countrieswasstartedduringfiscal2010. Toreinforcethe‘programapproach’,JICAfirstsetsoveralldevelopmentgoalsinindividualcountriesfollowingbilateraldiscussionsand thecompletionofacountrylevelanalysis.Projectsarethen

formulatedusingthesynergyavailablethroughacombinationofGrantAid,ODALoansandTechnicalCooperation.

Research activity

JICA-RIconductsresearchbyutilizingtheconsiderableexperienceandknow-howithasaccumulatedasaninstitutespecializingindevelopmentassistance.Its main objectives are “analyzingdevelopment issues in developingcountriesandcontributingtoJICAprojectstrategy”and“reinforcingcommunicationtodomesticandinternationalinterestsandleadingdevelopmentassistancetrends.”JICA-RIpursuesjointresearchandbuildsresearchnetworksfocusedonfourkeyfields:1)peaceanddevelopment,2)economicgrowthandpovertyreduction,3)environmentanddevelopment/climatechange,and4)aidstrategy. Duringfiscal2010,JICA-RI’sresearchactivities resulted in thepublicationof 14 working papers, four pol icybriefspresentingpolicyandpracticalrecommendationsderivedfromresearchresults,andfourbooks.Eightypercentoftheseprojectswerejointlyconductedwith internationalbodies. Inaddition,JICA-RIproactivelyengagedinexternalcommunicationandmadepresentationsatacademicsocieties,researchseminars,and international conferences.Thisincludedhostinginternationalsymposiabasedonitsresearchactivities. JICA-RI issued joint reportswiththeWorldBankandotherinternationalinstitutionsand incorporatedJICA’sexperienceandknowledgeintotheWorldBank’s“WorldDevelopmentReport.”Itengaged in joint researchwith theBrookingsInstitution(USA),abodythathassignificantinfluenceinaidtrends,andannouncedtheresultsatinternationalforums. In joint researchonclimatechangeinAsiaundertakenwiththeWorldBankandAsianDevelopmentBank,JICA-RI ismovingforwardwithstudiesonprojectimplementationbasedonresearchrecommendationsandcontributingto

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ecial Feature

A study team checking on the maintenance conditions of a water tower/pump facility that was built with Japanese assistance. The facility is managed by a water management union that is organized by residents [Photo by Kenshiro Imamura]

JICAprojectsbyfeedingbacktheresults.JICA-RIwillcontinuetoconductresearchinsupportofstrategicandeffectiveprojectsbyremainingmindfulofchangesinthecircumstancessurroundingtheinternational community, includingdevelopingcountries,andmaintainingmedium-andlong-termperspectives.

Thorough execution of the PDCA cycle

JICAimplementsTechnicalCooperation,ODALoans, andGrant Aid projectsthroughouttheworld.However, therearetimeswhenprojectsdonotproceedaccording to initialplans forvariousreasonsorrequireaconsiderableamountoftimebeforeexpectedresultsappear.Insuchcases,JICAworkstoproduceeffectsthatareinaccordancewithplansbyasking thepartnergovernment tomake improvementsorbyprovidingsupplementaryassistance. Furthermore,whiletakingimmediatesteps to resolve problems that aredetectedinprojects is important, it isalsonecessarytoconductpost-projectevaluations toanalyze thecausesofproblemsandthenapplytheresultsinfutureprojects.ItisfromthisstandpointthatJICAisworkingtoreinforceitsuseofthe“PDCAcycle.”

Thisisamanagementcyclecomprisingfour stages—plan, do, check, andaction—thatseekstomakecontinuousimprovementstoactivities.Wheneverit implementsaproject,JICAworksto improve itsdevelopmenteffectbyconductingevaluationsateachstageof thePDCAcycle—inotherwords,evaluationsfromtheprojectformulationa n d p r e p a r a t i o n s t a g e s t o t h eimplementationandpost-projectsstages,andthenfeedbacksothatevaluationresultscanbeutilizedin laterprojectformulation.Specifically,JICAstrivestoproducebetter“recommendations”pertainingto improvementsfortargetprojects,“lessonslearned”forcurrentandfutureprojectsthatresemblethetargetprojects,and“feedback”forfuturecooperationprograms,aidimplementationstrategy(whichservesasJICA’sbasiccooperationpolicy),andtheme-specificguidelines. ItshouldbenotedthattheGovernmentRevitalizationUnit’ssecondroundofprojectscreening(April2010)identifiedtheneed for reinforcedexaminationfunctions.Basedonthis,theMinistryofForeignAffairs’“ODAReview:SummaryoftheFinalReport”ofJune2010alsorecommends“thoroughexecutionofthePDCAcycle”and“participationofthird

partiesinthePDCAcycle.” Giventhesecircumstances,MOFAreorganizedtheformerlynamed“countryassistanceplans” intomoreconcise“countryassistancestrategies”inordertofurtherclarifypriorityaidfieldsandstrategiesattheprojectplanningstage.Furthermore,withaneyetoensuringappropriateprojectformulation,MOFAsetup“developmentcooperationsuitabilitymeetings”infiscal2011,attendedbythird-partyinterests,suchasacademicexperts,economicorganizations,andNGOs,attheprojectformulationstage.AsamainactorinODAimplementation,JICAwillalsoattendthesemeetingstoreinforcethePDCAcycleandimprovethequalityofpost-projectevaluations.

2 Reinforcing partnerships

Collaboration with international organizations and other donors

The deadl ine for achieving theMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)is2015,whichis lessthanfiveyears

19

away.Ontopofthat,globalissuesthataccompanyglobalization(e.g.,climatechange, infectiousdiseases,conflict,foodsecurity,etc.)reachbeyondnationalbordersandarebecomingevermorediversified. Indeed,theemergenceoftheseissuesisinfluencingtheveryshapeofdevelopmentassistance. Asa comprehensivedevelopmentassistanceorganizationthatimplementsbothfinancialandTechnicalCooperation,J ICA is act ive ly bui ld ing st rategicpartnershipswithinternationaldevelopment

aidorganizationsandotherdonorcountriesto effectively and eff iciently tackleinternationaldevelopmentissues. InordertocontinuouslystrivetowardachievementoftheMDGsandrespondtochangesintheinternationalaidarchitecture,JICA isstrengthening its informationgatheringatinternationalconferences,communication to the internationalcommunity,and jointassistanceandintellectualcontributionwithinternationaldevelopmentaidorganizationsandotherdonors.Specifically,JICAengages in

comprehensivediscussionswithUnitedNations organizations, multi lateraldevelopmentbanks,andbilateraldonorsthroughmutualvisitsandpersonnelexchangesatboththemainofficeandlocal levels. Italsopromotescapacitydevelopment,South-Southcooperation,jointresearch,andjointfinancing.Theseactionshaveledtomoreeffectiveandefficientaidimplementationthrough,forexample,thesharingofstrategiesforparticularcountriesandfieldsandlinkageofspecificonsiteactivities[ See the Case

Study on the left].

Collaboration with “emerging donors”

The internat ional f inancial andeconomic crisis thatwas triggeredbyLehmanBrothers’collapse in late2008shonethespotlightontheriseofemergingeconomies.Thesecountriesarenowgainingastrongerpresenceinthedevelopmentassistancefieldaswell.However, theiremergencehasraisedquestionsaboutdiversificationofdevelopmentassistanceactorsaswellastheentireconceptofdevelopmentassistance.TheeconomicpoweroftheG-20,whichincludestheemergingeconomiesofChinaandIndia,isgrowingatsuchapacethatitmaysoonreplacetheG-8.Andin2010,ChinaclaimedthesecondlargestGDPintheworld,followingtheUnitedStates. Inadditiontotraditionaldonors,suchasOECDDACmembers,UNorganizations,andmultilateraldevelopmentbanks,JICAisstrengthening itspartnershipswiththeRepublicofKorea(whichbecameanofficialDACmember in2010)aswellassuchemergingeconomiesasChinaandThailand.JICAisenhancingitscollaborationwithaidorganizationsinEastAsiaandotherregionsbasedonrelationshipsandpartnershipsdevelopedthusfar. Aspartofthiseffort,JICAstrivestoenhancetheoveralldevelopmentimpacttogetherwithChina,theRepublicofKorea,andothercountries.Thisinvolves,amongotheractivities,engaging indialoguethroughjointseminars,discussionsonglobalissues,andparticipationinjointresearch.

On January 14, 2011, JICA signed a memorandum to promote climate change action with the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).

Collaboration with the IDB for Climate Change Action in Latin America and Caribbean Region

Case Study

Toward Establishment of a Framework for JICA-IDB Co-financing

Co-financing for up to 300 Million Dollars over Five Years Thememorandumisbasedonapreviousmemorandum that was signed by bothorganizations inMarch2009 topromotecooperationforsustainableeconomicgrowthandenvironmental improvement inLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.Amongotheritems,itestablishesthatJICAandtheIDBwillcreateaframeworkforco-financingfortheCentralAmericaandtheCaribbeanregion.Itisexpectedthat,throughtheframework,co-financingofODALoanstargetingtherenewableenergiesandenergyconservationfieldswillbeprovidedinthisregionforupto300milliondollarsoverfiveyears. TheCentralAmericaandCaribbeanregionisexperiencingdisastersoccurringduetoclimatechange,andthereareconcernsthattheregionwillcontinuetobeseriouslyaffectedbyclimatechangeinthefuture.Aspowergeneration

intheregionisprimarilybasedonimportedfossilfuels, ithasbeennotedthatthereisconsiderableroomfor initiativestoreducegreenhousegasemissions.Consequently,itisexpectedthattheutilizationofthisco-financingframeworkwillalsohaveapositiveeffectonsocioeconomicdevelopmentinCentralAmericanandCaribbeancountries,whichnowdependonfuelimports,throughimprovementsinthestructureofbalanceofpaymentsintheregion. TheIDBisaregionaldevelopmentbankthathaslongplayedacentralroleindevelopmentcooperation for Latin America throughmedium-and long-term loans, financing,financingguarantees,grantaid,andtechnicalcooperation.Throughthisnewpartnership,theIDBandJICAwillpursuecooperationhavingevenhigherdevelopmenteffectbysharingtheirrespectiveexpertiseintherenewableenergiesandenergyconservationfields.

JICA President Ogata (left) and IDB President Luis Alberto Moreno (right) with the signed memorandum.

20

Sp

ecial Feature

At a joint seminar held with aid organizations from the Republic of Korea, China, and Thailand in the Thai capital of Bangkok in October 2010. Participants engaged in active discussion even during recesses.

A public viewing held in partnership with Sony Corporation during the FIFA World Cup. Events encouraging knowledge of HIV and AIDS were held immediately after the match and during halftime.

Partnering with various actors, including private enterprises and NGOs

Astheneedsofdevelopingcountriesbecomemorediversifiedandcomplex,itwillbe important to identify“true”needsandimplementprecisecooperationin response to them.Doing thiswillrequire theestablishmentofan“all-Japan”frameworkthatconcentratesthe“people,”“knowledge,”“capital,”and“technology”possessedbyboththepublicandprivatesectorsbasedonstrongerpartnershipamongallconcerned,whichincludesnotonly thegovernmentsofdevelopingcountriesandaidorganizationsbutalsoNGOs,civicorganizations,andJapaneseprivateenterprises.Here,JICAunderstandsthatstrengtheningdialoguewiththevariouspartiesconcernedandbuildingcollaborativesystemswiththemareessential toachievingsuchaframework,andthusit isexpandingopportunitiesforopinionexchangeswithprivateenterprises. Aswasmentioned in thesectiononPublicPrivatePartnerships (page11), JICA has already started newinitiativesintheareaofcollaborationwithprivateenterprises.AmongthemistheimplementationofpreparatorystudiesoncooperationforPPPandBOPfrom2010. At the same time, however, thefollowingarekeychallengesinJICA’srelationshipwithNGOs:1)promotionofstrongerdialogue,2)promotionofNGOparticipationinODAprojects,and3)NGOcapacitybuilding. For the promotion of a strongerdialoguewithNGOs,JICAandNGOshaveheldquarterlyliaisonmeetingseachyear

The Tenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 10) was held in Nagoya from October 18 to 29, 2010. During the meeting, JICA co-hosted a high-level donor forum on biodiversity with the COP 10 Secretariat. JICA also presented details of its project activities and policy to the public through side events and an exhibit booth.

Communicating to the World through COP10

Case Study

The Tenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 10)

Numerous inquiries concerning collaboration with JICA Over13,000peopleattendedCOP10,amongthemrepresentativesofthe180partiesto theconventionaswellas internationalorganizationsandNGOs.Themeetingproducedsignificantresults,includingthe“AichiTarget”(post-2010target)andtheNagoyaProtocolonAccesstoGeneticResourcesandtheFairandEquitableSharingofBenefitsArisingfromtheirUtilization. Headsandother representativesof70internationalorganizationsandnationalaidorganizationsattendedthehigh-levelforumthatwasorganizedbyJICAonOctober26.This forumresulted in theadoptionofaNagoyaDeclarationforthemainstreamingofthebiodiversityagendaintodevelopmentcooperation.Manypeoplealsovisitedtheside

eventsonAfricandevelopmentandpovertyreductionaswellastheJICAexhibitbooth. DuringCOP10,theJapanesegovernmentannounceditsInitiativetoAssistDevelopingCountrieswiththeConservationofBiodiversity(the“LifeinHarmony”Initiative).ItwillbeJICA’stasktopursueactivitiesthatgivethisinitiativeconcrete form.Duringthemeeting,manyorganizationsapproachedJICAaboutpossiblecollaboration,andenvironmentministersandotherofficialsfromdevelopingcountriesexpressedexpectationfortherolesthatJICAwillplay.Biodiversityconservationisafieldthatrequirescross-sectorapproaches.Thus,JICAintendstocontributetotherealizationofCOP10resultsbypartneringandcollaboratingwithmanyconcernedpeopleandorganizationsintheworld.

The Nagoya high-level forum, where the perspective that biodiversity conservation was indispensable to poverty reduction was reaffirmed.

21

sinceFY1998.Theyfeatureconstructivedialoguesformutualunderstandingandpartnershippromotion.Moreover,withaviewtoreinforcingsupportforNGOactivities,JICAhasbeenimprovingitsgrassrootsTechnicalCooperationschemebyexpandingitsbudgetinthisareaandextendingitsimplementationperiodsince

fiscal2010.Inaddition,asNGOsinrecentyearshaveexpressed theirdesire toactivelyparticipateinODAprojects,bothsidesconfirmedastrategyforutilizingtheexpertiseNGOshavecultivatedintheiractivitiesinODAprojects. AsforNGOcapacitybuilding,JICAiscurrently implementing technical

assistancebyutilizing trainingandexperts. It isalsostudyingconcretewaysofbuildingbridgesbetweenNGOsandprivateenterprisestogetherwithrepresentativesofbothsides. J ICA is expected to serve as alinkor focalpointamongthevariousconcernedparties—includingrecipientcountries,otherdonorsandinternationalorganizat ions, NGOs, and pr ivateenterprises—sothatitcanimplementinternational cooperation based onstrongercollaborationwith them. Intheinterestoffulfillingthisrole,JICAisfurtherstrengtheningitscollaboration-orientedeffortsbyleadingdevelopmentpolicydiscussionsatdonorconferences,reinforcingitssupportforNGOs,rebuildingitsoverseas investmentand lendingoperations,andreinforcingpublic-privatecollaborationbypromotingCSR/BOPbusiness,etc.

Gaining understanding for JICA’s projects

JICA has tradit ionally promotedpublicunderstandingandsupportforitsactivitiesbyusingJICAfacilitiesbothinJapanandabroad(andparticularlyJICAoffices located throughoutJapan). IthasalsoprovidedplacesforODApublicrelations,interchange,andmeetingswiththecooperationofreturnedvolunteers,technical trainees and others, andorganizedsymposiaandtraining. JICA is now taking further stepsto encourage even greater publ icunderstandingandsupport forODAbasedontheresultsofMOFA’s“ODAReview:SummaryoftheFinalReport”ofJune2010.Here,JICAispromoting“visualization”asameansofclearlydisplayingassistanceeffectsbyshiftingto a results-oriented approach andpresentingthecurrentstatus,results,andotherinformationconcerningallODAprojectssystematically,comprehensively,andinvisibleform.OnSeptember30,2010, JICA took a step forward indisclosinginformationoncompletedandin-progressprojectsbylaunching“ODA mieru-ka site”(websiteforvisualizationofODA)ontheJICAwebsite.

With an eye to developing human resources to lead reform in India’s manufacturing sector, JICA is supporting the training of people who can pass along management methods that are comprehensively focused on “manufacturing.” One result is the development of a simple refrigerator for low-income earners called “Chotukool.” Devised with know-how acquired through cooperation, Chotukool is currently attracting a good deal of attention.

Fostering Promising Products by Supporting Human Resources Development in India’s Manufacturing Sector

Case Study

The Project for Visionary Leaders for Manufacturing (VLFM) Program in India

A Nationwide Initiative Despitebeingamongthenewlyemergingcountriesshowing remarkableeconomicgrowth,India’smanufacturing—asectorthatnormallyhassignificantemploymenteffect—isnotkeepingpace.Giventhis,theIndiangovernmentestablished“reinforcementofmanufacturingcompetitiveness”asaprioritynationalpolicy,andrequestedassistancefromJICAinthisregard.JICArespondedbybeginningTechnicalCooperation in2007forthepurposeofestablishingasystemtofostermanufacturingleaders.Dr.ShojiShiba,ProfessorEmeritusatUniversityofTsukuba,wastappedtoserveasthechiefadvisor.Thisefforthasalreadysucceededintrainingmorethan400leaders. Theprogramischaracteristic in that itis India’sfirst initiativebasedonindustry-government-academiacollaboration. It isproceedingwiththeintegratedparticipationofIndia’sNationalManufacturingCompetitiveness

Council , Ministry of Human ResourcesDevelopment,ConfederationofIndianIndustry,IndianInstitutesofTechnology,IndianInstitutesofManagementandothers.

Expectation for Products that Raise Living Standards Among the Impoverished Classes Mr.GopalanSunderraman,VicePresidentofGodrej&BoyceMfg.Co.Ltd,whohasservedasamemberoftheprogramsinceitsbeginning,wasinvolvedinChotukool’sdevelopmentusingmethodologieslearnedthroughtheprogram.Hesaid,“Ihavelearnedthatthedifficultiesfacedbylow-incomeearnersareaglobalconcern,andthatmanyofthemcanberesolvedthroughcollaboration.IwishtoactivelyjoinhandswithJapanesecompaniestoimprovequalityandreducecost.”Inthisway,itisanticipatedthatpartnershipsbetweenIndianmanufacturingandJapanesecompanieswillbebornthroughvisitingtraininginJapan.

Vice President Sunderraman explaining “CHOTUKOOL.”“CHOTUKOOL”: A portable semiconductor refrigerator that is inexpensive and has low operating cost. It is the cheapest refrigerator on the market in India. Chotu means “a little” in Hindi. It is said that 80% of the Indian population do not use refrigerators.

22

Program Goals and Overview

Japan’s ODA────────────── 24An Overview of JICA’s Programs───── 27JICA’s Path for Development Activities─── 30

A market scene in Mali

23

Table 1 Economic Cooperation and ODA

TechnicalCooperationProjectsTechnicalCooperation

Acceptanceoftrainingparticipants

Dispatchofexperts

Provisionofequipment

TechnicalCooperationforDevelopmentPlanningExportCreditFlowofOtherOfficialFunds(OOF)

BilateralAidOfficialDevelopmentAssistance(ODA)

ODALoanDirectInvestmentFinancing,etc.

MultilateralAid

LoanAid

Private-SectorInvestmentFinanceFinancingtointernationalorganizations,etc.

Economicdevelopment,etc.(GrantAidforGeneralProjects,etc.)

BankLoans

FlowofPrivateFunds(PF)

GrantAid

Aidforincreaseoffoodproduction,etc.(FoodAid,GrantAssistanceforUnderprivilegedFarmers)

PrivateExportCredit

DispatchofVolunteers

DirectInvestment

Others

EmergencyDisasterRelief

PurchaseofsecuritiesandbondsofdevelopingcountriesandinternationalorganizationsNGOGrants

CitizenParticipatoryCooperation

EconomicCooperation

Japan’s ODAProgram Goals and Overview

1 What is ODA? Variousorganizationsandgroups,includinggovernments,internationalorganizations,non-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)andprivatecompanies,carryouteconomiccooperationtosupportsocioeconomicdevelopmentindevelopingcountries.ThefinancialandtechnicalassistancethatgovernmentsprovidetodevelopingcountriesaspartofthiseconomiccooperationarecalledOfficialDevelopmentAssistance(ODA).

2 Types of ODA ODAisbroadlyclassifiedintotwotypes:bilateralaidandmultilateralaid.Multilateralaidconsistsoffinancingandfinancialcontributionstointernationalorganizations,whilebilateralaidisprovidedinthreeforms:TechnicalCooperation,LoanAidandGrantAid.Inaddition,otherschemesofbilateralaidincludesthedispatchofvolunteers.

3 JICA’s Integrated Implementation of Assistance Schemes Inrecentyears,developedcountriesinEuropeandNorthAmericahaveexpandedODAasameansofstrengtheningtheeffortstoaddressglobalissuessuchasclimatechangeandpovertyreduction.Furthermore,newdonorcountriesincludingChinaandtheRepublicofKoreahaveemerged.Japan,conversely,hasdecreaseditsODAbudgetasaresultofitsseverefinancialcircumstances. Inviewofthisinternationalsituationaswellastheflowofdomesticadministrativereforms,theJapanesegovernmenthasundertakenreformsthatstrategizeODApoliciesandstrengthenimplementationsystemswiththeobjectiveoffurtherraisingthequalityofitsODA.WiththeaimofintegratingODAimplementationorganizationsaspartofthesereforms,OverseasEconomicCoop-erationOperationsoftheJapanBankforInternationalCooperation(JBIC)andGrantAidOperationsoftheMinistryofForeignAffairsofJapan(MOFA)(excludingthosewhichMOFAcontinuestodirectlyimplementforthenecessityofdiplomaticpolicy)weretransferred

toJICAasofOctober1,2008,therebycreatinga“NewJICA.”Throughthisintegration,thethreeschemesofassistancehavebecomeorganicallylinkedunderasingleorganization,whichbetterenablesJICAtoprovideeffectiveandefficientassistance.Theprincipalschemesofassistanceareoutlinedbelow.

Bilateral Aid• Technical Cooperation TechnicalCooperationdrawsonJapan’stechnology,know-howandexperiencetonurturethehumanresourceswhowillpromotesocioeconomicdevelopmentindevelopingcountries.Moreover,throughcollaborationwithpartnercountriesinjointlyplanningacooperationplansuitedtolocalsituations,TechnicalCooperationsupportsthedevelopmentandimprovementoftechnologiesthatareappropriatefortheactualcircumstancesofthesecountries,whilealsocontributingtoraisingtheiroveralltechnologylevelsandsettingupnewinstitutionalframeworksandorganizations.Theseenablepartnercountriestodevelopproblem-solvingcapacitiesandachieveeconomicgrowth.TechnicalCooperationincludesacceptanceoftrainingparticipants,dispatchofexperts,provisionofequipmentandimplementationofstudiesaimedatsupportingpolicymakingandplanningofpublicworksprojects(TechnicalCooperationforDevelopmentPlanning).• Loan Aid LoanAidsupportstheeffortsofdevelopingcountriestoadvancebyprovidingthesenationswiththecapitalnecessaryfordevelopmentunderlong-termandsubstantiallylowerinterestratesthancommercialrates.TheprimarytypesofLoanAidareODALoansandPrivate-SectorInvestmentFinance.ODALoansinparticularenabletheprovisionoffinanceinlargeramountscomparedwithTechnicalCooperationorGrantAid,andthereforethisformofaidhasbeenwellutilizedforbuildinglarge-scalebasicinfrastructureindevelopingcountries. UnlikeTechnicalCooperationorGrantAid,LoanAidrequiresfullrepaymentbytherecipientcountry,whichencouragesthebeneficiarycountrytofocuscloselyontheimportanceandpriority

24

Pro

gram

Go

als and

Overview

Type of Assistance (Calendar Year 2010)Aid disbursements

Dollar Base (US$ million) Yen Base (¥ billion) Percent of Total

Disbursements Disbursements in the Previous Year

Change from the Previous Year (%) Disbursements Disbursements in

the Previous YearChange from the

Previous Year (%) ODA Total

ODABilateral ODAGrants

GrantAid 3,391.03 2,377.01 42.7 297.599 222.013 34.0 30.4 　DebtRelief 20.88 68.33 -69.4 1.833 6.382 -71.3 0.2 　GrantsthroughInternationalOrganizations 1,232.89 825.90 49.3 108.199 77.139 40.3 11.1 　GrantAidExcludingtheAbove 2,137.26 1,482.78 44.1 187.567 138.491 35.4 19.2 GrantAid(ExcludingDisbursementsforEasternEuropeanandGraduateCountries) 3,389.19 2,374.26 42.7 297.437 221.756 34.1 30.7 　DebtRelief 20.88 68.33 -69.4 1.833 6.382 -71.3 0.2 　GrantsthroughInternationalOrganizations 1,232.76 825.81 49.3 108.188 77.130 40.3 11.2 　GrantAidExcludingtheAbove 2,135.54 1,480.12 44.3 187.416 138.243 35.6 19.3 TechnicalCooperation 3,514.79 3,194.75 10.0 308.460 298.390 3.4 31.6 TechnicalCooperation(ExcludingDisbursementsforEasternEuropeanandGraduateCountries) 3,504.41 3,118.40 12.4 307.549 291.258 5.6 31.7 GrantsTotal 6,905.82 5,571.76 23.9 606.059 520.403 16.5 62.0 GrantsTotal(ExcludingDisbursementsforEasternEuropeanandGraduateCountries) 6,893.59 5,492.65 25.5 604.986 513.014 17.9 62.4

ODALoanandOtherODACredits 507.43 674.55 -24.8 44.532 63.003 -29.3 4.6 　　(ODALoanandOtherODACreditsExcludingDebtRelief) 514.24 740.03 -30.5 45.130 69.118 -34.7 　(FiguresforLoansProvided) 8,357.31 7,744.40 7.9 733.443 723.327 1.4 　(FiguresforLoansRepaid) 7,849.88 7,069.86 11.0 688.911 660.325 4.3 　　(FiguresforLoansRepaidExcludingDebtRelief) 7,843.07 7,004.38 12.0 688.312 654.209 5.2 ODALoanandOtherODACreditsExcludingDisbursementsofEasternEuropeanandGraduateCountries 428.22 673.90 -36.5 37.581 62.942 -40.3 3.9 　　(ODALoanandOtherODACreditsExcludingDebtRelief) 435.04 739.38 -41.2 38.179 69.058 -44.7 　(FigureofLoansProvided) 8,235.43 7,657.42 7.5 722.746 715.203 1.1 　(FigureofLoansRepaid) 7,807.20 6,983.52 11.8 685.165 652.260 5.0 　　(FigureofLoansRepaidExcludingDebtRelief) 7,800.39 6,918.04 12.8 684.567 646.145 5.9 BilateralODATotal 7,413.25 6,246.31 18.7 650.591 583.405 11.5 66.6 BilateralODATotalExcludingDisbursementsforEasternEuropeanandGraduateCountries 7,321.81 6,166.55 18.7 642.567 575.956 11.6 66.3

ContributionsandFinancingtoMultilateralOrganizations 3,723.41 3,294.58 13.0 326.769 307.713 6.2 33.4 ContributionsandFinancingtoMultilateralOrganizations(ExcludingContributionstotheEBRD[partially]) 3,723.41 3,290.37 13.2 326.769 307.321 6.3 33.7 NetODATotal 11,136.66 9,540.89 16.7 977.360 891.119 9.7 100.0 NetODATotal(ExcludingDisbursementstoEasternEuropean,GraduateCountriesandEBRD[partially]) 11,045.22 9,456.93 16.8 969.335 883.277 9.7 100.0 GrossODATotal 18,986.54 16,610.74 14.3 1,666.270 1,551.443 7.4 GrossODATotal(ExcludingDisbursementstoEasternEuropean,GraduateCountriesandEBRD[partially]) 18,852.43 16,440.44 14.7 1,654.500 1,535.537 7.7

NominalGrossNationalIncome(GNI)FiguresforEachCategory(US$billion,¥billion) 5,602.75 5,180.47 8.2 49,170.060 48,385.580 1.6 ProportionofGNI(%) 0.20 0.18 0.020 0.018 ProportionofGNI(ExcludingDisbursementstoEasternEuropean,GraduateCountriesandtheEBRD[partially]) 0.20 0.18 0.020 0.018

Table 2 Japan’s ODA in Calendar Year 2010 (According to Aid Type and Provisional Figure)

Notes) 1. The following 12 countries and regions are graduate countries that have received ODA: Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Israel, Hong Kong, Cyprus, Malta, Slovenia, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.

2. 2010 DAC designated exchange rate: US$1.00=¥87.7606 (an appreciation of ¥5.6394 compared with 2009) 3. Individual totals may not be equal to the sums of the individual parts because some numbers have been rounded off. 4. Following the decision of OECD DAC Working Party on Statistics (WP-STAT), from fiscal 2009, contributions for European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) will be partially

calculated as ODA. 5. Debt relief includes waiver of ODA Loans and debt reductions of collateralized commercial obligations, but excludes deferring of repayments. 6. In the past, grants through international organizations were treated as “contributions and financing to multilateral organizations.” However, from 2006, donations for recipient countries identified

at the time of contribution are treated as “Grant Aid” for these countries. 7. Administrative expenses and Development and awareness-raising expenses which were calculated as Technical Cooperation will be calculated seperately. Subsidies for NGO operations will be

included in Grant Aid (multi-regional assistance) from fiscal 2010.

ofprojectsandtomakeeffortstoallocateandutilizethefundsasefficientlyaspossible.• Grant Aid GrantAid,which isanassistancemethodthatprovidesnecessaryfundstopromotesocioeconomicdevelopment,isfinancialcooperationwithdevelopingcountrieswithnoobligationforrepayment.Particularlyindevelopingcountrieswithlowincomelevels,GrantAidisbroadlyimplementedforbuildinghospitals,bridgesandothersocioeconomicinfrastructure,aswellasforpromotingeducation,HIV/AIDSprograms,children’shealthcareandenvironmentalactivities,whichdirectlysupporttheimprovementoflivingstandards. GrantAidisdividedintothefollowingcategoriesaccordingtoitscontent:GrantAidforGeneralProjects;Non-ProjectGrantAid;GrantAidforGrassrootsHumanSecurityProjects;GrantAssistanceforJapaneseNGOProjects;GrantAidforHumanResourceDevelopment(Scholarship);GrantAidforCooperationonCounter-TerrorismandSecurityEnhancement;GrantAidforDisasterPreventionandReconstruction;GrantAidforCommunity

Empowerment;GrantAidforFisheries;CulturalGrantAssistance;EmergencyGrantAid;FoodAid;GrantAidforUnderprivilegedFarmers;GrantAidforEnvironmentandClimateChange;GrantAidforPovertyReductionStrategies;andGrantAidforConflictPreventionandPeacebuilding[ for portion implemented by JICA, see

page 130].

Providing Financing and Contributions to International Organizations through Multilateral Aid Multilateralaidisanindirectmethodofprovidingassistancetodevelopingcountriesbyprovidingfinancingordonatingfundstointernationalorganizations.FundsarecontributedtothevariousbodiesoftheUnitedNations,includingtheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),UnitedNationsPopulationFund(UNFPA)andtheUnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF),whilefinancingisprovidedtomultilateraldevelopmentbanks(MDBs)suchastheWorldBank,theInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA,alsoknownastheSecondWorldBank)andtheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB).

25

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

(Calendar year)

(US$ million)

’91 ’92 ’93 ’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10

9,5797,679

11,136

13,146

8,922

8,880

9,2839,847

13,508

12,16210,640

9,3589,439

14,48913,239

11,25911,15110,952

9,480

United States

Germany

United Kingdom

France

Japan

11,050

(%)

Norway

Luxembourg

Sweden

Denmark

Netherlands

Belgium

United Kingdom

Finland

Ireland

France

Spain

Switzerland

Germany

Canada

Australia

Austria

Portugal

New Zealand

United States

Japan

Greece

Italy

Republic of Korea

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.21.10 1.09

0.970.90

0.81

0.64 0.56 0.550.53 0.50

0.43 0.41 0.380.33 0.32 0.32 0.29 0.26

0.21 0.20 0.17 0.150.12

Table 5 Overview of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ Fiscal 2011 Budget (Unit:¥billion)

Table 3 Trends in Major DAC Countries’ ODA (Net Disbursement)

Table 4 Proportion of ODA to Gross National Income of DAC Countries

FY2010 FY2011Budget Percentage increase Budget Percentage increase

Entiregovernment 618.7 -7.9% 572.7 -7.4%WithintheMinistry 413.4 -5.3% 417.0 0.9%

GrantAid 154.1 -4.2% 151.9 -1.5%ManagementGrants(GeneralAccounts) 148.0 -5.0% 145.7 -1.6%GrantsfromGovernmentGeneralAccount(AccountsforFinanceandInvestment)

0 -100.0% 0 −

Contributionsanddonations 51.4 2.4% 60.7 18.0%Aidforassistanceactivities 59.8 -4.1% 58.8 -1.7%

Ranked 20th among 23 DAC countries

4 International Trends in Developmental Assistance AsexemplifiedbytheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)[ See page 78–79],aninternationaltrendinaidhasrecentlybeentheacceleratingmovetowardtheestablishmentofcommongoalsbytheinternationalcommunity,wherevariouscountriesandorganizationsimplementaidincoordinationwitheachothertoachievethegoals.Comparedwithaidcoordinationinthepastwhichemphasizedcooperationandcoordinationonanindividualprojectbasis,developmentassistanceinrecentyearshasplacedgreateremphasisonownershipbypartnercountries,inwhichdonorcountriesandaidagenciesjointlysupportdevelopingcountries’owndevelopmentplansandprioritiesandworktogethertoachievethedevelopmentgoalsofthesecountries.Providersofaidthusneedtoofferassistanceinaccordancewiththeprioritiessetoutinthedevelopmentstrategiesofdevelopingcountries.

5 Japan’s ODA Contribution Level Onanetdisbursementbasis, in2010JapancontributedapproximatelyUS$7,321.8million(approximately¥642.6billion)inbilateralODAandcontributedanddonatedapproximatelyUS$3,723.4million(approximately¥326.8billion)tointernationalorganizations.Accordingly,totalODAcontributionsamountedtoapproximatelyUS$11,045.2million,up16.8%fromthepreviousyear(ayear-on-yearincreaseof9.7%to¥969.3billiononayenbasis).Withthisamount,Japanrankedfifthamongthemember

countriesoftheDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee(DAC)oftheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD),aftertheUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom,FranceandGermany. Historically,Japanbecametheworld’stopcontributorofODAin1989,surpassingtheUnitedStates,whichuntilthattimehadheldthetopposition.JapanthenremainedtheleaderamongtheDACcountries,maintainingitstoprankforeightyearsfrom1993to2000.However,thecountry’scontributiondroppedin2001andbeganagradualdecline,withtheexceptionofatemporarynotableincreasein2005. Meanwhile,Japan’sODAwasequivalentto0.20%ofitsgrossnationalincome(GNI),rankingitatthelowlevelof20thamongthe23DACcountries. Ontheotherhand,whileMOFA’sODAbudgethasdeclined,ODAdisbursementsin2010roseduetoanincreaseinGrantAidforAfghanistan,PakistanandHaiti,amongotherassistance,coupledwiththeyen’sfurtherappreciation.

Sources: OECD DAC Note) 1. Excluding aid for Eastern Europe and graduate countries. 2. Figures for the United States from 1991 to 1992 exclude military-related debt relief. 3. Figures for 2010 are provisional.

Source: Press release published by DAC in 2010 (provisional fi gures)

26

Pro

gram

Go

als and

Overview

Table 6 Distribution by Type of JICA Program in Fiscal 2010 (Unit:¥billion)

Table 7 Fiscal 2010 JICA’s Operation Scale

Table 8 Trends in Technical Cooperation Disbursements for the Past 10 Years

FY2010 FY2009

TechnicalCooperation*1 168.8 176.0 Acceptanceoftrainingparticipants 20.7 25.1 Dispatchofexperts 24.2 21.3 Dispatchofstudyteammembers 10.5 14.9 Provisionofequipment 4.2 4.4 DispatchofJapanOverseasCooperationVolunteers 12.5 14.7 Dispatchofothervolunteers 4.6 4.6 Others 92.0 91.1

LoanAid*2 677.7 745.0 GrantAid*3 102.4 102.0

Technical Cooperation*1

¥168.8 billion

Loan Aid*2

¥677.7 billion

Grant Aid*3

¥102.4 billion

(FY)

(Unit: ¥ billion)

0

50

100

150

200

2010200920082007200620052004200320022001

168.8

176.0

150.8

146.1

151.2

153.9

150.6

141.6

147.6160.0

An Overview of JICA’s ProgramsProgram Goals and Overview

As priority fields, in fiscal 2010 JICA provided support for: Africa and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); Asian countries as a growth center; the environment and climate change measures; peacebuilding in Afghanistan and other countries; and promoting partnerships with NGOs. Specifically, in accordance with the policy of the New Growth Strategy unveiled by the Japanese government in June 2010, JICA’s operations in Asia focused on cooperation

for infrastructure development and institutional development for the facilitation of trade and investment primarily in the ASEAN countries. In Afghanistan, while taking account of the security situation, utmost priority was given to supporting infrastructure development of the Kabul Metropolitan Area in particular, as well as agricultural and rural development. Also, JICA actively formulated projects for Sub-Saharan Africa with a view to achieving the Japanese government’s pledge to double ODA for Africa.

Fiscal 2010 Overview of JICA’s Activities

Japan’s ODA Disbursements and JICA’s Activities In2010,Japan’stotalODAdisbursements(provisionalfigure)amountedtoUS$18,986.5million(¥1,666.2billion),includingaidtoEasternEuropeandgraduatenationsandassistancetotheEuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(EBRD).Ofthistotal,GrantAidaccountedforUS$3,391.3million(¥297.5billion),TechnicalCooperationUS$3,514.8million(¥308.4billion)andLoanAidUS$8,357.3million(¥733.4billion). TurningtoJICA’sdisbursementsinfiscal2010(Table6),TechnicalCooperationimplementedbyJICAamountedto¥168.8billion,adecreaseof4.1%fromthepreviousfiscalyear. AstoGrantAid,whichJICAbeganimplementingfromOctober2008,JICAconcluded163GrantAgreementsamountingtoapproximately¥102.4billion(GrantAgreement[G/A]basis).JICAalsoimplemented34projectsamountingto¥12.9billion(Exchange-of-Notes[E/N]basis)forwhichJICAwasresponsibleforthepromotionofGrantAid(Table7andTable10). LoanAiddisbursementamounttotaled¥677.7billionandwasprovidedto55countries. Tables8to10showtrendsinthescaleofJICA’sprogramsforTechnicalCooperation,LoanAidandGrantAidoverthepast10years. Infiscal2010,TechnicalCooperationexpensesamountedto¥168.8billion,adecreaseof4.1%(¥7.2billion)fromthepreviousfiscalyear. TheLoanAidcommitmentamounttotaled¥538.9billioninfiscal2010.Meanwhile,thescaleofGrantAidprogramsalsodecreasedfromthepreviousfiscalyearandreachedatotalamountof¥115.3billioninfiscal2010.

Note) Because the numbers for each project are rounded off to the nearest whole number, the figures do not always match the total numbers.

*1 Includes costs of dispatching volunteers and other costs. *2 Amount disbursed within the fiscal year*3 Amount provided under newly concluded Grant Agreements (G/A basis)

*1 Technical Cooperation expenses excluding management expenses*2 Amount of Loan Aid disbursed*3 Amount provided under newly concluded Grant Agreements (G/A basis)

27

(FY)

(Unit: ¥ billion)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

2010200920082007200620052004200320022001

538.9

967.6

929.4

901.2

763.7

569.8

798.6

587.7

553.6

687.8

(FY)

(Unit: ¥ billion)

The total amount provided under Exchange of Notes newly concluded in the relevant year(that portion for which JICA was responsible for the promotion of Grant Aid)

The total amount provided under Grant Agreement newly concluded in the relevant year (that portion for which JICA was responsible for the implementation and management of projects after October 2008).

0

50

100

150

200

2010200920082007200620052004200320022001

12.9

12.9

102.4

34.8

102.0

74.0

37.1

96.4110.4

103.4

103.8117.1

123.2

151.7

Table 11 Distribution by Region (Unit:%,¥billion)

Technical Cooperation*1

ODA Loans*2

Grant Aid*3

Table 12 Distribution by Sector (Unit:%,¥billion)

Technical Cooperation*1

ODA Loans*2

Grant Aid*3

Asia34.1％

（57.6）

Middle East5.9％

（9.9）

Middle East4.1％

（4.2）

Africa20.1％

（33.9）

Africa42.8％

（43.9）

Africa10.7％

（57.9）

North and Latin America10.6％

（17.9）

North and Latin America

5.6％（30.2）

North and Latin America

6.6％（6.8）

Pacific4.7％

（4.8）

Europe7.8％

（42.1）

Others25.7％

（43.4）

Asia75.8％

（408.7）

Asia39.9％

（40.8）

Europe 1.3％（2.2）

Europe 1.9％（1.9）

Pacific 2.4％（4.0）

Pacific 0.0％（0.0）Middle East 0.0％（0.0）

Planning and administration

13.0％（22.0）

Transportation41.1％

（221.3）

Electric Power and Gas26.7％

（144.1）

Public works and utilities47.2％

（48.4）

Others30.3％

（51.1）

Social Services12.9％

（69.3）

Commodity and other loans

11.6％（62.4）

Human resources14.2％

（14.5）

Public works and utilities17.0％

（28.7）

Agriculture, forestry and fisheries

12.1％（20.4）

Agriculture, forestry and fisheries9.7％

（10.0）

Mining and energy9.2％

（9.4）

Health and medical care

10.9％（11.2）

Human resources10.6％

（17.8）

Energy3.4％

（5.7）

Health and medical care

7.1％（12.0）

Business and tourism 2.6％（4.3）

Mining and manufacturing 0.9％（5.0）

Planning and administration 1.0％（1.0）

Social welfare 2.1％（3.5）Mining and industry 1.9％（3.2）

Irrigation and flood control 2.4％（13.2）

Others 3.5％（3.6）

Others 1.8％（9.9）Agriculture, forestry and

fisheries2.6％

（13.8）

Social welfare4.3％

（4.4）

Table 9 Trends in Loan Aid Agreement Amounts for the Past 10 Years Table 10 Trends in Scale of JICA’s Promotion and Management of Grant Aid

Note) Total ODA Loan and Private-Sector Investment Finance Note) JICA was responsible for promoting Grant Aid until fiscal 2007. From October 2008, JICA has also been performing project management of a portion of Japan's Grant Aid.

Composition of Distribution by Region Table11showsdistributionforTechnicalCooperation,ODALoansandGrantAidinfiscal2010bygeographicregion. LookingatdisbursementsforTechnicalCooperationbygeographicregion,Asiaaccountedfor34.1%,Africa20.1%andNorthandLatinAmerica10.6%,indescendingorder.The25.7%in“Others”includedisbursementsforinternationalorganizationsandworldwideprojectsacrosscountriesandregions. LookingatcommitmentamountsfornewODALoansbyregioninfiscal2010,Asiaaccountedfor75.8%,Africa10.7%andEurope7.8%.Following-onfromfiscal2009,Asia’sshareincreasedfromthepreviousfiscalyear. Ontheotherhand,theproportionofGrantAidtoAfricawas42.8%,whileAsiareceived39.9%andNorthandLatinAmerica

6.6%.Asinfiscal2009,AfricaaccountedforalargeproportionofGrantAid.

Composition of Distribution by Sector Table12showsthecompositionofdistributionbysectorinfiscal2010. DisbursementsforTechnicalCooperationbysectorwere,indescendingorder,30.3%forOthers,17.0%forpublicworksandutilities,13.0%forplanningandadministration,and12.1%foragriculture,forestryandfisheries. ForODALoans,alargeportion,i.e.,41.1%,wereallocatedforprojectsinthetransportationsector,includingthedevelopmentofrailways,roadsandports.Thiswasfollowedbyelectricpowerandgasat26.7%andsocialservicesat12.9%.

*1 Expenses that also include expenses required for dispatching volunteers and emergency aid groups.*2 Amounts are based on loan agreements (L/A basis).*3 Itemization of ¥102.4 billion (newly concluded Grant Agreements) for projects to be implemented and managed by JICA.

28

Pro

gram

Go

als and

Overview

Table 13 Trends in Number of Personnel by Type of Cooperation

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

2010200920082007200620052004200320022001

Technical training participants

461,939(Cumulative total 1954–2010)

Experts

107,732(Cumulative total 1955–2010)

Members of study teams

226,555(Cumulative total 1957–2010)

Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers

36,298(Cumulative total 1965–2010)

Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers

36,298(Cumulative total 1965–2010)

Other volunteers

5,319(Cumulative total 1999–2010)*

(People)

(FY)

19,683

8,505

529

2,802

1,234

21,024

9,391

438

3,233

1,137

16,277

7,753

539

2,946

1,310

20,089

7,548

457

4,340

1,422

24,504

6,862

633

3,488

1,804

30,334

5,747

395

4,5411,529

21,280

6,104

410

4,9401,482

36,319

4,624

492

4,5971,365

29,982

5,788

515

6,659

1,708

23,978

7,046

433

8,296

1,459

ForGrantAid,theshareofdistributionincreasedforpublicworksandutilitiesat47.2%,followedbyhumanresources,includingeducationandvocationaltraining,at14.2%,andhealthandmedicalcareat10.9%.

Number of Personnel by Type of Technical Cooperation Thenumberofpersonnelby typeofJICAprogram infiscal2010wasasfollows.Thenumberoftechnicaltrainingparticipants(new)was23,978,whileJICAdispatched8,296

experts(new),7,046studyteammembers(new),1,459JapanOverseasCooperationVolunteers(new)and433othervolunteers(new).Asaresult,todateJICAhasacceptedatotalof461,939technicaltrainingparticipants(FY1954–FY2010)anddispatchedatotalof107,732experts(FY1955–FY2010),226,555studyteammembers(FY1957–FY2010),and36,298JapanOverseasCooperationVolunteers(FY1965–FY2010). Trendsinthenumberofpersonnelbytypeofcooperationsincefiscal2001areshowninTable13.

* Includes senior volunteers, senior volunteers for overseas Japanese communities, UN volunteers and Japan overseas development youth volunteers. Until 1998, these figures had been included in other totals. The dispatch of immigrants ended in FY1995. The cumulative total from FY1952 to FY1995 was 73,437.

29

JICA’s Path for Development ActivitiesProgram Goals and Overview

JICA’s Path for Development Activities in Fiscal 2011

BasedonJICA’smissionsastheimplementingagencyofJapan’sODA((1)addressingtheglobalagenda,(2)reducingpovertythroughequitablegrowth,(3)improvinggovernance,and(4)achievinghumansecurity),JICAwillimplementprogramsandformulateprojectswhichaddressthepriorityissuesidentifiedbelow,whileensuringconsistencywiththepoliciesof theJapanesegovernment(e.g.,“ODAReviewFinalReport,”PriorityPolicyIssuesforInternationalCooperation). ODAisameansforpursuingthesharedinterestsoftheworld.Bearingthisinmind,JICAwillpromotefurtherinclusivenessinitsoperations,particularlyfortheMiddleEastregionwhichcontinuestofaceunrest.Furthermore,confrontedwiththesoaringpricesofnaturalresourcesandenergyaswellasfood,JICAwillprovidesupporttothepoorwhoaremostimpactedbytherisingpricesandensureaccesstoastablesupplyoftheseresources.Inaddition,domestically,JICAwillimplementmeasurestopromoteJapan’srecoveryfromtheGreatEastJapanEarthquakeasmuchaspossible.

Priority Issues

1 Promote Assistance for Sustainable Development in line with the New Growth Strategy • Uponreviewingtheresultsandoutcomesofpastcooperation

whilekeepinginmindtheJapanesegovernment’sNewGrowthStrategy(toachievemutualprosperityandgrowthforJapanandAsiancountries),JICAwillprovidesupportintheareasof:urbandevelopmentandregionalinfrastructuredevelopment;softinfrastructuredevelopment;climatechangemeasures;andhumanresourcesdevelopmentandexchanges.JICAwilleffectivelyutilizeitsassetsindevelopmentassistanceandstrengthenitscollaborationwithAsiancountriesthatareachievingdramaticgrowthtopromoteinitiativesforaddressingglobalissues.

• JICAwillactivelysupportprivatesectoractivitieswhichcontributetodevelopment.Aspartofthiseffort,JICAwillcarryoutpreparatorysurveysforsupportingPublic-PrivatePartnershipsandpromoteprojectsthroughtheintroductionofsupportsystemsforBaseofthePyramid(BOP)businesses.

2 Achievement of MDGs with Focus on Assistance to Africa• InaccordancewiththethreepillarsoftheFourthTokyo

InternationalConferenceonAfricanDevelopment(TICADIV)((1)boostingeconomicgrowth,(2)ensuringhumansecurity,

and(3)addressingenvironmentalandclimatechangeissues),inordertocontributetothedoublingofJapan’sODAtoAfricaby2012,JICAwillformandintensivelyallocatefinancialresourcestoprograms/projects.

• JICAwillcontributetotheachievementofhealth-relatedMDGs,whicharemakingslowprogresstowardsachievement,byprovidingassistanceprimarilytoAfrica.

3 Support Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Other Countries• JICAwillprioritizeallocationsforTechnicalCooperationand

GrantAidprojectsforAfghanistaninordertoprovideuptoUS$5billioninODAtothecountryby2014.

• ForcountriesotherthanAfghanistan,JICAwillprovidesupportwhichmeetstheindividualneedsofpost-conflictcountrieswhile taking intoaccount theJapanesegovernment’scommitments.

4 Initiatives toward Environmental and Climate Change Measures• Inorder toachieverelevantcommitmentsmadebythe

Japanesegovernment,JICAwillimplementandformulatenecessaryprograms/projectsthroughTechnicalCooperationandfinancialassistance(GrantAidandLoanAid)bymakingfulluseofJapan’sexperienceandskills,includingthoseoftheprivatesector’s.Inaddition,JICAwillsteadilyimplementprogramswhichcontributetotheJapanesegovernment’ssupportprogramforpromotingJapan’stechnologiesrelatedtotheenvironmentalfieldoverseas,whichisbasedontheNewGrowthStrategyandapprovedunderthefiscal2010supplementarybudget.

• JICAwillsteadilyfollowuptheoutcomeofthe16thsessionof theConferenceof theParties (COP16) totheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeandthe10thmeetingoftheConferenceoftheParties(COP10)totheConventiononBiologicalDiversityandtakeappropriateresponsesinviewofthenextmeetings.

30

Concrete Initiatives of JICA’s Programs in

Fiscal 2010

Region-Specific Activities and Initiatives

Southeast Asia───────────────── 32East Asia─────────────── 40Central Asia and the Caucasus─────── 44South Asia────────────────── 48Middle East──────────────────── 52Africa────────────────── 56Central America and the Caribbean──── 62South America────────────── 66The Pacific────────────── 70Europe──────────────────── 74

Issue-Specific Activities and Initiatives

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)─── 78Economic Infrastructure Development───── 80Public Policy──────────────────── 86Gender Mainstreaming───────── 92Peacebuilding──────────────── 94Poverty Reduction─────────── 96Human Development────────── 98Global Environment─────────────────104Rural Development────────────────────110Industrial Development──────────────116Research───────────────────────122

Laotian junior high school students

31

Myanmar 2,750 (0.9%)

Indonesia 132,631 (41.7%)

Thailand 16,714 (5.3%)

Laos 5,923 (1.9%)

Malaysia 11,029 (3.5%)

Singapore 30 (0.0%)

Cambodia 15,824 (5.0%) Brunei Darussalam 3 (0.0%)

Southeast Asia ─ Strategic Cooperation for Sharing Prosperity between Japan and Southeast Asia

Region-Specifi c Activities and Initiatives

JICA Programs in Southeast Asia (Fiscal 2010)

Southeast Asia

Total: 317,925(Unit: millions of yen)

Key Aid Strategies

Achievement of Regional Economic Growth and the New Growth Strategy, Promotion of Inclusive Development and Efforts toward Common Issues within the Region

Southeast Asian countries have shaken off the 2008 global fi nancial and economic crises with minimum impact, and continue to record steady economic development as one of the growth centers of the world. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has agreed on a roadmap for establishing the ASEAN Community by 2015, and is taking steps to achieve economic integration, including the elimination of tariffs within the region. In this context, it is necessary for Japan to build new partnerships for realizing growth together with the Southeast Asian countries.

Regional Economic Growth and the New Growth Strategy WithAsia deemedas the center of global economicdevelopment,Japan’srelationswithSoutheastAsiahavebecomeevermoreimperativeforthefutureofJapan.JICAaimstosupportthedevelopmentofSoutheastAsiancountries,andisreinforcingitslinkswiththeNewGrowthStrategyandtheAsiaStrategyoftheGovernmentofJapan. Specifically, JICA supports theeconomicand socialdevelopmentofSoutheastAsiancountriesthroughavarietyofprojects,namely:infrastructuredevelopment,includingroads,railroads,ports,airports,andwaterandseweragesystems;

Meanwhile, growth has brought widening disparities within the ASEAN region, along with individual countries which also face serious concerns about increasingly evident urban and environmental issues as well as disparities within a country. Furthermore, the region continues to confront many challenges, including the prevalence of natural disasters and civil unrest. JICA is addressing these new issues to contribute to sustainable growth in Southeast Asia, which also is critical for Japan.

improvementofinvestmentclimateanddevelopmentofthesupportingindustry;andstrengtheningpartnershipswithprivatefundsandcorporateactivitiesthroughthedevelopmentofthePublic-PrivatePartnership(PPP)scheme.Inaddition,JICAstrivestodevelopandstrengthenthebasisoftheactivitiesofJapanesecompanieswhichcontributetothedevelopmentofSoutheastAsiancountries.

Promotion of Inclusive Development JICAsupportstheeconomicgrowthoftheregionaswellasitsinclusivedevelopment.Inotherwords,itextendssupporttoremedytwotypesofdisparities:disparitieswithintheregionand

The fi gure shows the total value of JICA programs in each country including Technical Cooperation (Training Participants, Experts, Study Teams, Provision of Equipment, JOCV and Other Volunteers, and Other costs), ODA Loans (Disbursements) and Grant Aid (Newly concluded G/A Agreements).Note: Figures in parentheses denote the percentage share of overall JICA programs in the region.Note: Figures exclude JICA’s cooperation for multiple countries and international organizations.

Viet Nam 100,266 (31.5%)

Philippines 30,099 (9.5%)

Timor-Leste 2,655 (0.8%)

32

Co

ncrete Initiatives

disparitieswithinthecountry. ThedisparitieswithintheregionincludethedisparityindevelopmentbetweentheASEAN’soriginalmembercountries—comprisingIndonesia,Malaysia,thePhilippines,Singapore,ThailandandBrunei—anditsnewermembers,namelyCambodia,Laos,MyanmarandVietNam. In the lattercountries, inorder toenhancethefoundationsofsocioeconomicdevelopment (basiceducationandhealthcare)andpromotegrowthbycapitalizingontheeconomicgrowthoftheSoutheastAsiaregion,JICAactivelyadvancessoftandhardinfrastructuredevelopmentaswellasindustry-relatedhumanresourcesdevelopmentthatare in linewitheachcountry’sstageofdevelopment. Meanwhile,inASEAN’soriginalmembercountrieswithahigherlevelofsocioeconomicdevelopment,disparitiesexistwithinthecountries,andtakingintoaccounttheirpotentialtobecomedestabilizingfactorsforsociety,JICAtakesmeasurestoremedyandpreventdisparities.

Addressing Common Issues within the Region InendeavoringtoachieveregionaleconomicgrowthandtheNewGrowthStrategyaswellasinclusivedevelopment,JICAhasbolsteredregionalcooperationtowardscommonissueswithintheSoutheastAsiaregion,inadditiontoitstraditionalcooperationforindividualcountries.Forexample,inordertostrengthenregional“connectivity”neededtopromotecross-bordereconomicandsocialactivities,JICAhasenhanced“physicalconnectivity”throughthedevelopmentofhardinfrastructure,suchasroads,ports,andairports,aswellas“institutionalconnectivity”throughthedevelopmentofsoftinfrastructure,suchascapacitybuildingofcustomsandharmonizationofsystemsofeachcountry.Furthermore,“humanconnectivity”hasbeenenhancedthroughstrengtheningpartnershipsbetweentheuniversitiesofASEANcountriesandJapan. Additionally,inpromotingmeasurestowardscommonissueswithintheregion,theaimistofurtherdeepenJICA’spartnershipswithASEAN’soriginalmembercountriesbycapitalizingontheassetsofJICA’scooperationofmanyyearstothesecountries.

Priority Issues and Efforts

Assistance for ASEAN’s Original Member Countries ASEAN’soriginalmembercountrieshavecontinuedtorecordsteadyeconomicgrowth.However,inordertosustaingrowth,

urbanissuesarisingfromrapidurbanizationrequireanurgentresolution.JICA’sactivitiesare,therefore,designedtocreatecitieswhichareefficient,environmentallyharmonious,andposelittleburdenontheenvironment.Thisisachievedbysupportingtheformulationofurbanmasterplans,establishmentofurbanplanningsystemstocontroldevelopment,andtechnologicaltransfersandnecessaryinfrastructuredevelopment,includingJapan’spublictransportationsystem,energysupply,watersupply,andwastedisposalsystem. Inadditiontotheissuesrelatedtothedevelopmentof“hard”infrastructures,avarietyofissuesalsoexistwithrespectto“soft”infrastructures(systems).Inmoreindustrializedcountries,inordertoovercomethe“trapofmiddleincomecountries”*andachievesophisticationofindustries,itisdeemedessentialtoaddvaluebyenhancinghumancapitalandstrengtheningtheprotectionofintellectualpropertyrights,amongothermeasures.JICAhas,therefore,alsobolstereditsinitiativesfortacklingthesechallenges. Furthermore,countriessuchasIndonesiaandthePhilippineshaveexperiencedawaveofnaturaldisastersintheformoffloodingandearthquakes,whichareimpedimentstosustainedeconomicgrowth.JICAprovideshumanitarianassistancewhennaturaldisastersoccur,aswellasreconstructionanddevelopmentassistancesuchas for thedevelopmentofeconomicinfrastructure,andassistanceformid-tolong-termdisasterpreventionsuchasforthedevelopmentofearlywarningsystems.Inaddition,JICAalsoistakingmeasurestoaddressclimatechange,whichitdeemsasacriticalchallengefacingthisregion.Theyrangefromforestfirepreventionanddevelopmentofgeothermalandotherrenewableenergiestothedevelopment

Lying on lowland terrain and susceptible to frequent fl ood damages, the Kamanava area in the Metro Manila, the Philippines, was installed with fl oodgate (photo) and drains, etc. by ODA Loans.

* Many developing countries, after escaping from the “poverty trap,” achieve high growth temporarily. However, when the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) reaches middle-income level, economic growth tends to stagnate in these countries, due to distortions accompanying rapid development, including a widening gap between the rich and the poor and increased prevalence of corruption.

33

ofurbanhigh-speedrailinordertoalleviatetrafficandreduceexhaustgasemissions,aswellasadaptivemeasurestoaddresstheregion’svulnerabilitytotheeffectsofclimatechange.

Cross-Border Development of the Mekong Region TheMekongRiverregion inthe IndochinesePeninsula,includingMyanmar,Laos,Thailand,CambodiaandVietNam,iscalledtheMekongregion.Ofthesecountries,newerASEANmembers—comprisingCambodia,Laos,MyanmarandVietNam—fallbehindineconomicdevelopment,andtothisdayarestrugglingwithhighpovertyrates.InordertoachieveASEAN’sintegrationby2015,theintra-regionaldisparitiesbetweentheoriginalandnewerASEANmembersposeamajorchallenge. However,thisregioninrecentyears,particularlyVietNam,hasbecomeaprominentinvestmentdestinationforJapanesefirms.ItscontinuedhigheconomicgrowthleadstoexpectationsforfurtherdevelopmentinthefutureandevenstrongertieswithJapan. IntheTokyoDeclarationadoptedattheMekong-JapanSummitheldinTokyoinNovember2009,Japanpledgedtoprovidemorethan¥500billioninODALoanstofiveMekongcountriesoveraperiodofthreeyears.IntheMekong-JapanActionPlan63announcedsimultaneously,Japanalsocommitteditsassistanceforthe“ADecadetowardtheGreenMekong”initiative. BasedonthepolicyoftheJapanesegovernment,JICAisimplementingabroadrangeofprojectsinpartnershipwithothercountriessuchasThailandthatdrivethedevelopmentoftheregion,inordertoremedytheintra-regionaldisparitiesofASEANandfurtherdeveloptheMekongregion.

Country Overviews and Priority Issues

Indonesia Despiteitspovertyrateof13.3%(2011,WorldBank)asof2010,Indonesia’srealGDPgrowthratereachedroughly6.0%in2010(2010,InternationalMonetaryFund[IMF]),andwithapopulationof240millionpeople,thecountryisemergingasadrivingforcefortheASEANregionaleconomy.Inrecentyears,thereisagrowingneedinIndonesiaforanimprovedinvestmentclimate,includinginfrastructuredevelopment;responsestoglobalissues,includingclimatechange;aswellassafeandsecuresociety-buildingthroughremedyingdisparitiesanddisasterprevention. BasedonthecooperationneedsofIndonesia,JICAcarriesoutinitiativesinthecapitalcityofJakartawhichconfrontsseriousinfrastructureshortages.Notably,JICAprovidescooperationforimprovingtheinvestmentenvironmentthroughconceptssuchastheMetropolitanPriorityArea(MPA)forInvestmentandIndustryinJABODETABEKarea.Furthermore,inordertopromotetheentryofprivatecompanies,JICAundertakeseffortstoenhancetheinstitutionaldevelopmentofPPP(PublicPrivatePartnership)[ See the Case Study on page 11]. Regarding climate changemeasures, JICA supports

improvementsto Indonesia’spolicyframeworkinthisareathroughtheprovisionoftheClimateChangeProgramLoan.JICAalsopromotescomprehensivemeasuresinthefieldofclimatechangethroughthe implementationof individualprojects,includingforestpreservationandgeothermalpowergenerationprojects[ See the Case Study on page 14]. Inaddition,JICAhaslongimplementeddisasterpreventionandreconstructionassistanceforIndonesia,which,likeJapan,isplaguedbydamagesfromvolcaniceruptionsandearthquakes.Supportinbothstructuralandnon-structuralmeasureshavebeenprovidedcontinuously,includingassistanceforthecapacitybuildingofengineersandtheestablishmentofanearlywarningsystem [ See the Case Study on page 109].Thesabo facilitiesconstructedwithJICAcooperationwhenMt.MerapieruptedinOctober2010contributedtothesignificantreductionofdamagesfrompyroclasticflow.

Philippines ThePhilippinesfacedtemporaryeconomicstagnationasaresultoftheeffectsofthefinancialcrisisof2008afterhavingregistered7.1%economicgrowth in2007,whichwasthehighestinthepast30years.Nonetheless,thePhilippineeconomydemonstratedaremarkablerecoveryin2010,recordingeconomicgrowthof7.6%(inrealterms).Thepovertyincidencehasalsoimprovedfrom33.1%in1991to26.5%in2009.Nevertheless,comparedwithotheroriginalmembercountriesofASEAN(Indonesia,Thailand,Malaysia),thePhilippines’GDPgrowthrateoverthepast50yearsislowandtheprogressofpovertyreductionisslow,whileincomedisparitiescontinuetobehigh.Thecountryalsofacesthechallengeofsupportingagrowingpopulationwithanannualaveragegrowthratecloseto2.0%. TheGovernmentofthePhilippinesaimstobecomeamiddleincomecountryalongsidetheotheroriginalmembercountriesofASEAN.Inordertofurtherdriveeconomicgrowthandcreateemployment,theGovernmentactivelypromotesinfrastructuredevelopmentthroughutilizationofprivatefinancialresourcesandimprovestheinvestmentclimate.Inaddition,thecountryisvulnerabletoexternalfactors,includingsoaringfoodpricesandnaturaldisasters,andtheGovernmentprovidesdirectassistanceespeciallyforthepoorwhoareconcentratedinruralareastoincludethemintothedevelopmentprocess.

The sabo dam constructed with JICA cooperation preventing debris fl ow after the eruption of Mt. Merapi (Indonesia)

34

Co

ncrete Initiatives

Contributing to Regional Development

Case Study Philippines Mindanao Container Terminal Project / Davao Industry Cluster Capacity Enhancement Project

Through the transportation network development program, JICA extended assistance to enhance the logistics and transportation infrastructure in the non-confl ict affected areas in Mindanao and to strengthen the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the region, and thereby, contributes to the development of the region.

Promoting Logistics Network through Construction of Container Terminal TheCagayandeOroPortservedastheentryport ofNorthernMindanao,whichmainlyhandledcargosofthenearbyPHIVIDECindustrialpark(whereJapanesecompaniesarealsolocated).DuetotheovercrowdingofthePort,however,shipswereforcedtowaitoff-shoreforalongerperiodoftimeandlogisticsandtransportationintheareahadbecomeinefficient. In response, theMindanaoContainerTerminalwascompletedin2004withinthePHIVIDECindustrialparksupportedbyanODALoan,inordertoresolvethecongestionoftheCagayandeOroPortandpromotesmoothlogisticsandtransportation. SincetheTerminal’scompletion,thevolumeof importedcontainercargo increasedby3.3 times,while thevolumeofexportedcontainercargoincreasedby28%from2008to2009.Tomeet the increasingdemand,maritimefreightforwarderswithofficesattheterminalincreasedfrom7companies(asofthecommencementoftheTerminal’soperationin2004)to19companies(asof2010).Thiscontributedtoestablishinganactivelogisticsnetworkintheareaandtotheimprovementofthebusinessenvironmentforlocalcompanies.

Excluding2009whentheglobaleconomiccrisiswasseverelyfelt,exportsfromtheareahaveincreasedespeciallyformajorindustriesinsectorssuchasfoodandminingproducts.Thus,theTerminalalsohadapositiveimpactontheregionaleconomy.

Promoting SMEs Development through Industry Cluster Activities Meanwhile, inDavao,thelargestcity inMindanao,theDavaoRegionalDevelopmentCouncilhasbeenstrivingtorevitalizeregionalindustriesbasedonthe“industrycluster”*approachtoachieveregionaleconomicgrowth.SinceOctober2007,JICAhasimplementedaTechnicalCooperationprojecttopromotethisapproachaswellastobuildcapacityoftheagenciesconcerned. Clustersarecreatedforeachoftheeightmajorindustriesoftheregion(banana,mango,coconut,seaweed,timber,mining,tourism,andinformationandcommunicationstechnology[ICT])inDavao.SMEs,governmentagencies,universitiesandresearchinstitutessharedtheirknowledgeandexperienceswithaddressingcommonissuestodevelopthe industries.JICAhasprovidedtechnicalassistancefor

developingstrategies,makingworkplans,andimplementingpilotprojects.Throughtheimplementationofactualworkplans,JICAalsoassistedtostrengthenthecapacitiesofclusterteammembers,governmentagencies,andstaffoflocalgovernmentstoenhancetheimplementationoftheclusterapproach.

Project Wins ODA Best Practice Award TheTechnicalCooperationprojectasdescribedabovehashelpedtojump-starttheactivitiesoftheclusterteams.Inthemangoindustry,inordertoimprovetheyieldratioofmangoes,pesticidemanagementmethodswereimprovedasapilotprojectforclusteringactivities.Trainingprogramswerealsoprovidedtopromotetheplannedproductionofmangoes,soastopreventoverlapsinproductionandshipmentperiodswithotherregions.Inthebananaindustry, localfarmershavejoinedtogether to launchanewfederation.ThefederationconductsmarketresearchofJapanandothercountriesandisworkingoncreatinganewexportingchannel. Furthermore,jointdevelopmentactivitiesamongclustershaveincreased.Newideasareactivelyproposed,and information isproactivelyexchanged.Variousspillovereffectshavebeenobserved,whichwerenotinitiallyexpected. The project was completed in June2010.Itsoutcomesandimpactwerehighlyacknowledged, including thepromotionofexportsofbananas, timber,andotherproducts.TheprojectconsequentlywontheODABestPracticeAwardgivenbytheNationalEconomicDevelopmentAuthority(NEDA)ofthePhilippinesinDecember2010.SomemembersoftheclusterteamshavereceivedinquiriesfromJapanesecompaniesregardingfurtherbusinessopportunities. Asdescribedabove,thedevelopmentofacentralportinMindanaoandtherevitalizationof local industriesareexpectedtoactivateintra-regionaltransportationandtopromoteeconomicdevelopment.

In the banana industry cluster, a federation of cooperative associations was launched to establish a new banana production center for export.

Mindanao Container Terminal

* The industry cluster approach aims to improve the regional business environment through the development of a network of organizations, including SMEs, venture companies, and research institutions.

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Chulalongkorn University, one of the universities responsible for the region cooperation, ASEAN University Network / Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (AUN/SEED-Net). The project aims to develop human resources who will support industry.

JICA’scooperationtothePhilippinesfocusesonthefollowingpriorityissues:1)sustainableeconomicgrowthaimedatcreatingemploymentopportunities;2)supportfortheself-relianceofthepoorandimprovementoftheirqualityoflife;and3)peaceandstabilityinMindanao.Undertheabovepriorityissues,JICAprovidesassistancefor:infrastructuredevelopmentthroughPublicPrivatePartnership;policyandinstitutionalimprovementaimedatimprovingtheinvestmentclimate;disasterriskreductionandmanagement;andcommunitydevelopmentintheconflictaffectedareasofMindanao[ See the Case Study on page 35].

Thailand TheGovernmentofThailandispursuingthe10thNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentPlan(2006–2011),whichaimstoenhancehumanresourcesandpoliciestofacilitateadaptationtofuturechange,andachievefurtherglobalization.Withthisaim,Thailandistakingstepstostrengtheninternationalcompetitiveness,boostdomesticdemandandstrengthengrassrootseconomies.TheGNIpercapitaofThailandhasreachedUS$3,760(2009),asthecountryshiftsitsfocustodevelopmentthataddresseschallengesinworkingtowardbecominganupper-middle-incomecountry. JICAisextendingitscooperationtoThailandinthreepriorityareas:1)EnhancementofCompetitivenessforSustainableGrowthtodrivefurtherdevelopment;2)AdaptationtotheDevelopmentIssues inaMaturingSocietywithaviewtoresolving thechallengesthatcomewithgrowth;and3)JointCooperationtoThirdCountries,takingintoaccountThailand’sshifttobecomingadonornation. Basedonthesethreepriorityareas,JICAistakingbothhardandsoftinfrastructureinitiatives.Theseinitiativesincludedevelopmentofhumanresourcesandinstitutionsforindustrialpromotion,developmentofinfrastructuresuchastheMassTransitSysteminBangkok,supportforstrengtheningenvironmentalmanagementsystemsandclimatechange-relatedpolicies,measuresforremedyingthedisparitiesbetweenurbanandruralareas,cooperationondevelopmentissuesfortheagingsociety,supportforthesociallyvulnerableincludingmeasuresagainsthumantraffickingandcooperationonpromotionofSouth-South

Cooperation[ See the Case Study on page 37].

Cambodia TheCambodianeconomyisrecoveringsince2010,afterlosingmomentumin2009fromthehighsofover10%peryearduetotheeffectsoftheglobalfinancialcrisis.NominalGDPin2010wasUS$11.6billion(IMFestimate)—nearlytwiceashighasfiveyearsago.However,CambodiacontinuestoranklowamongtheASEANcountriesonvariousdevelopmentindexes,includingpercapitaGNIandinfantmortalityrate.InviewofASEAN’sintegrationby2015,inorderforCambodiatoachievefurthereconomicdevelopmentandovercomepoverty,thecountrymustdevelopitseconomicandsocialinfrastructureandcontinuetoengageininstitutionalbuildingandhumanresourcesdevelopmentinavarietyofsectors.Tomeettheseneeds,JICAisprovidingsupportforthedevelopmentofbothhardandsoftinfrastructure. Specifically,JICAisassistingwiththedevelopmentofcriticaleconomicinfrastructure,suchasports,majorarterialroadsandbridgesandelectricpowerfacilities,aswellastheestablishmentofspecialeconomiczonestostimulatetheprivatesector.JICAisalsoprovidingassistancetoimproveinvestment-relatedservices,aswellasdevelopirrigationfacilitiesandimprovedistributionforraisingtheproductivityofthekeyagriculturalsector[ See

the Case Study on page 117].Torealizeinclusivedevelopment,JICAisextendingassistanceinruralareasfortheestablishmentofwatersupply,theenhancementofhealthcareservices,andhumanresourcesdevelopmentintheeducationsector[ See

the Case Study on page 101].JICAalsocontinuestohelpstrengthenthenation’seconomicfoundationandenhancegovernanceasthebackboneforsocialdevelopment.These initiativesincludeassistanceforimprovingthelegalsystem;improvingadministrativecapabilitiesincludingforlocalgovernment;andstrengtheningnationaltaxation-andcustoms-relatedcapabilities.

Laos Laos is theonly landlockedcountry inASEAN.Withapopulationofjust6.3millionpeopleinacountryaboutthesizeofJapan’sHonshuisland,thepopulationdensityisextremelylow.Meanwhile,Laosisalsoamultiethniccountrycomprisedof48ethnicgroups.Some80%ofthecountry’sworkforceisengagedinagriculture.Laosisdesignatedasaleastdevelopingcountry(LDC)bytheUnitedNations(UN)inthecontextofitslowpercapitaGNIandeconomicvulnerability.Mountainousterraincomprises80%ofthelandmassinLaos,andalongwithanundevelopedinfrastructure,communitiestendtobeisolated,makingitdifficultforpeopletoaccesssocialservices.Basedonthesecircumstances,theGovernmentofLaosispromotingmarketeconomyprinciples.Identifyingpovertyreductionasanationalgoal,LaosaimstoachievetheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)by2015andgraduatefromLDCstatusby2020. JICA’sapproachtoextendingassistancetoLaosrevolvesaround:supportforthesteadyachievementoftheMDGs;supportforbuildingafoundationforeconomicgrowththatwillserveasadrivingforceforthecountry’sindependentandsustainablegrowth;andsupportforcapacitydevelopmentasaprerequisite

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Maximizing Community Strengths

Case Study Thailand Project on the Development of a Community Based Integrated Health Care and Social Welfare Services Model for Older Persons

Thailand is facing a rapidly declining birthrate and aging society. For an expected project period of four years beginning in 2007, JICA and the Government of Thailand are developing a model for providing sustainable care for the elderly. This model, rooted in community practices, will draw on the strengths of the community, including community members, volunteers and senior persons’ clubs.

Rapidly Aging Society InThailand,theratioofelderlypersonsovertheageof65hasalreadyreachednearly10%.Duetotheextremelyrapidpaceofpopulationaginginthecountry,theproportionofelderlypersonsisexpectedtosurpass14%in2023andmakeThailandan“agedsociety”asdefinedbytheUnitedNations. TheprojectisbeingimplementedjointlybytheMinistryofPublicHealth,whichoverseeshealthcareservices,theMinistryofSocialDevelopmentandHumanSecurity,whichoverseessocialwelfare,andJICA,withthecooperationofthelocalmunicipalitiesandcommunitymembers.Throughmodelactivities,theprojectisintendedtoestablishanintegratedhealthcareandwelfareservicesmodelforelderlypersons.Inthefuture,themodelisexpectedtobeexpandedacrossthewholecountry.Specifically,communitymembersareimplementingactivitiesinthefourprojectsitesbytakingintoaccountcommunityneedsandavailableresources,withsupportfromtheproject.

Expanding the Model Across the Country InSuratThaniinthesouth,accesstohealthcareandwelfareservicesispoorduetothelackoftransportationmeans,amongotherreasons.Inlightofthesecircumstances,theMobileOne-StopServicesmodelhasbeendevelopedand

isimplementedeverymonth.Underthismodel,healthcareandillnesspreventionstaff,welfarestaff,andcommunityvolunteersjointlyvisiteachvillageandofferconsultationonhealthchecksandwelfare. Whileprojectactivitiesdifferbyeachprojectsite,theyallsharethebasicframework,namely,“communitymembers,includingvolunteers,playalargerole,”“relevantorganizations,includinglocalgovernments,providetechnicalassistance,”and“communitymembersandlocalgovernmentsworktogether.”Inaddition,throughthedispatchofshort-termexpertsforprovidingtechnicalcoursesforcentralgovernmentemployeesindementiacareandcaremanagement,aswellas trainingforcommunitymembersonbasicnursingcareskills,humanresourcesaredevelopedatboththelevelsofthecentralandlocalgovernments. InAugust2010,anationalconferencewasheldinBangkoktosharetheoutcomesoftheactivitiesinthefourprojectsites.Anactiveexchangeofviewstookplacewiththeparticipationof260peoplefrom50provincesacrossthecountry. Bytheproject’sterminationinNovember2011,JICAwillsummarizetheachievementofmodelactivitiesasthelessontobeappliedtootheractivitiesforthecareofelderlypersonsandcreateamanualwhichexplains thedetailsoftheactivitiesateachprojectsite.Acompilationofrecommendationswhichwill

offerpracticalknow-howforleadingfurthersuccesseswillalsobecreated.Throughtheseefforts,JICAaimstoexpandtheoutcomesofthemodelactivitiesacrossThailand.

From Our Expert

Keiji TakebayashiChief Advisor InBangSiThongTown,NonthaburiProvince,theseniorpeoples’clubandcommunitymembersplayedkey roles in thestartupof illnesspreventionandhealthpromotionactivities.Furthermore,theyhelpedtoestablisharehabilitationcenterwiththecooperationofthetown(whileitsoundsfancy,itisreallyanordinaryhome).Communitymemberswhohavereceivedtrainingproviderehabilitationservicesasvolunteers. Theseactivitiesstemfromthefirmbeliefofthecommunitymembersthatservicesprovidedbynonprofessionalsarebetterthannothavinganyservicesatall. Attheendof2010,thevicechairmanoftheseniorpeoples’clubinthecommunity,whowasacentralfigureintheseactivities,sufferedacerebralhemorrhage.Becauseofhisdailyinvolvementinhealthactivities,perhaps,thevicechairmandetectedtheabnormalityhimself,tookataxitothehospital,andonthewaybecameunconscious.Althoughhehasparalysisoftherightsideofthebody,hewasdischargedfromthehospitalandhasstartedrehabilitationwithvolunteers—aservicehehimselfhelpedtoorganize.Andnow,heisabletowalkwiththeuseofacane. Ibelievethingswouldhavebeenalotmoreworsehadhenotquicklygonetothehospitalorhadhenotquicklystartedrehabilitation(andIbelievethemajorityofthepeopleinThailandfallunderthisworse-casescenario).Itgavemehopethatevenwithscarcemedicalresources,somethingcanbedonetoacertainextentwiththestrengthsofthecommunityandthepeople. Ibelievethisisoneoftheoutcomesoftheproject.

Elderly persons participating in community health exercises (Khon Kaen)

Mr. Takebayashi, JICA expert, visiting the house of an elderly person with a volunteer

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Remedying intra-regional disparities is one of the key challenges for ASEAN’s regional integration by 2015. JICA and the ASEAN Secretariat have therefore begun providing cooperation to support the efforts made by Laos, a country that falls behind other ASEAN countries in development, toward integration with ASEAN. Through this assistance, JICA and the ASEAN Secretariat jointly aim to develop a scheme for supporting newer ASEAN members in order to remedy the intra-regional disparities within ASEAN.

A Cooperation Scheme for Remedying Intra-regional Disparities Toward ASEAN’s Regional Integration

Case Study Laos Pilot Program for Narrowing the Development Gap towards ASEAN Integration (LPP)

Capitalizing on the Strengths of Nature-rich Laos ThecooperationstartedinOctober2010basedonthe“Clean,GreenandBeautifulLaos”conceptinthefollowingthreeareas:Tourismpromotion;Promotionofsafeagricultural

products;andEnvironmentalmanagement.ThepartnershipbetweenJICAandtheASEANSecretariatisafeatureofthisprogram,which,throughspecificassistance,willaimtodevelopa tripartitecooperationmechanism(JICA,ASEAN,andcounterpartgovernment) fornewerASEANmemberstatesandstandardizethe procedures for pro jec t p lann ing,implementation,monitoring,andevaluation.This“pilot”programwillbeexpandedtootherASEANcountriesinthefuture. TheprogramofficewasestablishedinthecapitalcityofVientiane,andthefirststeeringcommitteemeetingwasheldinMarch2011.With2012theYearforTourisminLaos,thetourismcomponenthasbeenjumpstartedwiththeJICAprojectteamandtheLaoNationalTourismAdministrationholdingameetinginFebruaryandthreeprovincesbeingselectedaspilotprovinces.

JICA and ASEAN concluded an MOU between Secretary General of ASEAN Surin Pitsuwan (right) and President of JICA Sadako Ogata in June 2008.

forLaostoachieveself-reliantefforts.JICAisprovidingavarietyofcooperationforthefollowingpriorityareas:improvedaccesstobasiceducation,expansionofhealthcareservices,ruraldevelopment,socialandeconomicinfrastructuredevelopment,strengtheningof theprivatesectorand improvementofadministrativecapabilities[ See the Case Study on page 10]. WithLaosfallingbehindotherASEANcountriesindevelopment,JICAcommenced theLaosPilotProgram(LPP)asanewinitiativeforremedyingintra-regionaldisparitiestowardASEAN’sintegrationby2015.InpartnershipwiththeASEANSecretariat,theprojectaimstoextractthecharmsofLaos,acountryrichinnature,andpromoteitssustainabledevelopmentbasedontheconceptof“Clean,GreenandBeautifulLaos”[ See the Case Study

below].Also,themanyunexplodedordnancesthatremaininLaosnotonlyhinderitsdevelopmentbutalsotakethelivesofmanypeople.JICAhasstartedtakingcountermeasures,drawingonitsexperienceinminecleaninginCambodia.

Myanmar Myanmarhelditsfirstgeneralelectioninapproximately20yearsinNovember2010,andanewadministrationwaslaunchedunderformerPrimeMinisterTheinSeinasPresidentinMarch2011.Japan,whilecloselyfollowingtheprogressofdemocratizationandimprovementofhumanrightssituationsinMyanmar,willconsiderandimplementonacase-by-casebasisprojectscenteringonbasichumanneedswhichwoulddirectlybenefitthepeople. Specificassistanceincludescooperationfor:thepreventionofthethreemajorinfectiousdiseasesofmalaria,HIV/AIDSand

tuberculosis;theprovisionofwatersupplytovillagesinthecentraldryzonethatfaceacriticalwatershortage;drugcontrolmeasuresinnorthernShanState;thepreservationofagriculturallandsandmangrovesintheAyeyarwadydeltawhichwereheavilydamagedbyCycloneNargis;andtheprovisionofcyclonewarnings.

Viet Nam VietNamhasachievedsteadyeconomicgrowthofabout7%inrecentyears,andpercapitaGDPregisteredoverUS$1,000in2009.PovertyreductionhasprogressedwiththeshareofpeoplelivingonlessthanUS$1.25aday(povertyrate)decliningfrom50%in1998to12.3%in2009.Meanwhile,thedevelopmentofahighqualityworkforcetosupporttheeconomicgrowth,aswellasbasicinfrastructure,suchaselectricityandtransport,havenotsufficientlycaughtupandserveasbottleneckstogrowth.

The Project for Strengthening Capacity of Training Teams for Basic Health Staff (Myanmar)

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Roads are frequently blocked due to road surface damages from heavy rainfall during the rainy season (photo is of the Government’s restoration work). JICA supports capacity building in road maintenance work (Timor-Leste).

Furthermore,incomedisparitiesbetweenurbanandruralareasandenvironmentaldegradationalsoposechallenges.Governanceshouldalsobestrengthenedto tackle thesedevelopmentchallenges. JICAisengaginginawiderangeofcooperationfocusingonthefollowingpriorityareas:1)promotionofeconomicgrowthandstrengtheningofinternationalcompetitiveness;2)improvementinlivingandsocialconditionsandcorrectionsofdisparities;3)environmentalconservation;and4)strengtheningofgovernance.Thecooperationcoversvariousissues,suchas: improvingbusinessenvironmentanddevelopmentofsupportingindustries;infrastructuredevelopmentofhighways,railways,waterandseweragesystems;improvinghealthcareservices;disasterprevention;andclimatechangemeasures[ See the Case Studies

on pages 10, 83, 87, 129, 113].

Timor-Leste Timor-Lestewillsooncelebrateits10thanniversaryofitsindependence,gainedin2002.Inthelastseveralyears,thecountryhasachievedarapidlystabilizingsecuritysituationanddouble-digiteconomicgrowthsince2008.InJuly2011,Timor-LesteannouncedtheStrategicDevelopmentPlanthatsetsoutavisiontoward2030,andthecountryhasbeguntakingstepstograduatefromthe“reconstruction”stageandtoembarkonfull-fledgedeconomicdevelopment. JICAhasbeenprovidingassistancetoTimor-Lesteinthefollowingpriorityareassofar:humanresourcesdevelopmentand institutionbuilding; improvementandmaintenanceof infrastructure;agriculturalandruraldevelopment;andconsolidationofpeace.However,with thestabilizationofthesecuritysituation,JICA isshifting itsassistancefrom“consolidationofpeace”togivegreaterfocustothedevelopmentofeconomic infrastructurewhichcontributestoeconomicopportunitiespromotion.Thesustainabilityofthecountryrequiresthedevelopmentofindustriesthatcanreplacetherevenuesfromoilindustry.JICA’sassistanceaimstocreateamorefavorableenvironmenttothisend. Inadditiontotheabove,JICAwillcontinuetomakeeffortsinthefollowing:ruraldevelopmentthatcontributestopovertyreduction(oneofthekeydevelopment

challengesofTimor-Leste);assistancetoimproveagriculturaltechnology;anddevelopmentofhumanresourceswhoselackofskillsalsoservesasaseverebottlenecktodevelopment[ See

the Case Study on page 97].

Malaysia Malaysia isonasteadygrowthpathasoneofthemostdevelopedASEANnations.Itwasamongthefirsttoescapefromthecalamityoftheworldfinancialcrisisandisbackonastablegrowthtrack.TheMalaysiangovernmentannouncedtheNewEconomicModel(NEM),along-termeconomicroadmap,inMarch2010.TheNEMplanoutlinespoliciesthataimtoincreaseannualpercapitaincometoUS$15,000by2020byshiftingtoknowledge-intensiveindustries,amongotherstrategies.InJune2010,theTenthMalaysiaPlanwasannounced,whichestablishesguidelinesonthedevelopmentbudgetallocationsforthenextfiveyears. InresponsetotheseactionstakenbyMalaysia,JICAhasbeenprovidingassistanceinordertoforgecooperativerelationsasamoreequitablepartnerofMalaysia,withafocusonthefollowingfourpriorityareas:1)enhancementofmutualbenefitsbetweenJapanandMalaysia;2)overcomingchallengesassociatedwithrapidgrowth;3)overcomingregionalissues;and4)strengtheningaidimplementationcapacitiesandpromotingJapan-Malaysiaaidcoordination. SomeexamplescurrentlybeingimplementedthroughODALoansincludethePahang-SelangorRawWaterTransferProjectforsupplyingwatertotheMalaysiancapitalofKualaLumpurandtheHigherEducationLoanFundProject,orHELP3initiative,whichgives localstudentsachancetostudyscienceandengineeringinJapan.OtherexamplesbeingimplementedthroughTechnicalCooperationaretheBorneanBiodiversity&EcosystemsConservationProgrammePhaseII(BBECII)initiativeinSabahandtheImprovementofAbilityinMaritimeSafetyandSecurityprojectaimedatenhancingthecapabilitiesoftheMalaysianMaritimeEnforcementAgency(MMEA). Basedontheabovenewdevelopmentpolicytrends,etc.,JICAisnowconductingacountryanalyticalworktostudyhowJICA’sODAtoMalaysiashouldbeimplementedinthenextfewyears.

Singapore Singaporehasachievedremarkableeconomicdevelopment.Thecountry,which“graduated”fromJICA’sODAassistanceinfiscal1998,andJapanhavebeencooperatingwitheachothernotasadonorandanaidrecipientbutasapartner,andcarryingoutapproximately20trainingcoursesayearmainlyforotherASEANnations.SincethelaunchoftheJapan-SingaporePartnershipProgramme(JSPP)infiscal1994anduptofiscal2009,morethan250trainingcourseswereimplementedwiththeparticipationofover4,600trainingparticipantsfrom87countries. Since fiscal2009,asanew initiative,JICAhasbeendispatchingaresearchfellowtotheLeeKuanYewSchoolofPublicPolicyoftheNationalUniversityofSingaporetobuildnetworkswithrelevantorganizationswhichcanenhanceJICAprograms,throughsuchactivitiesasjointresearchandseminars.

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Republic of Korea 3 (0.0%)

China 60,557 (91.0%)

Mongolia 5,968 (9.0%)

East Asia ─ Promoting Strategic Partnerships

Region-Specifi c Activities and Initiatives

JICA Programs in East Asia (Fiscal 2010)

East Asia

Total: 66,528(Unit: millions of yen)

Key Aid Strategies Promoting Stable and Sustainable Growth and Mutual Understanding

The East Asia region consists of China, Japan’s largest trading partner with the world’s second highest total nominal GDP in 2010 (per-capita GDP approximately one tenth of Japan’s at US$4,382) and Mongolia, with rapid economic growth based on its abundant mineral resources. The region is becoming increasingly important not only for Japan but also for the global economy. Through top-level joint declarations with each country, the Japanese government

JICA’ssupportforChinafocusesonthethreepriorityareaslistedbelow,withemphasisonhumanresourcedevelopmentandpolicysupport.1)Cooperationtotackleenvironmentalandotherglobalissuesincludingmeasuresagainstenvironmentalproblemsandinfectiousdiseases2)Assistancefortheopenandreformpolicy,coveringpromotionofsoundsocialdevelopmentandthetransitiontoamarketeconomy3)Promotionofmutualunderstanding Asapartofthissupport,JICAhasactivitieswhichalsoareusefulforJapaneseprivateenterpriseswithhigh-endtechnology.OneoftheactivitiesisholdingseminarswiththeparticipationofJapaneseprivateenterprisesontheappropriatemanagementand

has recognized the relationship between each country as “promoting strategic reciprocal relations” (China) and “building a strategic partnership” (Mongolia). Under these circumstances, JICA is cooperating in dealing with the challenges faced by these two countries, and is assisting in building mutual understanding to support bilateral relations with Japan.

recyclingofpollutedsludge.Furthermore,sincetheGreatSichuanEarthquakeinMay2008,JICAhasprovidedtechnicalsupporttoenhancedisasterpreventionandreconstructionefforts. ForMongoliaontheotherhand,sinceitsdemocratizationandtransitiontoamarketeconomyin1990,JICAhasextendedsupportinthefourpriorityareaslistedbelow.1) Institution-buildingandhumanresourcedevelopmenttopromoteamarketeconomy2)Ruraldevelopment3)Environmentalconservation4)Infrastructuredevelopmenttopromoteeconomicactivity Inrecentyears inparticular,JICAhasbeensupportingMongolia’seffortstodiversifyitsnationalindustriesbeyondthosethataredependentonnaturalresources.JICAisalsoextending

The fi gure shows the total value of JICA programs in each country including Technical Cooperation (Training Participants, Experts, Study Teams, Provision of Equipment, JOCV and Other Volunteers, and Other costs), ODA Loans (Disbursements) and Grant Aid (Newly concluded G/A Agreements).Note: Figures in parentheses denote the percentage share of overall JICA programs in the region.Note: Figures exclude JICA’s cooperation for multiple countries and international organizations.

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supporttosolveurbanissuesinthecapitalcityofUlaanbaatar,andisassistingwithexpansionofbasicsocialservices.InNovember2010,inthepresenceoftheleadersofbothcountries,anODALoanagreementwassigned,aimingforsustaineddevelopmentthroughsupportforsmallandmedium-scaleenterprises.

Country Overviews and Priority Issues

China Consideringtheexperienceandhumannetworkgainedthroughmorethan30yearsofsupportforChina,andtakingintoaccountthereciprocity,JICAisprovidingcooperationinthethreeaforementionedkeyareas.JICAisalsocontributingtostrengthenedrelationsbetweenbothcountriesinthedisasterpreventionsectorandforeigneconomiccooperation.1. Addressing Environmental Issues and Infectious Disease Infectiousdiseasesandenvironmental issues inChina,includingthecountry’semissionsofgreenhousegases,areproblemswitheffectsthatextendacrossnationalborders.Strengtheningthemeasurestakenagainsttheseproblemsisconsideredanurgentmatter. InordertohelpChinadealwithenvironmentalissues,JICAisworkinghardtoprovidetechnologicalsupport,policysupportandhumanresourcedevelopmenttoaddressclimatechangeandpromotearecycling-orientedeconomy.ThroughthePromotionofCircularEconomyProject,implementedbytheSino-JapanFriendshipCentreforEnvironmentalProtection,JICAisextendingsupportforarangeofeffortsincludingfacilitatingenvironmentallyfriendlybusinessactivities,raisingtheenvironmentalawarenessofChinesecitizens,andpromotingthedevelopmentofecotowns.TheMunicipalWasteRecyclingPromotionProjectinChina,whichbeganin2010,issupportingpoliciesforrecyclingwasteandimprovinglegislation[ See the Case Study on page 42].Furthermore,JICAisassistingineffortsaimedatenvironmentalprotectionthroughODALoanprojectscurrentlyunderwayinareasincludingthedevelopmentofwaterandsewageinfrastructure,measurestoaddresswaterandairpollution,andmeasurestopromoteafforestationandpreventdesertificationinChina. Insupportofinfectiousdiseasecountermeasures,JICAishelpingtoimprovesurveillanceandinoculationservicesforconditionssuchaspolioandmeasles,andthestrengtheningofmeasuresagainsthospital-acquiredinfection.JICAisalsoencouragingcapacitydevelopmentinthehealthadministrationsectorandsharingandexchangeofinformationbetweenJapanandChinainordertopushforwardsustainedmeasuresagainstthesediseases.2. Promoting the Transition to a Market Economy and Achieving Sound Social Development AsChina’sproductioncapacityanddomesticmarketsexpand,

theneedforittoestablishamarketeconomysystemharmonizedwithinternationalrulesisbecomingincreasinglyimportantnotonlyforsustainableeconomicgrowthwithinthecountry,butalsotoincreaseprospectsfortheeconomicactivitiesofJapanesecompanies,andconsequently,thecreationofnewopportunitiesforeconomicgrowthforJapan.Forthesereasons,JICAissupportingthedevelopmentoflegalsystemsrelatedtoeconomicactivitysuchascivillegislation,andthedevelopmentofhumanresourcestoensuretheappropriateuseofsystemsincludingcapitalmarketsandinternationaltaxation. However,rapidlygrowingsocialdisparitiesandtheambiguoususeofadministrativepowerpresentsriskstotheeconomyandsociety.Accordingly,JICAissupportingeffortssuchastheestablishmentofsystemsforChinaasacountrygovernedbytheruleoflaw,theexpansionofsocialsecurity,andtheeliminationofregionaldisparities.3. Enhancing Mutual Understanding EnhancingthelevelofmutualunderstandingbetweenthecitizensofJapanandChinaisessentialtoachievinggoodlong-termrelationsbetweenthetwonations. JICAsendsvolunteerstoChina,promotesexchangesbetweenlocalgovernmentsandconductsyouthtrainingandtrainingfornewandmiddlelevelmanagersthroughvisitstoJapan,whilealsosupportingtheactivitiesofNGOs. Inaddition,JICAisimplementingdiverseinitiativesthataredesignedtodevelophumanresourceswhopossessagoodunderstandingofJapan,whilehelpingtoincreaseopportunitiesfordirectexchangebetweenthecitizensofbothnations,andtoenhancethelevelofunderstandingofeachother’scultureandsociety.JICA’sHigherEducationProjectaimstocontributetogoodrelationsthroughanODALoanwhichseekstoimprovethelevelofhighereducationwithafocusoninlandChina.4. Supporting Disaster Prevention and Reconstruction SincetheGreatSichuanEarthquakewreakeddevastationinMay2008,JICAhasengagedinawiderangeofeffortstoapplyJapaneseexperienceandtechniquesandalsotobackupdisasterpreventionandreconstructioninitiativesinless-tangibleterms,suchassupportforthecapacitydevelopmentofhumanresourcesinthefieldsofearthquakerelief,seismicconstruct ion, mentalhealthcareforearthquakevictims,andassistancefor the restoration ofdamagedforeststhroughtreeplanting. After theGreatEast

The Japan-China Cooperation Plan of Earthquake First-aid Capacity Training. Scene of

rescue training.

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JapanEarthquakestruckonMarch11,2011,aChineseemergencyreliefteamformedbytheChinaEarthquakeAdministration,whichassistsinJICAprojectsrelatingtoearthquakereliefinChina,wasdispatchedtoJapan.Thiscanbeconsideredagoodexampleofhowthecontinuedstrengtheningofrelationsthroughcooperationactivitieshasengenderedthespiritofmutualassistance.5. Strengthening Exchanges Related to External Economic Cooperation Chinahasbeenimplementingitsownexternaleconomicassistanceformanyyears,andithasincreasedthescaleofthisassistanceinrecenttimes.JICAisengagedinexchangingopinionsinawiderangeofareaswith,forexample,theExport-ImportBankofChina,whichisresponsiblefortheprovisionoffavorableloansforforeigncountries,andtheMinistryofCommerce—theministryinchargeofexternalassistanceinChina—withaviewtodeepeningmutualunderstandingaboutconceptsandmethodsofcooperationandbuildingcooperativerelations. In2010,aswellasimplementingtraininginJapanfortheMinistryofCommerce’smid-levelmanagers,ajointworkshopwasheldbytheExport-ImportBankofChinaandexternaleconomicassistanceorganizationsoftheRepublicofKoreaandThailand.

Mongolia JapanhasacloserelationshipwithMongolia,acountrytowhichithasbeenthelargestdonornationsincethecommencementoftheODArelationshipin1990.Basedonthisfavorableenvironmentforcooperation,JICA iscurrentlyworking to improve theaforementionedchallenges.1. Promotion of the Transition to a Market Economy and Developing the Private Sector Mongoliahasenjoyedconsiderableeconomicgrowthin

recentyears,butitseconomicstructurereliesexcessivelyonthedevelopmentandexportofmineralresources,whichaccountsforapproximately80%oftotalexports.Duetothissituation,JICAisprovidingassistanceprimarilytostrengthengovernance,whichwillserveasthebaseforappropriatemanagementofrevenuefrommineralresourcesandmacroeconomicstability,privatesectordevelopment,andtheimprovementoftheinvestmentenvironment.Infiscal2010,anewTechnicalCooperationprojecthasbegunwiththepurposeofintroducingandestablishingamediationsysteminthejudicialsystemofMongolia. Furthermore,JICAisworkinginmultipleareastoaidthedevelopmentoftheprivatesectorthroughefforts includingcooperationtoestablishanactionplantodeveloptheinvestmentenvironmentand increasethecapabilitiesof therelevantorganizations,andthelaunchofatwo-steploaninordertoprovidelong-termcapitaltosmallandmedium-scaleenterprises[ See

the Case Study on page 43].2. Supporting Regional Development and Enhancing Basic Social Services InMongolia,thebenefitsofrapideconomicgrowtharesimply

Local training under the Enhancing the Extension System

for Comprehensive Crop-Livestock Management in

Mongolia project.

In October 2010, a Technical Cooperation project was started to support the promotion of national policies and the development of legislative systems for the recycling of municipal waste in China. Solid waste is disposed of through burial and incineration in China, but inappropriate reuse of waste is also practiced, and the risks to the health of town- and city-dwellers as well as to the environment are mounting.

Aiming at Policies on Recycling Solid Waste and at Legislative Development

Case Study China Municipal Waste Recycling Promotion Project

Expectations for Japan’s Intellectual Contribution Although thevolumeofsolidwaste isincreasingrapidlyinChinaduetotheprocessesofradicalindustrializationandurbanization,systemsforrecyclingandappropriatedisposalarenotfullyestablished. Intheinterestsofsustainabledevelopment,Chinaneeds to rise to the challengeofestablishinganappropriatewastetreatment

andmaterial-cyclesystem,suchaspromotingresource-recyclingtechnologies,andrecycling.

Inorder todealwith thischallenge, theprojectwill

targettheareasoffoodwastefromrestaurantsandotherestablishments,packagingwastesuchasPETbottlesandcans,andusedtires,withleadingspecialistsfromJapanandChinacollaboratingonpolicyresearchforthecyclicaluseofeachformofwaste.Inaddition,surveysandpilotprojectswillbeconductedinfourprovincialtownsandcities,topromotethecyclicaluseandappropriatemanagementofmunicipalwasteasmentionedabove.Bothcountriesintendtofeedtheirresultsbacktooneanother,withtheaimofpromotingthedevelopmentofpolicyandlegislativesystemsforcyclicaluse. TheChinesegovernmentenactedtheCircularEconomyPromotionLawin2009andclarifieditspositioninemphasizingthedevelopmentofacirculareconomy.TherelevantpartiesinChinahavegreatexpectationsofanintellectualcontributionfromJapan.

The reprocessing rate for packaging waste is low, while polluted water generated by recycling processes is frequently left untreated.

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notreachingthepoorerclasses,resultinginincreasingdisparities. Inordertoreducepoverty,JICAispushingforwardwithcooperation,focusedbothonthedevelopmentoftheagricultureandlivestocksector,whicharethekeyindustriesinruralareas,andtheestablishmentofsocialservicesystems,includingthoseforeducation,healthandwatersupply.Intermsofencouragingtheagricultureandlivestock-farmingindustries,JICAisimplementingaTechnicalCooperationprojecttofacilitatethedevelopmentofasystemforextendingtheconceptofacomprehensivecrop-livestockindustryinanattempttostabilizeandstreamlinefarmingmanagementthroughcollaborationbetweenthesetwosectors.Furthermore,JICAisextendingcooperationtodrivetheimprovementofelementaryeducationandwatersupplyfacilitiesthroughGrantAid,andtoincreasethecapabilitiesofindividualsandorganizationsworkinginbasicsocialservicesthroughthedispatchofvolunteersandtheprovisionofgrassrootsTechnical

Aiming at Sustained Development through Support for Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises

Case Study Mongolia Two-Step Loans Project for Small and Medium-Scale Enterprise Development and Environmental Protection (I) (II)

This project will provide long-term capital for the small and medium-scale enterprises, which account for more than 90% of Mongolia’s private enterprises and support its economic development, through the country’s commercial banks.

InMarch2006,JICAprovidedanODALoanof¥2.981billionforthefirststageproject,withanother¥5.0billionprovidedinNovember2010forthesecondstage.Morethan145projectsarecurrentlymakinguseofthefirststagefunding.Employmentforover1,300peoplehasalreadybeencreated,andacontributiontoanapproximately18,000tonreductionincoalusagehasbeenconfirmed.

Responding to the Huge Need for Capital InMongolia,loansfromcommercialbanksaremainlyshort term,and thesmallandmedium-scaleenterprisesthatsufferfromlowcreditworthinesslackthelong-termcapitaltheyrequireforcapitalinvestment.Furthermore,

there is no establisheds y s t e m f o r p r o c u r i n gfundingforenvironmentalcountermeasures. Thisprojectaims topromotemeasuresforenvironmentalprotection, focusing oncapi ta l investment fora tmospher ic po l lu t i oncountermeasuresinurbanareas,wheretheproblemisbecomingserious.

TheMongolianeconomyreliesheavilyonmining,withapproximately30%of

GDPaccountedforbytheminingsector,andtherearecallsfor industrialdiversificationthroughthedevelopmentof thesmallandmedium-scaleenterprises,whichaccountforthemajorityofbusinesses.Throughthisproject,JICAisrespondingtotheneedsofsmallandmedium-scaleenterprises,whilesupportingtheimplementationofenvironmentalcountermeasuresandbackingthesustainedandbalancedgrowthofthecountry. Inadditiontothisproject,JICAisengagedinTechnicalCooperationprojectstodevelopbusiness-mindedhumanresourcesthroughtheMongolian JapanCenter forHumanDevelopment, tostrengthen thecapacityforassessing,observingandregulatingthesourcesofUlaanbaatar’satmosphericpollution,

andtoincreasetheabilitiesofcentralbanks.Bycollaboratingwith theseactivities, theprojectwillsupportthepromotionofMongolianindustryinamulti-facetedmanner.

From the Grassroots

B. Enhbold President, Khaan Khuns Co., Ltd. Asacompanymanufacturingfrozenbuuz(Mongoliansteameddumplings),westartedbusinessin2002withtenemployees.ThankstofinancingfromtheODALoanin2008,weautomatedpartoftheproductionprocessandwereabletoexpandthescaleofouroperations.Nowwehave200employeesandareenjoyingdrasticallyincreasedsales.Ourstoreshavegrownto50innumber,andwenowoccupya45%marketshare.

From Our Staff in Charge

A. SaihantoyaStaff Member of JICA Mongolia offi ce Manysmallandmedium-scaleenterprisesaregratefulforthisproject.AftertheGreatEastJapanEarthquakestruck,messagesofsupportandcharitabledonationswerereceivedfromalargenumberofrelatedparties,suchas intermediary financial institutions (sixcommercialbanks)andapproximately80smallandmedium-scaleenterprisesthathadreceivedfunding. Inaddition to financing, thisproject issupporting improvements in theabilitiesof intermediary financial institutionsandcompanies.Furthermore, therepaymentsfromsmallandmedium-scaleenterprisesarecontinuallyfinancingsimilarnewenterprisesthrough a revolving fund. Accordingly,Mongolia’s independent and sustaineddevelopmentcanbeexpected.

Scene of the manufacture of frozen buuz (Mongolian style steamed dumplings) by Khaan Khuns Co., Ltd. The company used this project for capital investment and dramatically increased its sales.

Cooperation.3. Strengthening Urban Functions of Ulaanbaatar Approximately40%of thetotalpopulationofMongoliaisconcentratedinthenationalcapitalUlaanbaatar,andthispopulationiscontinuingtogrowrapidlyatarateexceeding3%peryear.Thereareanumberofseriousissues,concentratedmainlyintheGerDistrictwherethemajorityofpeoplemovingfromruralareaslive,suchasalackofbasicinfrastructuraldevelopmentandenvironmentalpollutionduetorapidurbanization. Accordingly,since2007,JICAhassupportedtheestablishmentofanurbanplanningprogramforUlaanbaatar.Basedonthisplan,JICAhasprovidedassistanceininstitution-buildingandhumanresourcedevelopmenttoaccelerateurbandevelopmentandimprovethelivingenvironment.Furthermore,JICAhasalsoassistedthecityinenhancingitscomprehensiveurbanfunctionsthroughtheconstructionofaninternationalairportandroads.

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Central Asia and the Caucasus ────── Aiming for Balanced Economic Development through Intra-Regional Cooperation

Region-Specifi c Activities and Initiatives

Key Aid Strategies Enhancing Intra-Regional Cooperation for Ensuring Stable Development

JICA Programs in Central Asia and the Caucasus (Fiscal 2010)

The fi gure shows the total value of JICA programs in each country including Technical Cooperation (Training Participants, Experts, Study Teams, Provision of Equipment, JOCV, Other Volunteers, others), ODA Loans (Disbursements) and Grant Aid (Newly concluded G/A Agreements).Note: Figures in parentheses denote the percentage share of overall JICA programs in the region.Note: Figures exclude JICA’s cooperation for multiple countries and international organizations.

Central Asia and the Caucasus

Total: 19,777(Unit: millions of yen)

The Kyrgyz Republic 1,852 (9.4%)

Turkmenistan 60 (0.3%)

Kazakhstan 2,617 (13.2%)

Uzbekistan 2,047 (10.4%)

Armenia 4,124 (20.9%)

Tajikistan 688 (3.5%)

Azerbaijan 7,731 (39.1%)

After the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus gained independence following the collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1991, the international community provided support for their pursuit of market economic systems. Nevertheless, disparities have continued to grow in terms of the region’s economic development due to each nation’s respective natural resources and other factors. Furthermore, the proximity of

TheregionofCentralAsiaandtheCaucasus,locatedinroughlythecenteroftheEurasiancontinent,comprisesfiveCentralAsiacountries—Kazakhstan,theKyrgyzRepublic,Tajikistan,TurkmenistanandUzbekistan—lyingeastoftheCaspianSea,andtheirthreeneighborstothewestoftheCaspiansea,namelyArmenia,AzerbaijanandGeorgia.

Support for Improving the Electric Power and Transportation Infrastructures Theregionfacesmanychallengesthatneedtobeaddressedthroughintra-regionalcooperation.Thesechallengesincludeconflict,terrorism,thedrugtrade,transportation,effectiveuseofwaterandenergyresources,acceleratedtradeandinvestment,andenvironmentalprotection. BasedontheJapanesegovernment’s“CentralAsiaplusJapan

Central Asia and the Caucasus to unstable nations including Afghanistan and Pakistan has made development and stability in the region vital to ensuring peace and economic development within the international community. JICA’s cooperation in the region is focusing on efforts that contribute to the improvement of the electric power and transportation infrastructures and the development of the private sector.

Dialogue”policy,whichwaslaunchedin2004asaframeworkforpromotingcommunicationbetweenJapanandtheCentralAsiacountries,JICAhasbeenprovidingassistanceforthedevelopmentoftheelectricpowerandtransportationinfrastructuresinlinewiththeframeworkforregionalcooperationthatincludestheCentralAsiaRegionalEconomicCooperation(CAREC)Program.

Support for Developing the Private Sector Sincegainingindependence,thecountriesofCentralAsiaandtheCaucasushavebeenpursuingarangeofeconomicreforms,aimingforsustainedeconomicdevelopmentbasedonamarketeconomy.Inordertoencourageeconomicreformsineachofthesecountries,JICAisprovidingsupportforthedevelopmentoftheprivatesectorinareassuchasprivate-sectorhumanresourcedevelopment,basedonassistanceforlegislativedevelopmentand

Georgia 659 (3.3%)

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Central Asia and the Caucasus ────── Aiming for Balanced Economic Development through Intra-Regional Cooperation

Region-Specifi c Activities and Initiatives

theJapanCenterforHumanDevelopment.

Country Overviews and Priority Issues

Kazakhstan Kazakhstanisendowedwithabundantenergyandminingresources,includingtheworld’ssecondlargesturaniumreserves,whichhasmadeitthetargetofmuchattentioninrecentyears. TheGovernmentofKazakhstanisawarethatthediversificationofindustryisnecessaryinordertosustaineconomicgrowthinthefuture,andJICAisassistinginthisendeavor,withitsmainemphasesontraininghumanresourcesthroughtheJapanCenterforHumanDevelopment,andontheeconomicinfrastructurethatservesasafoundationforindustry.Moreover,KazakhstanintendstopursueajointprojectforenergyconservationandrenewableenergyusebasedonmechanismsratifiedundertheKyotoProtocol,aprojectthatJICAisplanningtosupportasaclimatechangemeasure.

The Kyrgyz Republic TheKyrgyzRepublichas fewernatural resourcesandleadingindustriesthanothercountriesintheregion,andhasbeenexposedtointenseinternationalcompetitionduetorapidliberalization.Thecountrystillsuffersfromahighpovertyrateduetounstabledevelopment.Furthermore,thepoliticalchangesofApril2010,followedbythedisturbancesthatoccurredintwosouthernprovincesinJuneofthatyearhaveledtosevereeconomicstrifewithinthecountry. JICAhassetagoalofaidinginpromotingthereductionofpovertythrougheconomicgrowthbasedonthetransitiontoamarketeconomy.JICAispromotingintra-regionalcooperationinprioritysupportareasbasedon:1)developingafoundationforeconomicgrowthincludingtransportinfrastructure;2)supportforsocialsectors;and3)theCentralAsiaplusJapanDialogue.

Tajikistan TajikistanissituatedatthesoutherngatewaytoCentralAsia.Thecountryovercameacivilwarwiththesigningofapeaceaccordin1997,andhassincepursuedmacroeconomicstabilityandstructuralreforms. InApril2009,theJapanesegovernmentformulatedtheCountryAssistanceProgramforTajikistan,whichidentifiesfourpriorityareasforassistance:ruraldevelopmentandindustrypromotion;transportation(roaddevelopment,maintenanceandmanagement);bordercontrol;anddevelopmentofbasicsocialservices.JICAisprovidingTechnicalCooperationforaprojecttoimproveagriculturalextensionservicethroughreinforcingagrarianorganizationsandGrantAidtodeveloproadsandimprovewatersupplyinareasborderingAfghanistan.

Turkmenistan Turkmenistanpossessesoneoftheworld’slargestrepositoriesofnaturalgas.Thisnaturalgas,whichexistsinrichreserves,drivesthenation’sindustry.Otherkeyindustriesincludeoilandtheproductionofrawcotton.In1995,theUnitedNations(UN)GeneralAssemblyacknowledgedTurkmenistan’spositionasapermanentlyneutralcountry,andsincethechangeinleadershipinFebruary2007,thegovernmenthasbeentakingstepstostrengthenrelationswithEuropeandneighboringcountries.ThedirectionofTurkmenistantodayhasastrongimpactonthegaspipelinestrategyintheEurasiancontinent,asexemplifiedbythecountry’sopeningofagaspipelinetoChinainDecember2009. Japanesecooperation forTurkmenistan is focusedonODALoansfortherailroadsectorandtrainingeffortstoallowgovernmentworkerstolearnaboutJapaneseexperiences.

Uzbekistan Uzbekistanhasmaintainedhigheconomicgrowthforanumberofyears,dependentontheexportofundergroundresourcesincludingnaturalgasandgold.However,tocontinuethishighlevelofeconomicgrowthinthefuture,anumberofimprovementswillneedtobemadeinareasincludingimprovementstothebusinessandinvestmentenvironment,modernizationofagriculture,andupgradingoftheeconomicinfrastructure.InSeptember2006,JapanformulatedtheCountryAssistanceProgramforUzbekistan,whichidentifiesfourpriorityareasforassistance:supportforhumanresourcedevelopmentandinstitution-buildingtofacilitateamarketeconomyanddeveloptheeconomyandindustry;supportforrestructuringthesocialsector;economicinfrastructurerenovationandimprovement;andpromotionofintra-regionalcooperation. JICAopened theUzbekistan-JapanCenter forHumanDevelopment in2000 toencourage thedevelopmentofUzbekistan’smarketeconomyandincreasemutualunderstandingbetweenthetwonations.Aswellaseffortstoprovidebusiness

Elementary fourth grade pupils visiting the Japan Center for Human Development in Uzbekistan.

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training,Japaneselanguageeducationandpromotemutualunderstanding,JICAisprovidingawiderangeofassistanceinareasincludinglegislativedevelopment,electricpowerplantconstructionandrailroaddevelopment[ See the Case Studies on

pages 47, 149].

Armenia ArmeniahasproactivelypursueddemocratizationandamarketeconomysincethecollapseoftheSovietUnion.JapanisextendingassistancetoArmeniawithafocusoninfrastructuredevelopmenttosupportnationbuilding,overcomeagingeconomicinfrastructureandpreventenvironmentaldegradation. JICAisprovidingODALoansfortheElectricityTransmissionandDistributionProjectandYerevanCombinedCycleCo-GenerationPowerPlantProjectasapriorityareaaspartofitssupportfortheenergysector[ See the Case Study below].

Azerbaijan WithsteadypetroleumdevelopmentintheCaspianSea,Azerbaijanhasenjoyedrapideconomicgrowth.However,improvementofthecountry’sdilapidatedinfrastructureanddevelopmentofnon-petroleumsectorshavebecomeurgentchallengesforensuringsustainableeconomicdevelopmentinthefuture. TheJapanesegovernmenthasfocusedonthreepriorityareas inprovidingdevelopmentsupport for thecountry:

economicinfrastructure,thesocialsector,andhumanresourcedevelopment.JICAisprovidingsupportfortheShimalGasCombinedCyclePowerPlantProject(SecondUnit)andProvincialCitiesWaterSupplyandSewerageProjectthroughODALoans,andisassistingwithadministrativemanagementandinthedevelopmentofagriculturalareas.

Georgia Georgiadependsonthelivestockindustryandagricultureasitskeyeconomicdriversduetoitslackofnaturalresources.Initseffortstoreducepovertythrougheconomicdevelopment,thecountryfacessubstantialchallengesintheformofcultivatingdomesticproductionandsmallandmediumenterprises,andinimprovingitseducation,healthandpublicservices,thequalityofwhichareprogressivelyfallingduetoadilapidatedinfrastructure. FollowingthearmedconflictwithRussiainmid-2008,Georgiaisfacingthechallengeofrehabilitationofitsinfrastructure,whichisurgentlyneededforfutureeconomicgrowth.InOctober2008attheGeorgiaDonor’sConference,JapanannounceditwouldprovideuptoUS$200million,underwhichJICAsignedaODALoanagreementfortheEast-WestHighwayImprovementProjecttoimprovetheEast-WestHighwaythatisanimportantpartoftheinternationaltransportationnetworkbetweenEuropeandAsia.ThisprojectwillcontributetotheeconomicdevelopmentandpostwarrehabilitationofGeorgia.

The Armenian capital of Yerevan suffers from an overconcentration of population, economic activity and industry and was in danger of facing energy shortages in the future. This problem was solved by the construction of Yerevan Combined Cycle Cogeneration Power Plant, which was funded by ODA Loan. Operation of the plant began in April 2010, and the stable supply of electricity now supports the economic development of the country. At the same time, this energy-saving power plant contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Contributing to the Stable Supply of Electricity While Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Case Study Armenia Yerevan Combined Cycle Cogeneration Power Plant Project

An Energy-Saving Power Plant Preventing Power Shortages in the Capital Because most of the thermal powergenerationplantsinArmeniawerebuiltinthe1960sand1970s,theyhadbecomedilapidatedandtheirsupplycapacitywasdeclining.The

demandforelectricpower,however,wasincreasingduetoeconomicdevelopment.Comparedwithamaximumdailydemandof1,177MWin2004,thesupplycapacitywasonly1,266MW.Atthetime,itwasexpectedthatpeakdailydemandwouldreachashighas1,430MWby2010,meaningthattheissueofincreasingthepowersupplycapacityhadtobesolvedasamatterofurgency. Thenewlybuiltpowerplantusesanaturalgasfuelledcogenerationsystemfeatur ing h igh power-generat ion ef f ic iency.Sincetheexhaustheatandcoolingwatergeneratedduringpowergenerationareusedforcooling,heatingandsupplyinghotwatertothesurroundingregion,theplant iscontributingtoadecreaseingreenhousegasemissions.

ForArmenia,thiswasthe initialstep inconvertingfromlow-efficiencySoviet-erapowerplantstomodernhigh-efficiencyones.Since this isanewly introducedsystem,JICAhasassistedwith the technologicaltransferthroughtrainingandinstrengtheningthesystemsofoperation,maintenanceandmanagement.

The completed Yerevan Combined Cycle Cogeneration Power Plant

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Contributing to Speeding Up Customs Clearance and Preventing the Flow of Illegal Goods

Case Study Uzbekistan Project for the Installation of X-Ray Scanning Equipment at Check Points on Uzbekistan’s Borders with the Neighboring Countries

Uzbekistan is situated in the central part of Central Asia, serving as an important location on the trade routes used by surrounding countries. However, the possibility has been raised of drugs, weapons and other illegal goods from neighboring Afghanistan fl owing through the country. Strengthening the function of Uzbek border checkpoints is therefore vital for improving the effi ciency of physical distribution in the Central Asia region, as well as for social stability. Uzbekistan plans to introduce large-scale X-ray scanning equipment at 16 major border customs check points, and JICA is providing support through Grant Aid to assist in upgrading the equipment at three such points where the level of urgency is particularly high.

A Substantial Decrease in Customs Clearing Times Support fromJICA isbeingutilizedattheAyritomCustomsComplexadjacenttoAfghanistan,theGalabaRailwayCheckPoint,andtheOybekCustomsCheckPointadjacenttoTajikistan.Eachofthesecheckpointshasasignificantrecordforthediscoveryofillegalgoodssuchasdrugsandweapons. Thefirststageoftheproject,inMarch2011,wasthedeliveryofasinglevehicle-mountedlarge-scalecargoX-rayscannertotheAyritomCustomsComplexandOybekCustomsCheckPoint,respectively. ThesewerethefirstX-rayscannersusedbythecheckpointworkerswhohadpreviouslycarriedoutinspectionsbyopeningallcargobyhand.Aftertheirdelivery,JICAalsoprovidedtechnical trainingattheCustomsTrainingCenter in thecapitalTashkent, theOybekCustomsCheckPoint,andtheAyritomCustomsComplex.ThecustomsstaffworkedveryhardintrainingtolearnhowtooperatetheequipmentandanalyzetheX-rayimages. Foreachvehicle loadedwithcargo,thecustomsclearanceprocedurehadpreviouslytakenthreetofivehours,withtransporttrucks

frequentlyformingalongline.Throughmasteryof thenewly introducedX-rayequipment,thistimecanbereducedtoaround20to30minutes. Bystrengtheningthecapacitytodiscoverandcontroltheimportandexportofillegalitemssuchasheavyweaponsanddrugs,Uzbekistanwillcontributenotonlytoitsownsocialstability,butalsotothatoftheentireCentralAsiaregion.

Support for Railroad Customs Check Points Thenextstagewillbetheinstallationofalarge-scaleX-raycargoscannerattheGalabaRailwayCheckPoint.Likethefirststage,thiswillbecarriedoutincombinationwithtechnicalassistance indeveloping thecheckpointsystem,operatingtheequipmentprovided,andimprovingtheimageanalyzingtechnology. Thenewscannerisexpectedtoreducethecustomsclearanceprocess,whichcurrentlyrequiresapproximatelyanhourandahalfpervehicle,toaround15minutes.ThankstothesynergisticeffecttogetherwiththerailroadbetweenTashguzarandKumkurgan,developedwithanODALoan,thisadvanceisexpectedtocontributetoanincreaseincapacityforthetransportationofgoodstoAfghanistan.

From Our Partner

Zohid DusanovChairman, State Customs Committee Large-scaleX-rayscanningequipmentfor inspectingcargoisveryexpensive,butitisextremelyusefulfortheStateCustomsCommittee,whichistryingtostrengthenthesystemofinspectionatcheckpoints.Inordertomakethisprojectasuccess,wehavemadepreparationsincollaborationwiththerelevantagenciesandministriesinthecountry. Thetwovehicle-mountedX-rayscannersprovidedrecentlywerereceivedwithgratitudebytheworkersatbothcustomscheckpoints,whowereeagerlyawaitingtheirarrival.Astheheadofcustomsinthecountry,Iguaranteethatthisequipmentwillbeusedeffectively.Byusingthesemachinesoverthelongterm,Ianticipatethattheinspectionworkofbordercheckpointswillbecarriedoutmoreeffectivelyandefficiently.

Vehicle-mounted large-scale scanner provided for use with cargo (Oybek Customs Check Point).

Technical training was provided for operation of the equipment and image analysis (Ayritom Customs Complex).

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Maldives 1,496 (0.7%)

India 126,502 (62.3%)

Afghanistan 10,434 (5.1%)

Pakistan 18,046 (8.9%)

Sri Lanka 27,901 (13.8%)

Bangladesh 11,126 (5.5%)

Nepal 3,897 (1.9%)

Bhutan 3,500 (1.7%)

South Asia ─ Flexible Assistance to Address Diverse Challenges

Region-Specifi c Activities and Initiatives

JICA Programs in South Asia (Fiscal 2010)

Key Aid Strategies

Assistance for Sustainable Growth, Environmental and Climate Change Measures, Peacebuilding and Reconstruction Assistance, Invigoration of Private Sector Economy

In the South Asia region, each country faces a different situation. While India has grown to become the third largest economy in Asia, most countries of the region face a pressing need to build a foundation for economic growth and overcome confl ict to achieve stable peace and reconstruction. Poverty remains high in the region, and climate change and disaster prevention also present critical challenges.

SouthAsiaiscomprisedofthenationsofIndia,SriLanka,Maldives,Pakistan,Bangladesh,Nepal,BhutanandAfghanistan.One-thirdoftheroughly1.5billionpeoplewholiveintheregionareconsideredtobeimpoverished.Eliminatingpovertyisachallengefacingeachnation. Manycountriesalsoneedtodeveloptheirsocialservices,includingtheneedtoexpandaccesstoprimaryeducationandmedicalservices.Thereisalsoapressingneedtodevelopkeyagriculturalindustriesandprovidesocialservicesandlivinginfrastructure.Furthermore,countriesandregionsthatfacepoliticalandsocialinstabilityalsofaceacriticalchallengeintermsofimprovinggovernanceandenhancingadministrativecapabilities. JICAhassetfourpriorityareasforaddressingpovertyreduction

JICA is utilizing various schemes to provide sustained and fl exible assistance tailored to each nation. Working towards achieving sustainable economic growth for the region, JICA provides assistance for social and industrial infrastructure development in such areas as electricity, transport, and clean water and sewage. JICA also assists the development of supporting industries and the promotion of human interaction.

intheregion.

Priority Issues and Efforts

Assistance for Sustainable Growth JICAsupportsthedevelopmentoftheinfrastructurethatformsthefoundationsofeconomicgrowth,includingtransport,electricpower,cleanwaterandsewage,andurbantransportation.JICAalsoworksaggressivelytoaddresspovertybydevelopingthehealthandmedical,educational,andagriculturalandruralsectors,andbypromotingassistanceaimedatachievinginclusiveeconomicdevelopment. Inrecentyears,Bangladeshhascontinuedtoachieveannualeconomicgrowthofaround6%andhasbeguntoattractattention

South Asia

Total: 202,902(Unit: millions of yen)

The fi gure shows the total value of JICA programs in each country including Technical Cooperation (Training Participants, Experts, Study Teams, Provision of Equipment, JOCV and Other Volunteers, and Other costs), ODA Loans (Disbursements) and Grant Aid (Newly concluded G/A Agreements).Note: Figures in parentheses denote the percentage share of overall JICA programs in the region.Note: Figures exclude JICA’s cooperation for multiple countries and international organizations.

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asapotentialindustrialcenterandmarketplace.Atthesametime,oneinthreeBangladeshicitizenssufferfrompoverty.Thecountryisheldbackbyatremendouslackofsocialandeconomicinfrastructure.Accordingly,JICAisprovidingadiverserangeofsupportmeasureswithaviewtopromotingeconomicgrowthandreducingpoverty[ See the Case Study on page 51].Atthebeginningoffiscal2011,JICAdecidedtoprovideODALoanstoBangladeshforthePadmaMultipurposeBridgeProject,whichisintendedtoconstructoneofthelongestbridgesintheworld.TheconstructionofthePadmaBridgewillsignificantlyreducethetraveltimebetweensouthwestBangladesh,wherethepovertyrateishigh,thecapitalDhaka,andtheeasternpartofthecountry.Thiswillgreatlycontributetovitalizingthecountry’soveralleconomy.Inaddition,JICAhasalsodecidedtoprovideODALoansforthedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs).Theseenterprisesformthecoreofthecountry’smanufacturingindustry.ODALoanswillalsobeputtowardthedevelopmentofwatersupplysysteminKhulna,Bangladesh’sthirdlargestcity. InSriLanka,25yearsof internalconflictbetweenthegovernmentandtheLiberationTigersofTamilEelam(LTTE)finallycametoanendinMay2009.Sincetheendoftheconflict,publicorderhasrapidlyimprovedandanenvironmentconducivetopeacefuldevelopmentisbeingsteadilyestablished.SriLanka’srealGDPoverthefirstthreequartersof2010grewby7.8%fromthepreviousfiscalyear.For2011,thecountryhassetitselfarealGDPgrowthratetargetof8.5%.Inthisway,SriLanka’seconomyissteadilyundergoingafull-fledgedrecovery.Nevertheless,numerousissuesremaintobefaced, includingthelackofinfrastructure,disparitiesbetweenregions,andadeterioratingfinancialsituation.Inordertoaddresstheseproblems,since2009JICAhasprovidedODALoansfortheGreaterColomboUrbanTransportDevelopmentProject,aprojecttoconstructhighwaysthatconnectmajornationalroadsandsouthernhighwaysinthesuburbsoutsideofColombo.Theprojectaimstoalleviatetrafficcongestioninthecapitalandimproveconnectivitywithruralareas,aswellastoprovidesupportforthepromotionoflogisticsdevelopment. InPakistan,with theaimofpromoting recoveryandreconstructionfromdamagecausedbymajorfloodinginJuly2010,JICAsignedtwoODALoanagreementsatthebeginningof2011foraruralroadrehabilitationprojectinanareawheredamagewasparticularlygreat,andforEmergencyImportSupportLoantobeappropriatedforthepurchaseofimportedsuppliesneededforrecoveryandreconstruction[ See the Case Study on

page 50].

Environmental and Climate Change Countermeasures ManycountriesinSouthAsiaaredeeplyinfluencedbytheeffectsofclimatechangeandareinneedofmitigatingmeasures

toreducegreenhousegasemissionsinconjunctionwithmeasurestoaddresstheeffectsofclimatechange.Theregionalsofacesmanynaturaldisasters,withthecriticalchallengesofrequiringdisasterreliefandassistanceforrecoveryandrestorationinadditiontoassistancefordisasterpreventionandawareness-raising. Havinglaunchedeconomicreformsin1991,Indiahasachievedanannualeconomicgrowthratebetween4%and9%.Atthesametime,thereisabigchallengeforIndiatoachievegrowthtargetswhileamelioratingtheenvironmentalburden.JICAisthereforeprovidingassistancethroughthreeODALoanstosupportamodelofdevelopmentwhichisenvironmentallyharmoniousandpreservesthenation’sbiodiversity:theHimachalPradeshCropDiversificationPromotionProject,theTamilNaduBiodiversityConservationandGreeningProject,andtheYamunaActionPlanProject(III). InBangladesh,JICAisimplementingTechnicalCooperationinordertoimprovemeteorologicalanalysisandforecastingcapacitytosupporttheeffectiveuseofequipmentassociatedwiththemeteorologicalradarpreviouslyinstalledbyGrantAid.Furthermore,asapreparatorycountermeasureagainstexpectedlarge-scaleearthquakes,JICAiscooperatingwithBangladeshto improveconstructionadministrationinordertopromoteconstructionandimprovementforearthquakeresistantbuildings. InSriLanka,inadditiontoprovidingTechnicalCooperationforenhancingdisasterpreparednesscapabilitiesinresponsetoclimatechange,JICAisimplementingTechnicalCooperationfortherenewaloftheSriLankancleandevelopmentmechanism(CDM)policy,strategy,andactionplans. Besides the aforementioned flood damage of 2010,Pakistanalsosufferedfromextensivedamagefromamassiveearthquakein2005inthenorthernpartofthecountrythatleftapproximately75,000peopledead.Throughthesetragedies,disasterpreparednesshasbecomeapriorityagendaalongsiderecoveryandreconstructioninPakistan.InMarch2010,theprojecttoformulatetheNationalDisasterManagementPlanwasstartedwiththesupportofJICA.ThisprojectaimstoreinforcethenationaldisasterpreparednessstructurebasedontheGovernmentofPakistan’spreventionandmitigationeffortsaswellasonacross-sectoraldisasterresponse.

Peacebuilding and Reconstruction Support EffectivelypromotingpeacebuildingsupportremainsavitalissueforcountriessuchasAfghanistan,whichisstillpoliticallyandsociallyunstable,andSriLanka,wherepeacehasyettobefullyestablished. InAfghanistan,JICAcarriesoutprojectsthatcontributetoeconomicgrowth, includingthecreationofemploymentopportunitiesandstabilizingthelivesofcitizens.Atthesametime,JICAimplementsthemaximumlevelofsafetymeasures

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possible inconsiderationofthe instablesecuritysituation.Specifically,whileestablishingthepriorityareasofinfrastructureimprovementfocusingondevelopingthecapitalofKabulandonthedevelopmentofagricultureandofruralareas,JICAisworkingtoimproveadministrativeservicesandsupporttheestablishmentofsystems.Furthermore,JICAispromotingaplantodispatch500long-termtraineestoJapanoverafive-yearperiod. InSriLanka,theinternalconflictdestroyedmajoreconomicinfrastructureinthecountry’snorth,anareathatwascontinuouslyaffectedbytheconflictuntilitsend.Moreover,internallydisplacedpersons(IDPs)generatedasaresultoftheconflictstillneedbereturnedtotheirhomesandthelivelihoodsofthesepeoplemustberestored.InordertoimprovethelivingconditionsofIPDsandvitalizeeconomicactivitybysafeguardingthestablesupplyofelectricpowertothenorthernregion,JICAisprovidinganODALoanfortherepairofpowerlinesrunningbetweenVavuniyaandKilinochchiandforthereconstructionoftransformerstations.

Furthermore,JICAalsosupportsreconstructionthroughsucheffortsastheProjectforDevelopmentPlanningfortheRapidPromotionofReconstructionandDevelopmentinJaffnaDistrictinnorthernSriLankaandtheProjectforDevelopmentPlanningfortheUrgentRehabilitationoftheResettlementCommunityinMannarDistrictineasternSriLanka.

Vitalizing the Private-Sector Economy SouthAsia,comprisingcountriessuchasIndiaandBangladesh,whichcontinuetoseeremarkableeconomicgrowth,israpidlybecominganattractiveregionforJapanesecompanies. InkeepingwiththeNewGrowthStrategyoftheGovernmentofJapan,JICAworksincollaborationwiththeprivatesectortoformPPPinfrastructureprojectsandBOPbusiness-relatedprojects.Atthesametime,JICAisactivelyengagedinpromotinghumanexchangesandtechnicalpartnerships,andimprovingtheinvestmentenvironment[ See the Case Study on page 22].

Pakistan experienced extraordinary rainfall in mid-July 2010, which continued until September 2010, causing the worst fl ood damage since the birth of Pakistan and leaving 20% of the country covered with water. In the wake of the disaster, JICA, as a leading bilateral aid donor, participated in a Damage and Needs Assessment (DNA) led by the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. This assessment had the aim of forming a reconstruction assistance plan in response to the massive damage. JICA promptly began formulating particular projects based on the DNA, and by February 2011 committed to support early reconstruction by two ODA Loan projects totaling ¥19.7 billion.

Contributing to Early Reconstruction Following the Worst Flood Damage in Pakistan’s History

Case Study Pakistan The Emergency Import Support Loan / The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Rural Road Rehabilitation Project

Coordination with Other Donors The floodingcausedextensivedamagethroughoutthecountry,affectingmorethan20millionpeople(12%ofPakistan’spopulation)anddestroying1.9millionhouses.Inresponse,Japanprovidedemergencyassistancebyextendingemergencyaidsupplies,dispatching

JapanDisasterRelief(JDR)teams,andsupportingearlyrecoverybyprovidingEmergencyGrantAid. Thanks to theeffortsmadebyJICA,inparalleltoprovidinge m e r g e n c y a s s i s t a n c e , i npreparingmediumandlong-termreconstructionassistanceplansbasedontheDNA,aswellastoitseffortstocoordinateitsactivitieswiththoseofotherdonors,JICAwasableto:1)provideemergencyimportfinancingforimmediaterelief,recovery,andreconstructionneeds;and2)supporttherehabilitationworksoftheroadssector,whichJICAhascontinuouslysupportedinthepast. ConcerningEmergency ImportSupportLoan,anODALoanagreementwassignedinJanuary2011forupto¥5billion.ThisloanwillcontributetothestabilizationofthebalanceofpaymentsundertheframeworkofinternationalcooperationspearheadedbytheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF).

Contributing to the Stabilization of the Border Areas InFebruary2011,a¥14.7billionODALoanprojectwaslaunchedinordertosupportroadrehabilitation in theruralareasofKhyberPakhtunkhwaProvince,whichwasseverelydamagedbytheflooding. Thisprovinceishosttomanymountainousareasandsuffersfromahighlevelofpoverty.ThewesternsideoftheprovincesharesaborderwithAfghanistan,neighboring theFederallyAdministeredTribalAreas(FATA).

Accordingly,developmentintheprovincehasbeenfarbehindduetotheseveresecuritysituation.Furthermore,sinceApril2009,alargenumberofinternallydisplacedpersons(IDPs)havebeengeneratedasaresultofthePakistanigovernment’smilitaryoperationsagainsttheTaliban. Thepeoplefacedlife-threateningconditionswhenalargenumberoftheircommunitieswereisolatedasthetransportationaccesscollapsedorbecameseverelydamagedbythefloods.TheunrestoredroadsandbridgesinthefloodedareassignificantlyinterferewiththelivesoflocalpeopleandstronglyimpedeeffortsforthereturnofIDPstotheirhomes,whichwasbeingaddressedbeforetheflooding. JICAisworkingtorestoreseveredlogisticsandinfrastructure,promoteanearlyrecoveryof the region’ssocioeconomicactivities,and mit igate poverty by rehabi l i tat ingdamagedroadsandbridges.TheseeffortsareexpeditingthereturnhomeofIDPsandthereconstructionoflivelihoods,whilecontributingtoreconstructionfromconflict.

This bridge was washed away in the fl ooding. (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province)

A severed road in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province

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ncrete Initiatives

Linking People and Government; Reaching Beyond Sectors; Changing the Society

Case Study Response from Bangladesh Regarding Human Security in Practice

Across the country, the Government of Bangladesh promotes two “frameworks,” linking peoples’ needs and public services, which were developed with JICA’s technical cooperation. The JICA Bangladesh Offi ce reports.

Link Model, Reversing Stereotype When(then)Prof.YoshihiroKaidaofKyotoUniversityfirstvisitedBangladeshin1986,hewitnessedthehugedissociationbetweenthepeopleandgovernment.Forsustainabledevelopment, thepeopleandgovernmentmustcollaboratewitheachotherwithasenseofunity.Withthisstrongbelief,Prof.Kaidaproposeda“framework”,namedtheLinkModel,throughJICA’sJointStudiesonRuralDevelopment.Themodelfocuseson“verticallinkages”betweencommunitiesandlocalgovernmentinstitutionsand“horizontallinkages”amongvariouspublicservices. Mr.MoshiurRahmanistheonlygovernmentofficialworkingattheDehundaUnion.Unionisthelowesttieroflocalgovernmentinstitutions,coveringapopulationof30,000.Heusedtofeelhelplesswithnobudgetandnomanpower.However,Mr.RahmanchangedhishomeUnionafter initiatingtheLinkModel.BudgetandmanpowerareavailableattheUpazilalevel.UpazilaistheuppertieroflocalgovernmentinstitutionsaboveUnion.Thepeopleknowwhattheyreallyneed.Allthatwasneededwasa“platform”wherethesetwosidescanmeetwitheachother.Today,theMeetingofUnionDevelopmentCoordinationCommittee(UDCC)*dealswithavarietyofproposals,including“Let’sconductacowvaccinationprogramatonceandatoneplace”,and“Let’smakearecipientchecklistforpensionpayment.”Thismeetingisjustlikeamarketwherethepeoples’needsandpublicservicedeliveriesareactivelymatchedtogether. EversincebeingassignedtoBangladeshasaJapanOverseasCooperationVolunteer(JOCV)in2002,Mr.HirokiWatanabe,aJICAExpert,hasdevotedhimself to thedisseminationandestablishmentof theLinkModel.He

notes,“Oncea ‘platform’ isset,peoples’consciousnesswillchange,peoples’behaviorswillchange,andultimatelythesocietywillchange.WhenthepeoplebegantoshowtheirwillingnesstopaymoreUnionTaxbasedontheirexpectationsofpublicservices,Ibecameveryemotionalthinkingabouthowfarthingshavecome.”

Narsingdi Model, Protecting the Lives of Children and Pregnant Women InRishipara,NarsingdiDistrict,thepilotdistrictofJICA’sSafeMotherhoodPromotionProject,afarmerandleaderofthevillagers’group,Mr.ChandraDas,satinacirclewithhiscolleaguesandhealthworkers,andgazedseriouslyatahandmademapofthevillage.Themapiscolor-codedtoindicatethehousesofpregnantwomen.Basedontheinformationofthemap,womenvolunteersvisitthepregnantwomenandseewhatsupportsarenecessaryforthem.Mr.Dasboasts,“Sincetheproject’scommencement,wehavenotlostanywomenandbabiesduringlaboranddeliveryforthreeandahalfyears.” The Nars ingdi Model establ ishes a“framework”of linking thevillagers’willtoprotect the livesofpregnantwomen,healthservices,andlocalgovernment.Underthismodel,thecommunitypeoplearepartofthehealthsystemandassisthealthservicedeliverybythegovernmentwhileensuringaccountabilityandgovernmentresponsiveness. Ms.YukieYoshimura,ChiefAdvisoroftheproject,explainedwithdeepemotion.“Thecommunitysupportgroupsdemonstratedthepowerofthepeopletochangethe

situation.Theyhavetheknow-howtosolveproblems.Iwasabletogetthisfarbyextractingthisknow-how,learningfromitandfeelingempoweredbyit.” Mr.Das’sgroupstrivestopromotenotonlymaternalandchildhealth,butalsoseekstoresolveavarietyofissuesfacingthevillage,includingdomestic violence,prematuremarriage,andtheneedtoestablishmoreelementaryschools.

Scaling-Up Nationwide In2010,thestakeholdersofbothmodelsvisitedeachothers’sitesandsharedinformationabouttheiractivities.ThentheLinkModelwasadoptedandexpandedintheNarsingdiDistrict.Furthermore,itwasintroducedasoneofthegoodcasestudiesofpeople-governmentlinkagesattheHorizontalLearningProgramorganizedbytheWorldBank.Sincethen,themodelhasbeguntobeimplementedoverawideregion. Inthesameyear,theNarsingdiModelwaspresentedatinternationalconferencesandtheG8Summitasasuccessfulcasestudyofmotherandchildhealthimprovementprojects. In2011,bothmodelswereintegratedintotheinstitutionsandpoliciesoftheirrespectivelocalgovernmentinstitutions,aspartoftheGovernment’seffortstoscaleupthemodelsnationwide.Today,anewMr.RahmanandMr.Dasareemergingoneafteranotheracrossthecountry.Thesepeoplenolongerbelievethatpovertyistheproblemandthattheyarepowerless.Theyarefilledwithprideandconfidenceofhavingthepowertolinkthecommunityandgovernmentandtransformsocietybythemselves. JICAwillcontinuetostandwiththepeople,andfeelinginspiredbythem,continuetoextendassistancewiththeaimofrealizinghumansecurity.(JICABangladeshOffice)

Matching of community needs and public services facilitated by Mr. Rahman (far left)

Mr. Das (far right) is confi rming the due dates of pregnant women. Rishipara holds the ongoing record for accident-free labor and deliveries. (The record is now at three and a half years.)

* One of the components of the Link Model. The Committee is comprised of stakeholders engaged in the Union development programs: elected Union council members, village representatives, public service providers, NGOs, etc. Meetings are held every month to mainly coordinate the public service delivery based on peoples’ needs.

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Middle East ─ Achieving Regional Stabilization through Inclusive Development

Region-Specifi c Activities and Initiatives

JICA Programs in the Middle East (Fiscal 2010)

Middle East

Total: 54,551(Unit: millions of yen)

Libya 2 (0.0%)

Algeria 1,002 (1.8%)

Iran 651 (1.2%)

Egypt 8,142 (14.9%)

Saudi Arabia 117 (0.2%)

Yemen 1,446 (2.7%)

United Arab Emirates 2 (0.0%)

Oman 27 (0.0%)

Tunisia 9,629 (17.7%)

Morocco 10,954 (20.1%)

Syria 1,484 (2.7%)Iraq 15,883 (29.1%)

Lebanon 453 (0.8%)

Palestine 3,458 (6.3%)

Jordan 1,301 (2.4%)

Key Aid Strategies Supporting Regional Stabilization with Focus on Six Priorities

In 2011, many Middle Eastern countries were greatly shaken by ongoing political turmoil. The region has undergone many confl icts in its history, which have impoverished its people and also had a grave impact on international politics and the global economy. Accordingly, the international community is being pressed to come up with new responses to the problems facing the Middle East. Approximately 60% of the world’s oil reserves and 40% of its natural gas reserves are in the Middle East. Japan depends

Theyear2011marksthebeginningofamajorpoliticalupheavalintheMiddleEast.ThepoliticalturmoilofTunisiathatbeganinJanuaryquicklyledtoasimilarpoliticalreformmovementinEgypt,whichinturnspreadtogeneratepoliticalunrestinYemen,Libya,andSyria.Peopleinmanycountrieswereabletomakeuseofthisopportunitytorevealtotheworldthedeadlockedanddomineeringpoliticalandeconomicstandardsthathadbeenprominentintheircountries.Thisunrestindicatesclearlyurgentneedsfordemocratizationandtheimprovementofemploymentopportunities(particularlyforyoungpeople),andthatoverlookingtheseissuescouldleadtotheincitementofnewfactorsthatthreatenthesecurityoftheMiddleEastregion. Furthermore,giventhattheregionhasbeenhosttotheGulf

on imports from the Middle East for nearly 90% of its domestic oil consumption, which makes the peace and stability of this region a critical factor for Japan’s economic development. In addition to providing conventional assistance, JICA is implementing cooperation with the aim of playing a major role in the Middle East and in the international community as a whole by actively responding to the newly surfacing issues of the region.

War,theIraqWar,andtheArab-IsraeliConflict,assistancefornation-buildingandnationalreconstructionintheMiddleEastisalsoanimportantissuefromthestandpointofinternationalpoliticsandeconomics. Bytryingtomaintainaneutralandobjectivepositiontowardallpartiesintheregion,Japanhasacquiredthetrustofcountriesinvolvedindisputeswitheachother.Japanseekstobuildonthistrustincarryingouteffortstogetherwiththeinternationalcommunitybasedonthefollowingpriorities:1)supportfornewnation-building(assistanceforthepoliciesandsystemsofcountriessuchasTunisiaandEgyptthataretryingtomakethetransitiontowardsnewsystems);2)promotionofpeacebuildingassistance(reconstructioninIraq,supportoftheon-goingpeace

The fi gure shows the total value of JICA programs in each country including Technical Cooperation (Training Participants, Experts, Study Teams, Provision of Equipment, JOCV and Other Volunteers, and Other costs), ODA Loans (Disbursements) and Grant Aid (Newly concluded G/A Agreements).Note: Figures in parentheses denote the percentage share of overall JICA programs in the region.Note: Figures exclude JICA’s cooperation for multiple countries and international organizations.

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ncrete Initiatives

processintheMiddleEastviaassistanceprovidedtothePalestineAuthority,etc.);3)developmentofsocioeconomicinfrastructureandsupportformeasuresmitigatingpovertyinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries;4)supportforwaterresourcemanagement;5)supportforhumanresourcedevelopmenttailoredtotheuniquelocalneedsofeachcountry;and6)supportforcultivatingindustriesthatfacilitateemployment.

Assistance Tailored to the Different Needs of Oil-Producing and Non-Oil-Producing Nations TheMiddleEastisbroadlyseparatedintocountriesthatenjoyhighincomesfromoilproductionandlow-tomiddle-incomecountriesthatdonotproduceoil.Moreover,itspopulationsarecharacterizedbydiverseethnicbackgroundsandcultures,whichhavecreatedacomplexsocialmakeupthatrequiresfinelytunedaidthatmeetstheindividualneedsofeachcountry. RaidsonshipsbypiratesintheIndianOceanandtheStraitsofMalaccahavebeenmorefrequentinrecentyears,andJICAisprovidingaidforanti-piracymeasures.TheseincludetrainingforofficersinchargeofthecoastguardauthoritiesinYemen,OmanandsomeAsiancountriesin2009.

Country Overviews and Priority Issues

Iraq TherepeatedconflictandeconomicsanctionsthatIraqhassufferedsince1980haveledtothedestructionofmuchofthecountry’seconomicandsocialinfrastructureandimpoverishedthecountry.Now,eightyearsaftertheIraqWar,manyIraqisarestilllivinginabysmalconditionswithshortagesofelectricityandcleanwater.Iraqhastheworld’sthirdlargestoilreserves,andthegovernmentreliesonrevenuefromoilexportsforapproximately90%ofitsannualrevenue,whichmeansthattrendsinoilpricessignificantlyimpactthecountry’sfinances. InordertomeetIraq’smassivereconstructionanddevelopmentneeds,JICAhasprovidedcomprehensiveassistanceinthefollowingfourpriorityareas:1)StrengtheningtheFoundationforEconomicGrowth(improvingtheproductionandexportcapacityforoilandgas,improvingagriculturalproductivity);2)ActivationofthePrivateSector(electricpowerreconstruction,transportationandtelecommunicationdevelopment);3)RehabilitationofBasicLivingInfrastructure(developingwatersupplyandsewage,improvingthequalityofmedicalcareandeducation);and4)GovernanceDevelopment(buildingafoundationforadministrationanddevelopinghumanresources)[ See the Case Study on page

94].FromtheendoftheIraqWarupuntiltheendoffiscal2010,JICAcommittedto15projectsforatotalof¥364.6billionthroughODALoans,andcarriedoutvarioustrainingcoursesformorethan4,400IraqisthroughTechnicalCooperation.JICAisexpanding

itsassistanceinIraqwiththeobjectiveofachievingindependentdevelopment,whilepayingconsiderationtotheregionalbalancebetweenthenorthernKurdish,mid-westernSunni,andsouthernShiaregions. Infiscal2010,dredgingworkcarriedoutviaanODALoanwascompletedforUmmQasrPort,Iraq’ssoutherngatewaytotheocean.Also,inIraq’snorthernKurdishregion,expertsintheagriculturesectorweredispatchedforthefirsttimesincetheconclusionoftheIraqWar.Inthiswaylocaleffortshavebeenachievingprogress. Despitealongpoliticalblankfollowingthecountry’sGeneralParliamentaryElectionsofMarch2010,apopular-participation-typeadministrationbeyondethnicbackgroundandreligionwasformedinDecemberofthesameyear.Thesecuritysituationcontinues tonecessitatevigilancedue to thescheduledwithdrawalofUnitedStatesForcesfromIraqbytheendof2011.Nevertheless,effortsaimedatindependentdevelopmentareanticipatedtopickupspeedunderthenewadministration. JICAisproactivelyimplementingreconstructionassistancebytalkingdirectlywithgovernmentofficialsinIraqandthroughprojectsitevisitsinordertofurtherenhanceitscooperationcampaignonthelocallevel.

Palestine InaccordancewiththeOsloAccordssignedinSeptember1993,aPalestinianInterimSelf-Governmentwasestablishedandtheinternationalcommunityacceleratedaidinordertoachievepeaceintheregion.However,theoutbreakoftheSecondIntifadainSeptember2000causeddeteriorationofthesecuritysituationintheareaandthepeaceprocessstalledatthatpoint.Subsequently,theIsraeligovernmenthasimposedablockadeontheoccupiedterritories,andthePalestinianeconomyhasbeenseverelydamagedbecauseoftherestrictionsimposedontransportationandlimiteddistributionofgoodsaswellasadeclineinjobopportunitiesforthePalestinianworkerswithinIsrael. InJuly2006,theJapanesegovernmentproposedtheCorridorforPeaceandProsperityconceptasamedium-tolong-termframeworkforfutureco-existenceandco-prosperityofIsrael

Meeting between President Ogata and Palestinian Authority Prime Minister Salam Fayyad on his visit to Japan (November 2010).

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JICA volunteers serving in early childhood education in the Middle East are promoting “Learning through Playing” while sharing information beyond borders. The efforts of the volunteers are steadily producing positive effects that are further confi rmed by their counterparts who have received training in Japan.

Effective Cooperation through Volunteer Dispatch Coupled with Training in Japan

Case Study Support for Early Childhood Education in the Middle East

physicalexercises,etc. In2008,alongwithdispatchingvolunteers,JICAlaunchedatrainingprograminJapanwiththeobjectiveofhumanresourcesdevelopmentrelatedtoearlychildhoodeducationintheMiddleEast. It isnotalwayssimpleforthevolunteers toexplain thesignificanceofJapanesechildcareinArabic.Collaborationbetween theJICA volunteers and thetrainingparticipants,includingcounterparts,whohaveadeepenedunderstandingofJapaneseearlychildhoodeducationthroughinteractingwith Japanese preschoolchildrenandtheirteachers,i s s t r o n g s u p p o r t f o rJapanesecooperationforthedevelopmentoftheexpertiseofcounterpartsinthisfield. S ince 2009, the J ICA

volunteersandtheircounterpartshavebeenimplementingregionaltrainingforsharinginformationwithintheregion.ThisisagoodopportunitytodiscusstheircommonchallengesbysharingvariouspracticesineachcountrywiththosewhoreceivedtraininginJapanaswell.

These smiles are to change Arab early childhood education (Syria).

andPalestine.Thisframeworkisbasedontheideathata“twostatesolution”iscrucialtoachievingpeacebetweenIsraelandPalestine,andisintendedtostrengthenthesocioeconomicfoundationofthePalestinianAuthority inordertoensureasmoothtransitiontoeconomicindependenceforfuturestatehood,whilebuildingtrustwithneighboringcountriesthroughregionalcooperationamongPalestine,IsraelandJordan.WorkingtowardsrealizingtheCorridorforPeaceandProsperityconcept,JICAisprovidingTechnicalCooperationforimprovingagriculturaltechnologiesandsupportingthepromotionofsustainabletourism,aswellassurveyingandprovidingTechnicalCooperationfortheconstructionofanAgro-IndustrialParkintheJerichoarea. Furthermore,fromtheperspectiveofsupportingfuturenation-buildinginPalestine,JICAisextendingsupportinthefollowingsevenpriorityareasinviewoftheFirstJapanese-PalestinianHigh-LevelGovernmentalConsultativeMeeting:1)supportforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesandpromotingtrade;2)agriculture;3)tourism;4)localgovernments;5)restoringfiscalhealth;6)waterandsewage;and7)childandmaternalhealth[ See the Case Study on page 89].

Egypt InFebruary2011,long-timeEgyptianPresidentHosniMubarakresignedasaresultofthedemocratizationdemonstrationsthathadbeenheldsinceJanuary.AfterthecollapseoftheMubarakadministration,Egypt’sconstitutionwastemporarilysuspendedandpresidentialauthoritywasentrustedtotheSupremeCounciloftheArmedForces.Goingforward,aPeople’sAssemblyelection

isscheduledforNovember2011andthereisalsoaplantoholdanelectiontoselectanewpresidentin2012.ThisprocesswillleadtoEgyptbeingrebornasademocraticstate. ThepoliticalunrestinEgyptissaidtobeduetothelargenumberofpeoplethathavefailedtoreceivethebenefitsofdevelopmentdespitethecountry’sfavorablemacroeconomicgrowthinrecentyears,asyouthunemploymentremainshighandthepoorfaceskyrocketingfoodprices. JICAprovidescooperationwiththepriorityonsustainablegrowthandcreatingemployment,andreducingpovertyandimprovinglivingstandards.Thiscooperationisinresponsetotheresultofpoliticalturmoilinthecountry,andJICAwillcontinue

Conduit repair work at a pilot site being carried out together with an irrigation association (Water Management Improvement Plan Phase II in Egypt).

“Learning through Playing” for Each Country Earlychildhoodeducation intheMiddleEastoftenmeansintellectualtrainingswherechildrenengageinmemorizationanddictationexercises.JICAvolunteersspecializing inearlychildhoodeducation inEgypt,Syria,Jordan,Morocco,andTunisiacontributeto improvingpreschooleducationon-siteaimingatspreadingchild-centeredcarewithmethodologiestosupportthesoundmentaldevelopment throughplayingwithhands,

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ncrete Initiatives

Yemen has one of the largest gender gaps worldwide in terms of basic education. The net enrollment ration in primary education is 85% for boys and 65% for girls. Accordingly, there are high expectations for the nationwide dissemination of the BRIDGE model developed by JICA.

Nationwide Expansion of a School Based Management Model that Promotes Girls’ Education

Case Study Yemen Improvement of Enrollment Rate and Quality of Basic Education Program(Broadening Regional Initiative for Developing Girls’ Education (BRIDGE) Project)

Creating a Model that Works in the Field and Establishing it as Policy JICAhasbeenimplementingprojectssinceJune2005inordertopromotegirls’education,carryingoutpilotactivitiesto improvethemanagementof59schoolsinTaizGovernoratewiththeparticipationoflocalgovernments,schools,andcommunities. Community rel igious leaders ( Imam)

haveusedreligiousmessages inordertospreadawarenessoftheimportanceofgirls’education,andaMothers’Council

hasevenbeenestablishedforthepurposeofreflectingtheopinionsofmothersinschooloperations.Asaresult,thenumberoffemalestudents increasedby1.5 timesand thenumberofmalestudentshasincreasedby1.3timesduringthesameperiod.Furthermore,whencooperationstarted,theratioofschoolprincipalsthatanswered,“boysandgirlssharethesamerighttoanequaleducation”wasamere9.4%.Bythecompletionoftheproject,however,thishadrisendramaticallyto96.6%. JICAhasdevelopedthesepilotactivitiesintotheBRIDGE(BroadeningRegionalInitiativeforDevelopingGirl’sEducation)model.InPhaseIIoftheproject,whichbeganinDecember2009,cooperationisbeingimplementedonthepolicylevelandeffortsarebeingmadetodisseminatetheBRIDGEmodelthroughoutthecountry,whileguidelinesarealsobeingdraftedtopromotegirls’educationtogetherwiththeMinistryofEducationandotherDevelopmentPartners.

A primary school where the BRIDGE model has been implemented.(Photo: Marcos Abbs)

tocontributetotheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofEgyptutilizingtheexperienceofAsiainitscompoundapproachthatcombinesTechnicalCooperationwithfinancialcooperation.Specifically,JICAimplementsassistancefordevelopingtransport,electricity,andothereconomicinfrastructuresoastoimprovetheinvestmentenvironment,assistanceforsoftaspectssuchastheInstituteforInternationalStudiesandTraining(IIST)inordertovitalizeeconomicactivity,andassistancethatcontributestoimprovinglivingstandards,suchasforpromotingschoolhealthservicesindifferentregionsinEgypt,acountrywithalowlevelofincome,anddevelopingwaterandsewagesystemsintheNileDeltaarea.JICAalsoprovidesassistancebydispatchingexpertstosupportelections,whichisalsoapressingissue,anddevelopinganewFiveYearDevelopmentPlan.

Morocco Moroccohasbeenabletosteadilyachieveeconomicgrowthandreducepovertyafterimplementingeconomicliberalizationpoliciessincethe1990s.However,thereductionofurban-ruraleconomicdisparityandeffectiveuseofthecountry’srarewaterresourcesremainpriorityissues. Forthisreason,JICAprovidescooperationmainlyintheareasofruraldevelopmentandwaterresourcemanagement.Specifically,JICAsupportsthedevelopmentofwaterandsewagesystemsinruralareas, improvesurbanenvironments,anddevelopsruralroadswithODALoans.Furthermore,JICAallotsemphasistothird-countrytrainingunderitsAssistanceProgramforFrancophoneAfricanCountries.

Tunisia InTunisia,onJanuary14,2011longstandingPresidentZineElAbidineBenAlisteppeddownfromoffice.Citizensbegantoholddemonstrationsinthecitystreets,andthepoliticalunrestthatforcedthePresidentoutofofficewaslatertobecalledthe“JasmineRevolution,”takingthenameofTunisia’snationalflower.Thisledtolaterpro-democracymovementsinsurroundingcountriessuchasEgypt. Thesedemonstrationsweretriggeredbythedeathofayoungmanwithoutajobwhocommittedsuicidebyself-immolation.Tunisiahasahighunemploymentratethatstandsoutintheyoungergenerations,anditisparticularlyhighforindividualswithhighereducationlevels.Theissueisthatnationalindustrieshaveyettoadvancesufficientlyenoughtocreateemploymentopportunitiesforsuchindividuals.Furthermore,theareaswherethefirstdemonstrationsbrokeoutwereruralareaswithlargerpovertylevelsthanTunis,thecapitalofTunisia,anditisnecessarytoalsoaddresstheissueofrectifyingregionaldisparity. JICAprovidesassistancefordevelopingTunisia’sindustries,mitigatingdisparity,andpreservingtheenvironment.Specifically,inadditiontodevelopingeconomicinfrastructuresuchasrailwayandroads,JICAusesODALoanstoconstructhighereducationinstitutionsandresearchinstitutes,trainscienceandengineeringhumanresources,andsupport localeconomicpromotionprograms.Moreover,JICAdispatchesexpertsandprovidesotherassistancetosupportelections,whicharecurrentlyapressingissue.

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Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,918 (3.5%)

Sudan 3,167 (3.8%)

Ethiopia 4,347 (5.2%)

Kenya 7,036 (8.4%)

South Africa 676 (0.8%)

Namibia 3,117 (3.7%)

Tanzania 11,747 (14.0%)

Other 22 countries 5,836 (6.9%)

Sierra Leone 1,439 (1.7%)

Nigeria 2,761 (3.3%)

Liberia 1,225 (1.5%)

Burkina Faso 2,725 (3.2%)

Ghana 4,282 (5.1%)

Benin 1,773 (2.1%)

Zambia 3,493 (4.2%)

Uganda 3,203 (3.8%)

Rwanda 3,644 (4.3%)

Mozambique 1,396 (1.7%)

Malawi 4,758 (5.7%)Cameroon 968 (1.2%)

Angola 1,575 (1.9%)

Swaziland 1,217 (1.4%)

Africa ─ Boosting Economic Growth, Seizing an Unprecedented Opportunity toward Poverty Eradication

Region-Specifi c Activities and Initiatives

JICA Programs in Africa (Fiscal 2010)

Africa

Total: 84,101(Unit: millions of yen)

Key Aid Strategies Achieving Fair and Sustainable Growth through the Yokohama Action Plan

In 2010, Africa achieved a remarkable recovery from the global economic, financial and energy crises since 2008. Sub-Saharan Africa excluding South Africa achieved a GDP growth rate of 5.8%, which exceeded the average GDP growth rate prior to the crises (2000-2008) of 5.6%*1. Although Africa faces many challenges such as economic

Changes in the Environment Surrounding Africa TheAfricathatwasruledoutfromopportunitiesofeconomicdevelopmentduetoconflicts,refugees,draughtanddictatorshipisbecomingapast.Withthepoliticalsituationstabilized,Africaisbecomingincreasinglyattractiveasaninvestmentdestinationincludingasasourceofnaturalresources.Duetotheexpansionofdomesticconsumption,increasesinthepricesofexportgoodsandotherfactors,Africaisachievingstableeconomicgrowthasmentionedabove,whichalsoextendstonon-oil-producingcountriesandcountriesthathavesufferedconflicts*2.Duringthedecadeleadinguptotheglobalfinancialandeconomiccrises,AfricahadachievedanaverageGDPgrowthrateof5%. Foreigndirectinvestment(FDI)inAfrica,whichhasbecomeamoreattractiveinvestmentdestination,firstexceededthenetamountofODAin2005andhascontinuedtodosoeachyear

diversifi cation, strengthening of administrative capabilities, creation of employment, and enhancing social services, it is now an opportunity to achieve results toward the eradication of poverty through the timely and concerted efforts of the international community to support Africa’s growth.

sincethen,includingduringthetimeoftheglobalfinancialandeconomiccrises.Itisexpectedthatasimilartrendwillbemaintainedfrom2011,andFDIinAfricain2011isanticipatedtoamounttoUS$60billion*3.Giventhissituation,astherelativeroleplayedbyODAisdeclining,itisbecomingmoreimportanttoprovidesupportforAfrica’ssustainableeconomicgrowthincollaborationwiththeprivatesector. Inaddition,therehavealsobeenchanges intheactorsprovidingdevelopmentassistance. Inparticular,theriseofemergingdonorssuchasBrazil,India,ChinaandtheRepublicofKoreaisremarkable.Astheinternationalcommunityconsidersthesystemandframeworkchangeofdevelopmentassistance,itisnecessaryforJICAtoseekapproachesofcooperationthatcanmaximizetheimpactofsupportinthefieldlevelthroughpartnershipwiththem.

The fi gure shows the total value of JICA programs in each country including Technical Cooperation (Training Participants, Experts, Study Teams, Provision of Equipment, JOCV and Other Volunteers, and Other costs), ODA Loans (Disbursements) and Grant Aid (Newly concluded G/A Agreements).Note: Figures in parentheses denote the percentage share of overall JICA programs in the region.Note: Figures exclude JICA’s cooperation for multiple countries and international organizations.

Guinea-Bissau 1,929 (2.3%)

Senegal 5,295 (6.3%)

Mali 2,476 (2.9%)Niger 1,098 (1.3%)

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*1 World Bank, ‘Africa’s Pulse’ Vol3, April 2011*2 World Bank, ‘Africa’s future and the World Bank’s support to it,’ March, 2011*3 DAC dataset, FDI and ODA fl ows to Africa 2000-11*4 A trust fund established at the United Nations under Japan’s initiative in March 1999. As of April 2009, the Government of Japan has contributed a total of approximately ¥37.3 billion (approximately US$330.43 million) to the fund. Through the fund, Japan has supported more than 190 projects of international organizations related to the United Nations that address various threats against the existence, livelihood and dignity of people from the perspective of human security. (From the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan)

Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) Process JapanhasbeeninitiatingtheTokyoInternationalConferenceonAfricanDevelopment(TICAD)sincethe1990stoprovidethe internationalcommunitywithopportunities todiscussthecooperationrequiredbyAfrica,basedontheprinciplesofownershipandpartnership.In2010,theAfricanUnionCommission(AUC)hasbecomeaco-organizerofTICADrepresentingAfrica,inadditiontotheUnitedNations,theUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)andtheWorldBank.TICADisaforumthatiswidelyopentopartnersthatcontributetothegrowthofAfrica,suchasaidagenciesofthegovernmentsofdevelopedcountries,internationalorganizations,privatecompanies,emergingdonors,Asiancountriesandnon-governmentalorganizations(NGOs).TICADhasdevelopedasaforumwheretheknowledgeandexperienceofthevariousparticipantsareconsolidatedandtheroadmaptowardAfrica’sgrowthisdiscussed. TICADIV,whichwasheldinMay2008,prioritizedthethreepillarsof1)boostingeconomicgrowth,2)ensuringhumansecurity,and3)addressingenvironmentalandclimatechangeissues,andculminated in theadoptionof theYokohamaActionPlantobeimplementedcollectivelybytheinternationalcommunity.AsanODAimplementationorganizationofJapan,JICAisextendingcooperationincollaborationwithvariouspartnersforthesustainabledevelopmentofAfricathroughtheYokohamaActionPlan,alongwiththeinternationalcommunity.

Priority Issues and Efforts

Partnership with TICAD Co-organizers JICAhasbeencollaboratingwith theUnitedNations,whichhasbeenaTICADco-organizersince theprocesswaslaunchedin1990s, inordertoraiseawarenessoftheimportanceofthedevelopmentofAfricawithintheinternationalcommunity.Nowadays,Africaisalwaysincludedontheagendaofdiscussionsoninternationaldevelopment,suchastheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs).LookingbackonthefactthatAfricawasthe“forgottencontinent”inthe1990swhentheTICADprocesswasstarted,itisclearthattheprocesshasmadeagreatcontributionintermsofoutreachingAfricadevelopmentagendatotheinternationalcommunity. JICAhascontinuedtoengageinvariousformsofcooperationwiththeUNDPinimplementingprojectsinthefield,andthishasmadepossibleawiderangeofactivitiesthattakeadvantageofeachorganization’sstrength.Forexample,whiletheUNDPprovidessupport for theestablishmentofclimatechangeadaptationpoliciesaspartoftheAfricaAdaptationProgrammetowhichtheGovernmentofJapanmadeacontributionthroughtheUNDP,JICAconductstraininginrelatedareas,andsupports

itseffortstoimprovetheenvironmenttoimplementthepolicies.JICAisalsocarryingoutcooperationutilizingtheTrustFundforHumanSecurity*4incollaborationwiththeUNDP. JICAandtheWorldBankjointlyidentifyandformulateco-financingprojects,inanefforttoimplementlarge-scaleprojectsthatcannotbeimplementedbyoneorganizationalone.Moreover,regionalandsub-regionalapproachcouldbeeffectivesincetheAfricancontinentisdividedintomanycountrieswithdiversifiedsizeandcapacity.Forexample,inthefieldofinfrastructuredevelopment, thedevelopmentofan internationalcorridorandpowerpoolsiscarriedoutonaprioritybasisasregionalinfrastructuredevelopment. WiththeAUC,whichbecameaTICADco-organizerin2010,JICAisdeepeningdiscussionsonwhatformsofcooperationarepossible,includingcooperationwiththesectorcommitteesoftheAUC.ItisexpectedthatAfricanownershipwillbefurtherensuredtowardtheachievementofthecommitmentsmadeatTICADIV.

Establishment of Various Partnerships with a Focus on Africa’s Future ThetargetyearforachievingthecommitmentsmadeatTICADIVis2012.Whilethevariouscommitmentsarebeingachievedsmoothly,JICAismovingaheadwiththeexpansionofprojectswithafocuson2012andbeyond.Ontheotherhand,thedevelopmentneedsofAfricaaresoenormousthatitisdifficultforJICAalonetorespondtothem.Furthermore,whentakingintoconsiderationthechangesinthesituationsurroundingAfrica,suchasitseconomicgrowth,theincreaseinFDI,andthechangesintheactorsprovidingassistance,partnershipswithvariouspartnerssuchasprivatecompanies,NGOs,researchinstitutionsincluding

Then Foreign Minister Matsumoto giving a speech at the Third TICAD Ministerial Follow-up Meeting held in Senegal on May 1 and 2, 2011.

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*5 World Bank, ‘Africa’s future and the World Bank’s support to it,’ March, 2011*6 ‘International Cooperation of Agriculture & Forestry,’ article contributed by Advisor Hongo, ‘Triangular Cooperation for Agricultural Development of the Tropical Savannah in Mozambique: ProSAVANA-JBM’

The Project for Urgent Improvement of the Electric Power Supply System in Freetown in Sierra Leone

universities,otherdonorsandinternationalorganizationsarebecomingmoreimportantthaneverforJICAinexpandingitssupportforAfrica.

Cooperation with Private Companies ThedevelopmentoftheprivatesectorisessentialforAfricatoachieveself-relianceandsustainablegrowth.Japaneseprivatecompanies,whichboastadvancedtechnologiesandpossessstrengthsincorporateandorganizationalmanagement,arebroadlyexpectedtobringbenefitstobothAfricaandJapanthroughtheirdiverseeconomicactivitiesinAfricaaccompaniedbytechnologytransfer,humanresourcedevelopmentandthecreationofemployment.AsmanyAfricancountriesachieverapideconomicgrowth,JICAiscontinuingitsendeavortomaintainandimproveanenvironmentthatenablestheprivatesectortopursuesoundandactiveeconomicactivities. SomeJapanesecompaniesarecarryingoutactivelycorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)activitiesinAfrica.JICAispromotingitspartnershipwiththesecompaniesinordertoworkforthedevelopmentofAfricaas“AllJapan”bycreatingsynergisticeffectswithvariousprojectsimplementedbyJICAinthefield.Forexample,whentheFédérationInternationaledeFootballAssociation(FIFA)SoccerWorldCupwasheldinSouthAfricain2010,JICApartneredwithSonyCorporationtosetuphugescreensinGhana,andheldeventsthatcombinedtheairingofsoccermatchesandeducationalactivitiesonHIV/AIDS.Inaddition,whenSanyoElectricCo.,Ltd.donatedsolarlanternstoAfrica,JICAsolicitedideasonhowtoutilizethemfromJapanOverseasCooperationVolunteers(JOCVs),whowereworkinginAfrica,andalsoselectedthedonationdestinations. Infiscal2010,JICAstartedtheframeworktosupportapreparatorysurveyinordertopromotepartnershipwiththeBOP(BaseofthePyramid)businessescarriedoutbycompaniesandotherorganizations[ See “Public-Private Partnerships” on page 142].HalfoftheprojectsthatwereselectedunderthisframeworkwerethosetargetingAfrica(10outof20projects),whichgivesanindicationoftheincreaseinJapanesecompanies’interestinAfrica.AsJICAhasmorethan25localofficesinAfrica,whichhashighpotentialasamarket,JICAcanhelpJapanesecompaniesentertheAfricanmarketandcontributetoJapan’snationalinterestinabroadsense.

Partnerships with NGOs InAfrica,JICApromotestheprovisionofin-depthsupportcloselyconnectedtothebasichumanneedsincludingwaterandhygiene(accesstosafewater),education(promotionofgirls’attendance),healthandmedicalcare(enhancingthecapabilitiesof localhealthcenters),andruraldevelopment(increasingproductivityandimprovinglivelihoods)throughpartnershipwithNGOs.WhileAfricaisachievinghigheconomicgrowth,thereareplacesinAfricawhereadministrativecapabilitiesstillcannotkeepupwiththeprovisionofsocialservices.ItisanticipatedthatthevariousprojectsimplementedbyJICAanditssupportthroughNGOswillcontributetotheequitabledevelopmentofAfricainacomplementarymanner. AlthoughitisexpectedthattheachievementoftheMDGsbythetargetyearof2015willbedifficult,itwillbepossibletoexpecttoachievetheminnot-too-distantfuture*5.WhilesupportingtheeconomicgrowthofAfrica,JICAwillalsoextenditscooperationtowardthepromotiontheequitablegrowththroughwhichthebenefitsofgrowthwillbesharedamongpeople.

Cooperation with Emerging Donors TogetherwithChina,BrazilandtheRepublicofKorea,allofwhichareincreasingtheirpresenceasemergingdonors,JICAisexploringwaystomaximizetheimpactinthefield.Inparticular,ChinahasalargepresenceinAfrica,andJICAispromotingdialoguewithChinaregardinginformationsharingandthemodalityofcooperationinordertocarryoutprojectsthatwillbringbenefitstoallthreeparties,namelyAfrica,ChinaandJapan. IncooperationwithBrazil,JICAispromotingagriculturaldevelopment ina tropicalsavannahareaofMozambique.JapanandBrazilacquiredtheabundantknowledgethroughtheagriculturaldevelopmentinthetropicalsavannahareacalled“Cerrado,”inthemid-westernpartofBrazil.PartsofMozambiquesharesimilarnaturalconditionstothoseofthecerradoareasofBrazil,inbothcountriesfoodsecuritycanhighlycontributetopovertyreduction.MozambiqueandBrazil,bothofwhichwerePortuguesecolony,usethesameofficiallanguage(Portuguese).Thesewerethefactorsthatledtothedecisionthatefficienttechnologytransferwouldbepossible*6. Increases infoodpricesonthe internationalmarket, inconjunctionwith increasingconsumptionduetoeconomicgrowthandrisingpopulations,isposingathreattofoodsecurityinmanyAfricannations.JICAwillcontributetoensuringfoodsecurityinAfricabysupportingtheagriculturaldevelopmentofAfrica,includingthroughtheagriculturaldevelopmentprojectinMozambiquebeingcarriedoutinapartnershipbetweenJapanandBrazil.

South-South Cooperation Oneof thecharacteristicsof theTICADprocess is theperspectiveof“passingAsia’sexperiencesontoAfrica.”Japan

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Aiming to Become a Center of Excellence in West Africa

Case Study Ghana Project for Institutional Capacity Development of the Civil Service Training Centre

JICA’s Capacity Development of Government Administration Project was aimed to enhance the capacity of mid-level civil servants in Ghana and improve their moral values. The impact of the project is gradually having effect on the country’s public sector reform. In March 2011, the second phase of the project, Project for Institutional Capacity Development of the Civil Service Training Centre was started to further expand the outcome of the project to other West African countries.

Knowledge Acquired by Countries through Third-country Training Programs OneoftheimportantchallengesthatGhanafacesisthereinforcementofthepublicsector.Nevertheless,whilesomeprogresshasbeenmadesuchastheestablishmentoftheMinistryofPublicSectorReformin2005*,therehasbeenlittletrainingconductedinordertofosterthemid-levelcivilservantswhowillbetheactorsofreform. Duringthefirstphaseoftheprojectthatstarted in2007,JICAworked toward thedevelopmentand implementationofnewshort-termtrainingcoursestargetingmid-levelcivilservantsinpartnershipwiththeCivilServiceTrainingCentre(CSTC)ofGhana.Theseeffortshaveyieldedexcellentresultssuchassignificantincreasesinthenumbersoftrainingcoursesandlecturers,andtheestablishmentofatrainingevaluationcycle. The Action Plan System contributedgreatlytotheachievementoftheseresults.Themechanismunderwhichthetraineesimplementedtheactionplanstheycreatedduring training after returning to theirworkplaces,with theCSTC followingupthe implementationstatus toencourageorganizationalreform,provedtobeeffective.Thismechanismandthesystemwherebythe

traineesevaluatetheirlecturers,aswellastheholdingofseminarstosharetrainingresults,arebasedonsoundpracticeasrecognizedincountriesincludingTanzania,SouthAfrica,Singapore,Malaysia,andBangladesh,towhichJICAhaspreviouslyextendedcooperationintheareaoffosteringofcivilservants,andonwhattheconcernedpartieshavelearnedinthecourseofthird-countrytrainingprograms. Thebiggestkeytotheproject’ssuccesswasthatGhanadrewactivelyonothercountries’experiencesundertheframeworkofSouth-Southcooperation.

From a Recipient to a Leading Player ThoseinvolvedintheworkoftheCSTCareincreasingtheirawarenessinordertoupgradethetrainingcentertoaninternationallevelandstrengthentheirownership,withthegoalofmakingitaCenterofExcellence(CoE)forthe

trainingofcivilservantsinWestAfrica. Inordertosupportthismovement,inthesecondphaseoftheproject,JICAwillinvitetraineesfromtheneighboringcountriesofSierraLeoneandLiberia,bothofwhicharefacingshortagesofhumanresourcesduetocivilwars,andarefacedwiththeneedtobuildupabasefortrainingcivilserviceworkersandhumanresourcesfromscratch.Inthisway,JICAwillprovidesupportcenteredontrilateralcooperationasameansofjointcooperationintheareaoffosteringcivilservants.ThefirststephasbeenmadetoenabletheCSTCtoprovidehigh-qualitytraininginthefuturethatcanrespondtotheemergingneedsofthecountriesintheregion.

From the Field

Ms. Dora Dei-Tumi, Principal of the Civil Service Training Centre (CSTC) Inthepast,receivingtrainingwasconsideredtobeaverypainfulthingaswehadpoorstaffandfacilities.Throughthecost-sharingwithJICA,however,thefacilitieswererenovatedandthecapacitytoprovidetrainingimproved.Asourgoodreputationhasspreadbywordofmouth,wearenowabletoattractmanytrainees.

A Trainee Who Attended the “Ethical Leadership” Training Course(Fromthepost-trainingevaluationinterview) In the act ion plan, I aimed to makeimprovementsinrespectofimportantmattersthathadpreviouslybeenoverlooked,suchasdocumentmanagement,attitudetowardcustomers,andpunctualityforwork.Withaviewtoimplementingthisactionplan,wereceivedorganizationalsupportthroughtheissuanceofaletterfromtheHeadoftheCivilServicetotheChiefDirectorofourministry,aswellasafollow-upsurveyonthestatusofprogress.Asaresult,theabove-mentionedbasicpracticestobefollowedbycivilservantsarenowwellrecognizedandfollowedintheworkplace.

Training targeted at mid-level civil servants of Ghana conducted in the fi rst phase. The participation of civil servants from Sierra Leone and Liberia served as an important step to intra-regional cooperation.

The Renovated Civil Service Training CentreCSTC Principal Dei-Tumi giving a lecture

* The Ministry of Public Sector Reform was reorganized into Public Sector Reform Secretariat under the Offi ce of the President in 2009.

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Training provided to trainees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (at the Senegal-Japan Vocational Training Center)

isexpectedtoapplyitsexperienceofitsowngrowthandalsoitsknowledge,withwhichithasledgrowthinAsia,toAfricainaflexiblemannerandtopromotethesustainablegrowthofAfrica.TherearecountriesinAsiathataretransformingthemselvesintoprovidersofassistance,suchastheRepublicofKorea,whichrecentlyjoinedtheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)’sDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee(DAC),Thailand,Malaysia,andVietNam.Forexample,thegovernmentsofThailandandVietNambothmadecontributionstotheformulationoftheYokohamaActionPlanandhaveexpressedtheircommitmenttosupportingAfrica. HavingpromotedSouth-Southcooperationforover30years,JICAisimplementingthird-countrytrainingprogramsforAfricaincooperationwithThailandandMalaysia.JICAhasalsoprovidedco-financingtogetherwiththeRepublicofKoreatoMozambique. InthecontextofSouth-Southcooperation,JICAalsofocusesonthepromotionofintra-regionalcooperationwithinAfrica,inadditiontocooperationwithAsia.ThetraineesfromneighboringcountriesareacceptedmainlyatthevocationaltrainingcentersthathaveaccumulatedknowledgethroughJICA’ssupport.Forexample,thevocationaltrainingcentersinSenegalandUgandaaccepttraineesfromtheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongoandSouthSudan,respectively.Supportingcooperationamongcountriesthatsharecommonlanguages,similarhistories,culturesandsocialbackgroundsenablestheefficientimplementationofprojects.TherearealsobenefitssuchasthestrengtheningoftheorganizationsresponsibleforTechnicalCooperationandthedeepeningoftheseorganizations’understandingastheyplaya

roleinpassingontheknowledgetheyhaveobtainedfromJICA’sTechnicalCooperationtoothercountries.AsthepromotionofmutualunderstandingthroughcollaborativeworkisofbenefittoAfricannationsthathavethewilltoachieveregionalintegration,itcanbesaidthatJICA’sroleinpromotingcooperationamongAfricannationswillcontinuetobeimportant.

Cooperation with Donor Countries (Conventional Donors) JICAispromotingcooperationwiththefollowingdonorsthatrankhighintermsoftheamountofassistancetheyprovide

In Sierra Leone, less than half of the population has access to safe water. Many people use unhygienic water from wells, rivers and streams, which is a major cause of water-borne diseases. In order to supply safe water in a stable manner, JICA supports the introduction of water supply systems that are easy to maintain and manage.

Supporting the Stable Supply of Safe Water

Case Study Sierra Leone The Project for Establishment of Water Supply Management System in Kambia District / The Project for Establishment of a Rural Water Supply System in Kambia Town

EstablishmentofWaterSupplyManagementSysteminKambiaDistrict,overatwo-yearperiodfromDecember2006,andrestoredthewatersupplyfacilityinRokuprintheKambiaDistrict,whichwasconstructedthroughGrantAidin1989,asawatersupplyfacilityutilizingaslowsandfiltrationsystemthatiseconomicandeasytomaintainandmanage.Atthesametime,inadditiontotransferringtechnologyrelatedtothesystem’soperationandmaintenanceandmanagement,JICAalsomadeeffortstocreateasystemforcollectingwaterbills,establishapublicinterestcorporationastheorganizationresponsibleforoperation,maintenanceandmanagement,andenhancethecapabilitiesofthestaff.Asaresult,thefacilityisnowabletosupplysafewatertoapproximately15,000peopleinasustainablemanner. Basedon this experienceasamodelcase,JICAplanstoimplementaGrandAidprojectentitledtheProjectforEstablishmentofRuralWaterSupplySystem inKambiaTownfrom2011.KambiaTownisthedistrict

capitalofKambiaDistrict,andJICAplanstoconstructawatersupplyfacilityutilizingtheslowsandfiltrationsystem,andalsoextendTechnicalCooperationtoestablishasystemofmaintenanceandmanagementbyawatercorporation.Itisexpectedthatthenumberofusersofsafewaterintheareawillincreasefromthecurrent3,400to30,000by2016,threeyearsafterthecompletionoftheproject.

Treating water at the slow sand fi ltration plant

Sustainable Supply of Water Utilizing a Slow Sand Filtration System and Managed Under a Public Corporation System ThecivilwarthatragedinSierraLeonefor11yearsfrom1991destroyedmostofthecountry’swatersupplyfacilities.Furthermore,becausemanyoftheremainingwatersupplyfacilitieslackedappropriatemaintenanceandmanagement, therewasalmostnowatersupplyinthecountry. Given thissituation,JICA implementedTechnical Cooperation, the Project for

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toAfrica;theUnitedStates,France,GermanyandtheUnitedKingdom,whilemakinguseofeachother’scomparativeadvantages.Specifically,JICAconcludedacooperationagreementwithDeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit(theGermanAgencyforInternationalCooperation,GIZ)in2010,andagreedtoenterintoapartnershipfortheimprovementofaccesstosafewaterinAfrica.JICAandtheGIZwillshareeachother’sexpertiseandknow-howonstrengtheningthecapabilitiesofhumanresourcesinthewatersupplyfieldandonimprovingwatersupplyratios,etc.,andwillmakejointeffortstoexpandtheoutcomesofvariousprojectstomoreregions.Furthermore,JICAcooperateswiththeUnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID)andtheUnitedKingdomDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DfID)fortheimprovementofregionalinfrastructure,carryingoutactivitiesintendedtorespondefficientlytoAfrica’senormousneedforinfrastructure,whichcannotbedealtwithbyanyoneorganizationalone. InSeptember2010,JICAjoinedtheHarmonizationforHealthinAfrica(HHA),aninternationalframeworkforaidcoordination,underwhichit isendeavoringtoenhancehealthsystemsinthecountriesofAfricaincoordinationwiththeWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),amajordonorintheareaofhealth,theUnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF),theJointUnitedNationsProgrammeonHIV/AIDS(UNAIDS),USAID,theWorldBankandotherorganizations. InkeepingwiththepromotionofaidcoordinationinAfrica,JICAisexpectedtomakeacontributionbydeliveringitsexpertiserootedintheactualsitesofassistanceinaneffectivemanner

inordertoformulateassistanceplansandsector-specificdevelopmentstrategies,andalsotomaketherelevantpoliciesmorepractical.

Collaboration with Local Governments Whileconductingresearchonyellowfever,Dr.HideyoNoguchi,aJapanesebacteriologistwasinfectedwiththediseasehimselfanddiedinGhana.GiventhisrelationshipbetweenNoguchiandAccrain1928,theGovernmentofGhanarequestedJapantoprovidemedicalcooperation.Inresponse,since1969todate,JICAhascontinuedtoextendcooperation,includingthecooperationofFukushimaMedicalUniversityinresearchonvirologyandalsothroughtheestablishmentoftheNoguchiMemorialInstituteforMedicalResearch. InordertofurtherstrengthenitssupportforAfrica,JICArequestedFukushimaPrefecture,whereHideyoNoguchiwasborn,tolenditscooperation,andtheprefecturedecidedtoacceptmorethan100traineesduringthethreeyearsfrom2010.Duringthefirstfiscalyear,atotalof40peoplevisitedJapantoattendthefourcoursesonthepromotionofindustry,thepromotionofricecropping,themaintenanceandmanagementofroads,andprimaryeducation.ThetrainingwasconductedwiththecooperationofFukushimaPrefecture,aswellascompaniesanduniversitiesintheprefecture,JapanAgriculturalCooperatives(JA),etc. JICAwillcontinuetosupportthedevelopmentofGhanatogetherwithFukushimaPrefecture,whileplacingimportanceonthedeeprelationshipbetweenFukushimaandGhana.

Over the years, JICA has provided support for the irrigation development in the Mwea division in central Kenya. Under the Coalition for African Rice Development (CARD), an initiative that can be called the key to food security in Africa, JICA is aiming to further increase the production of rice at Mwea. In August 2010, JICA started an ODA Loan project to newly establish and renovate the irrigation facilities and expand the area under cultivation.

Contributing to Food Security through Rice Promotion

Case Study Kenya Mwea Irrigation Development Project

theconstructionandrenovationofirrigationfacilities,etc.Moreover, throughaseriesofTechnicalCooperationprojects,JICAhasfosteredhumanresourcesfortheNationalIrrigationBoard,providedguidanceforricecultivationtofarmers,andconductedricecultivation testingofNewRice forAfrica(NERICA).Thankstotheprovisionof both structural and non-structuralsupport,theareaunderirrigationhasexpandedto7,860hectares,andtheMweairrigationarea has become one of theleadingrice-producingzonesinthecountry. Inrecentyears,however,theirrigation facilitieshavebeensubjecttoextremedeterioration,withtheresult thatproductionhasdeclinedduetoashortageo f i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r . T h eimplementationofthisprojectisintendedtorestoreastablesupply

ofirrigationwater,andisexpectedtoenabledouble-cropping(twoharvestperyear)ofriceandhorticulturalcrops,aswellastodoubleboththetotalannualcropacreageandtheproductionvolumeofricewithinin10years.ThisprojectisattractingenormousexpectationsasacoreprojecttorealizetheCARDinitiative.

People involved in the project in Kenya confi rming the status of rice cropping in the agricultural fi elds in the Mwea irrigation area, to which JICA has provided support. The project also involves transfers of technology such as for the maintenance and management of irrigation facilities and water management.

Contributing to a More Fruitful Harvest in Kenya’s “Rice Production Center” Ifyoutravelabout100kilometersnortheastfromKenya’scapitalcityofNairobi,youwillfindazoneofpaddyfieldsspreadingbeforeyoureyes.ThisistheMweairrigationarea,theKenyan“riceproductioncenter”thatcurrentlysupportsover50%ofriceproductioninthecountry. Sincethedevelopmentstudyconductedin1988,JICAhasprovidedGrantAid for

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Guatemala 2,268 (9.0%)

Nicaragua 1,286 (5.1%)

Honduras 754 (3.0%)

El Salvador 1,050 (4.2%)

Guyana 400 (1.6%)

Mexico 826 (3.3%)

Panama 9,873 (39.1%)

Costa Rica 4,215 (16.7%)

Belize 125 (0.5%)

Haiti 1,481 (5.9%)

Dominican Republic 770 (3.1%)

Cuba 366 (1.5%)

Suriname 1 (0.0%)

Jamaica 1,330 (5.3%)

Antigua and Barbuda 42 (0.2%)

Dominica 62 (0.2%)

Saint Lucia 161 (0.6%)Saint Vincent 74 (0.3%)

Barbados 41 (0.2%)Grenada 10 (0.0%)

Trinidad and Tobago 6 (0.0%)

Saint Christopher and Nevis 76 (0.3%)

Central America and the Caribbean ──── Promoting Effective Cooperation in View of Regional Integration and Intra-Regional Cooperation

Region-Specifi c Activities and Initiatives

Key Aid Strategies Supporting Stable Development by Addressing Common Issues Facing the Region

JICA Programs in Central America and the Caribbean (Fiscal 2010)

The fi gure shows the total value of JICA programs in each country including Technical Cooperation (Training Participants, Experts, Study Teams, Provision of Equipment, JOCV and Other Volunteers, and Other costs), ODA Loans (Disbursements) and Grant Aid (Newly concluded G/A Agreements).Note: Figures in parentheses denote the percentage share of overall JICA programs in the region.Note: Figures exclude JICA’s cooperation for multiple countries and international organizations.

The countries of Central America and the Caribbean*1 share many commonalities in respect of language, culture, etc. At the same time, however, the region has diverse needs due to marked differences in the sizes and socioeconomic situations of each country. While taking into consideration the unique context of each country as well as the regional integration and intra-regional cooperation initiatives to overcome region-wide development

TheCentralAmericanCrisis(acollectivetermfortheseriesofcivilwarsthatoccurredinnumerousCentralAmericancountries),whichcontinuedforover10yearsstartingfromthelate1970s,heavilyimpactedthesocialandeconomicdevelopmentoftheCentralAmericanregion.Later,asthevariousconflictswounddownandthepeaceprocessadvancedinthe1990s,democracybegantoestablish itselfandtodaymostCentralAmericancountriesareexperiencingstableeconomicgrowth. TheCaribbeanregionisalsomaintainingacertaindegreeofeconomicgrowththanksmainlytoitstourismindustryandtoremittancesfrommigrantsresidingintheUnitedStates.Meanwhile,however,CentralAmericaandtheCaribbeancontinuetofacenumerouschallenges,aseveryyeartheregionexperiencesnaturaldisasterssuchashurricanes,andalsoonaccountofits

issues, JICA assists in the stable development of this region by placing a priority on the following three areas: 1) infrastructure development for sustainable economic growth; 2) addressing global issues (measures against climate change, environmental conservation and improvement, disaster prevention); and 3) poverty reduction from a human security perspective.

vulnerableeconomicstructure,whichremainsdependentontheexportofprimarycommoditiesandonremittancesfromoverseas.Withtheaimofovercomingthesecommonissues,regionalorganizationssuchastheCentralAmericanIntegrationSystem(SICA)andtheCaribbeanCommunity(CARICOM)workactivelytopromoteregionalintegrationandintra-regionalcooperation. Inconsiderationof languageandculturalcommonalitiesandregionalintegrationaswellasintra-regionalcooperationframeworks,JICAworkstoprovideassistanceonaregionalscale(regionalcooperation)toovercomecommondevelopmentissuesthataffecteachcountry.JICAworks inpartnershipwithinternationalorganizationssuchastheInter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(IDB)andotheraid-donors. Celebrating70yearsofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenJapan

Central America and the Caribbean

Total: 25,219(Unit: millions of yen)

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*1 Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Dominican Republic, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, and Cuba.*2 As a follow-up to the Tokyo Declaration and Action Plan, Japan and the Central Americans countries hold the Japan-Central America Forum every year in order to continue dialogue and strengthen relations.*3 Examples include the Metropolitan San Jose Environment Improvement Project in Costa Rica and the Panama City and Panama Bay Sanitation Project in Panama.

Central America and the Caribbean ──── Promoting Effective Cooperation in View of Regional Integration and Intra-Regional Cooperation

Region-Specifi c Activities and Initiatives

The Pirris Hydroelectric

Power Development Project supports

sustainable economic growth

in Costa Rica (ODA Loan project

completed in September 2011).

andfiveCentralAmericancountries,2005wasdesignatedastheJapan-CentralAmericaYearandwasmarkedbytheJapan-CentralAmericaSummit,whichledtotheissuingoftheTokyoDeclarationandtheActionPlan*2.UsingtheActionPlanasaguideline,JICAimplementsassistancefortheestablishmentofpeaceanddemocracy, furthereconomiccooperation,development,promotionoftourism,anddisasterprevention. Inconsiderationoftheagreementconcludedatthe2ndJapan-CARICOMMinisterial-LevelConferenceheldinSeptember2010,JICAisprovidingtheCARICOMmemberstateswithassistanceforenvironmentalandclimatechangecountermeasures,mitigationoftheimpactsoftheeconomiccrisis,reconstructionfollowingtheHaitiearthquake,etc. JICApromotestriangularcooperationthroughsuchframeworksliketheJapanMexicoPartnershipProgramme(JMPP),whichsupportsemergingcountriessuchasMexicotoprovideassistancetodevelopingcountriesintheregion.

Priority Issues and Efforts

Infrastructure Development for Sustainable Economic Growth Historically,thelong-runningcivilwarsintheregiondelayedbasiceconomicinfrastructuredevelopmentandstoodinthewayofeconomicgrowth.JICAprovidescooperationtofunddevelopmentprojectsforroadsandbridgesinordertostreamlineregion-widelogistics.(ex.ZONAPAZRoadImprovementProjectfinancedbyODALoans,constructionandreplacementofbridgesalongbordersprovidedbyGrantAid)Moreover,JICAhasprovidedODALoanstoElSalvadorfortheLaUnionPortDevelopmentProjectinordertodeveloptheportintoalogisticshub,andforahydroelectricpowerplantinCostaRicathroughthePirrisHydroelectricPowerDevelopmentProject.Inthisway,JICAprovidescomprehensiveassistancemainlyintheformoffinancialassistancenecessaryforsustainableeconomicgrowthintheregion. Theglobalfinancialandeconomiccrisisthatstartedinlate2008andthedeclineinforeigndirectinvestmentandremittancesslowedeconomicgrowthinthisregion,whichhascloseeconomictieswiththeUnitedStates.Inresponsetothissituation,JICAisprovidingassistance,includingthedispatchofexpertstoimprovetheproductivityofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesinseveral

countriesthatcontributetotherevitalizationofeconomicactivitiesthroughouttheregionforindustrialpromotionandreductionofdependenceonothercountries. Furthermore,Japan’seconomicrelationswithMexico,withwhichitenactedaneconomicpartnershipagreement(EPA)in2005,continuetodeepen.WiththeaimofpromotingpartnershipswiththeJapaneseprivatesector,JICAisimplementingTechnicalCooperationprojects,suchastheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentintheTechnologyofPlasticTransformationandtheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentfortheElectronicsIndustry inMaquiladoraZoneinBajaCalifornia,whicharesupportingthetrainingofhumanresourcesfortheseindustries.

Addressing Global IssuesClimate Change Measures, Environmental Conservation and Improvement, and Disaster Prevention JICAhelpscountriestoaddressclimatechangebyprovidingsupportformitigationmeasuressuchasencouragingtheuseofrenewableenergyandteachingenergyconservation,aswellasadaptationmeasuressuchasimprovingdisasterpreventioncapabilities.InJanuary2011,JICAconcludedamemorandumwiththeIDBonclimatechange.Basedonthismemorandum,JICAwillimplementfinancialassistanceforrenewableenergyandenergyconservationpromotioninCentralAmericaandtheCaribbeanRegion[ See the Case Study on page 20]. Furthermore,JICAsupportsenvironmental improvementthroughODALoansincountriessuchasCostaRicaandPanama,wherewasteprocessingandwaterpollutionameliorationmeasuresarebecomingpriorityissuesinurbanareasduetothehighconcentrationofpopulationandindustry*3.Intheareasofwasteprocessingandtotalmanagement,JICAprovidesTechnicalCooperationonaregionalscalebasedonJapan’sknowledgeandexperiencetosupporttheeffortsofvariouscountriesthataimtopromoteunderstandingofthe“Three(3)Rs”(Reduce,Reuse,andRecycle),andtheformationofasoundmaterial-cyclesociety. Duetothefrequentoccurrenceofhurricanes,earthquakes,andothernaturaldisastersintheregion,strengtheningdisasterpreparednesscapabilities inthisregion isatremendouslyimportant issue. Inefforts toenhance theabilityof localgovernmentsandresidentstopreparethemselvesagainstdisasters,andtofacilitatetheircoexistencewithsuchdisasters,JICA isworking to shareanddisseminateexpertiseoncommunitydisasterpreventionfordisasterpreventionagenciesinCentralAmericaandtheCaribbean.JICAisalsoworkingtosupportreconstructionfollowingthemassiveearthquakethat

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struckHaitiinJanuary2010[ See the Case Study on page 65].

Poverty Reduction from a Human Security Perspective WhileCentralAmericaandtheCaribbeanareachievingacertaindegreeofeconomicdevelopment,therearestilllargenumbersofpeoplelivinginpovertywhodonothaveaccesstobasiceducation,healthandmedicalservices,nortosafedrinkingwater. Inconsiderationoftheprinciplesofhumansecurity,JICAremainsstronglyawareofensuringthatbenefitsreachthesociallyvulnerableandsupportsthecapacitydevelopmentoflocalcommunitiesandindividualsinpartnercountries.Insodoing,JICAisactivelyprovidingcomprehensiveassistanceforpromotingeffortstosharetheexperiencesandresultsofpreviouscasesfromvariouscountrieswithintheregion,aswellaseffortsbyindividualcountriestoaddresscommonregionalissues. Intheeducationsector,forinstance,theexpertiseindevelopingmathematicsteachingmaterialsandtrainingteachersthatwasacquiredthroughtheProjectfortheImprovementofTeachingMethodsinMathematicsinHondurasisnowbeingsharedanddisseminatedtofourneighboringcountries.Asoneresultoftheseefforts,theteachingmaterialsdevelopedthroughthisprojectarebeingusedasnationallydesignatedtextbooksandimprovementshavebeenobservedinchildren’sgrades. Inthehealthandmedicalsector,JICAisprovidingassistanceforcountermeasuresagainstinfectiousdiseasessuchasChagasdisease.JICAalsocarriesoutaleadingroleinsupportingtheCentralAmericanInitiativeforControlofChagasDisease,whichisa jointundertakingbetweenCentralAmericancountriesintheregion.Asaresultofthisassistance,theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)officiallyrecognizedtheinterruptionof

transmissionsresultingfromforeignreduviidbugsinGuatemala,ElSalvador,Honduras,andNicaragua.JICAalsosupportstheProjectforStrengtheningNursingEducationandIn-serviceTraininginElSalvador,Guatemala,Honduras,NicaraguaandtheDominicanRepublicinordertotrainhealthprofessionalsthatplaycentralrolesinimprovingpublichealthservices[ See the Case

Study below]. ThecountriesofCentralAmericaandtheCaribbeaneachsharecommonlinguisticandculturalbackgrounds,makingitpossibletoboosttheeffectivenessandefficiencyofcooperationbysharingexperiences.Moreover,bysupportinginitiativesandformingnetworksnotonlyatthenationallevel,butalsoonaregion-widescale,itispossibletopromoteregionalundertakingstoaddressdevelopmentissuesandincreasethesustainabilityofresultsachieved.JICAwillcontinuetopromotesuchregion-widecooperationinCentralAmericaandtheCaribbean.

Japanese experts and their counterparts discussing teaching materials created in the Project for the Improvement of Teaching Methods in Mathematics.

In November 2010, this project was awarded the Outstanding Performance Award at the High Level United Nations Conference on South-South Cooperation, which was co-hosted by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and other organizations. The project was commended as a superior example of South-South cooperation that has allowed a country to utilize its own experience and strengths in assistance for other developing countries. The project’s coordinator, Consuelo Olano de Eilas, presented the project’s results at an award ceremony in Geneva, Switzerland.

Winner of the Outstanding Performance Award at the High Level United Nations Conference on South-South Cooperation

Case Study Project for Strengthening Nursing Education and In-service Training in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic

Republicsince2007.Itisaregion-widenursingeducationprogramcommonlyreferredtoas“ProyectoAngeles”. WhatmakestheprojectsospecialisthatlocalnurseswhohaveundergonepastJICAassistanceprogramsinElSalvadorarenowworkingwithJapaneseexpertstotrainnursingeducationinstructorsinneighboringcountries.Trainedcounterpartsinturnpassonprojectknowledgetoothers.ATVconferencesystemisusedtoconnectparticipantsforjointundertakingstoimprovethequalityofnursingeducationandpromotefriendlycooperationinallfivecountries. A basic nursing curriculumhasbeendraftedineachcountryandparticipantsarepromotingacollaborativepracticemodel for

nursingeducationandon-sitetraining.ProjectleaderMasakoOgawahascreatedanetworkofnurses(“angels”)thatdrivetheprojectforward.Shecommentedthatinthefutureshehopestoformaregional“NursesWithoutBorders.”Itseemstheachievementofherdreammaynotbethatfaroff.

Project members in El Salvador receiving a report on the progress of the other four countries during a TV conference.

The “Proyecto Angeles” (The Angels Project) Thisaward-winningprojectbased inElSalvadorhasbeenimplementedinGuatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,and theDominican

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Helping to Restore Infrastructure and Improve Lives

Case Study Assistance for Reconstruction and Disaster Prevention following the Haiti Earthquake

A massive earthquake struck Haiti on January 12, 2010. The disaster left more than 316,000 people dead and nearly 310,000 injured. It also caused extensive damage in the capital of Port-au-Prince, destroying numerous buildings, including hospitals and schools. JICA dispatched the Japan Disaster Relief Team (medical team) immediately after the earthquake. Since then, JICA has continued to provide assistance, helping the people of Haiti to restore infrastructure and gain skills for reconstruction and development through training.

Rapid Initiation of a Survey and Project Immediately After the Earthquake The international community took thecatastrophicdamagecausedby theHaitiearthquakeveryseriously.Manycountriesswiftlyannouncedintentionstoextendsupport.JICAparticipatedinthereconstructionneedssurveycarriedoutdirectlyafterthedisasterbytheHaitiangovernmenttogetherwiththeUnitedNations,theWorldBank,andtheInter-AmericanDevelopmentBank. Basedon theoutcomesof thissurveyand reconstructionplansdraftedby theHaitian government, JICA launched theUrgentRehabilitationandReconstructionSupportProjectforHaitiinMay2010.Itwasforwardedthreepillars:1)reconstructionoflivingconditionsinthedisasterareasincludingrestorationof infrastructuresuchaswatersupplysystems;2)assistancetohelp theHaitiangovernmentdraftanationallanduseplan;and3)confirmationandimplementationof technicalsurveys related toadditionalassistanceneeds.JICAalsoopenedafieldofficetofurthercoordinationwiththeHaitiangovernmentandmanageprojectoperations. Alongside emergency reconstructionassistance,JICAbeganworktotrainhumanresourcesforthefuturedevelopmentofHaiti,whichisoneofthepoorestcountriesinCentralandSouthAmerica.SinceOctober2010,JICAhasbeenimplementingtheProjectonTechnicalTraininginAgriculturalProductionSysteminMountainousAreastoTechnicians

of theRepublicofHaiti inorder to fosteragriculturaltechniciansandbolsterHaiti’sfoodproduction.ThisprojectwascarriedoutthroughcooperationwiththeDominicanRepublic,Haiti’sneighborontheislandofHispaniola.

A Resident Participation Model for Reconstruction and Disaster Prevention from Hyogo InMarch2011,JICAHyogoacceptedagroupofHaitiansforpost-earthquakereconstructiontraining. Fourteenpersons fromHaiti’s centralgovernment , loca l governments , andNGOsparticipatedinthetrainingprogram.The part icipants gained knowledge onreconstructionactivitiesimplementedbylocalgovernmentsandNGOsintheaftermathoftheGreatHanshin-AwajiEarthquake.Followingthetraining,eachoftheparticipantscreatedaconcreteactionplanbasedontheknowledgetheyacquiredthroughthetrainingprogram. Actionplans includedprojectssuchas“CarefortheHeart,”aneffortsuggestedbyatraineemanaginganorphanage.AnothertraineewhoworksattheHaitianRedCrossSocietyproposedthe“ShelterConstructionProject.”Theformerprojectaimstoprovidementalhealthcareandcounselingforchildrenorphanedasaresultofthedisaster,whilethe latterwillwork toconstructdisasterpreventioncentersthatcanbeusedordinarilyasdisasterpreventioneducationfacilities.JICAiscontinuingtosupportthesetraineesinrealizingtheiractionplans.

From the Grassroots

Pierre Louis GermaineSupervisor, Haitian Red Cross Society Ihadwantedtoforgetabouttheearthquakebeforetheprogram,as itwassuchasadevent.VisitingeachofthelocalgovernmentsandNGOsinHyogo,Icouldtellthateveryonepossessedastrongwilltoovercometragedythroughreconstructionandtoprepareforfuturedisasters.Ilearnedaboutthe“rebuildbetter”concept, inwhichwedonotforgetdisasters,butlearnfromthem,rebuildinginabetterwaythanbefore.ThepeopleofHaititendtorelyonthegovernment.Iwanttopromotereconstructionanddisasterpreventiontogetherwiththepeopleusingtheactionplansthatwecreated.Ihopetoempowerpeopleandhelpthemraisetheirvoices.Iwantthemtoengageinreconstructionontheirown.

From Our Offi cer in Charge

Hajime TsuboiCentral America and the Caribbean Division, Latin America and the Caribbean Department Even be fo re the ear thquake , Ha i t iexperiencedpoliticalunrestformanyyearsanditspoorgovernancehadbecomeamajorissue.AstheInterimHaitiRecoveryCommissionsetupinthewakeoftheearthquakeshowed,torebuildHaiti,theinternationalcommunityandtheHaitiangovernmentneedtoworktogetherbasedonamid-to long-termperspective.Japanhascontinued toassistHaitiasamemberof the international communityeversince thedisaster.Aside fromJICA,agreatmanyorganizations, includingUNpeacekeepingoperations,NGOs,andotherscontinuetoassistHaiti.ThereisalotofsupportforHaitiinJapan.ThissupportcomesfrombothlocalgovernmentssuchasHyogoPrefectureaswellasindividualsandgroups.Wewillcontinuetooffercooperationandassistance,utilizingourrespectivestrengthstohelpHaitirecoverandrebuildasquicklyaspossible.

Trainees observe Nagata Ward in Kobe City, which was successfully reconstructed after the earthquake.

A public water hydrant established by the Project. From October 2010, cholera infections increased in Haiti, causing a large number of deaths. Efforts continue to deliver safe and clean water to the people of Haiti.

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Peru 16,888 (36.1%)

Brazil 21,163 (45.2%)

Ecuador 879 (1.9%)

Uruguay 322 (0.7%)

Argentina 583 (1.2%)

Colombia 751 (1.6%)

Bolivia 4,094 (8.7%)

Paraguay 1,531 (3.3%)

Venezuela 195 (0.4%)

South America ─ Promoting Effective Aid Tailored to Each Country’s Diverse Situations While Advancing Inter-Regional Partnerships

Region-Specifi c Activities and Initiatives

JICA Programs in South America (Fiscal 2010)

South America

Total: 46,819(Unit: millions of yen)

Key Aid Strategies

Contributing to Regional Stability by Developing Economic Infrastructure, Addressing Global Issues and Mitigating Disparities

South America, gifted with fertile soil and abundant natural and mineral resources, is achieving strong economic growth spurred by the recent increases in demand and prices of resources and foods. At the same time, however, South American countries are still characterized by large disparities in both income and access to social services, resulting in many regions where large numbers of people are forced to live in poverty in the shadows of economic growth. Taking into account the specifi c circumstances under which each country lives, JICA addresses the issues that are considered to be priorities in

SouthAmericaneconomiesdependheavilyontheproductionandexportofprimaryproducts,whichmakesthemextremelyvulnerabletoglobaleconomicandmarkettrends.Inthefuture,thesecountrieswillneedongoingindustrialdevelopment,tradepromotion,andanimprovedinvestmentenvironment,aswellaseconomicdevelopmentthatfacilitatessustainablegrowth.Itisalsoessentialtostrengthentheadministrativecapacitiesofthegovernmentsasafoundationforencouragingprivatesectoreconomicactivity.Moreover,therearemanyareasinwhichurbanenvironmentalproblemsaregrowingmoreseriousduetoeconomicgrowth,andtheseproblemsrequireanurgentresponseaswell. Intheshadowsofthestrongeconomicgrowthofrecentyears,

each country, and also focuses on environmental conservation of the region’s resources, such as the Amazon Basin, which have a signifi cant impact on the global environment. Going forward, JICA will focus on extending cooperation on economic infrastructure development, global issues, and mitigating disparities, while assisting the development of countries inside and outside of the region through private sector partnerships and partnerships with countries in the region that have achieved relatively high income levels and possess advanced technology, such as Brazil.

therepersistsconsiderablesocialanxietycreatedbythepresenceofcontinuingeconomicdisparitiesatthenationalandintra-regionallevels.Underthesecircumstances,inadditiontoundertakingstofostereconomicgrowth,effortsarebeingmadetomitigatedisparitiesandstabilizetheeconomyandsocietyintheregion. ItisimportanttoaddressglobalissuesinSouthAmericabecausetheAmazon,theworld’slargestrainforest,greatlyimpactsglobalclimatechange,andbecausethisareastillofferssignificantpotentialfordevelopingbothagriculturallandandnaturalresources,whicharerelatedtofoodandenergysecurity. Furthermore,SouthAmericahaswitnessedfrequentmajornaturaldisastersinrecentyears,includinganearthquakeinChile

The fi gure shows the total value of JICA programs in each country including Technical Cooperation (Training Participants, Experts, Study Teams, Provision of Equipment, JOCV and Other Volunteers, and Other costs), ODA Loans (Disbursements) and Grant Aid (Newly concluded G/A Agreements).Note: Figures in parentheses denote the percentage share of overall JICA programs in the region.Note: Figures exclude JICA cooperation for multiple countries and international organizations.

Chile 417 (0.9%)

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andfloodinginBrazil,Colombia,andVenezuela,makingdisasterpreventioncountermeasuresanimportantissue. Placingapriorityonutilizing thiskeyaidstrategy,JICAimplementsassistancetakingintoconsiderationthecharacteristicsoftheSouthAmericanregionandkeepsthenextthreepointsinmindwhencarryingoutcooperationprograms:

1)Mitigatingdisparitiesbothwithinregionsandwithincountries2)Contributingtodevelopmentwhilemaintainingrespectfortheownershipoftherecipientcountries3)Ensuringthatthebenefitsofgrowthareextendedtothepoorestsegmentofthepopulation

Inaddition,JICAisstrengtheningitsrelationshipswithemergingcountriessuchasBrazilandArgentina,whereincomelevelshavegrownhigherandtechnologicalcapabilitieshavealsoimprovedcompared toothercountries in theregion, inorder to formpartnershipstoaddressdevelopmentinneighboringcountriesandinAfrica. SouthAmericaishosttoalargeJapaneseimmigrantcommunitynumberingmorethan1.6millionpeople,andinrecentyearsJapanhasbeenimportingmoreandmoreofitsresourcesandfoodfromthisregion.Assuch,therelationshipbetweenJapanandSouthAmericaislikelytodeepenfurtherinfuture.

Priority Issues and Efforts

Building a Foundation for Sustainable Economic Growth Blessedwithabundantnaturalresources,SouthAmericahasachievedsteadyeconomicgrowthinrecentyears,primarilydrivenbyprivate-sectorinvestment.Althoughtheregionwasimpactedbytheglobaleconomiccrisisin2008andbyvolatilepricesfornaturalresources,theeconomyrecoveredin2010.JICAisprovidingsupporttoreinvigoratetheeconomiesofruralareasinconsiderationofmitigatingdomesticincomedisparities,whichisanimportantdevelopmentissuefacedbyvariouscountriesintheregion. InParaguay,87%of theroadsremainunpaved,andarecommonlyunusableintherainyseason.Thisthreatensthecountry’ssocialsafetynet,asithindersthesaleschannelsforlivestockindustry,Paraguay’smajor industry,aswellasslowingdowneconomicactivityandrestrictingaccesstoschoolsandhospitals.JICAisimplementingtheRuralRoadDevelopmentProject(ODALoans)forlocalroadswithparticularlylowpavementratios. InBolivia,thereisanincreasingdemandforelectricpowertofacilitateminedevelopment,whichisanimportantindustryforthecountry.TheminingindustryinBoliviaisalsoanimportantsourceofforeigninvestmentduetotheskyrocketingpricesofresourcesaroundtheworld.Nevertheless,thepowersupplyistightandsecuringelectricpowerisamajorissue.Boliviaisstrivingtoprovidestableelectricitysuppliesusinggeothermalpowergeneration,asthe

potentialforthermalorhydroelectricpowergenerationinthispartoftheAndesislimited.JICAisassistingBoliviainsecuringelectricpower,whichisessentialforsustainingeconomicgrowth,byhelpingthecountrytorealizeitsgeothermalpowerplantconstructionplans. Inaddition,JICAisconsideringfinancialassistancetoimprovetheinvestmentenvironmentofSouthAmericainordertopromoteprivatesectorinvestment,wheredemandisincreasinginlinewithregionaleconomicgrowth,aswellasforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises.

Addressing Global Issues SouthAmericaisaffectedbyglobalissuessuchasclimatechange,butatthesametimetheregioncanhaveasignificantimpactontheresolutionofsuchproblems.Accordingly,JICAiscooperatinginthisfieldwithmanySouthAmericancountries.Insomecountrieswithrelativelyadvancedlevelsoftechnology,JICApursuesresearchcooperationtogetherwithuniversitiesandotherJapaneseresearchinstitutesbyutilizingJapanesescienceandtechnologyinordertocontributetoresolvingglobalissues. IntheAmazonregion,theworld’slargestrainforest,deforestationisprogressingduetosuchreasonsasrecklesslogging,andthiscarriestheriskofprecipitatingclimatechangeandaffectingecosystems.ConservationoftheAmazonregionisthereforeanissueofglobalconcern,andJICAhasprovidedongoingassistanceinthisfield.Forinstance,undertheCarbonDynamicsofAmazonianForestsProject(ScienceandTechnologyResearchPartnershipforSustainableDevelopment:SATREPS)inBrazil,JICAassistsinthedevelopmentofquantitativeassessmentmethodsforthereductionofCO2thatisachievedbypreventingthedepletionanddeteriorationoftheAmazonrainforest.Furthermore,throughtheDevelopmentofanIntegratedSolutionrelatedtoIndustrialWasteManagementintheIndustrialPoleofManaus(TechnicalCooperation),JICAassistedinthecreationofblueprintsthatwouldallowfordevelopingindustrywhileatthesametimeconservingthenaturalenvironmentintheAmazonregion. Ninety-ninepercentof theworld’s tropicalglaciersareconcentratedintheAndesMountainsofSouthAmerica,andtheseglaciersaredisappearingrapidlyduetoclimatechange.ThroughtheStudyonImpactofGlacierRetreatonWaterResourceAvailabilityforcitiesofLaPazandElAltoProject(SATREPS)inBolivia,conductedjointlywithTohokuUniversityandotherpartners,JICAissupportingtheresearchanddevelopmentofawaterresourcemanagementmodelthatreflectsclimatechangeandchangesinthesocialenvironmentinordertoreducetheimpactsofdisappearingglaciers. InArgentinaandChile,JICAisimplementingtheProjecttoStrengthentheCapacitytoMeasuretheOzoneLayerandUVRadiationinSouthernPatagoniaandtheProjectiontowardstheCommunity(TechnicalCooperation),whichsupportsactivitiesrelatedtoobservingtheozonelayer,andwarningandeducatingresidentsaboutlimitingthehealthimpactsthatresultfromozonelayerdepletion.

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In February 2010, a massive magnitude 8.8 earthquake struck the coast of central Chile, generating a tsunami over 30 meters high. This disaster affected two million people and left 521 people dead. JICA commenced Technical Cooperation from October 2010 with the aim of resolving the disaster preparedness issues facing the country that were exposed by the disaster. Chile possesses a high level of awareness and engineering skills, so a major focus of JICA’s cooperation was placed on discussions, through which lessons were shared between Japan and Chile.

Towards Earthquake-resilient Nation-building with Japanese Expertise

Case Study Chile Project on Capacity Building to Seismic Events and Tsunamis

earthquake-resistancestandardsforbridgestoChile toassess thesituationandofferadviceregardingcollapsedbridgesandotherproblems. Moreover,JICAprovidedcooperationtorevisetheissuanceprocessandaccuracyoftsunamiwarnings,as thesystemdidnot functionproperlyduetodamagedcommunicationsnetworkscausedbytheearthquake.SinceChilehasadoptedJapan’sterrestrialdigitalbroadcastingsystem,JICAhasworkedwiththeJapanExternalTradeOrganization(JETRO)tocreatethefirstjointtrainingprogramwiththeaimofintroducingaJapaneseearlywarningsysteminChile. In termsofcapacitybuilding,JICAhasimplemented trainingon the rolesof thecommunityduringdisastersandimprovinglocalgovernments’capacitytorespondtodisasters(emergencyresponse,reconstructionplanning,andmentalhealthcare)withthecooperationofHyogoPrefecturalandKobeCityGovernments.Despite theshorthalf-year spanof this

project,JICAwasabletoimplementpromptassistancetorespondto themultifacetedneedsofChile,whichwillgreatlycomplementthecountry’saccumulatedknowledgeandtechnology.ThiscooperationallowedrelatedChileanorganizationstodeveloptiesandthuscontributedtostrengtheningthecountry’sunifieddisasterpreparednessstructure.

Community Disaster Preparedness Training held at JICA Hyogo. Based on this training, a disaster preparedness training week was established and local plans are beginning to take form, including disaster preparedness training plans for primary schools.

Enhancing the Soft and Hard Aspects of Disaster Preparedness JICAhasprovidedChilewithassistanceformanyyearsthatemphasizedtheconstructionofearthquake-resistantstructures.Asmanybuildingswerepartiallydestroyed in thisearthquake,JICAdispatchedexpertsindisaster-preparednessconstructionassessmentand

Poverty Reduction and the Correction of Disparities MeasurestoaddresspovertyandthecorrectionofdisparitiesareanissuecommontoallSouthAmericancountriesaswellasacornerstoneofeachnation’sgovernmentalpolicy. InBolivia,whichhasthelowestpercapitaincomelevelofanycountryinSouthAmerica,basicsocialservicesinparticular,suchaseducation,healthandmedicalcare,andsafewater,arenotreachingthepoor.Inthewatersector,forinstance,JICAisimplementingtheWaterisHealthandLifeproject(TechnicalCooperation)toassistinthedevelopmentofdrinkingwatersupplyfacilitiesinvillagesinregionswheredevelopmentislaggingparticularlybehind,aswellastosupporttheorganizationofwatermanagementcommitteestoensurethatpeoplecancontinueusingsanitarywater. InPeru,whereincomelevelshavebeenrisingduetostrongeconomicdevelopmentinrecentyears,withtheaimofimprovingincomelevelsinthemountainregionswhereahighratioofpeopleliveinpoverty,JICAissupportingtheimprovementofincomelevelsandthemitigationofdisparitiesbydevelopingtheagriculturalindustrythroughtheincorporationoftheSierra-NaturalResourcesManagementandPovertyAlleviationProject(I)(II)(III)(ODALoans)withtheProjectforImprovingLivelihoodofSmall-ScaleFarmersinCajamarca(TechnicalCooperation).Moreover,throughtheElectricFrontierExpansionProject(I)(II)(III)(ODALoans),JICAworkstoimprovethelivingstandardsofcommunityresidentsbydevelopingpowernetworksinruralareaswithlowelectrificationratios[ See

the Case Study on page 69]. InColombia,whereconflictcontinuestoentanglecertainareas,JICAprovidescooperationforassistingpersonsdisplacedduetoconflict,peoplewithdisabilitiesduetolandmines,surrendered

soldiers,andothervictimsofconflict.UndertheImprovementoftheNutritionalConditionoftheVulnerablePeopleIncludingInternalDisplacedPeoplethroughUrbanAgricultureStrengtheningProject(TechnicalCooperation),JICAisworkingtoimprovethenutritionalconditionofsociallyvulnerablepeopleincludinginternallydisplacedpersonsthroughtheself-provisionofvegetablesbyteachingagricultureinurbanareas.TheconflictinColombiaiscomplicated,makingitdifficult tofindaclearsolution.Nevertheless,JICAsupportstheeffortsofColombiatocorrectdomesticdisparitiesbyimplementingconcreteassistanceforcommunitiesthatacceptconflictvictimsandinjuredpersons.

Strengthening Relationships with the Japanese Government and People Aidfromnationalgovernmentsthemselvesorfromforeigncountrieshasarelativelysmallerimpactontheoveralleconomyincomparativelyhigherincomecountries,whereprivatesectoreconomicactivitydrivesdevelopment. InSouthAmerica,Japaneseprivatesectorcompanieshaveenteredtheminingindustrytostartwithinparticularbecauseoftheregion’srichmineralresources.Theprogressoftheseprivatesectoreconomicactivitieswillservetopromotefurthereconomicdevelopment,whilealsocontributingtostrengtheningtherelationshipsbetweenthesecountriesandJapan. JICAisalsosupportingtheadoptionofJapanesestyleterrestrialdigitalbroadcasting(Japan-Brazilmethod)inmanycountriesofLatinAmerica,aswellasplanningtoestablishcomprehensivedevelopmentprogramsforimpoverishedregionslocatednearminesunderdevelopmentinBolivia.

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Boosting Electrifi cation in Rural Areas through Continued Assistance

Case Study Peru Electric Frontier Expansion Project (I) (II) (III)

JICA has continuously supported the electrifi cation of the rural and mountainous regions of Peru through the Electric Frontier Expansion Project (I) (II) (III). Through Phase I (1997–2008) and Phase II (1999–2006), JICA contributed to the improvement of the rural electrifi cation rate of target regions. Through Phase III, for which an ODA Loan agreement was signed on March 2009, there are plans to develop a power transmission grid in the three regions with the country’s lowest electrifi cation rates. The implementation of Phase III is expected to provide the access to electricity to approximately 130,000 households.

Towards Mitigation of Regional Electricity Disparities Whether forstreetlampsthat lightdarkstreetsatnight,homeappliances,orcomputers,electricityhasbecomeanessentialelementforsecuringasafeandaffluentlife.Nevertheless,largepopulationsindevelopingcountrieshavenoaccesstoelectricity. InPeru,approximatelysixmillionpeople,22%ofthetotalpopulation,arelivingwithoutelectricityservices.Furthermore,therearemarkeddisparitiesintheelectrificationratebetweenurbanandruralareas.Forinstance,inLima,theelectrificationrateisover90%,whileitfallstoamere32%inruralareas,wherenearly40%ofthecountry’spopulationlives. Regionalelectrificationdisparitiesarerelatedtoregionaldisparities in income. InPeru,approximately40%ofthepopulationlivesinpoverty,andamajorportionofthosepeopleliveinthemountainousregions,wherethealtitudeishigherthan2,000meters.Intermsofpercapitaincome,theincomeofthepeoplelivingintheruralmountainousregionsislessthanhalfofthatofpeoplelivingintheurbancoastalregionsincludingLima,demonstratingtheseriousnessofregionaldisparityinPeru.

Aiming to Improve Rural Living Standards and Vitalize Rural Economies Inthenon-electrifiedruralregions,peoplerelyonbatteries,kerosenelamps,candlesandothergoodsfortheirpowersourcesandlight,whichrestrictsproductionactivities.Theseregionsalsofaceproblemssuchasinferiormedicalandeducationservicescomparedtoelectrifiedregions. Since 1993, the Government of Peruhas implemented the Plan Nacional deElectrificaciónRural(PNER)inordertopromotetheelectrificationofruralareas.JICAhascontinuouslysupportedthePNERthroughtheElectricFrontierExpansionProject(I)(II)(III). ThroughPhaseIandPhaseII,forwhichODALoanagreementsweresignedin1997and1999,respectively,JICAprovidedassistancetoimprovethelivingstandardsofresidentsinruralareasandvitalizelocaleconomiesby

extendingassistanceforthedevelopmentofelectricitydistributionlinesandsmall-scalepowergridsystemsin14targetareas. ThroughPhaseIII,forwhichanODALoanagreementwassigned in2009,JICAhassupportedtheexpansionofpowerlinesandthedevelopmentofasmall-scalepowergridsysteminthethreeregionswithPeru’slowestelectrificationrates,Cajamarca,Huánuco,andLoreto. JICAplacespriorityonpovertyreductionanddisparitymitigationinitsoperationsin

Peru.JICAexpectstofurtherdeveloppoorregionsinPerubyimprovingruralelectrificationthroughtheimplementationofPhaseIII,mainlytargetingsierraregionswhereparticularlyhighconcentrationsofpoorpeoplecanbeseen.

From the Field

Masao HasegawaA Consultant Involved in Phase II Thisprojectprovidedresidentswhohadbeenrelyingonoillampsandcandlesforlightwithaccesstoastablepowersource.Thisnotonlyallowedresidentstoimprovetheirstandardof livingbyinstallinglightsandhouseholdelectronics,butalso for thepromotionoflocalindustryandtheefficientprocessingofagriculturalproductsandtraditionalcrafts.

A rural village in the Andes Mountains where electrifi cation development is underway.

The stable supply of electric power allows

for more convenient and affl uent lives.

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The Pacifi c ─ Overcoming Vulnerabilities of Island Countries

Region-Specifi c Activities and Initiatives

Key Aid Strategies Increasing Aid Effi ciency by Promoting Region-Wide Cooperation

The small island countries of the Pacifi c Region, which are separated by vast expanses of ocean, are subject to vulnerabilities such as limited land areas and populations as well as small domestic markets and poor access to international markets, which mean that they face many diffi culties in developing their economies. The region also faces problems with regard to natural disasters, the effects of climate change, and the management of increasing solid

JICAprovidesassistancetothefollowingmembersofthePacificIslandsForum(PIF):Fiji,Kiribati,theMarshallIslands,Micronesia,Nauru,Palau,PapuaNewGuinea,Samoa,theSolomonIslands,Tonga,TuvaluandVanuatu,aswellastheCookIslandsandNiue.ThesecountriesaredispersedacrossthethreesubregionsofPolynesia,MelanesiaandMicronesia,eachwithitsowndiverselanguagesanduniquecultures. Inrecentyears,theseislandcountrieshaverunlargetradedeficitsasaresultofchangesintheimport-dependenteconomicstructurebroughtaboutbytheinfluxofmoderneconomicandcultural influencesintowhatweretraditionalself-sufficienteconomies.Environmentalissuessuchasanincreaseinsolidwastethatisdifficulttotreatontheislandshavealsosurfaced.Furthermore,asthesecountriesaresmallandconsistofislands

waste. Accordingly, the region’s challenge is to overcome these vulnerabilities on the economic and environmental fronts, which are peculiar to the island countries. Paying due regard to the situation of each country, JICA is actively providing support aimed at resolving priority issues in addition to region-wide cooperation to address issues of common concern throughout the region such as environmental issues.

dottedaboutinthesea,theysufferfrominadequatesocialservicesandalackoftransportationinfrastructure,whichhasmadeitdifficulttoachievesocialandeconomicdevelopmentorself-supportingeconomies. AsummitmeetingcalledthePacificIslandsLeadersMeetingisheldeverythreeyearsbetweenJapanandtheislandnationsofthePacific.AttheFifthPacificIslandsLeadersMeeting(PALM5),whichwasheldinMay2009,theparticipantsconfirmedthenecessityofrespondingtoenvironmentalandclimatechange-relatedissues,overcomingvulnerabilitiesfromtheperspectiveofhumansecurity,andenhancingpeople-to-peopleexchanges. JICAisworkingtoprovideregion-widecooperationintheregionincludingsolidwastemanagement,climatechange,healthandeducation,inordertoaddressissuescommontotheseisland

JICA Programs in the Pacific (Fiscal 2010)The fi gure shows the total value of JICA programs in each country including Technical Cooperation (Training Participants, Experts, Study Teams, Provision of Equipment, JOCV and Other Volunteers, and Other costs), ODA Loans (Disbursements) and Grant Aid (Newly concluded G/A Agreements).Note: Figures in parenthesis denote the percentage share of overall JICA programs in the region.Note: Figures exclude JICA’s cooperation for multiple countries and international organizations.Note: The total amount includes Technical Cooperation to developed countres.

The Pacifi c

Total: 9,259(Unit: millions of yen)

Palau 315 (3.4%)

Vanuatu 273 (3.0%)

Marshall Islands 171 (1.8%)

Nauru 6 (0.1%)

Micronesia 189 (2.0%)

Papua New Guinea 2,195 (23.7%)

Solomon Islands 2,686 (29.0%)

Fiji 728 (7.9%)

Kiribati 65 (0.7%)

Tuvalu 1,028 (11.1%)

Samoa 886 (9.6%)

Niue 3 (0.0%)

Cook Islands 6 (0.1%)

Tonga 675 (7.3%)

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countrieswhilepayingdueregardtotheuniquenessofeachcountry.Inthiskindofcooperation,JICA’sapproachinvolvesthecreationofdevelopmentmodelstobesharedacrosstheregionbydispatchingexpertstocountriesthatplaykeyroles,andthedisseminationofsuchmodelstoneighboringcountriesthroughsuchmeansasthird-countrytrainingprograms.JICAismakingeffortstoensuretheefficientprovisionofsupportbypromotingcollaborationwithinternationalandregionalorganizationssuchastheSecretariatofthePacificRegionalEnvironmentProgramme(SPREP)andtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).

Priority Issues and Efforts

Adaptation to Climate Change ThePacificOceantakesupthelargestareaontheglobe,andJapanhasashareinitsbenefits,andthusdoesitsparttoassistthecountriesintheregion.Low-lyingatollcountriessuchasTuvaluareespeciallyvulnerabletoclimatechangeandrisingsealevels.Strengtheningthecapacityofthosecountriestoadapttothephenomenaisanurgentissue. Withaviewtominimizingdamagefromdisasters,JICAismakingeffortstoimprovethecapacityforweatherforecastingandprovidingearlywarnings,andtospeedupthecommunicationofdisasterinformationtoresidentsthroughtheimprovementofradiobroadcastingnetworksfordisasterpreventioninTuvaluandtheSolomonIslands,andbyupgradingtheweatherobservationfacilitiesinSamoa.JICAisalsosupportingtheenhancementofthecommunity’sdisasterpreventioncapacityintheSolomonIslandsandFiji[ See the Case Study on page 73]. InTuvalu,JICAalsosupportstheScienceandTechnologyResearchPartnershipProjectforSustainableDevelopmentwithanecologicalengineeringapproachtoidentifythemechanismsbywhichislandsareformedandmaintainedassedimentsareproducedbycreatures(foraminifera)andsanddriftsaccumulate.Theprojectalsodeviseslong-termmeasurestopreventsoilerosionandconsidersmeasurestoprotectthecoastline. Aspartofitscooperationtowardthemitigationofclimatechange,JICAisalsoprovidingsupportfortheintroductionofsolarpowergenerationinMicronesia,Palau,theMarshallIslandsandTonga,aswellassupportfortheenhancementofmonitoringcapacityforforestpreservationinPapuaNewGuinea.

Strengthening Environmental Management Wastemanagementisacommonchallengeforthesmallislands inthePacific.JICAsupportedSamoain itseffortstoimprovewastedisposalsitesandraisemanagementandoperationcapacitiesfrom2000,andsubsequentlysupportedeffortsinneighboringcountriestoimprovewastemanagementpractices.WiththehelpofShibushiCityinKagoshimaPrefecture

inJapan,whichhashadsuccessinreducingwastegeneration,JICApursuedcooperationprogramsinFijitorecyclegarbageandreducevolume. Fromfiscal2010,inordertodisseminatetheseinitiativesthroughoutthePacific,JICAhasbeenworkingwiththeSecretariatofthePacificRegionalEnvironmentProgramme(SPREP),aregionalinternationalorganization,toprovidesupportto11countriesintheregionfortheformulationandimplementationofaSolidWasteManagementStrategyineachcountry,withthemainfocusonreducing,reusingandrecyclingwaste.Inthisway,JICAisexpandingitsregionalcooperationtosupportthecreationofasoundmaterial-cyclesocietybyreducingtheimpactofhumanactivityontheenvironmentasrepresentedbywaste,withaviewtoachievingsustainabilityonthesesmallislands[ See the Case

Study on page 106].

Health and Medical Services InthePacific,wheretheimprovementofthevaccinationratehasbeenachallengefor thepreventionof infectiousdiseases,manydonororganizations,centeredontheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)havebeenpromotingvaccinationandhaveachievedsomesuccesses,includingtheeradicationofPoliomyelitisfromtheregion.Previously,manycountriesintheregionweresufferingfrominsufficientcapacitytomanagethecoldchainnetworksnecessaryforvaccinelogistics,andthesystemsrequiredforsafeimmunizationwerenotadequatelyestablished.Toaddressthisissue,in2004thegovernmentsintheregion,internationalorganizationssuchastheWHOandtheUnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF),andbilateraldonoragenciesfromcountriessuchasAustralia,NewZealand,theUnitedStatesandJapancommittedthemselvestoextendingcooperationforthePacificImmunizationProgrammeStrengthening(PIPS)frameworkasameansofinvigoratingimmunizationprojects. Since2005,JICAhasbeenplayingaleadingroleinPIPSbysupportingthedisseminationoftechnologyandhumanresource

Seawater fl owing over a road (Tuvalu)

71

developmentrelatedtothemanagementofimmunizationprojectsandvaccinesin13countriesinthePacificfromabaseestablishedinFiji.Thecooperationextendedbyexpertsworkinginthefieldisalsohighlyevaluatedintherecipientcountries. Meanwhile,theWHOisimprovingitssupportforhumanresourcedevelopmentinresponsetothelackofhealthpersonnelintheislandcountriesofthePacific.IncooperationwiththeWHO,JICAhasalsostrengtheneditseffortstowardhumanresourcedevelopmentforcommunityhealthaswellastowardimprovingmedicalfacilitiesandresearchequipmentinordertoachievesynergisticeffectsthroughtheprovisionofbothstructuralandnon-structuralsupport.

Education Inordertoexpandtheeducationopportunitiesavailableineachcountry,JICAprovidessupportfordistancelearningprogramsutilizingtelevision,radioandsatellitecommunicationnetworks,andfortheimprovementofthequalityofeducationonremoteislands. TheUniversityoftheSouthPacific(USP),headquarteredinFiji,isaregionaluniversityfoundedby12countriesintheregionin1968.WithJapanesesupport,USPwasequippedwithasatellitecommunicationsnetwork,allowinginteractivecommunicationbetweenthemaincampusinFijiandbranchcampuseslocatedthroughouttheregion.JICAiscurrentlyprovidingsupporttoupgradefacilitiesandequipmentandenhancetheeducation

implementationsystemwiththeobjectivesoffurtherimprovingaccesstohighereducationandenhancingthequalityofICTeducationforwhichtherehasbeenaparticularincreaseindemandinrecentyears[ See the Case Study below]. Meanwhile, inPapuaNewGuinea,theenrollmentrateinbasiceducationisextremelylow,andtheimprovementoftheimplementationsystemofbasiceducationrepresentsachallengefortheentirecountry.JICAissupportingtheproductionofeducationalprogramsattheNationalEducationMediaCentre,whichwasestablishedthroughGrantAid,providingclassesconductedatmodelschoolstoelementaryandjuniorhighschoolsinruralareasviatelevision,andraisingawarenessamonglocalresidentsabouteducation.Inthisway,JICAisprovidingvaluablesupporttoexpandopportunitiesforbasiceducationinruralareas. Intheareaofprimaryeducation,JapanOverseasCooperationVolunteers(JOCV)andJICASeniorVolunteersareworkingtoimprovethequalityofmathematicseducationinseveralcountriesintheregion.Forexample,inVanuatu,acooperationframeworkwasestablishedbetweenthoseinvolvedinprimarymathematicseducationatthelocallevelandJICAvolunteers,andamathematicsassociationwasestablishedtoimprovetheteachers’skills.InSamoa,withtheimplementationofavolunteer-ledprojecttoimprovethecapabilitiesofteacherstoprovidebasiceducationinmathematicsandscience,JICAhasbeensupportingtheimprovementoftheeducationlevelthroughsuchmeansastraininglocalteachers.

In the Pacific, there are relatively few institutes of higher education and access to information is not easy. Distance learning is an effective means of providing opportunities for higher education to people living in such areas. Through the provision of support in the area of information communication technology (ICT), JICA is working to improve the learning environment of the inhabitants of these island countries and contributing to human resource development in the ICT area in the region.

Providing Opportunities for Higher Education to Many People by Utilizing Information Communication Technology

Case Study The Program for Distance Education and ICT in the Pacifi c

A New Base for Distance Learning and ICT Education InJuly2010,theJapan-PacificICTCentreopenedattheUniversityoftheSouthPacific(USP)locatedinSuva,thecapitalofFiji.TheCentrewasestablishedthroughaGrantAidprojectastheUSP’snewbasefordistancelearningandICTeducationandalsoasacorefacilityfortheutilizationofICTintheentirePacific. InkeepingwiththewordsofVice-Chancellor

andPresidentofUSPRajeshChandra,“InordertofurtherenhancethelivelihoodsofpeopleinthePacific,USPwillutilizealltheknowledge,humanresourcesandinfrastructurethat itpossesses.ByutilizingICT,wewillexpandtheUSPnetworkatthecommunitylevelintheruralareasofthemembercountries,”theCentreisexpectedtoenhanceeducationopportunitiesforpeoplenotonly inFijibutalsoinothercountriesthroughouttheregion.USPisahighereducationinstitutionestablishedandmanagedby12islandcountriesintheregion. Ontheotherhand,sinceFebruary2010,JICAalsohasbeensupportingtheenhancementof theUSPNetSystembyusingsatellitecommunication,aswellasbyestablishinganewICTbachelor’sdegreeprogram,etc.Theimplementationofthisprojectoverathree-yearperiodisexpectedtoresultinasteadyincreaseinthenumberofareasinwhichitwillbepossibletoreceiveahigh-qualityeducationequivalenttotheeducationreceivedonthemaincampus.

The Japan-Pacifi c ICT Centre, which is expected to play a leading role in the development of ICT in the Pacifi c, in addition to serving as a base for distance learning for the island countries of the region.

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Enhancing the Capacity to Respond to Natural Disasters Throughout the Region

Case Study The Program for Disaster Management and Coastal Protection in the Pacifi c

The island countries of the Pacifi c are vulnerable to natural disasters and are strongly affected by climate change. JICA is making efforts to enhance the capability of the entire region on disaster prevention area by improving 1) the capability of governments to manage disasters, 2) the capability of communities to respond to disasters, and 3) the capability to conduct weather observation and forecasting and to issue warnings, through a combination of Technical Cooperation projects, third-country training programs and Grant Aid.

Island Countries with Lands Separated by the Ocean ThePacificisvulnerabletofrequentnaturaldisasterssuchascyclones, tsunamisandflooding,aswellastheeffectsofsealevelriseandextremeweatherthatareconsideredcausedbyclimatechange.Inaddition,everycountryintheregioniscomprisedofmorethanoneisland,andtherecannotbesaidtobesufficienttransportationorinformationandcommunicationsystemslinkingthevarioustownsandvillagesoneachrespectiveislandsorbetweenthemainislandsofeachcountryandthemoreremoteislands.Becausedisasterinformationisnotpromptlyandaccuratelycommunicatedtotheresidentsandemergencyreliefcannotbeeasilyprovidedtoall thenecessaryareas,itisimportantthatdisastercountermeasuresbetakenateachcommunitylevel.

Providing Disaster Information More Promptly and Accurately Givensuchasituation,inOctober2010,JICAbegantoextendcooperationtoFijiandtheSolomonIslandsforthepurposeofenhancingthedisasterpreventioncapabilitiesofnationalgovernmentsand localcommunitiesandpromotingcooperationbetweenthem. In th is project , community disasterpreventionactivitiesareconductedbytheresidentsthemselves(installationplanning,managementandmaintenanceofsimplifiedraingaugesandwatergauges;creationofhazardmaps;disasterpreventioneducationactivitiestargetingresidents;andevacuationdrills)inthetargetcommunities.

TheprojectisalsoaimedatenhancingthecapacitytorespondtodisastersthroughtheuseofemergencyresponsemanualscreatedbytheNationalDisasterManagementOffices(NDMO)ofthetwocountries,whichareresponsibleforissuingwarningsandrespondingtoemergencysituationsattimesofdisaster,andthroughsimulatedpracticeanddisasterdrillsconductedaccordingtothemanuals.Effortsarealsobeingmadeto improvethesystemofcollectingmeteorologicalandhydrologicaldatautilizedbytheMeteorologicalServiceandrelatedorganizations,andtoenhancethecapacitytoconductanalysisbyestablishingafloodingforecastingmodel. By sharing the lessons learned andachievementsobtainedfromtheseactivitiesbetweenbothcountries,JICAaimstoestablishasystemwherethereisafunctionalcollaborationsystemamongorganizationsatthetimeofdisaster,withevacuation informationandwarningspromptlyissuedbasedonreliableinformation,andtheresidentscanfeelsafeandevacuateatanappropriatetiming.

Combination of Region-Wide Cooperation and Bilateral Cooperation Since2001,theFijiMeteorologicalService(FMS),withobservationand forecastingequipmentbyGrantAidhasbeencontributingtothefosteringofweatherforecastersandtechniciansin11countriesintheregionbyprovidingthird-countrytrainingprograms.Incollaborationwiththistraining,weatherobservation facilitiesandcommunicationequipmentarebeingestablishedinSamoathroughGrantAid.

Since fiscal2010,JICAhasalsobeenworkingtosecureamethodofcommunicatingemergency information,suchasdisasterinformationforcommunicationtotheresidents,bysupporting the improvementof radiobroadcastingnetworksinTuvalu,whereatollislandsspreadacrossawideareaaroundthecapitalcity,andintheSolomonIslands,wheretheexistingbroadcastingequipmenthadbrokendown.

From Our Counterpart

Akisi KorodrauPrincipal Disaster Management Officer, Fiji National Disaster Management Offi ce (NDMO) Thepeopleinthecommunityareextremelyvulnerabletodamagefromflooding.Thatiswhyeducationalactivitiesimplementedaspartoftheprojectthatcanhelptheresidentstakedisasterpreventionmeasuresontheirownareimportant.JICA’sprojectischangingtheawarenessofthestaffoftheNDMO,particularlytheyoungerones.Weanticipatethatinthefuturetheresponsemeasuresbeingtakenagainstdisastersatthenationallevelwillbeintegratedwiththoseatthecommunitylevel.

From the Grassroots

Alice Mary BasileV i l lage Nurse of Tamboko V i l lage , Guadalcanal Province, Solomon Islands In the past when f looding occurred,peopleevacuatedafter theirhousesandbuildingsbecameflooded,andthisresultedinacontinuingstreamofdamagewithpeoplebeinginjuredandtheirprecioushouseholdgoodsbeingwashedaway.Theworkshopsandevacuationdrillshavehelpedresidentstounderstandtheappropriateactionsthatshouldbetakenatthetimeofflooding.Ifwatergaugesandraingaugesareinstalledinthefutureandwecanreceivewarningspriortotheflooding,itwillbecomepossibletotakemorepromptandsaferevacuationaction.Wewillalsobebetterabletoprotectthedrugsandthewirelessequipmentattheclinics,communicatedamageinformation,andgiveemergencymedicaltreatmenttotheevacuees.

A briefi ng session on a simplifi ed rain gauge held as part of the project in Nasolo Village, Fiji

Emergency response simulation conducted by the NDMO of the Solomon Islands

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JICA Programs in Europe (Fiscal 2010)The fi gure shows the total value of JICA programs in each country including Technical Cooperation (Training Participants, Experts, Study Teams, Provision of Equipment, JOCV and Other Volunteers, and Other costs), ODA Loans (Disbursements) and Grant Aid (Newly concluded G/A Agreements).Note: Figures in parentheses denote the percentage share of overall JICA programs in the region.Note : F igu res exc lude J ICA’s cooperation for multiple countries and international organizations.Note: The total amount includes JICA’s cooperation for developed countries.

Europe

Total: 75,018(Unit: millions of yen)

Moldova 73 (0.1%)

Turkey 54,577 (72.8%)

Ukraine 5,308 (7.1%)

Romania 9,653 (12.9%)

Bulgaria 254 (0.3%)Bosnia and Herzegovina 231 (0.3%)

Montenegro 620 (0.8%)

Albania 308 (0.4%)

Kosovo 635 (0.8%)

Serbia 1,015 (1.4%)

Macedonia 2,148 (2.9%)

Europe ─ Supporting Accession to the EU and Ethnic Co-existence in the Western Balkans

Region-Specifi c Activities and Initiatives

Key Aid Strategies Supporting Environmental Protection, the Private Sector, and Post-Confl ict Peacebuilding

Europe is a complex region with a long heritage of economic and cultural development. Most countries in the region have already joined the European Union (EU), and others are pursuing economic and social development with the intention of joining in the future. JICA’s assistance to the region places an emphasis on infrastructure development, environmental improvement and private sector development. The western Balkan region, in

JICAoperationsinEuropeoriginatedwithsupportfortheformerEasternBloccountriesandnewlyindependentformermembersoftheSovietUniontoassisttheirpursuitofmarketeconomicsystemsanddemocratizationfollowingtheG7Summitin1989. Withtheestablishmentof theEUin1993,EasternBloccountriessoughttopursuesocialandeconomicreformswithassistancefromtheinternationalcommunity,withtheaimofjoiningtheEU.In2004,theEUwasenlargedwiththeaccessionofthefourVisegradGroupcountries—comprisingHungary,Poland,theCzechRepublicandSlovakia—togetherwiththethreeBalticcountriesofEstonia,LatviaandLithuania,androundedoutbySlovenia,MaltaandCyprus.In2007,RomaniaandBulgariabecametheEU’snewestmembers.ThenewEUmemberstates

particular, has been marked by ethnic confl icts in the former Yugoslavia during the 1990s and early 2000s, creating the need to build stable social situations in which different ethnicities can co-exist together. JICA has provided assistance to Bosnia and Herzegovina designed to encourage ethnic co-existence. JICA has also initiated bilateral assistance to Kosovo, which declared independence in 2008.

wereremovedfromtheDAClistofODArecipientcountriesin2006.TechnicalCooperationprojectstoEUmemberstateswereconcludedinfiscal2008,exceptforcontinuingcooperationintheformofODALoanprojectsandfollowupprojects. ThewesternBalkansregion—comprisingthecountriesoftheformerYugoslaviaandAlbania—hasachievedameasureofreconstructionfromethnicconflictsandcivilwarsthatoriginatedwiththebreakupoftheformerYugoslaviainthe1990s.However,thecountriesinthisregionfacemanychallengesincludinghighratesofunemploymentandsimmeringethnictensions.FurthereconomicdevelopmentandenhancedgovernanceisneededforthesecountriestobeacceptedintotheEU.Moreandmorecountriesinthisregionhaveachievedeconomicdevelopmenton

Croatia 45 (0.1%)

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aparwiththenewlyindustrializedeconomies(NIES),butfurthereffortisneededtobuildstablesocialsituationsinwhichdifferentethnicitiescancoexisttogether,andpursueenvironmentalmeasures,whichhavebeenalowpriorityuntilnow. JICAisfocusingontheenvironmentandassistancefortheprivatesectortosupportcountriesinthewesternBalkanregionintheireffortstojointheEUandhelptoaddressglobalissues.BosniaandHerzegovinacontinuetobepoliticallyandsociallymarkedbyethnicsegregationthatstemsfromconflictduringthe1990s,motivatingJICAtofocusitseffortsonassistancetoencourageethnicco-existence.Kosovo,whichdeclaredindependencein2008,establisheddiplomaticrelationswithJapanin2009,andthegovernmentsofbothnationshaveconfirmedtheirintentionstoengageinfuturecooperation.Underthisframework,JICAinitiatedbilateralassistancein2010bydispatchingexpertstoKosovoandconductingtraininginJapan[ See the Case Study on page 76]. UkraineandMoldovaaresituatedinageopoliticallysignificantpositionbetweenRussiaandtheEU.Thetwonationscontinuetostriveforeconomicindependenceanddevelopment.Ukrainewasseverelyimpactedbytheglobalfinancialandeconomiccrisesthatbeganinthelate2008,andneedscriticalassistancetoenhancethenation’sbasiceconomicstrengthbysupportinginfrastructuredevelopmentandpromotinginvestment.MoldovaisEurope’sleastdevelopedcountrywithaGNIpercapitaofUS$1,590(WorldBank,2009)andisstillinneedofsustainedassistance. Turkeyhasachievedamoredevelopedstatus,butcontinuestoneedassistancetoaddressenvironmentalissues,correctdisparitiesandencourageSouth-Southcooperationasprioritiesforcooperation.

Priority Issues and Efforts

Maximizing Aid Effectiveness to Foster Graduation from the Need for ODA JICAcurrentlyextendsassistanceto12countriesinEurope.AsidefromMoldova,UkraineandKosovo,JICAhasnearlyconcludedallGrantAidtocountriesintheregion,withtheexceptionofcultural,grassrootsandhumansecurityGrantAid.JICAwillpursuecooperationcenteringonTechnicalCooperationandODALoans.InRomaniaandBulgaria,JICAisextendingODALoansandimplementingfollow-upprojects,whileassistancetoMoldovaandKosovoisbeingpursuedthroughTechnicalCooperationandGrantAid. JICA’scooperationaimstoleverageitsownexpertiseandJapan’sstrengths,whileconsideringtherecipientcountry’sEUtiesandpotentialtograduatefromtheneedforODAinthefuture.JICAisimplementinghighlyfocusedTechnicalCooperationandprojectsthatcanbelocallypursuedthroughtrainingandfollow-upintherecipientnation.Thereisalsoaneedtoimplementprojects

thatcanproduceregion-wideresults. ManycountriesinEuropethatareeligibleforODALoanshaveequaledtheperformanceoftheNIEs.Inthesecountries,ODALoansfocusonenvironmentalimprovementasaglobalissuethatdemandscontinuedassistance. JICAispursuingTechnicalCooperationincoordinationwithODALoansandschemesforGrantAid,whilealsoexaminingcollaborationwithotherassistanceagenciesandtheprivatesector.TheseinitiativesareaimedatmaximizingthebenefitsderivedfromODAassistance.

Since the confl ict, Croatian, Serbian and Bosniak high school students have been educated under different curricula according to their ethnicity. Progress is being made in trials of “informatics” classes, using a shared curriculum developed based on a program for Japanese high schools (Project on Informatics Curricula Modernization in BiH).

The Project for Confi dence-Building in Srebrenica on Agricultural and Rural Enterprise Development (SACRED),Bosnia and Herzegovina: Beekeeping has been restarted after ceasing for many years due to the confl ict. It requires a high level of skill, therefore the locals are teaching one another. They have begun shipping the product. Vegetables and seeds are being produced for sale in greenhouses. JICA provides technical assistance to returnees in order to help them obtain an income.

75

Start of the First Post-Independence Full-Scale Technical Cooperation Project

Case Study Kosovo The Project for Enhancement of the Capacity for Waste Management toward Sound Material-cycle Society

In January 2011, JICA began cooperation in the solid waste sector in Kosovo’s second city of Prizren. This represents the fi rst full-scale Technical Cooperation project for Kosovo, which gained independence in 2008.

Aiming at Improving Garbage-Collection Rates Japan recognizedKosovoasanationimmediatelyfollowingitsindependenceandestablisheddiplomatic relationswith thecountryinFebruary2009.AsofFebruary2011,75nationsrecognizeKosovo’sindependence,and thenext step for thecountry is theimmediatediplomaticchallengeposedbyaccessiontointernationalorganizationssuchastheUnitedNations.AccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU) isanticipatedinthefuture,butKosovomustquicklymeetstrictenvironmentalcriteriainordertoqualify. Tothisend,JICAhascommencedeffortsaimedatimprovingKosovo’smanagementofsolidwaste,whichiscurrentlythemostseriousissueitfacesintheenvironmentalsector. InPrizren,themajorityofwasteismanagedviathecollectionofcontainerssetonstreetcornersandinopenspaces,intowhichtheinhabitantsdisposeofgarbagewhenevertheylike.Thesecontainersarepickedupbycollectiontrucksandtransportedtodisposalsites.However,oldurbandistrictsexist inPrizrencrisscrossedbymanynarrowalleysthatmaketheuseofcollectiontrucksimpossible.Forthisreason,thegarbageinthecontainersmustbecollectedeitherbytractororpushcart.Moreover,thecontainerslackdurabilityandanygarbagethatcannotfitintothemtendstospilloutintothesurroundingarea,creatinginsanitaryconditions.

Duetotheincreasingvolumeofsolidwasteassociatedwith the lackanddilapidationofcollectionequipmentand thedramaticpopulation increase in recentyears, themanagementofwasteisbecomingevermoredifficult,withtheresultthatcurrenturbangarbagecollectionratesarearound50%.

Introducing Japanese Garbage-Collection Systems In response to thissituation,JICAhaslaunchedapilotprojectaimedatservingboththeurbanandmountainareasofPrizren,andplansarebeingmadetointroducefixed-time,fixed-sitecollectionusinggarbagebags.Sincegarbageisonlytakenoutatspecifictimes,thesituationinvolvinggarbagecontinuallyoverflowingatalltimeswillbeameliorated,whichisexpectedinturntoimprovethetown’sscenicappearanceandhygienesituation.Furthermore, it ish o p e d t h a t t h eproject wil l spuru n d e r s t a n d i n gamong the localresidentsregarding

separatedwastecollection,andthatthiswillhelpdriverecyclinginthefuture. Environmentaleducationandenlightenmentactivitiestoallowlocalresidentstogainthisunderstandingarealsoplanned,whilesmall-andmedium-sizedcollectionvehiclesoftypesusedinJapan,whichcanalsocollectgarbagefrom thenarrowalleys,willbeprovidedthroughGrantAid.Thesevehicleswillalsobeaccompaniedbyacharacteristicsoundwhencollectinginordertoinformtheresidents. TheobjectiveofthisprojectistoprovidepracticalsupportusingexperiencealreadygainedbyJapaninthefieldofsolidwastemanagement, therebycontributing to theestablishmentofawastemanagementprogramthatissuitedtothesituationinKosovo,firstlybyturningtheoldhistoriccityofPrizren,thespiritualhometownofmanyKosovars, intothecleanestcityinthecountry,andthenbyextendingthesemeasuresnationwide.

From the Partner Country’s Government Offi cial

Edon CanaOfficial, Kosovo’s Ministry of European Integration SupportfromJapanisbeingwelcomednotonlybyresidentsoftheproject’stargetregion,butfromthenationasawhole.Themethodofdevelopingasystem,whichincludespoliticalcapacityinordertocontributetoanincreaseinthestandardoflivingforlocalresidents,ratherthanbysimplyprovidingitemsandmaterials,isextremelyimportantinthesensethatitwillalsoraisethepotentialforself-relianceinfuturedevelopment.

From Our Expert

Yumi YasudaAdvisor for Japanese Aid Coordination Thisprojectiscapableofmakingadirectcontributiontothehealthandhappinessofpeoplewho liveeachdayat themercyofpoliticalandsocialcomplexities.Iwanttoworkhardtoensurethatbeforelong,eachandeverycitizenwillbeabletoliveabetterlife.

The basic agreement on the Technical Cooperation project was signed on January 26, 2011, after which the fi rst assistance for Kosovo was set in motion.

Litter in empty lots and around the riversides of Prizren is very noticeable—the appropriate management of waste is an urgent matter.

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Co

ncrete Initiatives

Comprehensive Disaster Prevention Aid Utilizing Japanese Technology and Knowledge

Case Study Turkey Program for Improving Disaster Preparedness

Support for Strengthening the Seismic Observation Network and Improving Research Capabilities In order to min imize damage f romearthquakesinIstanbul,themaincenterofeconomicandsocialactivityinTurkey,JICAhasimplementedarangeofcooperationmeasures. Examples of these measures includeTechnical Cooperation andprovision ofmaterialsforseismicobservationandseismicengineering from1993 through2000,aswellastechnologyfortheestablishmentofanearthquakedisasterpreventionprograminIstanbul.Inaddition,since2003,aseriesofTechnicalCooperationprojectshasbeenprovided,focusingonlocalseminarsbyshort-termconsultantsandtraininginJapanforrelevantparties,withtheobjectiveofraisingawarenessaboutdisasterpreventionamongadministrativeofficialssuchasprovincialgovernorsandmayors.ThisinitiativehasbeenhighlyappreciatedbythepeopleofTurkey.

Seismic Reinforcement Work to Protect Urban Functioning Furthermore,in2002,JICAsignedanODA

LoanagreementwiththeTurkishgovernmenttoprovidealoanofupto12.022billionyenforseismicreinforcementworkonbridgesandelevatedstructuresbuiltontheBosphorus.Theprojectintroducedtheconceptof“seismicisolation”toTurkeyforthefirsttime,becomingacooperationprojectthattookadvantageofJapaneseengineering.

The First Specialized Project for Disaster Prevention Education TheSchoolBasedDisasterEducationProject,whichbeganinJanuary2011,isaimedatdevelopingthecapacityofteacherstoteachclassesondisasterprevention,andatcreatingasystemtoaddressthe issueofdisasterpreventioneducationacrossentireschools. In the interestsof extendingdisasterpreventioneducationnationwideinTurkey,theproject’smostsubstantial feature isits useof a training system forTurkishteachers.TheapproachofdevelopingdisasterpreventioneducationandextendingitthroughtheframeworkofthepubliceducationsystemisalsoafirstforJICA.Theprojecttargetselementaryandsecondaryschoolsineightprovinces intheMarmaraRegionandtwoneighboringprovinces,whichhadbeenaffectedbytheMarmaraEarthquakeandareathighriskofanotherearthquakeinthefuture. Inthefirststageoftheproject,inMarch2011,atotaloftenuniversityteachersandMinistryofNationalEducationstaffinvolvedinthedevelopmentofacurriculumforteachertraininginTurkeyvisitedJapan.TheylearnedabouttheexperienceJapanhasaccumulated

inareassuchasmethodsofdisasterpreventioneducation,basedonthelessonslearnedaftertheGreatHanshin-AwajiEarthquake,aM7.2earthquakewhichoccurred in1995andresultedin6,000deaths.Basedontheoutputsofthistraining,effortsarenowunderwaytoestablishateacher-trainingcurriculumondisasterpreventioneducation,andtodevelopinstructorsforteachertraining.

The Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011 ForaperiodofapproximatelythreeweeksfromMarch21,2011,a32-memberTurkishaidandreliefteamworkedonrubbleremovalandon thesearch formissingpersons inShichigahama,MiyagiPrefecture,receivinghighpraisefromlocalresidents.Turkeyalsosentasubstantialquantityofaidsupplies. Inthewakeoftherecentearthquake,thefriendlyrelationshipbuiltupbetweenJapanandTurkeythroughmanyyearsofcooperationhasbecomeevenstronger.JICAwillcontinuetoworktogetherwithTurkeyinthefieldofdisasterprevention.

From Our Counterpart

Yurt NecatiSection Director, Ministry of National Education, Teacher Training Department(Project Manager/

Team Leader)

Workingtogether, theTeacherTrainingDepartmentandJICAaimto increasetheknowledgeandabilityconcerningdisasterpreventionoftheadministrators,teachers,pupilsandparentsof80pilotschools intheproject’stargetregions.Wearestrivingtodevelopamorethoroughgoingdisasterpreventionprogramfortheseandotherschools. Thegoaloftheprojectistocreate“modeldisasterpreventionplansforschools,”whilealso improving the current educationalmaterialsandcurriculausedinelementaryschools.Inaddition,arangeoforganizationsarecooperatingtodevelopeducatorswhoareabletoplayacentralroleintheregion,byconductingtrainerstraininginanumberofareasincludingdisasterpreventioneducation,disasterpreventionmanagementanddisasterriskmitigation.Ultimately,amajorobjectiveoftheproject istocontributetoimprovingawareness regardingdisasterpreventionamongpeoplenationwide. Wewouldliketosincerelythankeveryonewhohassupportedthisproject,beginningwithJICA.

People involved in a cooperation project visited elementary schools in the target regions where they gave explanations and exchanged opinions on a project for disaster prevention education to teachers, parents and pupils.

Large-scale bridges in Istanbul for which seismic reinforcement work has been completed.

The Marmara Earthquake in Turkey in 1999 resulted in more than 17,000 victims and caused damage on an enormous scale. Japan provided large-scale aid through the dispatch of Japan Disaster Relief teams, provision of emergency supplies, dispatch of specialists in temporary housing construction, and an emergency ODA Loan (totaling 23.6 billion yen) to assist those affected. The Marmara region, which includes Istanbul, is considered to be at high risk of a large-scale earthquake occurring in the near future, and cooperation in the fi eld of disaster prevention continues.

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The Eight MDGs

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Achieve universal primary education

Promote gender equality and empower women

Reduce child mortality

Improve maternal health

Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Develop a global partnership for development

Ensure environmental sustainability

Issue-Specific Activities and Initiatives

Logos created by the NPO Hottokenai Sekai no Mazushisa (Don’t let it be – World Poverty)

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ─ The Attention and Cooperation of the International Community are

Essential in the Resolution of Issues of Poverty and Human Development

Defining Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

DuringtheMillenniumSummitheld inSeptember2000inwhich189countriesparticipated,theUnitedNations(UN)MillenniumDeclarationwasadopted,anditsetthegoalstobeachievedbytheinternationalcommunityinthe21stcentury.TheDeclarationservedtoclarifythedirectionandroleoftheUNonissuesofpeaceandsecurity,developmentandpoverty,theenvironment,humanrights,andprotectingthevulnerable.TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)werethenestablishedasacommonframeworkbyintegratingthisMillenniumDeclarationandthe internationaldevelopmentgoalsadoptedbymajorinternationalconferencesandsummitsinthe1990s.TheMDGsconsistofeightgoalstobeachievedby2015. InSeptember2005,fiveyearsaftertheMillenniumDeclaration,theUNhostedaMillennium+5Summitattendedbyover170HeadsofStatetoundertakeacomprehensivereviewoftheprogressmadeoneffortsproposedintheDeclaration,including

theMDGs.Theoutcomestatementdeclaredtheinternationalcommunity’sstrongcommitmenttoachievedevelopmentgoalsbasedoncountryownershipandpartnership. AttheUNMDGSummitheldinSeptember2010,itwasdeemedthattheachievementoftheMDGsby2015isfeasiblewiththefurthereffortsoftheinternationalcommunity,whiletheprogresstowardstheMDGsvariesbygoalandregionandchallengesremain,includingrisingfoodprices,economiccrises,climatechange,andconflict.Inthiscontext,theGovernmentofJapanunveiledtheKanCommitment,whichsetsoutspecificmeasuresintheareasofhealth,includingmaternalandchildhealth,andeducation,beginningwithbasiceducation—theareaswhereprogresshasbeenslow. Inordertofollow-upontheMDGSummit,JICAco-hostedtheMDGsFollow-UpMeetinginTokyowiththeGovernmentofJapan,theWorldBank,theUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),andtheUnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF).JICAsharedwithparticipantsaswellastheinternationalcommunitythelessonslearnedandprovidedknowledgefortheachievementoftheMDGsintheremainingfiveyears.

JICA Activities to Achieve the MDGs

JICAhasbeenworkingtowardpovertyreductionthroughacomprehensiveapproach integratinghuman resourcedevelopmentandcapacitydevelopment, improvements inpoliciesandinstitutions,anddevelopmentofsocialandeconomicinfrastructureindevelopingcountries. JICAistakinginitiativesfortheachievementoftheMDGsbasedonthefollowingperspectives.

Human Security and the MDGs—JICA’s Philosophy to Achieve the MDGs JICArecognizes“HumanSecurity”asanimportantconceptforachievingtheMDGs,whichfocusesonpeopleandtakesaholisticviewofthevariousthreatsthattheyface.Asoneofthevitalapproachestorealize“HumanSecurity,”JICAsupports“CapacityDevelopment”indevelopingcountries,whichhelpsthemovercomeproblemsandmanagerisks.Further,theroleofinfrastructureindevelopmentiscritical.JICAexpandscooperationin“infrastructuredevelopment”asafoundationthatunderpinspeople’spotential. JICA isstrengthening the followingactions toward theachievementofthe2015targets.

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ncrete Initiatives

JICA’s MDGs Achievement Efforts

Basic principleHumanSecurity

MDGsMillennium Declaration

PerspectiveFreedomfromFear

Peacebuilding,preventingdisasters,infectious

diseases,environmentalproblems,etc.

Freedom from WantPro-poorgrowth,socialdevelopment,improving

governance,etc.

ApproachCapacity Development

Top-downapproach(Protection)

▼People/communities

▲Bottom-upapproach

(Empowerment)Support for infrastructure

development

Applying the Experiences of Asia to the World—Poverty Reduction through Sustained and Inclusive Growth InAsia,integratedeffortsfordevelopingeconomicandsocialinfrastructure,humanresourcesandinstitutionshavepromotedthegrowthoftheprivatesectorandledtoeconomicgrowthandmoreemploymentopportunities.Economicgrowthhascontributedtostrengthenthefinancialfoundationsofgovernmentsandexpandingpublicexpendituresinsocialsectorssuchaseducation,healthandmedicalfields. Throughitsownexperienceswithmodernization,postwarreconstructionandcooperationtoAsiancountries,Japanhaslearnedthatownershipofdevelopingcountriesisthedrivingforceofdevelopment,andthatcontinuousinclusivegrowthisessentialtosustainandscaleupoutcomesofdevelopment,includingthe

achievementoftheMDGs.JICAcontinuestosharethesuccessfullessonslearnedfromAsiawithpeoplearoundtheworld.

Overcoming Global Risks around the MDGs—Taking Measures to Tackle Global Issues ProblemssuchasclimatechangeandrisingenergyandfoodpricesarehighriskfactorsthatcouldbedetrimentaltotheachievementoftheMDGs,anditisessentialtotakeappropriatemeasuresagainstthoseglobalrisks.Also,theachievementoftheMDGsandpeacebuildingarecloselyrelatedtooneanother,andhencemoreeffortsneedtobemadefortheconsolidationofpeacethroughpreventionofarmedconflictsandtheirrecurrence. JICAaimstoachievetheMDGsandensurethatresultsremainintothefuturebyboostingeffortsdirectlyrelatedtotheMDGssuchaseducation,healthandwater,andbycounteringpotentialrisksdetrimentaltoachievingthegoals.

Catalyzing Development Partnerships Inrecentyears,emergingcountriesareactivelyexpandinginternationalcooperation,andactorsengagingindevelopmentissueshavebecomemorediverse,asseenintheexpansionoftheSouth-SouthCooperationbetweendevelopingcountries.NGOsandprivatefoundationsarealsoincreasinglyinvolvedindevelopmentcooperation,andprivateenterprisesarealsoexpandingcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)activities.Itisimportanttobuildandutilizeeffectivenetworksamongthoseactorstoenhancethequalityofdevelopmentcooperation.Further,tostrengthencollectiveeffortstoachievetheMDGsthroughthesepartnerships,morefinancialresourcesarerequiredfromsuchsourcesasODA,privateinvestmentandinnovativemechanismsincludingInternationalSolidarityLevies. JICAcontinuestoenhancedevelopmenteffectivenessbyfacilitatingSouth-Southandtriangularcooperation,andexploringclosepartnershipswithNGOsandtheprivatesector.

TheMDGsarethespecificobjectivesofthedevelopmentagendaoutlinedintheMillenniumDeclaration.JICAisworkingtowardachievingtheMDGsandsustainingtheoutcomesofthisachievementbyprovidingcooperationbasedontheprincipleof“HumanSecurity.”Thisprinciplehastwoaspects:1)Perspective:Addressingtheneedfornotonly“freedomfromwant”butalso“freedomfromfear”2)Approach:Applyingbothtop-downandbottom-upapproachestosupporttheendogenousprocessofenhancingthecapacitiesofdevelopingcountriesfordealingwiththeirownproblems(“CapacityDevelopment”)Underpinningtheseeffortsiscooperationintheareaofinfrastructuredevelopment.

A child holding onto a mother and child health handbook (Philippines)[Photo by Kenshiro Imamura]

Rice seedlings being removed (Tanzania).

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Issue-Specific Activities and Initiatives

The lack of utility infrastructure and frameworks for its operation and management hinders economic progress in many developing countries. Thus, JICA assists in infrastructure establishment and the development of the economy in these respective countries. Although rapid urbanization can boost efficiency in economic activities and drive economic development, it can also trigger problems, such as the worsening of living environments, traffic congestion, unstable security, as well as increased disparities between urban and rural areas.

The promotion of effective urban and regional development requires not only region-specific approaches, but also planning on a macro scale, keeping in mind the linkages with other regions and cross-border economic zones. With a view to developing sustainable economic infrastructure, JICA establishes urban and regional development plans which take stock of suitable social systems and institutions. Based on these plans, JICA is extending cooperation for the development of transportation infrastructures and information and communication networks, as well as for strengthening the organizations and human resources which maintain and manage these infrastructures and networks.

Of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), relevant goals are shown in color.

Urban and Regional Development

Overview of Issue Theworld’spopulationhasbeenestimatedtoincreaseto7billionpeoplein2011.Althoughonly13%oftheworld’spopulationlivedinurbanareasin1900,rapidurbanizationpromptedthefiguretoincreasebyover50%in2006.Thisgrowthtendencyisparticularlypronouncedindevelopingcountries,andabout80%oftheworld’surbanpopulationisexpectedtobecenteredindevelopingcountriesby2030. Theeffectsofrapidurbandevelopmentmaydriveeconomicexpansionbutcanalsogiverisetopoorlivingenvironments,trafficcongestion,airandwaterpollution,increasedgarbage,lackofpublicsecurityandthebuildupofslumsareas.Italsowidensthegapbetweenurbanandruralareas,whichleadstoseveralproblemssuchasregionaleconomicdeterioration,outdatedsocialinfrastructuresanddeficientpublicservices. JICAbelievesthatall issuescannotberesolvedfromanindividualperspectiveandthataholisticapproachtodevelopmentinurbanareasorregionsiscrucialtoreducethesenegativeeffectsduetorapidurbanization.

JICA Activities JICA’seffortstosustainurbanandregionaldevelopmentindevelopingcountriesincludebothurbanmasterplanningandcomprehensiveregionalplanning.Also,itconductssurveys,TechnicalAssistanceandcooperationtofacilitatetheexecutionoftheseplans,whichcontributestoeconomicgrowthandimprovedstandardsofliving. Masterplansanddevelopmentplansareformulatedbasedonthefollowingfiveperspectives:

1)Takeanintegratedandcomprehensiveapproachonthediverseissuesintheurbanareasorregion2)Emphasizecapacitydevelopmentacrossalladministrativeagencies,socialorganizationsandcommunitiestoadvanceurbanandregionaldevelopment3)Enhanceregionaladministrativesystemsinlinewiththecountry’sstateofaffairs4)Correctdisparitiesbetweenregionsbypromotingbalancedregionaldevelopmentthatrecognizestheperspectivesofitsresidents5)Encouragebalancedeconomicdevelopmentthatpreventsthenegativeeffectsofurbanization Basedontheabove,JICAwillanalyzeurbanandregionalproblems,createamid- to long-termvision, formulatedevelopmentpoliciesandsector-specificdevelopmentplans,andproposeactionplansfortheirimplementation.Byimplementing

Economic Infrastructure Development

─ A Holistic Response to Urban and Regional Issues Based on a Macro Perspective

A structural drawing of the future city proposed by The Study on Integrated Development Strategy for Danang City and Its Neighboring Area conducted in Viet Nam. The Study established a holistic development strategy and plan which achieves a balance between industry, tourism, commerce, and residential areas.

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ncrete Initiatives

Internally displaced children in Northern Uganda attending class outside due to a shortage of classrooms. In the Amuru District in Northern Uganda, a region headed towards reconstruction in the aftermath of the 20-year conflict, JICA is extending cooperation to establish a community development model necessary for promoting the return and settlement of internally displaced persons.

multipleprojectsbasedonamasterplanincoordinationwitheachother,JICAstrivestomaximizethedevelopmentimpact.Comprehensive and Internally-Driven Processes JICAhasconductednumerousurbanandregionaldevelopmentcooperationtodate.Inorderforthepeopleinthedevelopingcountriestobeabletorealizethedevelopmentplansontheirowninthefuture,cooperationforurbanandregionaldevelopmentmustprioritizecomprehensivenessand internally-drivenapproaches. Inparticular,itisnecessarytodevelopthecapacitiesofpeoplewhoworkatthecounterpartorganizationandareresponsibleforimplementingtheurbanandregionaldevelopmentplans.Itisimportanttoreviewtheorganization’sschemefordevelopinghumanresources,aswellas thesocialand institutionalmechanismsforthepurposeoftheorganization’sfunctiontoworkeffectivelyandsufficiently.Itisincumbentondonorstocooperateoninternally-drivenprocesseswhichwillfacilitatepeople indevelopingcountriesto identifyandaddresstheissuescomprehensivelywiththeirownefforts,attheindividual,organizational,societalandinstitutionallevels.JICAisextendingcooperationwhichconsistentlyprioritizescomprehensivenessandinternally-drivenprocesses,througheverystageoftheformulationandimplementationofurbanandregionaldevelopmentplansindevelopingcountries.Regional Development from a Macro Perspective Asregionalneedsdiversify,thereareanincreasingnumberofissuesthatrequireaholisticapproachbasedonanurbanorregionalperspective,ratherthananapproachthatresolvesissuesindividually.Thisapproachmustadoptacross-bordermacro

perspectivebylookingattheregionmorebroadlyfrommultipleangles,insteadofsupportingthedevelopmentofagriculturalareasleftbehindintheeconomicgrowth.Atthesametime,initiativesincreasinglyneedtotakeaccountofglobalissues,includingclimatechange.

Transportation

Overview of Issue Indevelopingcountries,theslowdevelopmentoftransportationinfrastructure,includingroads,railways,portsandairports,hasimpededeconomicgrowthandcontributedtopoverty.Transportationinfrastructureisthemeansforthemovementofpeopleandgoods,anditsdevelopmentisindispensabletosustainablegrowth. Thedemandfortransportationinfrastructuredevelopmentishighworldwide,andtheneedtomaintain,repairandupgradeagingstructures is rising rapidly.Theseprojects requiresignificantfinancing,andsecuringfundsisabigchallenge.Thelimitedpublicfundsavailablearenotsufficienttodevelopallnecessaryinfrastructures.Otherfundingsourcesneedtobesecured,includingprivatecapital,inordertosustainablyprovidetransportationserviceswhichmeetdemandwhileatthesametimearenotbeingwasted. Furthermore,assistance isneededfor initiativeswhichenhancetheenvironmentandsocietyofthecounterpartcountry,includinginitiativesfortheeliminationoftrafficcongestionthroughtheintroductionofmodesofpublictransportationand

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changesintransportationmethods;CO2reductionsthroughmoreefficientdistributionmeans;andairpollutantcontrol.

JICA Activities JICA’smaingoalforcooperationintransportationistheswift,smoothandsafetransportationofgoodsandpeopleinordertovitalizesocioeconomicactivitiesandtoultimatelyimproveincomelevelsandenrichpeople’slives. Itisnotmerelyenoughtosimplybuildroadsandbridgestoestablishfreightandtransportationinfrastructureindevelopingcountries.Theinfrastructurealsorequirestheestablishmentofaplantoensureanefficienttransportationsystem,thedevelopmentofhumanresourcesandthestrengtheningoforganizationsthatwillappropriatelymaintainandmanagetheinfrastructure,andthecreationofsocialandinstitutionalarrangementsthatsupporttheorganizations.JICAactivelypromotesparticipatorycooperationwiththeresidentsandcollaborationwithNGOswithafocusonthebeneficiaries,includingusersandresidents,inviewofwhowillusethesystemandforwhatpurpose. Inaddition,cooperationforthetransportationsectorneeds

toconsideravarietyofperspectives,including:“internationaltransportation”forpromotingtheinternationalflowofgoodsandpeopleandthedevelopmentofregionaleconomiczoneswhichtranscendborders;“nationaltransportation”whichensurespeople’sfairaccesstotransportationandbalancednationaldevelopment;“urbantransportation”whichsupportssustainableurbandevelopmentandenhanceslivingstandards;and“ruraltransportation”forimprovingthelivingstandardsofruralareaswhichtendtobeleftbehindfromdevelopment.TheaimofJICAisindeedtoachieve“inclusiveanddynamicdevelopment.”Cross-border Transportation Infrastructure Cooperationmaybe required for thedevelopmentoftransportationinfrastructureinmultiplecountries,acrossnationalborders,e.g.,thosewhichconnectanocean-sidecountrywithalandlockedcountry. JICAviewscross-bordertransportationasawaytopromotetheintegrationofeconomicmarketsoverawideregionacrossnationalborders.Cross-bordertransportationinfrastructurewillrequireaholisticapproach,includingthedevelopmentofdomesticinfrastructureandborderfacilities,suchascustoms

In the capital city of Bangkok, Thailand, the purple line of the mass transit system, connecting Bangkok and the neighboring Nonthaburi Province, is being constructed with the provision of ODA Loans.

Namibe Port in Angola which was repaired with Grant Aid Vietnamese airport officials visited Japan for training in Japan. The photo shows the officials receiving an on-site lecture about facility management at Narita Airport.

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ncrete Initiatives

Holistic Assistance for the Introduction of Viet Nam’s First Urban Railway System

Case Study Viet Nam Urban Railway Program

JICA is extending assistance for the introduction of urban railway systems in both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. This is a holistic urban railway development initiative, which integrates ODA Loans, Technical Cooperation, and private partnerships, and covers the stages of planning; construction; operation, maintenance and management; and urban development along railroads. In Viet Nam’s major cities of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, rapid economic growth and urbanization in recent years have caused an increase in traffic volume of motorbikes and vehicles. This has worsened traffic congestion and raised concerns about adverse effects on economic and social activities. Furthermore, vehicle traffic has contributed to the grave problem of air pollution.

Drawing on Japan’s Experience and Technologies In light of these circumstances, JICAsupportedtheformulationofurbandevelopmentmasterplans,includingurbantransportationplansforHoChiMinhCityandHanoi.Bothplansrecommendedtheintroductionofamassrapidtransitsystemaspartofashifttowardasystemofpublictransportation. Basedontherecommendation,inHoChiMinhCity,JICAprovidedODALoansfortheconstructionofLine1(approximately19.7kmbetweenBenThanhandSuoiTien),whichhadthehighestpriority. InHanoi,JICA isprovidingassistancethroughODALoansfortheconstructionofLine1(11kmbetweenGiaLamandGiapBat,4kmaroundNgocHoistation)andLine2(12kmbetweenNamThangLongandTranHungDao)oftheurbanrailwaysrecommendedinthemasterplan. BecauseJapanesecompaniespossessadvancedtechnologiesintheareaofurbanrailway, theSpecialTerms forEconomicPartnership (STEP)willbeapplied to theODALoanprojects.For the trafficsignal,communicationsystems,andthetraincarparts,Japaneseproductsareexpectedtobedeliveredandutilized.Furthermore,Japanese

railwayoperatorsnotonlydeveloprailwaysbutalsopossessuniquebusinessmodels,includingurbandevelopmentmodelsforrealestatedevelopmentalongraillines.ItisexpectedthatJapan’sexperiencewithurbandevelopmentinconnectionwithrailwayswillalsobeharnessedforthedevelopmentofurbanrailwaysystemsinHanoiandHoChiMinhCity. Constructionwillbeginin2012forLine1inHoChiMinhCity,andoperationsaretargetedtostartin2017.Line1inHanoiisexpectedtoopenin2017andLine2in2016.

Assistance for Maintenance and Development of Neighboring Areas VietNamlacksexperience inoperatingandmaintainingurbanrailwaysystems.Anewcompanymustthereforebelaunchedtocarryouttheoperationsandmaintenance.Beginningin2011,JICAhascommencedaTechnicalCooperationprojecttosupporttheestablishmentofanoperationandmaintenancecompanyforurbanrailwayinHoChiMinhCity,whileasimilarcooperationisbeingconsideredforHanoi. Urbanrailwaysystemsalsorequire theestablishmentof technicalstandardsandstandardspecifications.Thus,JICAsupported

theformulationoftechnicalstandardsforurbanrailwaysystemsthroughaDevelopmentStudyproject(2008-2009). Furthermore, in order topromote theuseofurbanrailwayamongpeopleusedtocommutingbymotorbikes,thedevelopmentof the trainstations’surroundingarea isessential inadditiontothedevelopmentofrailways.Thisincludesthedevelopmentoffacilitieswhichenhanceriderconvenience,includingparkinglotsforcarsandbicyclesaswellasbusterminalsforcommutingtoworkandschool.JICAisprovidingassistanceforthedevelopmentofareasacrossthemajorstationsofLines1and2andthedevelopmentofareasalongrailwaylinesinHanoi.Additionally,forHoChiMinhCity,JICAisimplementingastudywithprivatecompaniesinordertopresentaholisticproposalforthedevelopmentoftheBenThanhstationthatwillincludeanundergroundmall.BenThanhstationwillserveasaterminalstationconnectingtoothertrainlines. Moving forward,JICAwill continue tosupporturbandevelopmentinHanoiandHoChiMinhCitythroughtheintroductionoftheurbanrailwaysystem,whilemakingfulluseofJapan’srailwaytechnologiesandexperience.

The significant increase in road traffic has made road congestion a critical issue. In Ho Chi Minh City, the average travelling speed of vehicles is projected to worsen from 23.8km per hour in 2002 to 13.3km per hour in 2020.

An image of an elevated bridge which crosses Saigon River, heading from central Ho Chi Minh City toward the suburbs

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andimmigrationoffices;thedevelopmentofaregionalnetworkallowingaregion-wideflowofpeopleandgoods;simplifiedbordercrossingprocedurestopromotecross-border transportation;and thedevelopmentofsoftinfrastructure,suchashumanresourcesdevelopment. Theaimistovitalizetheeconomiesofthecountriesandregionbypromotingcross-border transportation,and itsdevelopmentwillalsorequireplanningandimplementationthroughmultilateralcooperation.Nonetheless,JICArecognizesthat the benef i ts of cross-bordertransportationmayyielddisproportionategainstoeconomicallystrongerregions,aswellasleadtocrimesandthespreadofdiseasessuchasHIV/AIDS.JICAtakesintoaccountthepossibilityofthesenegativeimpactsinadvancingitscooperationwhileconsideringmeasurestoaddressthem.

Information Technology (IT)

Overview of Issue Informationtechnology(IT)hasbeenadvancingremarkablyindevelopedcountries.Applicable in theadministrative,socialandeconomicfields,IThasbeenusedtocomputerizecentralgovernmentoperations(e-governance),educateviatheInternet(e-learning)andfacilitatedigitaltradeandcommerce(e-commerce).ITalsohasthepotentialtosupportavarietyof improvements, includingincreasingtheefficiencyoftheeconomicandsocialsystemsofcountries,raisingproductivity,andenhancingthequalityoflife. Inmanydevelopingcountries,however,thespreadofIThasbeenslow.Thishasledtoadigitaldividewithdevelopedcountries,whichinturnhasworsenedeconomicdisparities.

JICA Activities JICAbelievesclosingthedigitaldivideisnecessarytoincreasetheeffectivenessandefficiencyofvariouscooperationprograms.BypromotingITuseindevelopingcountries,JICAiscontributingtotheeliminationofthedigitaldivide. AttheG8Kyushu-OkinawaSummitofJuly2000,Japanasserteditsstancetohelpbridgethedigitaldivideindevelopingcountriesthroughdistance learningandothermeans.TheJapanesegovernmentalsoannounceditsplantouseODAfundsmoreeffectivelyandestablishITbasesin30locations.Throughtheseactions,JICAhasalsotackledeffortstocorrectthedigitaldivideindevelopingcountriesmainlyinAsia[ See the Case Study

on page 72].IT Policies Linked to Social and Economic Development JICAoffersthefollowingfiveapproachestoaddressthedelayedintroductionofITindevelopingcountries:

1) ImproveITpolicy-planningcapabilities:DispatchadvisorstosupporttheformulationofITpoliciesinsuchareasasnationalstrategyconcerningelectroniccommunicationanddevelopmentofrelevantindustry.2) Developcommunicationinfrastructure:Formulateaplantodevelopcentralcommunicationnetworksandruralcommunicationinfrastructure,andreinforcetheirmaintenanceandmanagementsystems.3) ImproveaideffectivenessandefficiencythroughITuse:IncreaseprojecteffectivenessandefficiencybyadoptingITingovernmentadministrativedepartmentsandusingITforcooperationprojectsinavarietyofsectors,includingeducation,healthcare,andcommerce.4)TrainskilledITpersonnel: ImplementahumanresourcedevelopmentprojecttoenhancethecapabilitiesoftechniciansandpolicyplannersinordertofurtherspreadITusage.ThisstepcomprisesalargeproportionofJICA’sITsupportefforts.5)Broadcasting:ExtendcooperationtospreadJapanese-styledigitalterrestrialbroadcasting,whichcanwithstandinterferencesandpermitsstablereception,etc.

The satellite hub antenna and the Japan-Pacific ICT Center constructed with Grant Aid at the University of the South Pacific in Fiji, in order to serve as the hub facility for ICT in the Oceania region. Technical Cooperation projects currently being implemented include the establishment of new ICT bachelor’s degree courses and the enhancement of the satellite communication network.

A class being held at the ICT Center Lab

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Co

ncrete Initiatives

Warehouse and Management Office

Administrative OfficeGuard Station

(Existing 35m pier)

Pier: Length approx. 200m × width 18m

Contributing to the Building of a New State through Port Distribution Promotion

Case Study South Sudan The Project for Improvement of Juba River Port / The Project for Enhancement of Operation and Management Capacity of Inland Waterway in Southern Sudan

Water transportation by the Nile River is critically important to South Sudan which does not border any ocean. JICA, coupled with the plan to construct a pier, etc. at Juba Port through Grant Aid, has commenced a Technical Cooperation project which will strengthen the port’s management capabilities. With South Sudan obtaining independence in July 2011, JICA will promote cooperation for both hard and soft infrastructure with a view to contributing to the building of the new state through the promotion of the distribution system.

Lifeline Supporting the Reconstruction AftertheComprehensivePeaceAgreementwasreachedin2005betweentheSouthandNorthwhichconcludeda20-yearcivilwar,anAutonomousGovernmentofSouthernSudanwasestablishedandsouthernSudanhasmadeprogresstowardsreconstruction. Thesmoothdistributionofgoodsinandoutsideofthecountryisrequiredforadvancingpost-warreconstruction.However,thearterialroadlinkingSouthandNorthSudanisnotcompleteandtransportationcapabilitiesarelimited.TheinlandwaterrouteoftheNileRiver,linkingtheRedSeaandtheJubaPortthroughacentralportintheNorth,servesasalifelinesupportingthereconstructionofSouthSudan,alongwiththegroundroutethroughKenyaandUganda. JICAhasconsistentlyprovidedassistance

fordevelopingtheJubaRiverPort,whichservesasacentralpointoftheinlandwaterroute.Immediatelyafterthepeaceagreementwasreached,JICAbeganrepairingtheportfacilitieswhichweredamagedduringthecivilwar,throughanemergencydevelopmentstudy.JICAhasalsopromptlyconstructeda35mpier,aswellasinfollow-upcooperation,providedcargohandlingequipmentandtraininginportmanagement.

Both Hard and Soft Infrastructure Followingasix-yeartransitionperiodsincethepeaceagreement,theRepublicofSouthSudanobtainedindependenceinJuly2011.Inviewoftheincreasingfreighttransportdemandduetoeconomicvitalizationaccompanyingthecountry’sindependence,JICAisworkingonanewcooperationwhichintegratesGrantAidandTechnicalCooperation,inordertofurther

promotefreighttransportationcenteredonJubaPort. Thepreparatorysurvey for theGrantAidhasalreadybeencompleted.Byfiscal2013,JICAplanstodevelopinfrastructures,includinganexpandedpier (byapproximately200m)andawarehouse,aswellasprocureequipment,includinglarge-scalecranes.Whiletodatecargohadbeenhandledmainlybyhumans,theintroductionoffull-fledgedmechanizedcargohandlingbyJICAisanticipatedtoincreasethevolumeof

cargothatishandled,raisetheefficiencyandsafetyofcargohandling,and improvethesanitationconditionsofthepremises. Furthermore,theTechnicalCooperationprojectimplementedfromMarch2011forthenextfouryears(plan)willstrengthenJubaPort’sportmanagementcapabilitiesthroughtheestablishmentoftherolesandorganizationalstructureoftheportmanagementorganizationatJubaPortand itsbudgetmanagementmechanism.Theprojectwillalsoenhancethefacilities’maintenanceandmanagementcapabilities,promotesafeandefficientcargohandlingandportmanagement,andcreateportstatistics.Inaddition,inordertoremedytheregionaldisparitieswhichareofconcern,JICAwillconducttrainingforthestaffofsixothermajorcommercialportsandaimtosharetheknowledgeandexperiencegainedatJubaPortamongtheotherports. The development of port facil it ies inparallelwith theport’shumanresourcesdevelopmentwillenable theprovisionofeffectivecooperation,includingtheprovisionoftechnicalcourseswhichtakeadvantageofthefacilitiesandequipmentthatwereinstalled,aswellasthemaintenanceandmanagementofthefacilitiesbythehumanresourceswhichweretrained.

Infrastructure Linking the South and North Theestablishmentofasmoothgoodsdistributionsystemthroughthiscooperationwillallowmanygoodstobedeliveredtoabroadareamorecheaply.Thisisexpectedtogenerateeconomiceffects,includinglowerpricesforcommercialproductsand thedistributionofdiverseproducts.Thiscooperation isalsoexpectedtonotonlycontributetothedevelopmentofSouthSudan,butalsotothereconciliationbetweenSouthandNorthSudanthroughthepromotionofgoodsdistributionbetweenthetwoareas.

From Our Counterpart

Eng. Maurice RehanDirector General – Directorate of River Transport / Ministry of Transport ThisTechnicalCooperationprojectwillhelpimprovethemanagementcapabilitiesoftheriverportinSouthSudanaswellasexpandthevolumeofcargohandledbytheport,andisanexcellentopportunityforSouthSudan.WewouldliketodevoteourattentiontoacquiringtheporttechnologiesofJapan.Furthermore,IhopeJapanwill sharewithusnotonlytechnologybutalso itsculture, includingdiscipline.

While at present the port handles bulk (stacked separately) cargo primarily, the use of containers will dramatically improve the efficiency and safety of cargo handling work.

Diagram of the Juba River Port Expansion Project (at completion, forecast)

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Issue-Specific Activities and Initiatives

To achieve stability and sustainable development in developing countries, it is essential that the countries become capable of mobilizing, allocating and managing their resources efficiently and in ways that reflect the will of the people. To this end, “governance,” or the mechanisms to manage a country’s affairs encompassing not only the

government but also the civil society and the private sector, will be key. JICA’s public policy assistance helps to strengthen governance in developing countries through cooperation for developing legal and judicial systems which support the backbone of society, increasing administrative efficiency and transparency, and improving administrative capacity of local government, and by strengthening fiscal and financial systems. This support aims to promote sustainable growth in these countries and realize a fair and democratic society.

Of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), relevant goals are shown in color.

Manydevelopingcountriessufferfromweakinstitutionsandfoundations,includinglegalandjudicialsystems,administrativeorgansandfiscalmanagement,aswellaslackhumanresourcestooperatetheseprocessesproperly.Weaksocialinfrastructurecanbeahindrance toacountry’sdevelopmentandmaysignificantlyunderminetheefficacyofdevelopmentassistance. Recognitionoftheimportanceofgoodgovernanceandastrongsenseofownershipofdevelopingcountriesareindispensableelements inensuringeffectivepublicpolicyassistanceforstrengtheningthecountries’basicmechanismsandinstitutions.JICAplacesemphasisonthenotionofcapacitydevelopment(CD)asameanstosupportintrinsicdevelopmentalprocessesatindividual,organizationalandsocietallevels.

GovernanceCapacity Development for Legal and Judicial Sectors

Overview of Issue Establishingthe"ruleoflaw,"namelytheassuranceofthelegitimacyofestablishedrules,theestablishmentofimpartialdispute-resolutionsystemsandtheguaranteeofaccesstothesesystems,isessentialtothebuildingofgoodgovernance. Peoplemayresorttoviolenceorpayoffstoresolvedisputesinsocietiesthatdonothavesuitablerulesorafairandtransparentprocedureforconflictresolution.Thiscouldleadtoviolationsoftherightsofdisadvantagedgroupssuchasthepoorandwomen,andeventosocialunrest.Inaddition,methodsofresolvingconflictmaybeunreasonableandunpredictable,whichcouldaddtothecostoftransactionsandhindereconomicactivity. Capacitydevelopmentforthelegalandjudicialsectoralsohelpspreventcorruptionthroughimprovingtransparencyandaccountabilityofadministrativeexecutionandbyincreasingtheclarityofstandardsforconflictresolution.However,ittakesalongtimeforthisprocesstotakeholdsinceitisnotsufficienttosimplysetinplacerulesandinstitutions.Itisalsonecessaryto

gainthetrustofthepublicinlegalandjudicialsystems.

JICA Activities BeginningfromtheMeijiRestorationinthelate19thcentury,whileJapanhasincorporatedtheadvancedlegalsystemsofotherstates,ithascustomizedandadaptedthoselawstotheculturalandsocietalfactorspresentwithintheexistingsystem.TheJapaneseexperiencehascontainedusefulknowledgethatcancontributepositivelytothe"ruleoflaw"promotionprocesses,whichmanydevelopingcountriesareundertakingtoday.Theseexperiencesincludethoseofdrafting,promulgatingandrevisinglawsandsystemsinaccordancewiththeconditionsandchangesparticulartothedevelopmentofthenation,andwhichhasledtotheupgradingoflegalsystemsinlinewithinternationalstandardsandtherealizationofsocialstabilityandeconomicgrowth. JICAprovidessupportfortheprocessofstrengtheninglegalandjudicialsystemsindevelopingcountrieswiththeaimofimprovinggovernancetoensuresocialstabilityandsustainabledevelopment,mainlyincountriesshiftingtoamarketeconomyandthoseundergoingthereconstructionprocess.JICA’ssupportrests

Public Policy ─ Realizing High Quality Public Services Based on Peoples’ Needs

Under the Training and Dialogue Program in Japan, “Trainer’s Training for Mediators,” participants, including participants from the Mongolian Supreme Court, discuss the problems of mediation through role playing (Mongolia, Strengthening Mediation System Project).

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A national seminar was organized in Cambodia to disseminate knowledge about the Cambodian Civil Code and the Code of Civil Procedure drafted and enacted with JICA assistance since 1999 (June 2008).

onthefollowingcoreelements:1)supportingthedevelopmentofrulesandregulations;2)supportingtheimprovementofthecapacityofpublicorganizationsthatimplementlaws;3)supportingthelegalempowermentofpeopleandsociety;and4)supportingthedevelopmentoflegalprofessionals. JICAbelievesintheimportanceoflawsandlegalsystemsthatareinharmonywithexistingsystems,cultureandsocialandeconomicnorms.Attentionalsoneedstobegiventothestageofdevelopmentinthecountryandchangesinthesociallandscape.JICAemphasizesdialogueinitsapproachandrespectstheownershipofadevelopingcountryinsupportingtheprocessofdraftingrulesandstrengtheningthejudicialsystem.Theaimistoprovidesupportthattakesrootinthesocietyitself. JICAbeganitsinvolvementwithTechnicalCooperationinthelegalandjudicialsectorin1996withthelaunchoftheProjectintheLegalandJudicialFieldintheSocialistRepublicofVietNam.Sincethen,JICA'scooperationinthisfieldhasexpandedtowarddevelopingcountriesshiftingtoamarketeconomyorpost-conflictcountries. JICA’scooperationinthisfieldincludesassistancefordraftingbasiccivillaws(VietNam,Uzbekistan,Cambodia,Nepal,China),economiclaws,e.g.,competitionlaw(VietNam,China,Indonesia),administrativelaws(VietNam,Uzbekistan),improvementofcourtproceedings(VietNam),developmentofcivildisputeresolutionmechanism(Mongolia,Indonesia),capacitydevelopmentofbarassociation(VietNam,Cambodia,Mongolia),developmentoflegislativecapacity(Laos,Timor-Leste)andcapacitydevelopmentoflegalprofessionals(VietNam,Cambodia,Laos). Sinceittakestimetopromotetheestablishmentofthe“ruleoflaw,”JICArespectseachcountry’sownershipovertheprocess

andsupportstheirself-helpeffortssothatcountries,eventhosethathavebeenassistedinthisregard,promotelegalandjudicialdevelopmentbythemselvesinthefuture.Strengthening Democratic Systems Inparallelwithcapacitydevelopmentforthelegalandjudicialsector,JICAsupportsdevelopingcountriesinestablishingandstrengtheningdemocraticsystemsintheprocessofpost-conflict

Viet Nam has been undergoing economic reforms under the Doi Moi policy, and with the establishment of a new Constitution in 1992, political reforms associated with the transition to a market economy. With the aim of reforming the Vietnamese National Assembly, JICA has supported the Offi ce of the National Assembly of Viet Nam through study visits in Japan since 2010 for three years. The study visits are designed to impart knowledge and know-how useful for the National Assembly to fulfi ll its role as a legislative body.

Knowledge and Know-How for Functioning Legislative Body

Case Study Viet Nam Capacity Development for the Offi ce of the National Assembly

supportslegislatorsinmanyfunctionsincludinglawmaking. Duringthestudyvisits,withthecooperationofJapan’sHouseofRepresentatives,knowledgewasdisseminatedontheroleoftheHouse’sdepartments (researchbureau, legislativebureau,committeesdepartment,generalaffairsdepartment’spersonneldivisionandpublicinformationdivisions),lawmakingbylegislatorsandthebudgetdeliberationprocess.Also,activediscussionstookplaceontheroleoftheOfficeandthehumanresourcessoughtforthesmoothfunctioningoftheNationalAssembly.Inparticular,participantsexpressedinterestinJapan’shighleveloflegislativecapability,andmanyquestionswereaskedabouttheprocessesleadinguptotheestablishmentoflawsandspecifictasksofthelegislativeand researchbureaus.At theHiroshimaprefecturalassembly,participants learned

abouttherelationsbetweenthecentralandlocalassembliesandexchangedviewswithmembersoftheprefecturalassembly. TheDeputyChairmanoftheOfficeoftheNationalAssemblywhoparticipatedinthestudyvisitcommented,“ThisprogrammademerealizeonceagaintheweightoftheNationalAssembly’smission.Ihopetopromotereformonestepatatime.”Otherparticipantsalsonoted:“IwasimpressedbyJapan’sdemocraticmanagementof theDiet,”and“Ihope totransformtheNationalAssemblyintoonethatreflectsthenationalopinion.” In2011and2012,JICAplanstoorganizestudyvisits,incloseconsultationwiththeOfficeoftheNationalAssemblyofVietNam,forfurtherdiscussionsontheNationalAssemblyreforminthecontextofVietNam’spoliciesandnewchallenges.

A National Assembly that Refl ects National Opinion Intheproject’sinitialyearoffiscal2010,JICAorganizedastudyvisitfor15membersoftheOfficeoftheNationalAssembly,which

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Cambodia’s first nationally conducted office registry development study (Improving Official Statistics in Cambodia)

statebuildingaswellastodevelopingcountriesundergoingpoliticalreform.Thissupportisextendedaspartoftheassistanceforimprovinggovernance,andincludessupportforelectionmanagement,strengtheninglegislativebodies,andenhancingcapacityofmassmedia. Infiscal2010,JICAsupportedNepalforreviewingmedia-relatedpoliciesandregulationsandstrengtheningthefunctionsofRadioNepal,theonlynationalradionetworkthatbroadcaststotheentirecountry,inordertoreinforcethecapabilitiesofthemediawhichplaysavitalroleinthepost-conflictdemocratizationprocess[ See the Case Study on page 95].Additionally,JICAisprovidingsupporttoreformtheNationalAssemblyofVietNam,wherepoliticalreformhasbecomeanecessitywithover20yearshavingpassedsincetheDoiMoipolicywasadoptedandthecountryexperiencesremarkableeconomicdevelopment[ See

the Case Study on page 87].

Public Administration

Overview of Issue JICAdefinestheroleofpublicadministrationasmanagingsociety’sresources,providingservicesanddevelopingrulesandenvironmentsforprivate-sectoractivitiesinordertofulfillthethreemissionsof1)guaranteeingthepeople’ssocialrightsandtheirrighttoexist,2)enhancingsocialjusticeandadjustingdisparities,and3)promotingeconomicstabilityandgrowth.Thescopeofthesefunctionsisnotlimitedtoaspecificsector,butcanbeextensivelyappliedtowidespreadfields. Inmanydevelopingcountries,thenumberofadministrativeofficialsislimitedandthetaxrevenuestructureisoftenweak,makingtheefficientprovisionofvariouspublicservicesdifficult.Furthermore,thereisoftenalackoftransparencyinpublicworksprojectsplanningandtenderingprocesses,aswellasinsufficientparticipationbylocalcitizensandtheprivatesector,whichin

somecasesleadtofraud,corruptionandgraft. Inordertotackletheabovechallengesindevelopingcountries,itisnecessaryto1)boostadministrativequalityandefficiency,2)ensureoptimalallocationoffinancialandhumanresourcesbyincreasingandstrengtheningtheircapacities,and3)increasetransparencybyencouragingparticipationbycitizensandtheprivatesector.Therefore,itisnecessarytopromoteadministrativereformaimedat improvingadministrative institutionsandsystems;toenhancethecapacityofadministrativeagencies;toadvancedecentralizationaimedatformulatingdevelopmentplansclosetocitizens,thebeneficiariesofpublicservices,andprovidingefficientpublicservices;andtopreventfraudandcorruption. Supportfortheimprovementofpublicadministrationcanbebroadlydividedintotwoareas.Thefirstconcernssupportforoveralladministrativefunctionalityandthesecondconcernssupportforparticularsectorssuchashealthandeducation.Whenprovidingsupport,it isimportanttodefinewhethertargetedchallengesrequireinitiativesofthegovernmentasawhole,includinglocalgovernment,orthatcanbelimitedtoaspecificsector.Thereafter,itisnecessarytodecideontheinstitutionstosupport,eitherpresidingministriesinspecificsectors(ministriesofhealthandeducation,forexample),ortheministryofgeneralaffairs,ministryoflocalaffairsandlocalgovernment.

JICA Activities Overtheyears,JICAhasprovidedassistanceinnumerousareasforstrengtheningpublicadministration.Thisincludesstrengtheningthecapacityofcivilservantsintheformulationandmanagement(e.g.,monitoringandevaluation)ofdevelopmentprojectsaimedatstrengtheningadministrativefunctions.JICAalsosupportseffortsaimedatdecentralizationandenhancingthecapabilitiesoflocaladministrativeofficialssothatlocalgovernmentscanprovideservicesthatsatisfytheneedsoflocalresidents.Elsewhere,JICAsupportsthedevelopmentofstatistics,suchaspopulationandeconomiccensuses,which

areindispensabletotheformulationofacountry’sdevelopmentplan,andhelpspoliceandfirebrigadesensurepeople’ssafety[ See Case Studies on

pages 59, 89]. Inrecentyears,therehavebeengrowingcallsformeasurestocombatmisconductandcorruptionduetoalackofgoodgovernance. Fromtheperspectiveofstrength-eningadministrativefunctions,JICAprovides assistance bear ing inmind: thedeliveryofbetterpublicservicestocommunityresidentsandorganizations; extendingsupportfromamid-tolong-termperspectivewhilestrengtheningtheownershipofthepartnercountry;enhancingthecapabilitiesneededfortheinstitutionsdeveloped to function;andurging

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Strengthening Local Governance by the Interim Self-Government

Case Study Palestine Improvement in Local Governance System

Since 2005, JICA has supported institutional reforms of the central government and service improvements of local governments with a view to improving the Palestinian local governance system. Public services are largely administered by an interim self-government. In this context, the pilot project and other activities which had visible effects served as an opportunity for the government, local government entities and residents to together verify the modality of local governance, and became one of the precursory examples that attempted to promote community development with the participation of the residents.

Supporting Expansion of Local Governments In Palestine, many small-scale localgovernmentswereestablishedfollowingthelaunchoftheinterimself-governmentin1994.However,most lackedfinancialresources,humanresourcesandcapability,andwereunabletoprovideappropriatepublicservicestoresidents.Therefore,toefficientlyimplementadministrativeservices,JICAhaspromotedtheclusteringofsmall-scalelocalgovernmentsanddeliveringservicesinacollectivemanner. In thisproject, the localgovernmentalunitsintheJordanValleyregionservesasamodelforthisinitiativeandwereclusteredintofourgroups.WiththeassistanceofJICA’sexpert team,residentrepresentativesandlocalgovernmentstaffcollaboratedtoplan,implementandmanagepilotprojectsbasedonresidentneedsassessments. By2010,15pilotprojectswereimplemented.Forexample,akindergartenwasestablishedin response to thecommunity’s request.Throughactiveexchangeswithneighboringkindergartens,thisprojectincreasedawarenessof the importanceofpreschooleducation.Inanotherexample,aprojectenhancedthemanagementskillsofawomen’scenterandrevivedjointactivitiesamongparticipatingvillages.Thepilotprojectshavestrengthenedtherelationsbetweenresidentsand localgovernmentsandhaveyieldedoutcomesthataredirectlylinkedtopeoples’livelihoods.

Development of Financial System and Human Resources For thecentralgovernment, JICAhassupported theestablishmentof the localfinancialpolicyaimedatfiscaldecentralizationandthestrategyforregionallocalgovernmentsthatsetsoutthemodalityofabroader-basedlocalgovernment.Thelessonslearnedfromtheplanningandmanagementofpilotprojectsareoutlinedinthestrategy.IthasbeenagreedthatthePalestinianMinistryofLocalGovernmentwillimplementthispolicyandstrategy.Tothisend,JICAisconsideringtheprovisionofsupportfortheirimplementation.

Inadditiontothegovernment’sinstitutionalinitiatives, training thestaffwhowillberesponsiblefortheirimplementationisalsocritical.JICAhassupportedtheestablishmentofatrainingcenterforthelocalgovernmentstaff inJericho,andhasprovidedtrainingonlocalgovernancesince2007.Over2,600people,farmorethantheinitialtargetof1,000people,receivedvarioustrainingsandaredemonstratingthetrainingoutcomesattheirworkplaces.

Hope about Continued Residence Theproject’sbiggestoutcomewasthatstakeholderswereabletoseethatpeoples’l ivel ihoods have improved under localgovernmentswith limitedauthority,whichhasraisedthemotivationtopromotefurtherimprovements.Inareaswheredevelopmentassistancedidnotreachbefore,publicfacilitieswereconstructedwithnumerouscoordinationofgovernmentauthorities.Peopleresidinginareaswhoseaccess topublicservicesisrestrictedwereabletoexperiencelocalservicesandcommunityinvolvementthroughthisproject.Thishasgreatsignificance. Many comments were received fromstakeholders, including“Theprojecthasbroughtlocalgovernmentsandresidentsclosertogether”and“Theprojecthasgivenmehope

aboutcontinuingtoliveherewherelivingisastruggle.”

From Our Counterpart

Fawaz Rabaia, Ministry of Local GovernmentProject Counterpart Thisisanoutstandingprojectthatleftclearfootprintsatboth the levelofcentralandlocalgovernments.IthadsignificantimpactnotonlyonPalestinebutalsootherdonors,andwecontinuetoreceiveinquiriesfromalldimensions.Itwasanhonortobeapartofthisproject.

From the Grassroots

Najad IrmeileihManager, Construction of Kindergarten in Al-FoqaPilot Project Therearemanypeoplewhomustengageinagriculturetogetherasacouple.Therefore,thissocialserviceisveryhelpfulforworkingparentsandforpeopleseekingtheearlyeducationoftheirchildren.

Children full of energy at a kindergarten constructed with the pilot project. Ms. Najad Irmeileih, front row

far left, is the kindergarten manager.

Mr.Rabaia during Ex-post evaluation (center)

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At the Malaba Border Post between Kenya and Uganda, customs officials of both countries are to the right and provide one-stop service for export and import procedures (The Project on Capacity Building for the Customs Administrations of the Eastern African Region).

theeffortsofrelevantministries,agenciesandorganizationsatmultiplelevels.

Fiscal and Financial Sector

Overview of Issue Soundfiscalmanagementandfinancialsystemsarevitaltoacountry’ssustainableeconomicdevelopment.Ifthesesystemscollapse,theimpactonpeople’sassetsandlivelihoodaswellasoneconomicactivitiesintheprivatesectorwouldbedevastating.Thebreakdownofthesystemmayleadtoadeclineintheprovisionofgovernmentservicesandinfinancialintermediaryfunctions,andinflation. Inaddition,allkindofsupportassistancefordevelopingcountriesprovestobemoreeffectivewithsoundfiscalandfinancialsystemsandeconomicstabilityasitsunderpinning.However, foundationsof theeconomyinmanydevelopingcountriesarefragileandeconomicmanagementunstable.JICA’sassistanceinthisareaaimsatstrengtheningthefiscalandfinancialstructureofthesedevelopingcountries.

JICA Activities Preventingeconomicandfinancialcrisesisakeyelementfordevelopingcountriesinreinforcingfiscalandfinancialstructures.ManyASEANcountriessufferedfromthelossoftheirassetsandemploymentintheAsianfinancialcrisisthathitin1997,causingenormouseconomicloss.Vulnerability inASEANcountries’financialsystemswascitedasoneofthemainfactorsbehindthecrisis.Theglobalfinancialandeconomiccrisesof2008alsoreconfirmedtheneedtobolsterfinancialsystems. Theotherimportant issueinthisareaispublicfinancialmanagementforimprovingtheskillsformanagingtheoverallnationalbudget.Inviewofutilizinglimitedfundseffectivelyandefficiently,thefollowinginitiativesarekeys:1)propermanagementoffiscalbalancebasedonagivenbudget;2)allocationofbudgetstopriorityareasofdevelopment;and3)efficientimplementationofplanswhichhavebudgetallocations. Inlightofthis,JICAhasprovidedsuchsupportasthefollowing.1. Reinforcement of Fiscal Systems Itisimportanttoexpandthetaxbaseandincreasetaxrevenuesinordertorealizepoliciesindevelopingcountries.Forthatreason,JICA’sinitiativesstrivetostrengthentheadministrativecapacityofcollectingagenciesofnationaltaxandtariffs.Specifically,JICAsupportseffortstoenhancetheabilitytoformulatepoliciesofcentralgovernmentandgovernmentalagencies,includingMinistryofFinance,inpartnercountries.JICAalsopromotescapacitydevelopmentoftaxadministrationagenciestoensureappropriatetaxcollectionbasedonlawsaswellassuitablemanagementandutilizationoftaxrevenues[ See the Case Study

on page 91]. Inaddition,JICAprovidesassistancetosupremeauditinstitutionsandotherinspectionagenciestostrengthentheirfunctionssince improvingtheability to identifywhetheracountry’sfinancesarebeingappropriatelymanagedornotisvital

totheefficientallocationofcapital.2. Reinforcement of Financial Systems JICAprovidessupportwithregardtoboostingcapacityinfinancialsupervision,enhancingfinancialintermediaryfunctions,cultivatingcapitalmarketsandimprovingsmallbusinessfinance.Stability infinancialsystemsandefficientmanagementofthesesystemsunderpinsthefoundationsforacountry’sstableeconomicpolicies;therefore,JICAsupportsdevelopmentofcapacityofcentralbanksanddevelopmentbanks.3. Development of a Macroeconomic Management Infrastructure JICAprovidessupportforthedevelopmentofeconomiclawssuchascompetitionlaw,theformulationofmacroeconomicmodelsandtheimprovementofeconomicstatisticsincludingindustry-relatedtables. Sincethereareanumberofdonorswithaproventrackrecordingeneralbudgetsupport*inthefiscalandfinancialsector,it isimportanttoharmonizewiththeirsupportandpromotecollaborationbetweenfinancialsupportandtechnicalassistance.RaisingtheprofileofJapaneseassistancewhiletakinglimitedcooperationresourcesintoaccountisafuturechallengeinthefiscalandfinancialsector.

* General budget support: A method of assistance in which funds are injected directly into the general account of the recipient country in accordance with an agreed-upon strategy between the developing country and donor countries/institutions aimed at driving development at the national level.

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For the Effective Allocation of the National Budget

Case Study Indonesia Planning and Budgeting Reform for the Performance-Based Budgeting (PBB) System Implementation

The efficient achievement of policy goals requires transparent budget use and strategic allocation of resources, for which enhanced and appropriate fiscal management skills are necessary. Through the introduction of PBB, etc. promoted by the Indonesian government, JICA has supported initiatives for the efficient establishment of development plans and formulation and management of budgets since 2010.

Enhancing Fiscal and Budget Management Skills Indonesiahastakenanumberofinitiativesforefficientlyestablishingdevelopmentplansandformulatingandmanagingbudgetplans.Theyincludetheestablishmentofgovernmentordinances,suchastheLawonStateFinance(2003)andtheLawonNationalDevelopmentPlanningSystem(2004),andtheintroductionof concepts, suchas theMediumTerm

ExpenditureFramework(MTEF),Performance-BasedBudgeting(PBB),andbudgetunification. TheNationalMedium-termDevelopmentPlan2010-2014partiallyestablishedanoverallbudgetframeworkandperformanceindicators,whilePBBwasnotconducted.TheJapanesegovernmentwasrequestedtoprovideTechnicalCooperationforcapacitydevelopmentrelatedtotheintroductionandimplementationofPBB.

Through OJT in Budget Formulation Since2010,JICAdispatchedanexpertteamtoassess:1)theIndonesiangovernment’sbudgetformulationmechanisms;2)statusofperformanceevaluationsandPBB;and3)thecapacitydevelopmentneedsofrelevantstaff.ItthencompiledasetofrecommendationsaswellasimplementedseminarsinIndonesiaandtrainingsinJapan. Atpresent,JICAiscarryingoutactivitiestoorganizeandimproveassessmentmethodsandperformanceevaluationsforintroducingeffectivePBB.Movingforward,JICAplanstopilotPBB in Indonesia'sactualbudgetformulationworkthroughon-the-jobtraining(OJT). Incidentally,theDevelopmentPolicyLoanthatJICAprovidesjointlywiththeWorldBankandADBalsoidentifiesasitspolicygoalforimprovingfiscalmanagement“theintroductionandimplementationofPBB.”Assistanceisstrategicallyprovidedincoordinationwithotherdonors.

From Government Officials of Recipient Country

Syafril BasirDirector of Allocation of Development FundingNational Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) IndonesiaisintheprocessofintroducingPBBandmedium-termfiscalframeworksforimprovingthequalityofthebudgets.JICA’sprojecthasbeenveryhelpfulforraisingtheskillsofus,themembersoftheBAPPENASandMinistryofFinance teamengaged inbudgetingandplanningreform.IhopetodrawonJapan’sexperienceandinitiativeswhichI learnedattheseminarsandtrainingsfordevelopingIndonesia’simplementationplansandperformanceevaluations.

At the national meeting group discussions, staff of the Ministry of Finance, the project’s counterpart agency, had a coordinating role and demonstrated the knowledge and know-how they acquired through the project.

National meeting participated by local governments for establishing the 2012 budget, hosted by BAPPENAS

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Issue-Specific Activities and Initiatives

Gender can be defined within social and cultural contexts, and can refer to the roles of men and women as well as their mutual relationship. On a global basis, females are far more likely to be placed in socially, politically and economically

disadvantaged positions than men. As such, one of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations is “gender equality and the empowerment of women.” JICA promotes “gender mainstreaming,” a comprehensive approach to incorporate the perspective of gender in all stages of planning, formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation in all policies, programs and projects to clarify gender-based development issues, needs and the impacts.

Of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), relevant goals are shown in color.

Overview of Issue Theultimategoalofgendermainstreamingistoachieve“genderequality”*1inallfieldsofsociety.It isaprocessofidentifyingmen’sandwomen’sdevelopmentissuesandneeds,aswellasthe impactonmenandwomenofdevelopmentpolicies,programsandprojects,ateachofthestagesofplanning,implementation,monitoringandevaluation,onthepremisethattheformulationprocessesandimpactsofdevelopmentpolicies,programsandprojectsarenotneutralbutaffectmenandwomendifferently. Genderisoftenunconsciouslyconstructedbasedonthementality,culture,traditionsandcustomsofacountryandthereforealsoaffectsvariouspolicies,systemsandorganizations.Consequently, it isessentialtosupportnationalmachinery(nationalagencies,mechanismsandorganizationsstrivingforjointparticipationbymenandwomen)suchastheMinistryofWomen’sAffairstoensurethatthepoliciesandsystemsinpartnercountriesadoptagender-basedperspective. Inmostcases,however,statistics,dataandindicesarenottabulatedaccordingtogender.Ifaphilosophyofgenderis introducedwithoutfullycomprehendingthesociety inatargetregion, itmayinfactproducenegativeresultssuchasexacerbatinggenderdisparity. It iscriticaltocollectandcomprehensivelyanalyzefundamentaldataneededforplansandprojectsbygender,age,ethnicityandreligiousaffiliation,andtodevelophumanresourceswhohavethisperspective. Althoughitisimportanttopromotewomen’sempowermentaspartofeffortstoadvancegendermainstreaming,focusingsolelyonwomenmaynotachievethedesiredresults.Thisalsorequireschangingtheconsciousnessofmen,decision-makersandsociallyinfluentialpeoplesuchasadministrativeofficials,educators,politiciansandreligiousleaders.Inotherwords,itisnecessarytoreformthesocialstructureandsystemssurroundingwomen.Itisessentialtoreviewareasandprojectsthatatfirstglancemayappearnottorequireagenderperspectiveandprovidesupportbasedonthedifferentrolesofmenandwomen.Forexample,oneformofsupportwouldbedevelopingagriculturalequipmentthatis

easyforwomentousesincetheyareresponsibleforthemajorityofagriculturalwork.Anotherexamplewouldbeencouragingtheparticipationofwomeninwaterqualitycontrolorganizations.

JICA Activities Formanyyears,JICAhasconsideredtheimportanceofgenderissuesanddevelopedabasicstrategyforimplementinggender-responsiveprojects.JICAhasalsoestablishedanorganizationalframeworkforgendermainstreaming. ActualassistanceincludesstrengtheningorganizationalcapacityandcreatingpoliciesandsystemsforgenderequalityinAfghanistan,CambodiaandNepalbysupportingnationalmachinerysuchastheMinistryofWomen’sAffairs.Topromotetheempowermentofwomen,JICAprovidessupportinwide-rangingareas.JICAworkstoinvigoratewomen’scentersinNigeria,nurtureentrepreneurs,particularlywomen,inpoverty-strickenareasofHonduras[ See the Case Study on page 93],andimproveeducationforwomeninYemen[ See the Case Study on

page 55]. Ratherthanfocussolelyonwomen,JICAconductsactivitiessuchasadvertisingontheradioinordertogaintheunderstandingofhusbandsandotherfamilymemberstowardwomen’scenters,andgettingreligious leaders toconveythe importanceofeducationforfemalestotheirfathersandmothers. Moreover,effortsaremadetoensurethattheperspectiveofgenderisreflectedintheresultsandactionsinvariousfields.IntheforestryindustryinIndia,inadditiontosimplyemployingwomen,additionalsupportwasprovidedtogenerateincomesothattheydon’thavetocutyoungtreestogetwood;theycanpurchasealternativefuelinstead.UnderthedriveforregionaldevelopmentinParaguay,workshopswereheldinwhichboth

*1 According to the “DAC Guidelines for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Development Co-Operation” issued by the OECD Department of Assistance Committee (DAC), “Gender equality does not mean that men and women need to become the same, but that their opportunities and life chances are equal. The emphasis on gender equality and women’s empowerment is not based on a single model of gender equality for all societies and cultures, but reflects a concern that women and men have equal opportunities to make choices about what gender equality means, and work in partnership to achieve it. Because of current disparities, equal treatment of women and men is insufficient as a strategy to achieve gender equality.” (Extract taken from page 13 of the Guidelines)

Gender Mainstreaming

─ Clarifying Gender-Based Development Issues, Needs and Impacts

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Project Website: http://www.jica.go.jp/project/honduras/2391068E0/index.html

maleandfemalecitizenscouldparticipate,andthroughwhichtherolesfulfilledbyeachgenderwereconfirmed.Subsequently,effortswerestartedtoestablishdevelopmentprogramsthatbenefitbothmenandwomen. Inrecentyears,therehasbeenincreasingrecognitionoftheneedtoaddressnewissuesingenderanddevelopment,suchastraffickinginpersonsandotherformsofgender-basedviolence.Traffickinginpersonsisaseriouscrimeandagraveviolationofhumanrightsthatinflictssevereemotionalandphysicalsufferingonthevictims,whoaremainlywomenandchildren,butincludemenaswell.Itcallsforpromptandappropriateresponsefromahumanitarianperspective,aswellasfromtheperspectiveofputtingastoptointernationalorganizedcrime.TheJapanesegovernmentformulatedJapan’s2009ActionPlanofMeasurestoCombatTraffickinginPersons,whichwasoriginallyestablished

in2004,andisnowengagedinimplementingthesemeasuresthroughassociationscomposedofconcernedministriesandagencies,andotherefforts. Traffickinginpersonsisacomplexandbroad-rangingissue,andJICAisprovidingsupportfocusedon“preventionoftraffickinginpersons”and“protectionandreintegrationoftraffickedpersons”inThailand,VietNamandMyanmar.InThailandinparticular,aguidelineforprotectingandreintegratingvictimsisstartingtotakeshape.Itiscriticaltocreatearegionalcooperativeframeworkbecausetraffickedpersonsmoveacrossborders.RegionalseminarsareheldinThailandandvideoconferencesareconductedregularlythatconnectJICAheadquarterswiththethreecountriesinordertoshareinformationonthesituationaswellasthemeasuresbeingtakenineachcountryintheMekongregion.

Honduras is one of the poorest countries in Central and South America, with around 60% of the population living in the poverty. Meanwhile, the roots of the male-centered ideology of “machismo” run deep and opportunities for social participation by women are extremely limited. Since 2003, JICA has provided business development support for poor women in rural areas, who even among the poorer classes, suffer from an acute lack of employment opportunities. JICA established the “The Model for Promotion of Self Management Enterprises of Women in Rural Area” (MeM System) through group organization, training of promoters to encourage systematization, and instruction to teach the necessary knowledge and skills required to start and run businesses.

Women in Farming Villages Start Businesses from Nothing

Case Study Honduras Promotion of Self-management Enterprises of Women in Rural Areas in Honduras

actionsofmenwithrespect to thesocialparticipationandabilitiesofwomen,thankstothesubstantivechangesresultingfromthewomen’sactivitiesincludingincreasedrevenueinpoorerhouseholds. Inadditiontotheguidelinesforimplementation

oftheMeMSystem,necessarymanualsfororganizationaloperationhavebeendrawnupinsevenareasincluding“trainingpromoters”and“accountingandcostcalculation.”Itishopedthatthesewillbedistributedtoandmadegooduseofinotherregions.

From the Grassroots

A Woman who Participated in MeM Activities Rightnow,IreallyfeelthatparticipationintheactivitiesoftheMeMactivitieshasbeenawonderfulopportunityforus.Previously,wehadsufferedcontinuedhardship,butnow,weareconstantlystrivingtocreatenewproducts,andweareputtingnewdesignsonsaleeverymonth.Thesehavebeenwell-receivedbyourcustomers.

Women in a ceramics group, using molds to create ceramic frying pans, a craft they learned in training.

Empowerment of Rural Women ThefirstfeatureoftheMeMSystemisitsfocusoneffortstostartupbusinesses“fromnothing,”beginningwiththeorganizationofwomenwhohadnotcompletedbasiceducationandhadneverpreviouslylefttheirvillages.Ratherthanexpandexistingorganizations,thisprojectmakesitpossibleforwomentoformnewgroups,developrules,selecttheirindustry,learnproductionandsalestechniquesthroughtraining,andevenimplementperiodicassessmentactivities. Thesystem’ssecondfeatureisitsobjectiveofachievingempowermentofparticipatingwomen.Asurveybasedon12indicesincluding“decision-making”and“actions”conductedon thesewomen,whohadpreviouslynotbeenallowedadequateopportunitiessolelyonthebasisoftheirgender,andwhohadlowfeelingsofself-worth,identifiedaclearmanifestationofempowerment.Theprojectdidmorethansimplymakethewomenawareofchangesandoftheirabilities;italsoconfirmedapositive impacton theawarenessand

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Peacebuilding ─ Supporting Conflict-Affected Countries and Contributing to the Prevention of Conflict and Promotion of Peace

Most conflicts are internal disputes that take place in development countries, in particular in the poorest countries and regions. In such disputes, not only the military, but also ordinary citizens become both victims and perpetrators, and

therefore the impact on people’s lives is significant. In order to contribute to the promotion of peace and prevention of conflict, in support of post-conflict nation-building, JICA is making concerted efforts toward the reconstruction of social capital and economic recovery to solve economic disparities—one cause of conflict—and provide equal opportunities as well as strengthening the state system of governance, thus enhancing security.

Of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), relevant goals are shown in color.

Overview of Issue Themajorityofconflictsintheworldtodayareinternalconflictsindevelopingcountries,mostofwhichariseinthepoorestcountriesandregionsineconomicterms. Theseconflictsarecharacterizedbytheirhugeimpactonordinarycitizens,andparticularlyonthesociallyvulnerable,suchaschildrenandthepoor.Atthesametime,thedividebetweenthemilitaryandcitizenshasfaded,andcasesofordinarycitizensorchildrenbecomingperpetratorshavebeenincreasinginrecentyears. Armedconflictsdomorethanjustdestroytheinfrastructurethatservesasafoundationforpeople’slivelihoods;theyalsotearthebondsholdingthesocietytogetherandincreasemutualdistrustandhatred.Theydestroyandleaveabitterlegacyonthe

pathtoreconstruction.Accordingtosomestatistics,closeto50%ofcountriesreturntoastateofwarwithinfiveyearsofsigningapeaceorcease-fireagreement. Therearethreeframeworksforpeacebuilding,military,politicalandsocial/economic.Militarymeasuresandpoliticalmethods,suchaspreventivediplomacy,areimportantfactorsinthepreventionandresolutionofconflictsandtheconsolidationofpeace,asisdevelopmentaidtocorrecteconomicdisparities,andimprovingunequalopportunitiesandotherfactorsthatleadtoconflict. TheJapanesegovernmenthasestablishedpeacebuildingasapriorityissuewithintheframeworkoftheODACharterandtheMedium-termPolicyonODA,andisprovidingassistanceaccordingly.

Issue-Specific Activities and Initiatives

JICA has provided Iraq with a variety of reconstruction support in a combination of ODA Loans, Grant Aid and Technical Cooperation. JICA is striving to assist in improving the country’s power supply capacity, an area in which the Iraqi people still have substantial requirements.

Restoring Confidence in Government through High-Quality Government Services

Case Study Iraq Power Sector Support

Power Outages Longer than Ten Hours a Day Since1980,duetothreewarsandmanyyearsofeconomicsanctions,Iraqhassufferedtheeffectsofthedestructionanddilapidationofmuchofitseconomicandsocialinfrastructure.Theelectricpowersectorisnoexception.Evennow,poweroutageslastingtenhoursorlonger

inasingledaycontinueinthemajorityofregions,whilethesupplycapacity,ataround6,000MW,meetsjusthalfofthenationaldemandofapproximately12,000MW. In I raq, where the maximumtemperatureinsummercanreachashighas50ºC,accesstoelectricpowercanbeamatteroflifeanddeath.Thereisadistinctlackoftrustwithregardtotheongoingpowershortages,whichthegovernmenthasfailedtorectifyeventhougheightyearshavepassedsincetheendoftheIraqWar,andin

thesummerof2010,large-scaleriotsbrokeoutinthesouthofthecountry.Intheadministrativeservices,improvingthepowersupplycapacityissimilarlyconsideredtobeamajorchallenge. Asa resultof this situation,JICAhasprovided IraqwithODALoansspecificallyfor the improvement of power stations,transmissionandsubstationfacilities,andisimplementingtrainingforIraqisincollaborationwiththeelectricityauthoritiesofneighboringcountriessuchasJordan,EgyptandSyria,aswellasJapaneseelectricitycompanies,totrainelectricalengineersforrolesincludingpowerstationoperation,wherethereisashortageofhumanresources. Atraininginstitute,whichwasconstructedin1998intheJandarPowerPlant inSyriawithGrantAid,isbeingusedfortraininginstreamliningtheoperation,maintenanceandmanagementofthermalpowerstations,asapartoftheeffortscurrentlyunderwaytoimproveelectricpowerservicesinIraq.

Equipment for distribution of electricity, provided via an ODA Loan (Erbil, northern part of Iraq (Kurdistan region))

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JICA Activities JICAisworkingtocontributetothepreventionofboththeoccurrenceandrecurrenceofarmedconflicts,takingintoaccounttheperspectivesofconflictpreventionandpeacepromotion.JICAhasassistedinattemptstoalleviatethevariousdifficultiesfacedbypeopleduringandimmediatelyaftertheconflictsandtosubsequentlyachievestabledevelopmentoverthemediumandlongterm.Specifically,JICAsupports1)thereconstructionofsocialcapital,2)economicrecovery,3)rebuildingthestatesystemandfunctions,and4)securityenhancement. Inaneweffort,JICAissupportingthestrengtheningofgovernmentcapabilitiesinordertodevelopconflictaffectedcommunities,whilealsostrengthening the linksbetweencentralandregionalgovernmentinpost-conflictnation-buildingprocesses.Forexample,intheregionofDarfurinSudan,and

theregionundertransitionalruleclosetothenorth-southborder,supportisbeingprovidedtostrengthenadministrativefunctionssothatthegovernmentcanappropriatelyprovidebasicservicessuchaswatersupply,healthservicesandoccupationaltraining.Insupportingthisprocess,JICAistryingbothtoimprovethecapacityoftheconcernedorganizationsintermsofimplementationandtostrengthenthegovernment’scoordinatingcapabilitiesinordertoensureasuitablebudgetallocation. JICAisalsoengagedinresearchregardingthebestwaystoassessprojectsimplementedinconflict-affectedcountries. Goingforward,JICAwillincreasethenumberofprojectsitsupportsinconflict-affectedcountriesandregions,andintensifyitssupportinthefieldofpeacebuilding,througheffortssuchashumanresourcedevelopmenttosupplyexpertswhocanbecomeinvolvedintheprocess.

After emerging from a civil war, Nepal took its first steps as a federal democratic republic in 2008. JICA is providing comprehensive support for the development of a democratic system in Nepal, bearing in mind the objective of creating a mechanism to ensure that the country does not lapse back into conflict.

Creating a Mechanism to Ensure Countries do Not Lapse Back into Conflict

Case Study Nepal Democratization Process Support Program

newconstitution. Thebasisforthissupportistheestablishmentofcivil law.JICA’sobjectiveisforNepaltocreateafoundationfortheresolutionofconflictthroughlegalchannels,bydraftingabillforcivillaw,andmakingitintolaw.Thecurrentlawsweredrawnup150yearsagoandincorporatestrongethicalconsiderations.Thesehavebeenunfeasiblenotonlyasameansforsettlingtheactualproblems,butalsoinrespecttointernationaltransactions.Accordingly,thepartiesinvolvedinlegislationinNepalandaJapaneseadvisorygroupconsultedtogethera

numberoftimesoveraperiodoftwoyears.

The new civi l law draft wascompleted inAugust2010,andsubmittedtotheNepaleseConstituentAssemblyinJanuary2011.

Support for Media and Community Arbitration Becausethedistributionoffairandimpartial informationtocitizensisvitalwithinthedemocraticpoliticalprocess, JICA is also providingsupportformediacapacitybuilding.Theorganization is cooperatingtohelp in the revisionofmedia-relatedbillsandtofosterahealthymediathrougheffortsthatincludestrengtheningtheorganizationofthestate-runRadioNepal.

Itwill require time to improvethediffusionandapplicationof

supportforsystemcreationthrougheffortssuchascivil law-relatedassistance,andinaddition, inruralareas, it isnoteasytoobtainaccesstojudicialadministration.Ontheotherhand,considerableoppositionandsocialdisorderarebeingencounteredinthecourseofthedemocratizationprocessinruralareas.To improvethissituation,JICAhasbeenprovidingsupportduringthetransitionalphasesthroughthecultivationof“communitymediators”tohelpcitizensresolveproblemsbetweenthemselves.Furthermore,fromtheperspectivesofcaste,raceandgender,JICAhopestocreateafoundationforachievingsocial inclusion.Traininghasalreadybeenimplementedformorethan100people inareas includingdisputeresolution,carefullisteningtechniquesandsimulatedmediation,asapartofefforttoprovidethesetraineeswithcommunitymediationknow-how.

From the Grassroots

A Nepalese taking the training course to become a community mediator Previously,whentherewasadispute,wehad tovisit thehomeofamajorfigureinthevillageandrelyonthemformediation.Wecouldbemadetowaitoutsideforanumberofhours,orturnedawayatthedoorandtoldtoreturnthenextday.Fromnowonhowever,Imaybeabletoresolvenotonlyproblemswithinmyowncommunity,butalsoevendisputesbetweeninfluentialfigures.Thishasinstilledmewithconfidence.

A media workshop was held for technicians of the national radio station Radio Nepal

Resolution Based on the Law Thecivilwar,whichhadcontinued inNepalforapproximatelytenyears,cametoanendin2006.Themonarchywasabolishedandthecountrystartedonthepathtowarddemocratization.However,thereweremanychallenges includingpolitical turmoilandinterracialconfrontation,andcontrary tothepublicexpectation, thepath towardreformhasbeendifficult.Bysupportingthedemocratizationprocess,JICAisaimingtocreateamechanismthatwillguaranteerightsforthecitizensofNepal,assetoutunderthe

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Poverty Reduction ─ Supporting the Development of Essential Capabilities of the Poor

Issue-Specific Activities and Initiatives

The proportion of the poor in developing countries as a whole has declined from 41.7% in 1990 to 25.7% in 2005 due in part to economic development in Asia. Nonetheless, nearly half of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa still suffers from extreme poverty. Moreover, recent increases in food prices

and financial crises have led to fears that an increasing number of people will fall into poverty. In order to promote JICA’s vision of “inclusive and dynamic development,” JICA identifies as one of its four strategies, “reducing poverty through equitable growth.” JICA extends assistance for human resources development, capacity building, improvement of policies and institutions, and the development of social and economic infrastructure in developing countries.

Of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), relevant goals are shown in color.

Overview of Issue Povertyisanissuethatcannotbeignoredfromtheperspectiveof“humansecurity,”asoutlinedintheJapaneseODACharter.ThenumberofpeoplelivinginpovertyonlessthanUS$1.25perpersonadayisestimatedatover1.4billionworldwide. Inaddition,naturaldisasters,environmentaldestructionandotherfactorsmakeitdifficulttocontinuetraditionalmeansoflivelihood.Thismeanssomepeopleareextremelyvulnerabletopoverty.Problemssuchasdisease,unemployment,lackofeducationandsocialdiscriminationeachimpacttheother.Onceapersonfallsintothisviciouscycle,thesituationbecomesevenmoreserious,astheoriginalproblemsleadtootherproblemsandapersoncannotescapefromthiscycleeasily.Thisissometimesreferredtoasthe“deprivationtrap”andhasbecomeanurgentissuewhentacklingpovertyreduction.Neglectingpovertyandvulnerabilitymaywidenthegapbetweentherichandpoorandintensifycompetitionforresources,causinginstabilityinsociety. Inrecentyears,thenotionthatpovertyisthestateinwhichthefollowingfivecapabilitiesarelackinghasbecomedominant:Abilitytoensurestableandsustainablelivelihood(1.economiccapability);Abilitytobehealthy,receivebasiceducation,andliveinasanitaryenvironment(2.humancapability);Abilitytocopewithvarious“threats”whichthreatenpeoples’lives(3.protectivecapability);andAbilitytoparticipateinasocietyinwhichpeople’dignityashumansandtheircultureandcustomsarerespected(4.politicalcapability,5.socio-culturalcapability).

JICA Activities Inorder toadvanceequitablegrowthandsustainablepovertyreduction,JICAwillstrivetoenableeachandeverypersoninpovertytoescapefromitbyreinforcingtheabovefivecapabilitiesandsupportingthedevelopmentofanenvironmentinwhichthesecapabilitiesmaybemanifested.Specifically,JICAboth:1)carriesout“povertymeasures”todirectlyassistthepoor;aswellas2)makes“povertyconsiderations,”byincorporating

creativeapproaches intoprojects inorder to improve thecircumstancesofthepoorbymaximizingtheprojects’benefitstothepoor. Tothisend,JICAgathersinformationonwhereandwhatkindofpeoplesuffer frompoverty (targeting)andadoptsmethodseffectiveforpovertyreduction.Forexample,regardingmethodswhicharegainingattention inrecentyears,JICAfurthersstakeholders’understandingthroughtrainingsandstudymeetings.Thesecovertopicssuchas:“Microfinance,”whichprovidessavingsservicesorverysmallloansinordertoenablethepoorwhoarelivingonanunstableincometohavestableexpenseseverymonthonservicessuchashealthcare,education,andfood;“Conditionalcashtransfer,”inwhichthegovernmentaimstoredistributeincomebydirectlyprovidingmoneyoritsequivalenttoindividualsorhouseholdsontheconditionthattheyfulfillcertainobligations;and“Labor-basedtechnology,”whichcangenerateshort-termemploymentforthepoor.

Residents analyzing the cost of daily life as part of a study carried out in conflict-affected areas (Burundi)

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Contributing to Poverty Reduction through the Development of Roads “Owned” by the People

Case Study Timor-Leste Coordination Project for Community Based Road Implementation

In Timor-Leste, donors including the Asian Development Bank (ADB) are providing assistance for the construction and improvement of arterial roads to promote economic development and poverty reduction. In order to generate further poverty reduction effects through the development of arterial roads, JICA, in coordination with ADB using the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR), is providing assistance for a participatory program to develop community roads which are more immediate to the lives of the poor and which connect to arterial roads.

Creating Employment by Labor-Based Technology AccordingtoaWorldBankstudy,nearlyhalfofthepeopleinTimor-Lesteareforcedtoliveinpoverty.Duetolackofaroadnetwork,thedistributionofsuppliesforproductionactivitiesishampered inTimor-Leste.Basicsocialservices,suchashealthcareandeducation,alsodonotreachthenecessaryareas.Thesecircumstancesarebelievedtobeamajorcauseofpoverty,particularlyinagriculturalareas. Inordertomitigatethevulnerabilitiesoftheresidentsofpoorareasandenhancetheircapabilities,JICAandADBarecoordinatingtoimplementthisprojectwhichincorporatesthe

followingcreativeapproaches. First,incontrastwiththeusualdevelopmentofroadsbyconstructioncompaniesusinglarge-scaleequipment,inthisproject,peopleinthreedistrictswithalargepopulationofthepoorwilldeveloproadsontheirownusinglabor-basedtechnology. Labor-basedtechnologyisasmall-scaleinfrastructuredevelopmentapproach,whichadoptsrelativelysimpletechniques,suchastheuseofsandbags,stonework,andgabions.Thisapproachischeaperthanmachinery-basedapproaches,andforashort-term,isable toprovideemploymentopportunitiestocommunitymembers, i.e.,opportunities

toobtaincash income.Furthermore, theinvolvementofcommunitymembersintheconstructionandrepairoftheroadsgivesthemasenseofownership,whichisalsoexpectedtoimproveandenhanceroadmaintenance.

Training for Community Members and Government Officials Secondly,thisprojectoffersavarietyoftrainingsforcommunitymembers.Theyprovideknowledgenecessaryfordailylivelihood,suchasliteracyandinformationonhealthcareandsanitation,aswellasknowledgeandskillsnecessaryforagricultureandsmallbusinesses.By instillingthisknowledge incommunitymembers, theaim is topromotebroaderusesofthedevelopedroadsandcontributetoimprovingthelivesandlivelihoodofthecommunitymembers,includingthepoor. Third ly , T imor-Leste, which gainedindependencein2002,isstillayoungcountryanditsadministrationcapabilitiesarestillinadequate.Therefore,thisprojectconductstrainingsandpracticalexercisesnotonlyforcommunitymembersbutalsoforgovernmentofficialsinordertoadvancetheircapabilitiesregarding technical knowledge on roadmaintenanceandprojectmanagement.Thisprojectwillprovideassistancetoestablishasystemtoenableofficialstoconstructandimprovecommunityroadsaftertheproject’sconclusion. Althoughthisprojectjuststartedin2011,creativeeffortswillbemadetobeabletoimplementtheoutcomesandlessonslearnedinotherregions,forexample,theprocessandmethodofselectingcommunitieswhichwillcarryouttheroaddevelopmentprojectthroughlabor-basedtechnology,aswellasinitiativesforenhancingthecapabilitiesofcommunitymembersandlocaladministration.

From Our Expert

Yoshinori Fukubayashi Manysectionsofthecommunityroadsintheprojectareaareundeveloped.Duetothesteepinclineinthemountainareaandwaterfloodandloadslopedisasterintherainyseason,peoplecannotaccessthearterialroadandareisolated.Inorderto improvetheseroadconditions,emphasisisplacedonimprovingroadsectionswhichserveasbottlenecks.Approacheswhichmakemaximumuseof localresourcesarealsoproposed.Thisprojectaimstoimprovecommunitymembers’access to variousservices,includinghealthcareandeducation,throughtheuseofroadswhicharedevelopedandimproved.Project information session in Bobonaro District

The road is continuously slanted. Coupled with the effects of heavy rain, road conditions are extremely poor.

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Human Development ─ Helping People the World Over to Lead Richer Lives

Issue-Specific Activities and Initiatives

The international community is making concerted efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that were established as the goals for the 21st century. Yet there are as many as 69 million out-of-school children around the world,

and 165 out of 1,000 infants in Afghanistan cannot survive their first year. These and other facts indicate that there are still many people who are unable to live decent lives. With the aim of enabling people to live healthy and creative lives each day and seek their own meaningful goals, JICA has been cooperating in the fields of education, healthcare, and social security, based on the concept of human security.

Of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), relevant goals are shown in color.

Education

Overview of Issue Educationisthecornerstoneofalldevelopment.Acquiringknowledgeandskillsthrougheducationenablespeopletoopenupandimprovetheirprospectsinlife. Inaddition,people’sbuildingoftheirowncapacitiespromotespovertyreduction,economicgrowth,andscientificandtechnologicaldevelopment.Furthermore,thepromotionofmutualunderstandingacrossallreligionsandethnicgroupsisessentialforthestabilityandpeaceoftheworld,andeducationplaysanimportantroleinthisregardaswell. Developingcountries,however,facemanyproblemsbothintermsofthequantityandqualityoftheireducation.Althoughthenumberofchildrennotattendingschoolhasdecreasedbyasmanyas36millioncomparedwith1999,69millionchildrenarestillnotattendingschool.Inaddition,intheleastdevelopedcountries,onethirdofthechildrenwhoenrollinelementaryschoolsdropoutbeforegraduation.Ontheotherhand,althoughthedemandforsecondaryeducationhasbeenincreasinginlinewiththeexpansionofprimaryeducation,theenrollmentrateofsecondaryeducationhasremainedlow. Inadditiontoprimaryandsecondaryeducation,interestinhighereducationhasbeenincreasingrapidlyinrecentyears.Thereareconsiderableexpectations forhighereducationinstitutionstoplayacentralroleinrespondingtotheneedsoftheknowledge-basedsocietyineachcountrybysuchmeansascreatingknowledgeandinnovation(research),developinghumanresourcesthatdrivesocioeconomicdevelopment(education),andresolvingdevelopmentissuesthatarebecomingincreasinglycomplexinkeepingwiththesteadyglobalizationoftheeconomyandsociety,aswellasbyreturningbenefitstoindustryandsociety(socialcontribution),withafocusonpost-EducationforAll(EFA)andpost-MDGsperiod. TheenhancementofpartnershipsbetweenuniversitiesinJapanandthoseinAsiainparticularisimportantforJapanaswell,fromtheperspectiveofpromotingtheinternationalizationofhighereducationinstitutionsaswellasofboostingeconomicgrowthintheregionthroughthefosteringofthehighlyskilledhuman

resourcesrequiredbyindustry.Ontheotherhand,inreality,manyinstitutionsofhighereducationinthedevelopingcountriesfaceissuessuchasshortagesofsufficientlyqualifiedacademicstaffandoffacilitiesandequipmentforeducationandresearch,makingitdifficultforthemtoprovidehigh-qualityeducationandresearchactivities.Inaddition,asithasbeenpointedoutthatinconsistenciesbetweenthedisseminationofhighereducationandemploymentcontributedtothepro-democracymovementintheMiddleEastthathasbeenactivesincetheendof2010,educationthatleadstoemploymentthatmatchestheneedsofsocietyandindustryisbecomingincreasinglyimportant.

JICA Activities1. Basic Education Basiceducationreferstoeducationthatprovidesbasicknowledgeandskillssuchasreading,writingandnumeracy,andincludesnotonlyprimaryandsecondaryeducationbutalsoearlychildhooddevelopmentandnon-formaleducation(includingliteracyeducationandcommunityeducation). Developingcountriesarefacingdiverseissuesinthebasiceducationsector.AmongthemJICAplacesaparticularpriorityonthethreeissuesof1)enhancementofaccesstoprimaryandsecondaryeducation,2)improvementofthequalityofprimaryandsecondaryeducation,and3)improvementofeducationmanagement(educationadministrationandschoolmanagement). Specifically,JICAispromotingcooperationwithafocusoni)

Training conducted at the Juba Multi-Service Training Center (South Sudan)

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capacitybuildingofteachersthroughtheimprovementofteachertraining,ii)establishmentofparticipatoryschoolmanagementsystemsthat involvethecommunity, iii)constructionofschoolfacilitiesbylocalcontractors,and iv) capacity development ofadministrativeofficersofcentraland localgovernments inchargeofeducation,whichisessentialforsustainingtheeffectsproducedbytheseotherefforts[ See the Case Study

on page 55]. Inparticular,intheSub-SaharanAfricancountriesthataretheleast-developedintheareaofeducation,J ICA is prov id ing focused andcomprehensivesupportinaccordancewiththeYokohamaActionPlanthatwasannouncedat the4thTokyoInternationalConferenceonAfricanDevelopment(TICADIV)inMay2008,fori)expansionofaccess(provisionofeducationalopportunitiestoabout400,000children throughconstructionof1,000elementaryandsecondaryschoolswith5,500classrooms),ii)improvementofthequalityofeducation(provisionoftrainingfor100,000scienceandmathematics teachers),and iii)improvementofschoolmanagement(expansionoftheSchoolforAllproject,acommunity-participatorymodelforimprovingschoolmanagement,to10,000schools). Itistheresponsibilityoftheinternationalcommunitytoprovidesupporttoenableasmanypeopleaspossibleinthedevelopingcountriestoreceivequalityeducation.JICAiscontinuingtoprovidesteadysupportforbasiceducationtoward2015,thetargetyearoftheEFAandMDGs.2. Higher Education Highereducationispositionedasthefinalstageofacountry’seducationsystem.Withaviewtoimprovingthequality,quantityandequalityofhighereducation,whichhavebeenattractingparticularattention inrecentyears,JICA is implementingefficientandeffectiveprojectswiththecooperationofJapaneseuniversities.Withthemaintargetsbeingthecoreuniversitiesthatplayaleadingroleinpromotingthehighereducationsectorofeachrespectivecountryorregion,JICAprovidessupportfortheimprovementoftheireducationandresearchcapabilitiesthroughsuchmeansasimprovingthecapabilitiesofacademicstaff,improvingthecampusandtheeducationandresearchequipment,enhancingtheuniversity’sgoverningstructure,promotingindustry-academia-communitylinks,andestablishinganetworkbetweenuniversities. InAsia,whilefocusingsupportontheASEANUniversityNetwork/SoutheastAsiaEngineeringEducationDevelopmentNetworkProject (AUN/SEED-Net),JICA isalsoextendingcooperation toothercoreuniversitiesasnecessary,andendeavoringtofosterhighly-skilledhumanresourcesthrough

long-termtrainingintheformalcoursesatJapanesegraduateschools[ See the Case Study on page 100].IntheMiddleEastandAfrica,JICAextendsitscooperationwithafocusonsupportforEgypt-JapanUniversityofScienceandTechnology(E-JUST)thatwaspartiallyopenedinFebruary2010. Inconjunctionwithitssupportforhighereducation,JICAalsoprovidessupporttothecoretechnicaleducationinstitutionsineachcountryinordertoenablethemtopromptlyfosterandturnouthumanresourcesthatcanrespondtothediverseneedsfortechnologyandskillsthatchangeaccordingtothestageofindustrialdevelopment.

Health and Medical Services

Overview of Issue Indevelopingcountries,manypeoplelosetheirlivesbecausetheyarenotabletoreceiveadequatehealthcareormedicalservices.Inthehealthsector,itisgenerallyrecognizedthatitwillbedifficulttoachievehealth-relatedMDGsby2015despitethelargecontributionmadebyvariouspartnersincludingdonorcountries,privatefunds,andinternationalorganizationssuchastheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).TheGovernmentofJapanhasalsocommitteditscontinuoussupporttoaddresstheseissuesatTICADIV,theMDGsmeetingsandatotherfora.JICAisaddressingissuessuchastheimprovementofmaternalandchildhealth,infectiousdiseasecontrol,andstrengtheninghealthsystems,incoordinationwithotheractorsinvolvedinglobalhealthissues.

JICA Activities1. Improving Maternal and Child Health Approximately99%ofthe360,000pregnantwomenwhodieduringpregnancyorchildbirthandthe8.1millionchildrenwho

Children working in groups in an arithmetic class (Senegal: Strengthening Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education Project (PREMST))

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diebeforereachingtheirfifthbirthdayeveryyearliveindevelopingcountries.Thisfactindicatesthatthehealthandwell-beingofpregnantwomenandyoungchildren isoneof themostseriousissuesfacingthedevelopingcountries. JICA is supportingdevelopingcountries instrengtheninghealthsystemstoprovide“ContinuumofCareforMCH”*byimprovingthequalityofhealthcareandmedicalservicesandensuringaccesstosuchservices.Specifically,JICAissupportingthepromotion of antenatal care forpregnantwomeninthe interestofsafedelivery,upgradinghealthandmedicalfacilities,strengtheningofcommunicationandcollaborationamongdifferentlevelsofhealthandmedical facilities,creatinghumanresourcesforhealthandmedicalservicessuchasmidwives,andothermeasures[ See the Case Study on page 17]. Infiscal2010,JICAstartedtheProjectforStrengtheningMaternalandChildHealthServices inEasternVisayas in

Community activity to confirm the location of the homes of pregnant women on the map, and consider support for maternal and child health (Bangladesh)

* Continuum of Care for MCH is defined as continuous care that considers the chronological flow of stages such as the pre-pregnancy (including adolescence and family planning), pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium periods, and the neonatal, infant, and childhood periods collectively as a single unit, as well as care provided with families, communities, primary health and medical facilities and secondary and tertiary health and medical facilities all linked and supplementing one another in a continuous manner.

Until 2008, JICA provided cooperation to improve the education and research capabilities of top-level engineering universities in the 10 member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Building on the accomplishments of this endeavor, JICA is continuing its efforts to further strengthen the human network between Japan and ASEAN through activities including human resource development to enhance the education and research capabilities of the universities, and collaborative research on issues common to the region.

For the Further Enhancement of Core Universities in Each Country, and the Strengthening of the Network Between Universities

Case Study ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network Project (Phase 2)

andhasextended region-wideTechnicalCooperationtofosterhumanresourcesinthefieldofengineeringsince2003. Atotalof444academicstaffofthememberuniversitieshave takenadvantageof theopportunitytostudyinothercountriesintheregionorinJapanatthemaster’sdegreeordoctoratedegreelevel,andtherebyincreasetheireducationandresearchcapabilities.Inaddition,thequalityofthegraduateprogramsoftheuniversitiesacceptingthemhasalsoimprovedthroughtheacceptanceof internationalstudentsand theguidancerece i ved f rom Japaneseprofessors.Thishas led toan invigorationofacademicexchanges,ascanbeseenbytheconclusionofpartnershipagreements between thememberuniversitiesaswellaswithuniversitiesinJapan. Basedontheseachievements,JICAiscontinuingtoprovidesupportfortheimprovementin

thequalificationsofacademicstaffmainlyinthelessdevelopedASEANcountries(Cambodia,Laos,MyanmarandVietNam)whereneedsstillremainhigh.JICAisalsopromotingtheparticipationofotheruniversities,industrialcirclesand the community in academicconferencesheldintheregion.Inaddition,JICAisworkingtoconductcollaborativeresearchoncross-sectoralissuescommontotheASEANregionandtheindustrialworld.

A student dispatched through the project conducting an experiment at De La Salle University in the Philippines

TheAsianfinancialcrisisof1997servedasanopportunity toraiseawarenessthatthefosteringofhumanresourcesthatcaninvigorate industry is important for thelong-termsustainabledevelopmentof theASEANregion. Inresponsetotheneedforhumanresources,withthecooperationof11universitiesinJapan,JICAestablishedanengineeringeducationdevelopmentnetworkamong19representativeASEANuniversities,

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thePhilippines toenhance thesystem forenablingsafedeliveriesforexpectantmothersandprovidingadequatecarefornewbornbabies.IntheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,JICAequippedauniversityhospitalwithmedicalequipmentforemergencyobstetriccare.InBangladesh,JICAispromotingandcommunicatingbothatthecommunitylevelandathealthfacilitiestheimportanceofantenatalcareandofthereferralsysteminmaternalandchildcare.Inaddition,JICAisadvancingpreparationsforthecommencementoftheSafeMotherhoodPromotionProject(SMPP)(Phase2),whichisaimedatreducingmaternalandinfantdeaths.2. Infectious Diseases Control Withthreemajor infectiousdiseases,namelyHIV/AIDS,tuberculosisandmalaria,aloneclaimingthelivesofover4millionpeopleeachyear,infectiousdiseasesposeadirectthreattothepeopleindevelopingcountriesandtheyarealsoafactorinhinderingeconomicandsocialdevelopment.Infectiousdiseasescontrolisanissuethatneedstobeaddressednotonlybyspecificcountriesorregions,butalsobytheentireworld,asthosediseasesspreadaroundtheworldthrougheconomicactivitiesandasaresultofthedevelopmentoftransportation. Inthefieldofinfectiousdiseasescontrol,JICAmainlyprovidessupportfortheimprovementofaccesstoandthequalityoftesting,thecollectionandanalysisofhealthinformation,andstrengtheningserviceproviders’capacitiestoprovidenecessary

treatmentandcareservices.Moreover,JICAsupportspolicymakingatthenationallevel,andenhancingservicedeliveryathealthfacilitiesatthesub-regionallevel.Infiscal2010,JICAlaunchedaprojectentitled“HealthSystemsStrengtheningforHIVandAIDSServicesProjectinTanzania”,whichprovidessupporttostrengthenmonitoringandevaluationsystemswithsupervisioninorder to improvethequalityofHIVandAIDSresponsesimplementedathealthandmedicalfacilities.Inaddition,JICAisimplementingvariousprojectsundertheScienceandTechnologyResearchPartnershipforSustainableDevelopment(SATREPS)inAsiaandAfrica,utilizingJapan’sknowledgeinthefieldofresearchanddevelopmentoninfectiousdiseases,andisalsopromotingjointresearchontropicaldiseases.3. Health Systems Strengthening “Healthsystems”refertotheframeworksthatformbasesfortheprovisionofhealthcareandmedicalservicestopeople(improvinggovernance,improvingmedicalfacilities,managingpropermedicalproducts,identifyingandeffectivelyutilizingaccuratehealth information,andsecuringandmanagingfinancialresources)aswellastothefosteringandmanaginghumanresourcesforhealth[ See the Case Study below].Whileitisnecessarytotakeabalancedapproachtoaddressingtheissuesofspecificdiseasesandstrengtheningofentirehealthsystemsanumberofpartnershipshavebeenestablishedbyvariousorganizationsthatspecializeinstrengtheningkeycomponents

Under the Pol Pot administration in the late 1970s, Cambodia’s health systems suffered catastrophic damage. Since the early stages of reconstruction, JICA has been providing active support mainly for maternal and child health and for tuberculosis control. Since fiscal 2009, JICA has extended cooperation with a focus on support designed to lead to the strengthening of the entire health systems.

For the Provision of High-Quality Health Services

Case Study Cambodia Health System Strengthening Program

Inadditiontosupportingtuberculosiscontrolandtheimprovementofmaternalandchildhealth,JICAprovidessupportthroughTechnicalCooperationprojectsforthebuildingofcapacitytomanagemedicalequipmentthatservesasthebasistoprovidehealthservices,andfortheestablishmentofacertificationsystemfornurses.JICAisalsoworkingtoimprovesystemsthatbestmatchtheactualsituationof thecountry,includingbysupportingtherenovationofprovincialhospitalsthroughGrantAid. TheProjectforImprovingMaternalandNewbornCarethroughMidwiferyCapacityDevelopmentcarriesoutactivities toestablishamaternalcaresystemthatcanbringsatisfactiontoboththepregnantwomenandhealthworkers.TheProjectonStrengtheningof Medical EquipmentManagement inReferral

Hospitalsworksnotonlyonthemaintenance,checkingandrepairofmedicalequipment,butalsoontheestablishmentofasystemformaintainingandmanagingmedicalequipmentinconjunctionwithhospitalmanagementincludingequipmentallocationandbudgetplanning.

Checking the technical level of midwives during a hands-on technique training course (Project for Improving Maternal and Newborn Care through Midwifery Capacity Development)

Aiming to Improve Health Services for All Cambodians Children’shealthisimprovinginCambodia,but theMaternalMortalityRate remainshighandthecountrystill facesnumerouschallengessuchashealthstatusdisparitiesbetweenurbanandruralareas.Inresponse,theRoyalGovernmentofCambodiahasbeenimplementingtheNationalHealthStrategywithaviewtoimprovingthehealthservicesprovidedtoallCambodianpeople,especiallytothepoorandtowomenandchildren,by2015,andJICAissupportingtheseeffortsjointlywithotherdonorsandpartners.

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ofhealthsystems.Inlightofthissituation,JICAisexpectedtoplayaroleinsupportingdevelopingcountries,inharmonywithinternationalinitiativesandtheseexistingpartnerships. JICAactivelycontributestotheformulationofnationalhealthplansandbudgets,andsupportsthesmoothimplementationoftheseplans.TheProjectforStrengtheningManagementforHealthinNyanzaProvinceinKenyaandotherJICA-supportedprojectsextendcooperationfor improvingthefunctionsthatconstitute thehealthsystems (includingstrengtheningoflocaladministration,reinforcementoflocalhealthservices,andimprovementofhealthinformationsystems,etc.).Ontheotherhand,inotherprojectssuchastheProjectforStrengtheningIntegratedMaternal,NeonatalandChildHealthServicesinLaos,JICAsupportsimplementationofthenationalhealthprogramthatincludesmaternalandchildhealthandinfectiousdiseasescontrolfromtheperspectiveofstrengtheningthehealthsystem.

Social Security

Overview of Issue TherearecountriesaswellaslargerregionssuchasAsiathathaveachievedremarkableeconomicgrowthinrecentyears.Ontheotherhand,increasesineconomicdisparitieshavebecomepronounced,whilemanyvulnerablepeoplearebeingleftbehindinreceivingbenefitsfromeconomicgrowth. Inorder toestablishastablesocietywhilemaintainingeconomicgrowth,itisessentialtoenhancemedicalandincomesecurity.Itisalsoimportantnotonlyforindividualsbutalsoforsocietyasawholetomakepreparationstodealwithvariousrisks.Furthermore,providingsupportfortheindependenceofthesociallyvulnerablepromotestheirparticipationinsocialandeconomicactivities,whichalsohasthepotentialtocontributetotheexpansionoftheconsumerclassaswellastofinancialstability. JICAisextendingcooperationintheareaofsocialsecurityfromtheperspectiveofpromotinginclusivecooperation.

JICA Activities BasedonJapan’sknowledgeandexperienceinsocialsecuritysystems,JICAisundertakingprojectsaimedatimprovingthesocialsecuritysystemsofdevelopingcountries,focusingonthethreeareasofsocialinsuranceandsocialwelfare,assistanceforpersonswithdisabilities,andlaborandemployment.1. Social Insurance and Social Welfare JICAsupportsthedevelopmentofsocialinsurancesystemssuchasmedicalsecurityand incomesecurity (includingpensions),aswellasstrengtheningsocialwelfarepoliciesfortheelderly,childrenandmothers.Inrecenttimes,JICAprovidedsupportinresponsetotheagingsocietyinThailand,includingthedevelopmentofhumanresourcesinvolvedinhealthcareand

medicalandwelfareservicesfortheelderly[ See the Case Study

on page 37].2. Support for Persons with Disabilities Eventhoughsupportforpersonswithdisabilitiesisgenerallyconsideredasapartofsocialwelfareservices,JICAviewspersonswithdisabilitiesnotsimplyasrecipientsofwelfareservicesbutalsoasimportantactorsofdevelopment.JICA’sultimategoalistobuildasocietythatiscomfortabletoliveinforallpeople,regardlessofdisabilities. JICAaimsatrealizingthe“fullparticipationandequality”ofpeoplewithdisabilitiesindevelopingcountries,withemphasisonsupportthatensuresactiveparticipationofpersonswithdisabilitiesinsociety.JICAisworkingtoempowerpersonswithdisabilitiesthroughleadershiptrainingandstrengtheningdisabledpeople’sorganizations,aswellascreatingbarrier-freeenvironments[ See the Case Study on page 103].3. Labor and Employment Inadditiontosupportforthedevelopmentofpoliciesforlaborandemployment,JICAprovidessupportinsuchfieldsasoccupationalhealthandsafetyandworkplacementservices.Indevelopingcountries,incontrasttotheachievementofeconomicdevelopment, legal frameworksandenforcementofsuchlegislationinthefieldofoccupationalhealthandsafetytendtobeunderdeveloped,resultinginasignificantincreaseinlaboraccidents. Whenworkerswhohavebeeninjuredatworkcannotreceiveadequatecompensation,theylosetheirsourceofincomeandfacetheriskofimmediatelyfallingintoextremepoverty.Aslaboraccidentsalsoposeagreatrisknotonlytolaborersandtheirfamilies,butalsotoemployersandtosociety,JICAisprovidingsupportfortheimprovementofoccupationalhealthandsafetyinMalaysiaandothercountries.

Hands-on training on safety supervision at a construction site (Project for Improving Occupational Safety and Health Administration of Department of Occupational Safety and Health of Malaysia)

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For the Empowerment of All Persons with Disabilities

Case Study Asia-Pacific Development Center on Disability (APCD) (Phase 2)

Cooperation is underway in the Asia-Pacific region with persons with disabilities playing central roles so that they will be able to carry out activities for the promotion of a barrier-free society jointly with those without disabilities. JICA is providing support in order to empower all persons with disabilities, regardless of the type of disability, to further drive forward the movements toward promoting a barrier-free society that have been started in each country.

Persons with Disabilities are Themselves Changing Society Thereareestimatedtobeabout400millionpeoplewithdisabilities intheAsia-Pacificregion,manyofwhomareunabletoobtainopportunitiestoparticipateinsocietysuchaseducationandemploymentortoreceivenecessaryservices.With theAsia-PacificDevelopmentCenteronDisability (APCD),whichwasconstructedthroughGrantAid,inThailandservingastheprojectbase,JICA,workingtogetherwithThailand,hasprovidedTechnicalCooperationto32countriesinAsiaandthePacificsince2002. Underthebasicprinciplethatpersonswithdisabilitiesarenottherecipientsofservices,butareimportantactorswhoparticipateinthecommunityandadvancesocialdevelopment,theCenteraimstocreateanenvironmentinwhichpersonswithdisabilitiesareguaranteedcertainrightsandaffordedopportunitiestoparticipateinvarioussocialactivitiestogetherwithpersonswithoutdisabilities. TheCenterconductstrainingforpersonswithdisabilities,theirfamiliesandsupporters,

and also supports theirnetworking with peopleinvariouspositionssuchasthestaffoftherelevantadministrativebodiesofthegovernmentsofeachcountryandofNGOs, inaddition to followinguptheiractivitiesaftertraining.Experts fromJapanhavep rov ided gu idance onthe management of theCenter,thecollectionanddispatchofvariouskindsofinformation,andtheholdingof seminars and eventsrelatedtodisabilities.

Barrier-Free Environments Realized in Various Places

Inthecourseofcooperationextendedoverafive-yearper iod, more than 900personswithdisabilitiesandrelevantpeoplehaverece ived t ra in ing. The

trainingshaveresultedintheemergenceofleaderswithdisabilitiesineachcountry.Theyhavealsobegunmovementstodisseminatetheirownexperienceofreceivingtrainingtootherpersonswithdisabilitiesintheirowncountries,includingthroughtheestablishmentoforganizationsofpersonswithdisabilities(DPOs)andtheholdingofworkshops.Therehavebeencaseswherepersonswithdisabilitieswhohadbeenstayinghomeforyearshavestartedtogoout,toliveindependentlivesinthelocalarea,oreventogainaccesstoavarietyoforganizationsandinstitutions.Asthesecasesindicate,personswithdisabilitiesareexpandingtheiractivities.Appealsmadebytheparticipantsinthetrainingsessionshavealsoledtothecreationofabarrier-freeenvironmentatasubwaystationinBangkokandatoneofAsia’slargestshoppingmallsinthePhilippines. Buildingon suchoutcomes, JICAhasbeenprovidingcooperationwiththesecondphaseoftheAsia-PacificDevelopmentCenteronDisability (APCD)Projectsince2007.Thesecondphaseoftheprojectfocusesontheempowermentofpersonswithhearing

impairmentsandintellectualdisabilities,whofounditdifficulttoparticipateinthefirstphase,inanefforttogiveconsiderationtoalltypesofdisabilities.ThedispatchofaJapanesepersonwithanintellectualdisabilityasashort-termexpertandtheinvitationofaleaderwithanintellectualdisabilityfromThailandhavehadasignificant impact,whichhas ledtotheestablishmentofthefirstself-helpgroupforpersonswithintellectualdisabilitiesinThailand. JICAisaimingtofurtherstrengthenthenetworksithasestablisheduptonowinorderto further itscontribution ineachcountrytowardempoweringallpersonswithdisabilitiesandcreatinganequitablesociety that iscomfortableforeverybody.

From Our Partner

Ms Phacharin Sujaritwatanasak, current leader of Dao Ruang (a group of persons with intellectual disabilities) ThroughthetrainingconductedinJapanandthedispatchofashort-temexpertwithanintellectualdisability,we,aspeoplewithintellectualdisabilitiesinThailand,cametounderstandtheconceptof“self-advocacy,”andestablishedDaoRuang.Wegainedtheinspirationtodevelopadishwasherdetergenttogeneratefundssothat thegroupcouldcontinuouslyengageinactivities,andwithsupportfromJICA’sproject,wearesteadilyincreasingoursales. Furthermore, IvisitedMyanmaras theresourcepersonoftheJICAprojecttosharewith thosewith intellectualdisabilities inMyanmartheexperienceofestablishingDaoRuang.Throughthisexperience,IhavegainedstrongconfidencethatevenIcanbetheleaderofagroup.(Note: At the time of this mission, the first group of persons with intellectual disabilities in Myanmar was also established.)

Activities being carried out by Dao Ruang Group, Thailand’s first self-help group of persons with intellectual disabilities, which was established through the APCD Project

Filling bottles with dishwasher detergent. Dao Ruang’s leader on the left.

Interview with a man with a disability who was involved in a subway barrier-free construction project (Bangkok, Thailand)

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Issue-Specific Activities and Initiatives

In developing countries, a vicious circle is occurred as the destruction of the environment, which is a basis for human life, causes the further escalation of poverty. Each passing moment brings the further destruction of the irreplaceable

natural environment on which humanity depends, driving the need for the creation of a sustainable society based on the concept of harmony with the environment. JICA is implementing cooperation widely for the conservation of the global environment. Key initiatives focus on nature conservation, environmental management, water resources, disaster prevention and management, and climate change.

Of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), relevant goals are shown in color.

Nature Conservation

Overview of Issue Overthepastdecades,large-scaledevelopmentandexcessiveresourceconsumptionhaveledtotherapiddestructionofnatureworldwidethatincludesdeforestation,desertificationandtheextinctionofspecies.Itisreportedthattheareaofforestlandisdecliningbyapproximately13millionhectares,equivalenttoone-thirdofthelandareaofJapan,everyyearduetofactorssuchaslogging,forestfires,conversiontoagriculturalland,andexcessiveslash-and-burncultivation.Moreover,morethan18,000wildlifespeciesareconsideredtobeindangerofextinction. Humanlifeisultimatelydependentontheearth’secosystem,whichprovidessuchessentialsasfood,waterandair.Destroyingthebalanceoftheecosystemhasahugeimpactonpeople’slives.Inparticular,sincemanyofthepoorindevelopingcountriesarerelyingonnaturalresourcesduringtheirdailylives,thedestructionofthenaturalenvironmentresultsinthefurtherdeteriorationoftheirlives. Wearefacedwiththeneedtoconserveand sustainably manage the naturalenvironmentthatformsthebasisforthesurvivalofhumanity, includingforests,wildlife, lakes,wetlandandmangroves,etc.,whicharerapidlyvanishingfromtheearth.

JICA Activities Inaddition toconductingactivitiessuchascollectingforestdata,formulatingmanagementplansand improving thelivesoflocalresidents,JICAiscarryingoutafforestationactivitiesforforestrestorationinmanycountries.Inordertoeliminatetheviciouscycleofenvironmentaldeteriorationandpoverty,andtopromotetheformulationofasocietyinharmonywiththeenvironment,

JICAprovidescooperationonnatureconservationinthefollowingthreeareas,withtheaimoffacilitatingharmonybetweenthemaintenanceofthenaturalenvironmentandhumanactivities.1. Sustainable Use of Natural Resources by Local Residents Indevelopingcountries,manypeopleusenaturalresourcesintheirdailylives.Asteepriseinpopulation,however,hasmeantthattheuseofthoseresourcesexceedsnature’sabilitytorecover,causingthedeteriorationoftheenvironmentthatsupportshumanlife. Aimingtobothconservenatureandimprovelivingstandards,JICAprovidesassistancebasedonlocalrequirements,includingthoseforsustainableproduction,environmentalrestorationandconservationactivities,andworkstoimprovecommunityservicesthroughadministration.2. Conservation of Biodiversity Theblessingofbiodiversitysustainsourdailylifeinformssuchasfood,clothing,medicine,andwoodproducts.However,

Global Environment

─ For the Termination of the Vicious Cycle of Poverty and Environmental Destruction

Counterpart personnel filling out monitoring forms with data (Capacity Enhancement Project for Coral Reef Monitoring in Palau)

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A tree-planting activity being conducted by local residents as part of the Participatory Land and Forest Management Project for Reducing Deforestation (Laos)

becauseofsuchfactorsastheexcessiveutilizationofnaturalresourcesduetodeforestation,overgrazing,andtheharvestingoffirewoodandcharcoalmaterials,aswellastooverhuntingofwildlife,introductionofalienspecies,andthethreatofclimatechange,itisconsideredthatasmanyas40,000wildlifespecies,includingunknownspeciesthatremainundiscovered,arebecomingextincteveryyear,andthefunctionsoftheecosystemaredeterioratingallovertheworld. With theaimofestablishingasustainablesociety inwhichhumanactivitiesco-existinharmonywiththenaturalenvironment,JICAisprovidingvariousformsofsupportsuchasprovidingTechnicalCooperationforimprovingthecapabilitiesofadministrativeofficersandresearchers,raisingawarenessthroughenvironmentaleducationforlocalresidents,introducingeco-tourism,anddevelopinganddisseminatingagriculturaltechnologiesthatcanhelpstrikeabalancebetweentheimprovedproductivityandenvironmentalconservation.Inparticular,JICAiscarryingoutactivitiesfortheconservationofbiodiversityhotspotssuchasmangroveforestsandcoralreefsinregionsthatarerichinbiodiversity.

InOctober2010,thetenthmeetingoftheConferenceofthePartiestotheConventiononBiologicalDiversity(COP10)washeldinNagoya,Japan[ See the Case Study on page 10].InkeepingwiththeadoptionatCOP10oftheNagoyaProtocolonAccessandBenefitSharing(ABS),orthefairandequitablesharingofbenefitsarisingfromtheutilizationofgeneticresources,JICAissupportingtheeffortsofdevelopingcountriesinprotectingtheirbiodiversity-relatedresourcesandalsoinconnectionwithABS,whichplaysanimportantroleinthepromotionofsustainableutilization.3. Sustainable Forest Management Forestsarenotonlyvaluablenaturalresources,theyalsohavethefunctionofretainingwaterresourcesandconservingsoilwhileabsorbingCO2tomitigateclimatechange.Althoughitiscriticaltoreplaceforestsbyplantingtrees,itismoreimportanttomakesureexistingforestsarenotdepletedabovecurrentlevelsviaadequatemaintenanceandmanagement.

JICAconductssurveysonthestateofforests,developsreforestationtechnologytoregeneratewoodedareas,andworkstoraiseawarenessoftheimportanceofforestsandtheirmaintenanceandmanagement.Inaddition,JICAisextendingcooperationontheconservationof forests,withaviewtocontributingtotheestablishmentofasystemtoreduceemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradation(REDD-plus),whichhasbeenadvancedbytheinternationalcommunityinrecentyearsaspartofthemeasuresagainstclimatechange[ See the Case Study

on page 13].

Environmental Management

Overview of Issue Environmentalissuessuchaswaterandairpollutionanduntreatedsolidwaste,onceconsideredtheproblemsofdevelopedcountries,nowextendtodevelopingcountriesaswell.This

threatensthehealthandlifeofhumansandother life,andinhibitsthesounddevelopmentofeconomicactivities.Itwillbetoolatetoaddressenvironmentalissuesonceourecosystemsandhumanhealtharetangiblydamaged.Whatisneededisaneffortemphasizingprevention,andtothisenditisimportanttostrengthenthecapacitytorespondtoenvironmentalissues.

JICA Activities Becausemanyenvironmentalissuesinvolvecomplexfactorsinamultilayeredmannerandarespreadoverawidespatialarea,itisdifficulttofindsolutionsinashortperiodoftime.Inordertominimizethescaleofenvironmentaldamagewhilecontinuingdevelopment,“environmentalmanagement”isimportantasameansofreducingtheoverallburdenofhumanactivityontheenvironmentandmaintainingtheenvironmentinahealthystate. JICAprovidesvariousformsofsupportinaccordancewiththedevelopmentstatusofeachdevelopingcountryorregion.Insodoing,JICArecognizesthatitisessentialtoenhancethecapacityoftheorganizationsandindividualsinvolvedinenvironmentalmanagementtorespondtotheseissues.Accordingly,inrecentyears,JICAhasbeenfurtherstrengtheningitseffortsoncapacitydevelopmentforenvironmentalmanagement.1. Water Environment JICAsupportsmeasurestopreventpollutioninrivers,wetlandsandoceans.Thisincludessupportforincreasingthecapabilitytomonitorwaterquality,fordraftingmanagementplansandmakingpolicyproposals.JICAalsoprovidessupportforthedraftingofplansandtheoperationandmanagementoffacilitiesneededtotreatwastewaterfromhouseholdsandindustryandimprovethehygienicenvironment,suchassupportfortheimprovementofsewagefacilities.2. Atmospheric Environment JICAsupportsmeasurestopreventairpollution,suchasincreasingthecapabilitytomonitorairquality,andimprovingcapacityfordraftingmanagementplansandmakingpolicyproposals.JICAisalsoprovidingsupportforthedevelopmentofairpollutantremovalfacilities,andnewmethodstomeasurecontaminants.3. Waste Management JICAsupportsmeasuresforimprovingwastemanagement,

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suchasincreasingtheadministrativeservicecapabilitiesforthecollection, transportation, intermediate treatmentandfinaldisposalofwaste,andimprovingcapacityfordraftingmanagementplansandmakingpolicyproposals.Recently,JICAisincreasingitssupporttocreateasoundmaterial-cyclesocietybypromotingthe3Rs(Reduce,Reuse,Recycle)ofwaste[ See

the Case Studies on pages 42, 76 and below].4. Other Areas of Environmental Management JICAsupportstheformulationofabasicplanforenvironmentalmanagement.

Water Resources

Overview of Issue One-thirdoftheworld’spopulationfaceswatershortages,whileoverabillionpeoplelackaccesstosafedrinkingwater.Moreover,manychildrenaredyingfromwater-relateddiseases.Inthisway,developingcountriesarefacingamultitudeofwater-relatedproblems,includingfoodshortagescausedbyfloodsandinappropriatewaterallocation.

JICA Activities Inconjunctionwiththe3rdWorldWaterForum,heldinJapanin2003,JICAannounceditsbasicpoliciesforcooperationinthewaterresourcessector,centeringontheexpansionofsupplyofsafewater,andhasfollowedthisupsteadily.Inaddition,at

the4thTokyoInternationalConferenceonAfricanDevelopment(TICADIV)heldin2008,commitmentsweremadetoexpandsupportregardingwaterandsanitationinAfrica,andJICAhasbeenpromotingeffortstorealizethese.ThroughtheconstructionofwatersupplyfacilitiesviaGrantAid,JICAincreasedthenumberofpeoplewithaccesstosafedrinkingwaterbyroughly22millionworldwidebetween2005and2009. Itisalsoessentialtoidentifythestateofwaterresourcesinaparticularcountryorregioninordertoprovidesupportthatmeetslocalneeds.1. Promotion of Integrated Water Resource Management Inordertoadequatelymanageandsustainablyutilizethelimitedwaterresources,JICAprovidessupportwithanemphasisonintegratedwaterresourcemanagementtocomprehensivelytacklewater-relatedissuesconcerningfloodcontrol,waterutilizationandthewaterenvironment.Specifically,JICAsupportstheformulationofintegratedwaterresourcemanagementplansforentirewatersheds,thedevelopmentofsystemsforthecollectionandanalysisofwaterresourcerelatedinformationandtheestablishmentofwatershedmanagementsystems.2. Urban Water Supply Inadditiontoprovidingsupportfortheformulationofplansforwatersupplysystemsandtheimprovementofwatersupplyfacilities,JICAsupportstheenhancementofthemanagementfoundationsofwatersupplyutilities,throughmeasuresincludingensuringadequateoperation,maintenanceandmanagementoffacilities,capacitydevelopmentrelatedtonon-revenuewater,

The island nations of the Oceania region, where land areas are small and traditional land ownership systems remain intact, share the common issue of how to ensure the adequate treatment of solid waste. In order to disseminate the outcomes of the efforts on solid waste management that JICA has obtained through cooperation with the region’s countries, JICA commenced region-wide Technical Cooperation in February 2011 in collaboration with the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), with which JICA had previously established the Pacific Regional Solid Waste Management Strategy 2010–2015.

To Reduce the Environmental Impact in Island Countries

Case Study Pacific Region Project for Promotion of Regional Initiative on Solid Waste Management

The p ro j ec t p l ans t o p romote thedisseminationof thesemi-aerobic landfillsystem(Fukuokamethod)thatcanbebuiltwith locallyavailablematerialsandwastematerials,andiseasytomaintainandmanage,basedontheexperienceofintroducingthesysteminSamoa.Throughactivecollaborationutilizingtheactivitiescarriedoutbyvolunteersdispatchedtoeachcountryforenvironmentaleducationand themanagement of finaltreatmentplants,JICAplanstopromotethe3Rs(Reduce,Reuse,Recycle)ofwastewhileinvolvinglocalresidents. In Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, theShibushiCityModelhasmadepossiblethelong-termuseoffinal treatmentplantsbyreducingthevolumeofsolidwasteasaresultofthoroughwasteseparation.JICAplanstoprovidegrassrootsTechnicalCooperationtodisseminatethismodel intheregionwhileobtainingthecooperationoflocalgovernments.It isexpected thatcollaborationbetweengrassrootsTechnicalCooperationandthis

projectwillgeneratesynergisticeffects. Theprojectalsoplanstowidelyutilizethe“ManualregardingOccupationalSafetyandHealthinWasteCollection”producedbytheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)andJICAaspartofaTechnicalCooperationprojectimplementedinFiji.

An official of Lautoka City, Fiji checks compost, which is being promoted for home use. Transfer of compost technology is also underway as part of the 3Rs.

Synergy Effects of Collaboration Expected ThisprojectischaracterizedbyitsutilizationoftheexperiencesofJapaneselocalgovernmentsandofcollaborationamongvarioustypesofcooperation.

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* The Water Security Action Team is an initiative to dispatch JOCVs, Senior Volunteers and others to African nations to provide technical guidance to enable people to use safe water in a stable manner. Launched at TICAD IV held in Yokohama in 2008, the initiative carries out a wide range of activities that include ensuring safe water, the operation and maintenance of water supply facilities, and improving the sanitation environment related to water use. The initiative plans to dispatch about 200 volunteers and others during the five-year period until 2013 in an effort to deliver safe water supplies in cooperation with local people.

andtheestablishmentofwatertariffcollectionsystems.3. Rural Water Supply

JICAassistshydro-geologicalstudiesforboreholeconstruction,theenhancementofoperationandmaintenancesystemsinexistingwatersupplyfacilities,andtheimprovementofsanitationinruralareas[ See the Case Studies on page 60 and below].4. Flood Control JICAsupportstheimplementationofbalancedfloodcontrolmeasuresfortheentirewatershed,fromupstreamtodownstream.Thisentailsamultifacetedapproachcombiningbothstructural

andnon-structuralaspects.Projectsincludeformulatingplanstodevelopfacilitiesforfloodprevention,strengtheningcommunityorganizations,andsettingupflood-warningsystems.5. Conservation of Water Environment JICAprovidessupportforstrengtheningsystemstoconservethewaterenvironmentthrougharangeofactivitiesthatincludeformulatingenvironmentalstandards,monitoring,controllingsourcesofpollutionandawareness-raisingactivities.

Disaster Prevention

Overview of Issue Theprevalenceanddamageofdisastershas increasedsharplyinthepast30yearsorso,asstormandflooddamage,earthquakes,volcanicactivitiesandotherdisastersoccuracrosstheglobealmostdaily.People indevelopingcountriesareparticularlyvulnerableduetourbanization,whichacceleratestheconcentrationofpeopleincitiesanddelaystheprovisionofsocialinfrastructure.Naturaldisastersdomorethanclaimlife;theydirectlyimpactpeople’slivelihoodandaggravatethepovertycycle.Whereasthepreviousmainstreamsofdisasterassistancewerecenteredmoreonstructuralmeasuressuchasconstructionofdamsandlevees,thereisalsoaneedforcompoundmeasuresthatemphasizenon-structuralassistancesuchasinstallation

A Japanese expert provides technical guidance at a laboratory (Water Quality Monitoring Techniques Project (Phase 2) in Panama)

The intensive support provided by JICA in the Central Plateau and South Central regions of Burkina Faso in the field of water and sanitation has led to many new wells and enabled approximately 450,000 people to gain access to safe water. In order to accelerate the efforts being made toward the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal of “to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation,” JICA is extending cooperation by achieving collaboration between Technical Cooperation projects, Grant Aid, dispatch of volunteers and Science and Technology Research Partnership.

To Improve People’s Lives through Intensive Support

Case Study Burkina Faso Program for Improvement of Water and Sanitation Environment

facilities.To thisend,JICA issupportingcapacitydevelopmenttoenableadministrativeofficersandlocalresidentstoestablishrulesonoperationandmaintenance,tosetwatertariffs,andsoon. At thesame time,JICA iscarryingoutawareness-raisingactivitiesbyselectingandfosteringmotivatedpeopleatthevillagelevelaspromoters,whoaretaskedwithconsideringand leadingdiscussionaboutwater-relateddiseasesandhygienicbehaviortogetherwiththeirfellowvillagersand communicating correctknowledge.Furthermore,JapanOverseasCooperationVolunteers(JOCVs), including theWaterActionTeam*,working in thefieldofhealth,medicalcareandeducation,isconductingactivitiestoraiseawarenessofsanitationandhygieneateachactivitysite.

JICAisalsoprovidingcooperationtoimprovewaterandsanitationbyutilizingscienceandtechnology.TheInternationalInstituteforWaterandEnvironmentalEngineeringofBurkinaFaso,incooperationwithHokkaidoUniversityandotherresearchinstitutionsofJapan,istryingtodevelopandapplytothelocalsocietyasustainablelow-costsystem.

Promoters carrying out activities to raise awareness on sanitation and hygiene to villagers using games and cards.

Life with Access to Safe Water and Basic Sanitation In order to facil itate the sustainablemanagement of the wel ls constructedthroughGrantAid,JICAaimstopromotethe“reform”systemstipulatedbytheBurkinabegovernment,underwhichlocalresidentsandthelocalgovernmentplaythecentralrolesinmaintainingandmanagingwatersupply

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ofdisasterwarningsystems,creationofhazardmaps,andevacuationdrillstoimprovetheemergencyresponseofpeopleandsocietytodisasters.

JICA Activities Basedonadisastermanagementcycle(DMC),whichentailsemergencyresponse,recoveryandreconstruction,andpreventionandmitigationactivities,JICAleveragesitsexperiencetoprovideassistanceinthefollowingareas.1. Efforts toward a Safe and Secure Society Theriskofnaturaldisasters is increasingindevelopingcountries.JICAmakesuseofJapan’s leading technicalcapabilitiesindisasterpreventiontoevaluateriskindevelopingcountries,proposemeasurestomitigateexistingriskandpreventivemeasuresfornewriskssothatpeoplecanlivewithpeace-of-mind[ See the Case Study on page 65].2. Supporting the Formulation of Integrated Disaster Management Plans

JICA supports the formulation of integratedDisasterManagementplansandactionplansthatincludeimprovingthedisastermanagementsystemsandcapabilitiesofadministrativeinstitutions,establishingtherelevantlegalframework,identifyingdisaster-relatedhazardsandrisks,enhancingawarenessandstrengtheningresponse[ See the Case Study on page 68].3. Support from the Viewpoint of Human Security through Community-Based Disaster Risk Management

Japan’sexperiencehashighlighted the importanceof“self-help”and“mutual-help”inadditionto“public-help.”Community-basedmeasuresarekeyindevelopingcountrieswherethedisastermanagementcapabilitiesofadministrativeinstitutionsremaininsufficient.JICAthereforedirectsassistancetowardstrengtheningsuchcapabilitiesamongcommunitiesandindividuals,aswellaslinkingthesegroupswithpublicorganizations[ See the Case Studies on page 73, 77,109].

Climate Change Measures

Overview of Issue Theissueofclimatechangehasanimpactontheentireinfrastructureofhumanlife,includingtheecosystem,societyandtheeconomy.Itisaglobalchallengethatposesanenormousthreattoequitableeconomicgrowth,povertyreductionandhumansecurity.Recently,phenomenaconsideredasnegativeeffectsofclimatechange,suchasthesubmersionofcoastallowlandsduetorisingtemperaturesandsealevelsandincreasesinextremeweatherandnaturaldisastersincludingdroughts,torrentialrain,floods,anddeclinesinfoodproductionandwaterresources,havebeenreportedinvariousplaces.Theimpactofclimatechangeisexpectedtoseriouslyaffectourlivesmoreintensivelyandextensivelyinthefuture.

JICA Activities1. Supporting the World’s Concerted Efforts for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gases Inrecentyears,greenhousegasemissionsfromdevelopingcountrieshavebeenincreasingandareexpectedtoexceedemissionsfromdevelopedcountriesinthenearfuture.Inordertominimizethenegativeeffectsbroughtbyclimatechange,itisessentialthattheongoingeffortstoreduceemissionsofgreenhousegasesor“mitigationmeasures,”involvedevelopingcountriesaswellasdevelopedcountries. Fordevelopingcountriesfacedwithalargenumberofissuesincludingpovertyreduction,itisimportanttotakeanapproachthatbothreducesgreenhousegasemissionsandbearsbenefitssuchasimprovementsinlivelihoodandeconomicdevelopment.JICAextendscooperationinareasincludingtheintroductionofrenewableenergy,promotionofenergysaving,improvementofurbanpublictransportationsystem,solidwastemanagement,forestmanagementandsupportforafforestation.JICAalsoprovidesextensivesupportfortheformulationofpoliciesandstrategies,suchastheestablishmentofenergy-savinglawsandlow-carbonurbandevelopment.2. To Protect People in Developing Countries from the Negative Impact of Climate Change Developingcountries,andthepoorinparticular,areextremelyvulnerabletotheimpactofclimatechange.Therefore,itisvitaltotacklethisissuefromtheperspectiveofhumansecurity.Toalleviatethenegativeeffectsofclimatechangeatthemost,itisnecessarytoreviewthesocietyasawholeandestablishasystemthatenablesadaptationtothenegativeimpactsofclimatechange. JICAprovidessupporttoadaptationmeasuresinaccordancewitheachcountry’sneeds.Theseincludedevelopingcapacityinshoreprotectionandembankments,theconstructionofdrinkingwatersupplyfacilities,theappropriatemanagementofwaterresources,ecosystemprotection,introducingandimprovingthequalityofhighlydrought-tolerantcrops,andeffortsintheareaofinfectiousdiseasescontrol.Furthermore,JICAisformulatingandimplementingadaptationmeasurestailoredforeachregionandcountrybasedonmeteorologicalobservation,climatechangepredictionandimpactevaluation.Suchcooperationwillbecomeincreasinglyimportantinthefuture. Theclimatechangeissueiscloselyrelatedtoavarietyofissuesfacedbydevelopingcountriesinsuchareasasenergy,transportation,forests,waterresources,disasterprevention,agriculture,andhealthandsanitation.For thedevelopingcountries, theclimatechange issue is inseparable fromdevelopment. Bydrawingonpastexperiencesandachievements insupportingsustainabledevelopment,andon thebasisofinternationaldiscussions,JICAprovidessupportforclimatechangemeasuresindevelopingcountriesfromanumberofangles,fromthepolicyleveltoimplementationofprojects,research,etc.,whilecollaboratingwithconcerneddomesticandinternationalorganizations[ See the Case Study on page 14].

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One Year After the Earthquake DisasterSharing the Lessons Learned from Reconstruction

Case Study Indonesia Reconstruction of Schools Considering Quake-Resistant and Community Based Disaster Reduction / Project for Safe School Reconstruction in Devastated Areas of Earthquake in Offshore of Padang in West Sumatra Region

On September 30 and October 1, 2010, a year after a major earthquake struck West Sumatra Province, a memorial ceremony marking the one-year anniversary of the earthquake was held with the attendance of the governor of the province as well as representatives from the governments of Indonesia and Japan. At the ceremony, the disaster prevention efforts and the reconstruction plans made with the cooperation of JICA were introduced, and the concerned parties reconfirmed the importance of disaster prevention. In addition, the Declaration Marking the One-Year Anniversary of the Earthquake—for the Sharing of Lessons Learned from Reconstruction was adopted.

Seamless Support for Recovery and Reconstruction At5:16p.m.onSeptember30,2009(localtime),anearthquakemeasuringmagnitude7.6occurredoffthecoastofPadang,Indonesia.Theearthquakeprecipitatedamajorcatastrophethatclaimedthelivesof1,200peopleandinjurednearly3,000,resultingintotaldamageestimatedat229.8billionyen. Immediately following theearthquake,JapandispatchedtheJapanDisasterReliefteam comprising a rescue team and amedicalteamandprovidedemergencyreliefsupplies.Theneedsassessmentsurveythatwassubsequentlyconductedtoassesstheneedsinrespectofsupportforrecoveryandreconstructionrevealedthatmorethan2,000schoolbuildings,equivalenttoonethirdofallschoolbuildingsinWestSumatraProvince,closetotheepicenter,wereeithercompletelyorpartiallydestroyed.InDecember2009,JICA

begantheprovisionofTechnicalCooperationandGrantAidtoreinforcethequakeresistanceofschoolsandreconstructthemasbasestowhichlocalresidentscouldevacuatesafelyattimesofdisaster.

“Schools Serving as Evacuation Shelters at Times of Disaster”Transferring the Japanese System to Indonesia In Indonesia, the Guidel ines on theConstructionofPublicBuildings(establishedin 2002)make it compulsory to ensurethatnewlyconstructedpublicbuildingsareearthquake-resistant.Althoughtherewerealreadyguidelineson theconstructionofschools issuedbytheMinistryofNationalEducation,ithadpreviouslybeendifficulttoadheretotheseguidelinesinruralareasduetotechnicalandfinancialreasons. ThroughaTechnicalCooperationproject,JICAsupportedthereviewingoftheguidelinesissuedbytheMinistryofNationalEducation,anddevelopedstandarddrawings for theconstructionofschoolsthatwouldsatisfytheearthquake-resistancestandards.Inaddition,atthemodelschoolstobecompletedundertheprojectthroughpilotconstruction,JICAprovidedguidanceontheessentialpointsinsupervisingconstructiontothestaffoflocalgovernmentsandschoolsandtorepresentativesofthelocalresidents,andcreatedtheaqualitycontrolmanualKeyRequirementsforMakingGoodQualitySchoolBuildingsthat includedthe

results of theproject.

Inthisway,JICAadvancedtheconstructionofthemodelschoolsthroughGrantAid,whileproviding technicalsupport throughpilotconstructionfortheprocessfromensuringearthquake-resistantdesigntosupervisingconstruction.JICAalsoimplementeddisasterpreventionactivitiesforthecommunityincludingdisasterpreventioneducation,evacuationdrills,andadisasterpreventionsportsfestival intheschooldistrictsofeachof themodelschools.Inthisway,JICAhasemphasizedandcommunicatedtolocalteachersandresidentstheimportanceofcommunitiesthatdonotsuccumbtodisasters,fromtheperspectivesof“self-help,”“mutualhelp,”and“publichelp,”basedonthelessonslearnedfromtheGreatHanshin-AwajiEarthquake. Inthelightoftheseaccomplishments,WestSumatraProvincedecidedtoutilizethequalitycontrolmanual,whichwascreatedforuseinconstructionaspartofthisproject,fortherebuildingandrepairofpublicbuildingssuchashospitalsthatsustainedmajordamageinasimilarwayastheschools.Inthewakeofthisproject,inordertoensurehumansafetyandsecurity,increasedeffortsarebeingmadetoimprovetheearthquakeresistanceofnewlyconstructedpublicbuildings.

From the Grassroots

Community leader in the neighborhood of SDN08 Sintuk Toboh Gadang Elementary School (Padang Pariaman District, a model school) ThebuildingservingasthemodelschoolisofthehighestqualityinPadangPariamanDistrictandisearthquakeresistant.Wecanalsouseitasanevacuationshelterfortheneighboringcommunities,soIamhappyasaresidentaswell.Principal of SDN23/24 Padang Elementary School (Padang City, a model school) Asuperbbuildinghasbeencompleted,andpeoplearesayingthatitwillattractgoodteachersasanexcellentschoolintheregion.Inthe2011/2012schoolyear,disasterpreventioneducationwillalsobeconducted.Iwouldliketocontinuetocarryoutpioneeringdisasterpreventionactivities.

A Japanese expert providing guidance on earthquake-resistant design to local workers at the construction site.

Rendering of school, SDN08 Sintuk Toboh Gadang, to be completed through pilot construction.

The quality control manual for the reconstruction of safe schools

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Rural Development ─ Tackling Global Food Insecurity and Poverty

Issue-Specific Activities and Initiatives

In 2008, food prices peaked at their highest levels since 1973 due to poor harvests owing to bad weather and also to the flow of speculative money into cereal crops to meet stronger demand of biofuels. While prices subsequently declined, they continue to remain at a high level. In December 2010, food prices again skyrocketed as a result of export restrictions driven by poor harvests in major agricultural

product exporting countries. There is concern that these price increases will have an impact on developing countries, and in particular on populations suffering from poverty, as many of these countries are dependent on imports for food. In order to contribute to Goal 1 of the MDGs, to “eradicate extreme poverty and hunger,” JICA implements various kinds of cooperation to address the issues of agricultural and rural development. In addition, JICA provides support for fisheries in farming and fishing villages. These villages are host to large numbers of poorer people and serve as bases for supplying food in developing countries.

Of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), relevant goals are shown in color.

Agricultural and Rural Development

Overview of Issue The environment surrounding agricultural and ruraldevelopmenthasbeendiversifyinginrecentyearsdrivenbysuchfactorsastherapidadvanceofglobalization,exportrestrictionsimposedonagriculturalproductsduetopoorharvests,climatechange,skyrocketingfoodandcrudeoilprices,growingdemandforbiofuels,globalcompetitionforfarmland,andpost-conflictrehabilitation.Inmanydevelopingcountriesfarmersaccountforthemajorityofthepopulation,andmostfarmerssufferfrompoverty,whichmeansthatdevelopingcountriesarelikelytobestronglyaffectedbythesechanges.Stable Food Supply According toanestimateby theFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),theproportionofpeopleindevelopingcountriessufferingfrommalnutritionhasbeenrisingsince2008,andnowstandsat17%,reachingonebillionforthefirsttimein2009. In2010,thisnumberdeclinedto925million,butthefigureisstilltoohightoignore.ItwillthereforebedifficulttoachieveoneofthetargetsofGoal1oftheMDGs,namelyto“Halve,between1990and2015,theproportionofpeoplewhosufferfromhunger.” Stablyprovidingpeoplewiththefoodthattheyneed(foodsecurity)isthefoundationforeconomicandsocialstabilityandanimportantpolicyissue.However,thefoodsecurityofmanydevelopingcountriesiseasilyaffectedbyunstableclimatesandtheircitizensareexposedtofoodsecuritythreatsduetosuchfactorsaslackofgovernmentplanningandimplementationcapacity,underdevelopedagriculturalinfrastructure,andlowlevelsofproductiontechnology. Thissituationnotonlyimpactspeople’shealth;theoutflowofvaluableforeigncurrencytopayforfoodimportscombinedwithintensifyingruralpovertyalsodrivesanincreaseinthenumbersofpeoplemovingfromruraltourbanareasaswellasabandoningfarming.Thisinturnleadstoaworseningofpovertyinurbanareas

andisacontributoryfactortowarddomesticsocialandeconomicinstability.Reducing Rural Poverty AccordingtoareportcompiledbytheWorldBankinOctober2010,whilethe2008financialcrisisdidhaveanegativeimpact,overallitisexpectedthatthesizeofpoorestsegmentofthepopulation,whichnumbered1.8billionpeoplein1990,willshrinksignificantlyto920millionby2015.Nevertheless,thereisstillamajordisparitybetweentheratesofpovertyreductionindifferentregions.InSub-SaharanAfrica,inparticular,povertyisgrowing.Three-fourthsofthepoorindevelopingcountriesliveinruralareas,soagricultureisnotonlyasourceoffoodbutalsoameansofsupportingthelivelihoodofthesepoorpopulations,whichgivesitanimportantroleasafoundationforsecuringeconomicindependence.Moreover,inregionssuchasSouthAmericaandSoutheastAsia,whereselfsufficiencyratesformajorgrainshavereachedstablelevelsandtheurbanmiddleclassisgrowing,thereareareasinwhichdiversifyingfoodneedsareprovidingopportunitiesforagriculturalandruraldevelopmentgrowth.

JICA Activities JICA’sassistanceinagriculturalandruraldevelopmentaimstoensureastablefoodsupplytopeopleinbothruralandurbanareas,reducepovertyinruralcommunitiesandtherebydriveeconomicdevelopmentatnationalandregionallevels.ThroughtheseactivitiesJICAstrivestocontributetoachievingGoal1oftheMDGs.Sustainableagriculturalproductionisthebasisoffoodsecurity,whilesustainableagriculturalproductionandstablefoodsupplyarealsothecornerstonesofreducingpovertyviaruraldevelopment. ForthisreasonJICAhasestablishedthefollowingthreespecificcooperationobjectives:1)sustainableagriculturalproduction,2)stablefoodsupply,and3)promotingvitalityinruralareas.1. Sustainable Agricultural Production Indevelopingcountries,realizingsustainableagricultural

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Ruraldevelopment

Agriculturaldevelopment Nationaland

regionaleconomicdevelopmentEnsuringnutritionforcitizens

Development Strategy Objective 2: Stable Food Supply

Provisionoffoodtocitizens

Development Strategy Objective 1: Sustainable Agricultural Production

Stablefoodproduction

Development Strategy Objective 3: Promoting Vitality in Rural Areas

Eliminationofpoverty

productionisindispensableforensuringastablefoodsupplyfortheentirenationasitalleviatesfoodshortagesinruralareaswhilealsoensuringfoodprovisiontourbancenters. In itsapproachtoenablestableagriculturalproduction,first,JICAseekstogainanunderstandingofthecountry’soverallagriculturalsector,analyzethevariousaspects,anddraftagriculturalpoliciesthatmeetneeds.Basedonthesepolicies,JICAextendsvarioussupportto improvepeople’slivelihoodsbyexpandingagriculturalproduction,enhancingproductivity,anddiversifyingagriculturalmanagementthroughnumerousinitiatives.Theseincludeestablishing,maintaining,andmanagingfoundationsforagriculturalproductionsuchasirrigationsystems,strengtheninglabresearchandtechnicaldevelopment,acceleratingagriculturalextension,andimprovingtheprocurementandconsumptionofagriculturalequipmentandmaterials.InthiswayJICAisworkingtosecurenutritionandeconomicdevelopmentforthepeoplesofdevelopingcountries[ See the Case Studies on pages 113 and 127].

Africaaccountsforthelargestportionofpeoplesufferingfrommalnutritionintheworld(29%ofthetotalpopulation(2008)),andisinthegreatestneedofincreasedfoodproduction.TheamountofriceconsumedinAfricaisgrowingatarapidrate,whilethepotentialofincreasingproductionofthiscropishigh.Therefore,riceisbelievedtobethekeytoeradicatingfoodinsecurityonthecontinent.Togetherwithotherdonors,JICAlaunchedaninitiativecalledtheCoalitionforAfricanRiceDevelopment (CARD)onMay2008todoublericeproduction(anincreaseof14milliontons)inAfricawithin10years.Towardthistarget,JICAissupportingtheformulationofNationalRiceDevelopmentStrategiesinthe23Africarice-producingcountriesalongwithother

effortstoincreasericeproductioninlinewiththestrategy[ See

the Case Studies on pages 61 and 112].2. Stable Food Supply Risksrelatedtofoodsupplyhaverecentlysurfacedamidstacomplexintertwiningofshort-termfactorssuchaspoorharvestsowningtobadweatherandaccompanyingspeculation,andlong-termfactorssuchaspopulationincreasesinemergingeconomies,changesinthedemandstructure,restrictionsonproductionresourcessuchaslandandwater,vulnerabilitytoclimatechange,andcompetitionbetweenrisingdemandforbiofuelandfood.Indealingwiththeseissuesitisthereforenecessarytoconsiderresponsesinaccordancewiththeirindividualcausesandinthelightofthedifferingcircumstancesofeachregion.Inordertorespondtothisdiversityofproblems,JICAisworkingto1)provideshort-termassistanceviatheprovisionoffoodandagriculturalproductionmaterialsandequipment,2)providemedium-tolong-termassistancethroughthedevelopmentanddisseminationofirrigationsystemsandtechnologies,3)improvedistribution

Agricultural and Rural Development Assistance Objectives, Philosophy and Goals

Efforts are made toward the development of cultivation and processing techniques aimed at improving income levels by allowing agricultural products to be shipped between seasons under Master Plan Study on Development of Agricultural Produce Marketing for Small Scale Farmers in the Upper Egypt. A large number of women participate in and play an important role in cultivation technique training, comprising hands-on training and lectures.

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throughthedevelopmentofthevaluechain*,4)developbiomassenergythatdoesnotcompetewithfoodproduction,and5)strengthenthesystemsforstockpilingandagriculturalstatistics. InMozambique’stropicalsavanna,whichhas immensepotential forexpandingagriculturalproduction, JICA isimplementingtriangularcooperationtogetherwithBrazil,whichhasbecomeoneoftheworld’sleadingexportersofagriculturalproductsthroughthedevelopmentofitscerrado,orsavannahgrasslands.Thiscooperationisaimedatalleviatingpovertyamongsmall-scalefarmersandreducingdomesticfoodproblems,andeffortsarealsobeingmadetocontributetointernationalfoodsecuritybyassistingmedium-andlarge-scalefarmersinexpandingtheirexportstointernationalmarkets.3. Promoting Vitality in Rural Areas Theaimsofruraldevelopmentaretoexpandagriculturalproductionforfoodsecurityatthelocalandnationallevelsaswellasstrengthenruralcommunitiesfromthestandpointsofeconomicdevelopmentandenhancingthelivelihoodofpeople.Forthisreasonitisnecessarytogobeyondsimplyimprovingproductivitytocombinesupportinadiverserangeoffields,suchasbyimprovingagriculturalmanagementincludingdistributionandmarketingaswellasbymakingeffortsindiversefieldsthattranscendtheframeworkoftheagriculturalsector,fromstrengtheninglocaladministrativefunctionsandenhancingeducationandhealthservicestodevelopingruralinfrastructuresuchascommunityroadsandensuringsafedrinkingwater.

Tostimulateruraldevelopment,JICAhelpslocaladministrativeinstitutionstodraftdevelopmentplanswiththeparticipationofruralresidents,fortheestablishmentofimplementationsystemsthatenablesthecommunitytoraiseincomeandimprovepeople’slivelihood,aswellasforimprovingthedistributionandsaleofagriculturalproducts. InthePhilippines, inordertosupportfarmerswhohaveacquirednewfarmlandinthecourseofthecurrentlyongoingagriculturalreform,forover10yearsJICAhasbeenprovidingLoanAidforcommunitiesformedofbenefittingresidents(ARC),which,isaimedatdevelopinginfrastructure(accessroadstoirrigationfacilities,postharvesttreatmentfacilities,andmarkets)inanintegratedmanner,whilealsoimprovingagriculturalproductivityandtheincomeleveloffarmersbystrengtheningagriculturalcooperativesandirrigationassociations.Meanwhile,inEgypt,JICAisprovidingsupportaimedatimprovingtheadditionalvaluederivedfromqualityassuranceandprocessingaftertheimplementation,shipmentandharvestofagriculturalproductsandvarieties,basedonprovidingsmall-scalefarmersinUpperEgyptwithinformationonmarketsandneeds.Moreover,JICAisworkingtodesignactionplans(masterplans)inordertopromotethedevelopmentofruralcommunitiesthroughthissupport.

*Meaning the chain that allows for acquiring maximum value for individuals involved in each stage of the following process: production processing distribution consumption waste processing. (Kaplinsky, R. (1999). Journal of Development Studies 37 (2): 117–146. Kaplinsky, R. and M. Morris (2001). A Handbook for Value Chain Research, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex).

* The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) states that 10% or more of the national budget should be allotted to the agriculture sector.

Under the CARD initiative, which is aimed at boosting rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa, JICA works together with the World Bank, the African Development Bank, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), and other institutions to support the formulation of National Rice Development Strategies (NRDS) for 23 countries in the region and to strengthen partnerships between donors.

Towards Drafting of National Rice Cultivation Plans and Strengthening Partnerships

Case Study Coalition for African Rice Development (CARD) Initiative

irrigationengineers,etc.),thedisseminationofricecultivationtechniques,capacitybuildingforpostharvestmanagement,andmarketing.Furthermore,JICA isalsopromotingnewundertakings,suchasapartnerprogramwithVietNaminMozambiqueandatrainingprogramforAfricanresearchersincollaborationwithIRRI. Currently,theCARDini-tiative functionstocreatesynergy in each countryandalsoprovidesaforumfordiscussiononcommonissuesunderthefollowingthreetopics:1)supportforworking out agriculturalinvestmentplans ineachcountry(theComprehensiveAfricaAgricultureDevelop-ment Programme*) andNRDS,2)promotionofprivatesector investment in rice

development,and3)enhancingparticipationfromadiverserangeofdonorcountriesandorganizationsincludingthosefromAsia. TheFourthGeneralMeetingofCARDisscheduledtotakeplaceinUgandainNovember2011,wherediscussionsareexpectedtofocusontheinitiative’sachievementsoverthepastthreeyearssinceitslaunch.

The Third CARD General Meeting held in Arusha, Tanzania in May 2010

Collaborations Take on New Forms TwoJICAexpertshavebeendispatchedtotheCARDSecretariat locatedatNairobiHeadquarters for theAlliance foraGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA).JICAissupportingtheCARDSecretariat’sactivities,whichincludeassessingthericedevelopmentsituationanddraftingsystematicdevelopmentstrategies,aswellasenhancingparticipationbyallrelatedstakeholders.Atthesametime,JICAconductsprojectsinrelationtoagriculturalinfrastructuredevelopment(irrigationdevelopment,farmingfielddevelopment, capacitybuilding for

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Boosting Community Milk Production 2.5-Fold Through Improved Technology

Case Study Project for Improvement of Productive Technology in Small and Medium Scale Dairy Farms in Viet Nam

In 2000, JICA began providing support for breeding dairy cattle better suited to the climate of Viet Nam through the use of cattle artificial insemination (AI) technology. In order to link the results of these efforts to increased milk production at the individual farmer level, in 2006 JICA launched a technology improvement project for small- and medium-sized dairy farmers in northern Viet Nam. At model farms this project succeeded in boosting the average milk production per cow by from 30% to almost 50%, while overall milk production in the project’s target areas increased by nearly 2.5-fold. This project significantly contributed to increasing milk production in these and other areas.

The Key to Improving Rural Life and Diversifying Agricultural Management AgricultureisanimportantindustryinVietNamthataccountsforapproximately22%ofGDPandoccupies58%of theworkingpopulation.However,ricecultivation,whichliesatthecenterofthisindustry,suffersfrompoorlaborproductivityanditisdifficultforfarmerstoimprovetheirincomethroughricecultivationalone. Meanwhile,whileconsumptionofmilkasasourceofproteinwithhighnutritionalvaluecontinuestoincreasedomestically,VietNamreliesonimportsfor80%of itsmilk.Aspartofitsstrategyforboostingdomesticmilkself-sufficiencywhilealsodiversifyingandstabilizingagriculturalmanagement,theGovernmentofVietNamispromotingtheintroductionofdairiesthatcanprovidecomparativelyhighandstableincomelevels,andJICA issupporting thesepromotionalefforts.

Utilizing Multiple Extension Mechanisms Underthisproject,effortsweremadeto

strengthenthefunctionsoftheStationforTrainingandExtensionofDairyTechnologies(STEDs),whichwasestablishedfortheexpresspurposeofspreadingdairytechnologiesinnorthernVietNam,throughthedevelopmentof trainingmaterialsand theprovisionofeducationfortrainers(nationaltrainers(NTs))whilealsoimprovingthetrainingoflocaldairytechnicaltrainers(localtrainers(LTs)). DuringthefirsthalfoftheprojecttrainingwasmostlyprovidedforNTsandduringthesecondhalfactivitieswerepromotedwithanemphasisonlocaltechnologytransferwhileassistingLTsintheirlocalextensionactivities.TheinitialflowoftechnologyextensionwasfromJapaneseexpertstoNTs,LTs,andthenfinallytosmall-andmedium-sizedfarmers.However,byskillfullyutilizinglocalincentivesandflexiblycombiningseminarsforfarmersconducteddirectlybyJapaneseexpertsandNTsalongwithtechnicaldemonstrationsofappropriatetechnologiesatmodelfarmsinthetargetareas,JICAwasabletoacceleratetheexpansionoftechnologytothesurroundingfarmers,whichgeneratedarippleeffectin

termsoftechnologytransferbetweenneighboringfarms.

Upto the timeof theproject’sconclusioninApril2011,atotalof147trainingsessionsandtechnicaldemonstrationactivitieshadbeenconducted and a total of 4,885recipientshadbenefittedfromthesetechnologytransferefforts.

As a Model for Similar Projects Inordertopromotetheeffectiveimplementationofthedisseminatedactivities regarding technology,periodicalevaluationwascarriedoutonfarmersinthetargetareasonaquarterlybasistoassessthedegreetowhichtheyhadadoptedthenewdairyskillsrelatedtodairycattlemilkingandfeedingmethods.A“TechnicalEvaluationSheet”wasthenintroducedforuseinassessingthelevelofimprovementusingapointsystem.Afteroneyearofmonitoring,

improvementswereobservedatbetween80%and95%offarms,accordingtotheskill inquestion,providingtangibleconfirmationoftheeffectsoftheproject. This project has made a substantialcontributiontoeducatingcentralandlocalgovernment technicians, testingeffectivedisseminationmethods,andboostingmilkproduction.Accordingly,itisgreatlyanticipatedthatthisprojectwillbecomeamodelforsimilarprojectsinfuture.

From Our Expert

Satoshi SaitoChief Advisor Thebiggestachievementofthisprojecthasbeen theestablishmentofasystemfor dissemination and human resourcedevelopment.Thankstotheplatformcreatedbytheprecedingproject,andalsobecausewehadaclearlydefinedobjectiveintheshapeofimprovingthedisseminationoftechnologiesandboostingmilkproductionlevels,itwaspossibleforeveryoneinvolvedtocarryouteffectiveactivitiesworkingtowardsaunifiedobjectivewith limited investment,humanresources,andtime.Itwastheabilitytobreaktheboundariesoftheexistingframeworkandsearchformoreflexiblemeansandbettermethodsthatledthisprojecttosuccess.

From the Grassroots

A Local Trainer (LT) in the project area The responseof farmershasbecomebetterthanbeforeandtheyareactuallyusingtheknowledgeandskills thatwe taughtthem.Forinstance,wehadtaughtaboutthefermentationofgrass(silage)beforebutthefarmerswerenotpracticingthemethod.Now,however,mostfarmersaremakingsilage.ThischangewasengenderedbyclearlyteachingthefarmersabouttheblendingmethodsandmeritsfollowingtheSTEDtraining.Moreover,thefarmersstartedtopracticethismethodbecausethosefarmerswhohadparticipatedinagriculturaltrainingwereabletoacquireapersonalunderstandingofthepractice.

Cooling fans and anti-moisture devices were installed on the ceilings of cattle barns without walls as a heat management measure.

The use of grass chopping machines that make tough grass easier for cows to eat spread rapidly after they became less expensive by having them manufactured by local blacksmiths.

Pamphlets for farmers, training materials, technical manuals, record logs, etc. were developed. Reproductive calendars, weight measurement tools, milking posters, and other materials were also created and distributed.

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Fisheries

Overview of Issue Fisheriesresourcesfromtheoceans,riversandlakesareimportantsourcesoffoodforpeopleindevelopingcountriesthatcanbeacquiredatarelativelylowcost.Nearly20%ofanimalproteinintakeindevelopingcountriesisdependentuponfisheries,accordingtoFAO.Thefisheriesindustryisalsoavaluablemeansofsecuringfoodandlivelihoodforpeoplewithoutlandorsteadyincome.Itprovidesavaluablelivelihoodforpoorersegmentsofthepopulationandwomenaswell.Developingcountriesaccountfor50%oftheworld’sexportsoffisheriesproductsinmonetarytermsand61%involumeterms(2008),makingthisindustryvitaltotheeconomiesofthesenations. Globalproductionvolumeoffisheriesproductsincreasedalmostsevenfoldbetween1950(approximately20milliontons)and2008.Productionvolumeofmarinefisherieshitapeakandhasreacheditslimitafterthe1990s.Amidincreasingpressureonnaturalresources,productionvolumeinthefishfarmindustryhascontinuedtogrowsincethe1990s,andnowaccountsforone-thirdoftotalfisheriesproduction. Eveninthedevelopingcountriesthedeclineinmarineresourcesduetooverfishingandthedestructionoftheenvironmentisaseriousproblem.Inthedevelopingcountries,however,theconceptofresourcemanagementhasnotyetbeensufficientlydisseminatedtofishermen,andaspeoplewhofacehardlivingconditionshaveastrongtendencytoprioritizeimmediatebenefits,itisnoteasytoadequatelymanagefishingactivities.Managingandpreservingfisheriesresourcesandencouragingasustainablefisheriesindustryarekeychallenges.

JICA Activities Whilebeingakeysector fordevelopingcountries, thefisheriesindustryfacestheproblemofresourcesdiminishingandbecomingdepletedthroughpoormanagementandenvironmentaldegradation.Itisimportantnotonlytodevelopthefishingindustrybutalsotodevelopthefishingvillagesinordertoimprovetheirlivelihoodascoastalregionsoftentendtosufferfromchronicpoverty. JICA’scooperationinthefisheriesindustryhasthreemainobjectives:ensurethestablesupplyoffoodtolocalpeople,eliminatemalnutritionbyprovidingvaluablenutritionandreducepovertybyprovidingalivelihoodtothepoor.Appropriatepreservationandmanagementof fisheries resourcesareprerequisitestoachievingtheseobjectivesandkeytothedevelopmentoffishingvillagesbasedonsustainableutilizationoftheseresources.JICAisworkingtowardthefollowingthreegoalswiththeseideasinmind:1)Vitalityinlocalfishingcommunities,2)Stablefoodsupply(effectiveutilizationoffisheriesresources),and3)Appropriatepreservationandmanagementoffisheriesresources.1. Vitality in Local Fishing Communities Thekeytoalleviatingchronicpovertyandbringingvitalitytofishingcommunitiesistoprovidesupportfocusingonstabilizinghousehold income.Thiscanbeaccomplishedthroughthecorrectandsustainablemanagementoffisheriesresourcesandappropriatetechnologyselection.Acomprehensiveapproachisrequired,includingvitalizationofagriculturalandotherindustries,andprovisionofeducationandhealthservices. JICAsupportsefficientmanagementandcostreductionoffishingactivitiesbysuchmeasuresastheconstructionof

fishmarketsandstrengtheningof fishermenorganizations.JICAalsoworkstoimprovethecapacityoffisheriesorganizationsaswellasactivitiesbywomen’sgroupsinsmallfishingvillages,fromfishprocessingtosales.2. Stable Food Supply (Effective Utilization of Fisheries Resources)

Developingcountriesfacetheseriousproblemoffoodshortageduetorapidlyrisingpopulations,whichputsfurtherpressureoncapturingfisheriesresources.

JICAsupportsthedevelopmentofextensivefishfarmingusingtraditionallow-costtechniquesfromtheperspectiveofsecuringanimalproteinintakeinlightofthesevereconditionsofmarine

African catfish cultivated in an aqua culture pond maintained by central farmers that oversee training for other farmers on inland aquaculture (Project for the Extension of Inland Aquaculture in Benin)

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resources. In inlandwateraquaculture,JICAsupports thecombinationofagricultureandlivestockwithfishfarmingforcarp,tilapiaandcatfishbymakinguseofponds,paddyfieldsandirrigationcanals.JICAalsoassistswiththerelativelysimpleoceanaquacultureofseaweedandshellfish.Elsewhere,effortsaremadetoconstructfacilitiestopromoteandproliferateaquacultureandtowardtheintegratededucationofresearchers,engineers,promotersandotherhumanresourcesinthisfield. Becausemarineproductscannotbestoredatnormaltemperatures,indevelopingcountrieswherethedistributioninfrastructureisunderdeveloped,theyareoftendiscardedduetodeteriorationorrotting.JICAissupportingeffortstoimprovethefreshnessandqualityofmarineproductsandpromotingtheeffectiveuseofmarineresourcesbydevelopingdistributionfacilitiessuchas fishingplatformsandfishmarkets,andimprovingthetechnologiesforsimpleprocessingofdried-saltedproductsandsmokedproducts,aswellasforfrozenprocessing.3. Appropriate Preservation and Management of Fisheries Resources Unlikemineralresources,fisheriesresourcesactivelypropagateandgrowwithinthenaturalenvironmentaslongascatchescanbecontrolledwithincertainlimits.Tomakethemostofthis,itisimportanttorestrictusagetoanappropriatelevelindevelopingcountriestomaintainvolume,whichwillenableasustainablefisheriesindustry.Itisimportanttofirstraiseawarenessamong

administrativecirclesandfishermen.Furthermore,inadditiontodevelopingscientificdataandpromotingbroadcross-borderinitiatives,itisalsonecessarytofocusonpreservationofthemarineenvironmentaswellasthemanagementofriversandforestsupstream.Theseeffortstoconservemarineresourcesmustbetakenfromalong-termperspectivewithconsiderationoflandandmarineecosystems. JICAsupports the formulationof fishingmanagementsystemsinadministrationandenhancedoperatingcapacityfromthestandpointsoffisheriesresourcemanagementandfishenvironmentpreservation.Thisentailsincreasingawarenessthroughaparticipatoryapproachthatincludesfishermenandlocalresidents.Withtheparticipationofcoastalfishingcommunities,JICAworkstoregenerateandpreserveseaweedbeds,whichnurturefisheriesresources,andtorecoverresourcesthroughartificialproductionanddischargeofexperimentalseedlings[ See the Case Study below].

* Pelagic fish: Fish that mainly live near the surface or in the water column of coastal, ocean and lake waters. Pelagic fish species include bonito, cero, horse mackerel, sardines, and halfbeaks, as distinguished from fish that live on or near the bottom, such as fluke, flounder, etc.

JICA is cooperating with the Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM), an inter-governmental organization, in carrying out Technical Cooperation in conducting regional development plan surveys in the Caribbean region, where there are concerns over declining fisheries resources levels. Intended as a means of promoting the appropriate use of fisheries resources, this cooperation is aimed at drafting a master plan that is intended to serve as a region-wide marine resource management policy. This is the first Technical Cooperation for Development Planning project implemented with a local organization for the purpose of forming a master plan that will serve as a guideline for fisheries resources management for the whole region.

Seeking Sustainable Usage Methods for Fisheries Resources with Local Organizations

Case Study Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development in the Caribbean

fishresourcesandaquaculture.DuringPhaseII,apilotprojectisbeingcarriedouttoverifyeffectiveness.Duringthe finalphase, thelessonslearnedinthecourseofthepilotprojectwillbeutilizedtodraftahighlyrealisticmasterplan. AstringofsurveysarebeingcarriedoutjointlybytheCRFMandthemarineproductbureausofitsmembercountries,andtheseeffortsareexpectedtoimprovetheabilityofadministrativeofficersandindividualsrelatedtofishermen’sorganizationsfromeachcountrytomanagefisheriesresources. Acharacteristicofthesesurveysisthat,ifcatchamountsdeclineduetomanagementmeasuresforfisheriesresources(restrictionsonthenumberoffishingboats,fishinggear,ortripnumbers),alternativerevenuesourcesforcompensating for those losses

havebeenproposedinaccordancewithapilotproject.Forinstance,thepelagicfishindustryhasbeenintroducedonatrialbasisintoapilotcommunitythatusesinlandwatercultureandfishaggravatingdevices(FADs).Ifthisprojectisconfirmedtobeeffectiveitwillbeincorporatedintothemasterplan.

A seminar held for fishermen during the verification project for aquaculture dissemination. The participants in the picture are observing a hatchery.

Verifying Alternate Income Sources Thesurveys,whichstartedinMarch2009,comprise threephases.DuringPhase I,abaselinesurveywasusedtoclarifytheneedsoftheagriculturalandfishingcommunity,aswellasthedevelopmentpotentialofpelagic

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Issue-Specific Activities and Initiatives

In the field of industrial development, JICA supports the development of the private sector, which serves as an engine for economic growth. While focusing on promoting trade and investment, tourism development, small and medium-sized enterprises development, and the vitalization of local industry and economy, JICA provides broad-ranging support for developing industrial infrastructure in developing

countries, including support for the stable supply of electric power, mining, renewable energy, and energy conservation. The objective is to empower developing countries to build industrial bases, advance industry, increase job opportunities and create a society in which local residents can receive the benefits from economic development. In a globalizing economy, supporting developing countries through Public-Private Partnerships is also an important theme, and JICA is laying emphasis on cooperation in environment-related and other sectors where it can utilize Japan’s advanced technologies.

Of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), relevant goals are shown in color.

Industrial Development

─ Supporting Developing Countries in Promoting Industry and Creating an Economically Independent Society

Private Sector Development

Overview of Issue Effortstodeveloptheprivatesectoraimtopromoteeconomicgrowthindevelopingcountriesbyenhancingthecapacityofprivatesectorcorporationsandlocalindustries.Thegrowthandexpansionofprivatesectorcorporationsandlocalindustriesareessentialtodiversifyingandstrengtheningthecompetitivenessofindustriesindevelopingcountries.Improvingtheinvestmentclimateforprivatesectorcompanieswillcontributetodevelopinglocalcommunitiesthroughaformofindustrialpromotionthatexploitslocalresourcesandtheself-fulfillmentofthepeople.Thegovernmentsofdevelopingcountriesarebeingaskedtotapthevibrancyoftheirprivatesectorsfromadynamicandinclusiveperspectiveinordertoexpandjobopportunitiesandthusreducepoverty.

JICA Activities JICA’sprivate-sectordevelopmentinitiativeshavesofarcenteredonSoutheastAsiaandEastAsia.Today,bothoftheseregionsareexperiencingtremendouseconomicgrowth.Inlightofthisfact,thereisanincreaseinrequestsfromAfricatolearnfromtheexperiencesofAsiancountries. Thevolumeoftradeandinvestmentintheglobaleconomyhasrisensubstantiallyduetoglobalization.Asiancountriesthathavegrownintoemergingeconomiesontheworldstage,aswellasmanydevelopingcountriesinAfricaandotherregions,areactivelytakingpartininternationalframeworkssuchastheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)andEconomicPartnershipAgreements(EPA). Economicglobalizationhasincreasedthelikelihoodthatonecountry’seconomiccrisiswillspreadquicklyandwidelyandsignificantlydamagetheeconomyofvulnerablecountriesandregions,aswitnessedintheglobalfinancialandeconomiccrisesthatstruckinautumn2008andtheunstablesituationsemerging

inanumberofMiddleEasterncountriessinceearly2011.JICAsupportsdevelopingcountriesinbuildingtheirindustrialbases,increasingjobopportunitiesandcreatingsocietiesthatcanreaptherewardsofeconomicdevelopmentthroughtheirownefforts.1. Promoting Trade and Investment Bypromotingtradeandinvestment,developingcountriescancreatenewmarkets,introduceexpertknowledgesuchasfinanceandmanagementknow-howandtechnology,createjobsandstrengtheninternationalcompetitiveness.JICAprovidesassistance in threecoreareas:developmentof industrialbases,organizational/institutionalreinforcementandcapacitydevelopment. Thedevelopmentof industrialbases includescreatinglegislationandinstitutionstopromotetradeandinvestmentandbuildingotherinfrastructureforindustrialadvancement.Ontopofthis,JICAsupportstheorganizational/institutionalreinforcementofinstitutionswhichplaykeyrolesintradeandinvestmentpromotion,andindividualcompaniesineachcountry,aswellascapacitydevelopmentforpolicymakersandprivatesectorhumanresourcesofprivateenterprizes.Bydoingso,JICAcanprovidecomprehensivesupportfromindustrialpolicytothepromotionofexportandinvestment. RecentsuccessfulprojectsincludetheStudyontheInstitutionalStrengtheningofInvestmentPromotioninCambodia,theEgyptianExportPromotionCenter,ReinforcingtheCapabilitiesoftheZambiaDevelopmentAgencyandProjectforReinforcementoftheHumanResourceDevelopmentCenteronExportandInvestmentintheDominicanRepublic. InCambodia,JICAhassupportedtheestablishmentofaspecialeconomiczone(SEZ)onaround70haoflandnearSihanoukvillePort,thecountry’sonlyinternationalport.TheSEZisexpectedtoattractforeigndirect investmentforthedevelopmentofCambodia’sexport-related industries,whichcangenerateemploymentopportunitiesparticularlyforyouths.JICAconducted

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Strengthening Customer Service Functions in Order to Attract Active Investment

Case Study Promoting Investment in Cambodia (Project on Enhancing the Investment-related Services of Council for the Development of Cambodia)

Cambodia is continuing to gather attention as a potential investment market after China and Viet Nam. JICA is providing Cambodia support in strengthening the functions of the customer service institutions that work to attract investment from Japan and other foreign countries. Thanks to these wide-ranging efforts, investment from Japanese corporations in Cambodia increased sharply in 2010.

Lack of Effective Information and Consultation ForCambodia,acountrythatisworkinghard topromoteeconomicdevelopment,attractingdirect investment fromforeigncountriesthatwillfacilitateproductionandmanagement-relatedtechnologytransfersandgeneratefundsisamajortask.InvestmentsfromChina,Thailand,andothercountrieshaveincreasedastheresultofanactivenationalefforttoattractforeigninvestment,includingbyrevisingtheinvestmentlawandstrengtheningthestructuresoftheinstitutionsthatacceptinvestments.Nevertheless,investmentfromJapanesecorporationsremainsmodestforreasonsthat includehighproductioncostsowingtoanunderdevelopedinfrastructureandalackofinformationontheinvestmentenvironmentandopportunities. TheinvestmentpromotioninstitutionsofneighboringcountriessuchasThailandand

VietNam,inparticular,provideinvestorswithcomprehensiveinvestment-relatedinformationandconsultationservices,activelyworkingtoattractinvestment.InCambodia,however,thefunctionsoftheinstitutionsthataresupposedtooverseesuchservicesareextremelylimited,therebyhamperingtheattractionofinvestment. For this reason, since2007JICAhasextendedcooperationtopromoteinvestmentfor the Council for the Development ofCambodia(CDC),aninstitutionthatendeavorstoattractinvestmentfromoverseas.Investmentpromotionadvisorshavebeendispatchedasexperts,andsince2009adevelopmentsurveyhasbeencarriedoutinordertostrengthenthefunctionsofcustomerservicesthatwillattractinvestmenttoCambodia.InMarch2011,aTechnicalCooperationprojectwaslaunchedtoprovideCDCofficialswiththeknowledgeandexpertiseneededtoattractinvestment,andsupporthasbeenprovidedforinformation

consolidation functionsaswellasactivitiesthatpromoteinvestment.

Investment Surges with Guidebooks and Seminars In Apri l 2010, the CambodiaInvestmentGuidebook(Japanese)wascompletedasapartofadevelopmentsurvey.Moreover,inMayofthesameyear,aseriesofCambodiaInvestment

Seminarswasheld inTokyoandOsakabytheASEAN-JapanCentre (internationalorganization),theMinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry,andtheJapanExternalTradeOrganization(JETRO).TheseseminarsservedasanopportunitytoattracttheinterestofmanyJapanesecorporationsininvestmentinCambodia.Infactthelevelofinvestmentisbeginningtorise.Whilethetotalinvestmentamountoverthefour-yearperiodbetween2005and2009wasUS$180millionandthefigurefor2010alonewasUS$35million,for2011,ifprojectsforwhichapprovalproceduresareongoingareincluded,investmentbyJapanesecorporationsinCambodiahasalreadyrisentoUS$130millionasoftheendofMay. Since2011,JICAhasbeenextendingvariousformsofTechnicalCooperationtoCDCwiththeaimofimprovingtheorganization’sinvestment-relatedservices requiredbyinvestors.Specifically,JICAisendeavoringtolaunchaninvestorinformationwebsiteanddeveloplibraryandreceptiondeskservicesinordertostrengthenthecapacityofCDCtoprovideinvestment-relatedinformation.JICAisalsoplanningtoenhancethefunctionsoftheJapandesk,whichistheprecursortothecountrydesk,andtoholdmoreCambodiainvestmentseminarsinJapan.

Simultaneously Promoting Infrastructure Development JICAhasusedODALoanstosupporttherepairandexpansionofSihanoukvillePort,whichisexpectedtodevelopintoCambodia’smaincenterfortradeandindustry,aswellasforthedevelopmentoftheneighboringSihanoukvilleSpecialEconomicZone(SEZ).Japan is contributing to the economicdevelopmentofCambodiabypromotingthistypeof infrastructuredevelopmentwhilealsosupportingthepenetrationofJapanesecorporations.

From Our Partner

Vice Chairman of CDCSenior Minister Sun Chanthol ThereismuchthatCambodiamustdo,suchaspromotingtheprovisionofvariousformsofbeneficialinformation,butIfeelthattheinvestmentseminarsinJapanhavecreatedagoodresponseasmanyJapanesecorporationsparticipated.Iintendtotakeadvantageofthisvaluableopportunitytopromoteinvestment.WewillbeputtingtheactionplanproposedbyJICAintoactioninthenearfuture.(inagreetingdeliveredat theCambodiaInvestmentSeminar)Development advances in the Sihanoukville Special

Economic Zone (SEZ).

The Cambodia Investment Seminar held in Tokyo with the participation of numerous private company employees.

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adevelopmentstudyfromFebruary2009aimedatstrengtheningfunctionsforattractinginvestmentandtransferredtherequiredknowledgeandknow-howtotheCouncilfortheDevelopmentofCambodia(CDC).Throughoutthiscooperation,CDC’scapacity,suchasinformationgatheringandinvestmentpromotion,canbestrengthened[ See the Case Study on page 117].2. Promoting Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Indevelopingcountries,growthforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs)hasbeenstifledbythedelayeddevelopmentofpoliciesandinstitutionsthatsupportSMEs,coupledwiththelackofcorporatenetworks,insufficienttechnicalandmanagerialknow-how,andpooraccesstofinance.Effortstotrainindustryhumanresourcesthatcanworkintheseenterprisesarealsoinadequate. Inresponsetotheseissues,JICAprovidescooperationforstrengthening implementationcapacityof thegovernmentinstitutionsinchargeofSMEpromotionaswellaseducationalinstitutions,humanresourcedevelopmentandimprovingthequalityandproductivityofenterprises.Moreover,sinceit isdifficultforSMEstoreceivefinancing,JICAaimstoprovideeffectivesupportwithfinancialaidofferedintheformofODALoans[ See the Case Studies on page 43]. Recently,emphasishasbeenplacedonextendingcooperationfordevelopingcountrieswherelargenumbersofJapanesefirmshaveestablishedapresence,suchasThailand,VietNamandMexico.ThiscooperationisaimedatcreatingamutuallybeneficialrelationshipbetweentherecipientcountryandtheJapanesefirmsoperatingthere.InVietNam,forexample,JICAhelpedthecountrypromotesmallandmedium-sizedenterprises.Inaddition,JICAalsoassistedsupportingindustriesinprovidingcomprehensivecooperationforgovernmentagenciesthatare inchargeofpromotingSMEs,educationalinstitutions,financialinstitutions,etc.,withtheaimofempoweringlocalcompaniestooverseethesupportingindustriesthatprovidepartsandmaterialstolocalJapanesecompaniesandtocultivateindustryhumanresourcesthatcanworkatJapanesecompanies. JICAalsoworkstosupport thestrengtheningofpublicinstitutionsthatprovidecompanieswithservicesforJapanesebusinessimprovementtechniquessuchas“5S”activitiesandthequality/productivityimprovement“KAIZEN”methodologies[ See the Case Study on page 119].InCambodia,forinstance,policy

dialogueregardingtherolesofcorporatesupportserviceswascarriedoutinconsiderationoftheresultsofamodelcorporationwherethe5SandKAIZENmethodologieswereapplied,andthesemethodswereevenreflectedingovernmentalpolicy. Furthermore,whileJICAisendeavoringtoprovidecooperationforSMEs, it isalsosupportingcareersatcorporationsandentrepreneurshipforindividualsplacedinvulnerablepositions,suchasthefamiliesofsurrenderedsoldiersinColombia.3. Promoting Local Industry and Vitalizing Local Economies Regionaldisparities,asan impactofeconomicgrowth,havebecomeanimportantissueinmanydevelopingcountries.Developingcountriesfaceanincreasingneedtocreatelocalemploymentopportunitiesandtopromotelocalindustriesbyvitalizingtheirlocaleconomies.Inresponsetothisdemand,JICAsupportsthedevelopmentoflocalindustryunderaprogramcalled“OneVillage,OneProduct”andencouragestheuseoflocalresourcesinattempttocreateemploymentandpromoteregionaleconomies. InAfrica,inparticular,the“OneVillage,OneProduct”projectisscheduledforimplementationin12countries,asstatedintheYokohamaActionPlanreleasedatthe4thTokyoInternationalConferenceonAfricanDevelopment(TICADIV).SurveysandprojectsarebeingimplementedincountriessuchasMalawi,Kenya,Uganda,andNigeria,whereeffortsarenowbeingcarriedouttodevelopgovernments’structuresforassistingsmalllocalproducergroups,providesupportforaccountingandotherbasicbusinessskillsaswellasproductiontechnologies,andstrengtheningthecollaborativestructurethattiestogethermarketsandproducergroups.SimilarprogramsarealsobeingcarriedoutinAsia,CentralAmerica,andSouthAmerica.4. Tourism Development Previouslythetourismindustryindevelopingcountrieswasledbyforeign-capitalentitiessuchastourismdevelopers,travelcompaniesandhotelchains.Thisisregardedasheteronomoustourism.Althoughnotnecessarilyadverse,itdoesnotallowlocalpeopletofullyreapthebenefitsofthissector. JICA initiativesaim topromoteautonomous tourismdevelopment,inwhichthelocalpeopledeveloptheindustryundertheirownsteamandsustainablybyutilizingtheirownresources. JICAprovidessupportinthefollowingareas:(1)promotionofPublic-PrivatePartnershipsinwhichpublicinstitutionssuchastheMinistryofTourismandlocaltouristbureaus,privateenterprisessuchastravelcompaniesandguideassociations,andlocalpeoplecanworktogether;(2)nuturingofhumanresourcestoconveythenecessaryknow-howtoadvancetourism;(3)developmentoftourismproductsusingtourismresourcessuchasplacesofhistoricalimportanceorextraordinaryscenicbeautyinadditiontolocallyproduceditemssuchashandicraftsandfolkartuniquetoaregion;and(4)strengtheningtourismpromotionandmarketingcapacityandtheimplementationsystem.Throughsuchsupport,JICAaimstoensuresustainabletourismthathelpsrealizeregionaladvancementcontributingtopovertyreduction.Thisisattainablebyincreasingtheincomeoflocalcitizens,creatingjobsandstrengtheningtheimpetusofsocialharmony. Forinstance,inPalestineandElSalvadorJICAisproviding

Learning about corporate consulting through OJT from an expert (Productivity and Quality Improvement Center Project in Egypt)

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supportfordevelopingtourismproductsusinglocalresourcesandcarryingoutpromotionsforthoseproducts.IntheDominicanRepublic,aprojectcalledSustainableTourismbasedonPublic-PrivateParticipationisbeingimplemented,whichaimstocreatefoundationsfortourismdevelopmentthatprovidebenefitstothelocalcommunityinasustainablemanner.TheLaosPilotProgramforNarrowingtheDevelopmentGaptowardsASEANIntegration(LPP)(tourismpromotioncomponent)aimstorectifydisparitiesbetweenmemberstatesoftheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN).Underthisproject,JICAisprovidingsupporttopromotetourismdevelopmentforLaos,oneoftheleastdevelopedSoutheastAsiancountries,byutilizingnatural,cultural,andhistoricaltourismresourcesinanappropriateandsustainedmanner[ See the Case Study on page 38]. Inthisway,JICAassessestheneedsofeachcountryandtheconditionoflocalcommunitiesandsupportstourismdevelopmentthatisnecessaryandsuitableforeachcountryorregion.

Natural Resources and Energy

Overview of Issue Theenergysectorhasbeenhosttosignificantdevelopmentsinrecentyears. AccordingtotheWorldEnergyOutlook2010,releasedbytheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),energydemandisexpected

toincreaserapidlyinthefuturemainlyincountriesthatarenotmembersoftheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD),andconsequentlyenergysecurityissuesincludingthediversificationofprimaryenergyareexpectedtobecomemorerelevantchallenges.Atthesametime,summit-levelmeetingssuchastheG8andG20continuetodiscussreducinggreenhousegas(GHG)emissionlevelsandtofurtherstrengthenitseffortsnotingtheresultsofthe15thsessionoftheConferenceoftheParties(COP15)totheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)heldinCopenhagenin2009thatidentifiedtheenergysectorasamainsourceofGHGemissions.Energytechnologieshavealsoprogressedsignificantly. Inadditiontoimprovementsbeingmadetotheconventionalpowergenerationtechnologiessuchasthethermalefficiencyofboilersandturbines,effortshavebeenprogressingtodevelopnewenergytechnologiessuchassolarthermalpowergenerationandtocommercializeadvancedpowersupplysystemsutilizingITtechnologiessuchassmartgrids. Takingaccountof these trends,moving forward theinternationalcommunitymustpursueanoptimumformofenergydevelopment,basedonbothshort-termandmedium-tolong-termperspectives. InJune2010,theJapanesegovernmentissuedTheNewGrowthStrategy:BlueprintforRevitalizingJapan,inwhichitstatedthatJapanwouldstrivetobecomean“environmentandenergypower”andwouldactivelypromoteJapan’stop-level

Ethiopia is working aggressively to develop its private sector while referring to the experience of economic development in Asia. In support of this endeavor, JICA is hosting a policy dialogue to shed light on Asia’s experience and is supporting the drafting of industrial policy.

Utilizing the Economic Development Experience of Asia in Africa

Case Study Industrial Policy Dialogue in Ethiopia

Prime Minister Meles Zenawi Displays Keen Interest Ontheoccasionofthe4thTokyoInternationalConferenceonAfricanDevelopment(TICADIV)inYokohamainMay2008,JICAhostedaninternationalsymposium,EastAsianLessonsforAfricanGrowth,whichwasfavoredbythe

participationofEthiopianPr ime Min is ter MelesZenawi.Also,attheAfricanTaskForceMeetingoftheInitiativeforPolicyDialogue(IPD)held inJulyof thesame year in Ethiopia,JICAgaveapresentationabout Asia’s economicdevelopmentexperiencetogetherwithprofessorsfromtheNationalGraduateInstituteforPolicyStudies(GRIPS).PrimeMinisterMelesdisplayedstronginterestinthispresentation,andthereafterrequested

JICA’ssupport intheformofadviceaboutcreatinganindustrialdevelopmentstrategyforEthiopiaandforimprovingthecompetitivenessof thecountry’sprivatecorporations.HeindicatedthathehopedtoseekadvicebyfreelyexchangingviewsaboutideasbasedontheeconomicdevelopmentexperienceofAsiainparticular. InOctober2009,JICAjoinedhandswithGRIPS in launchinga two-year industrialpolicydialogueprojectintheformofaprojectresearchinitiative.Moreover,JICAprovidesTechnicalCooperationforKAIZEN(improvingqualityandproductivity)asaformofsupportforboostingcorporatecompetitiveness. Thedialogues,whichareattendedbythePrimeMinister,hisadvisors,relatedministers,andrelatedorganizations,areservingasaforumforenergeticexchangesofviewsbasedontheeconomicdevelopmentexperienceofvariousAsiancountries. Inthisway,thedialoguescontributetoassistingtheEthiopiangovernmentintheformationofitspolicies.

After the industrial policy dialogue, a manual created during the Study on Quality and Productivity Improvement (KAIZEN) in Ethiopia, which started at the same time as the dialogues, was presented to Prime Minister Meles by Ms. Kuwashima, the manager of JICA’s Industrial Development and Public Policy Department.

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environmentalenergytechnologiesoverseas.JICAisactivelyprovidingsupportintheenergysectorfordevelopingcountriesinthelightofthisgovernmentpolicy.

JICA Activities1. Electric Power and Energy ThekeyaspectsofJICA’ssupportintheenergyandpowersectorare,1)support forsustainableeconomicgrowththroughthestablesupplyofelectricpower,2)promotingthereductionofGHGemissionsbyimplementingoptimaltechnologies,and3)promotingruralelectrificationinviewofreducingpoverty. Inordertoensurethestablesupplyofelectricpower, it is important todevelop thesystemsofpowergeneration, transmission,anddistributionfacilitiesinatimelyandcoordinatedmanner,aswellastocultivateadministrativeandtechnicalcapacityofhumanresources.Takingthisintoaccount,itispossibletodevelopelectricpowerfacilitiesinaswiftandintegratedmannerbyprovidingTechnicalCooperationforthedevelopmentandplanningoffacilitiesinaccordancewitheachcountry’suniquecircumstancesandimplementingfinancialcooperationviaODALoansattheconstructionstage.Furthermore,implementingmanagerialandmaintenancetrainingallowscountriestooperatetheirnewfacilitiesinasustainablemanner,andrealizefurthereffectsfromcooperation. TheglobalcommunityintensifiesitseffortstoreduceGHGemissions,andsodothedevelopingcountries:theyarebeginningtopromotetheuseofrenewableenergysourcessuchassolar,wind,andgeothermalpowergeneration,aswellashigh-efficiencythermalgenerationtechnologies.Japanmustutilizeitsabundantknowledgeaboutthedevelopmentofrenewableenergyandtheimplementationandmaintenanceofhigh-efficiencythermalpowergenerationtocutGHGemissionlevelsintheenergysectorsofdevelopingcountries[ See the Case Study on page 46]. Whenpromotingruralelectrification,which targetsonupgradingthelivingstandardofcommunities,itisimportanttoactfromthestandpointofhumansecurity.Thismeansthatelectrificationplansmustbeformulatedandimplementedbasedontheactualneedsofthelocalcitizensaswellaslocalindustrydevelopmentandotherdevelopmentplans.Also,inviewofthelackoftechniciansworkinginpowergenerationanddistributionindevelopingcountries,itisimportanttoenhancemaintenanceandmanagementcapacity,includingthedevelopmentofmanagementstructuresforfacilitiesatthesametime.Furthermore,incountrieswithlowelectrificationratessuchasthoseinAfrica,effortsareunderwaytoimproveruralelectrificationratesbyusingoff-gridthatutilizessolarandotherpowergenerationtechnologies. JICAalso implementscooperation incountriesthatareundergoingreconstruction,suchasRwandaandSierraLeone,includinghumanresourcedevelopmentthatcontributestothemanagementofelectricpowerfacilities.2. Mining (Natural Resources) Demand formetallic resources iscurrently increasing

inaccordancewith theeconomicdevelopmentofnewlyindustrializingeconomies.Moreover,therareearthscrisisof2010hasreconfirmedthatdemandforrareearthsisrisingnotonlyintheindustrializednations,butinnewlyindustrializingeconomiesaswell.Usingtheselimitedmineralresourcesinaneffectivemannerisimportantforbothproducersandimporters.Indevelopingcountries,JICAworkstosupportsystemsforthepromotionofsustainableminingdevelopmentandinvestmentformining,aswellasforhumanresourcedevelopment,thecreationofmasterplans,andthecollectionofinformationonmineralresources.JICAalsoadvisesonenvironmentalcountermeasuresformining,developmentplansforinfrastructuretakingintoaccounttheenvironmentandrelatedindustries,andsupportplansforcommunities.3. Energy Efficiency JICAprovidesassistanceforthetrainingofenergymanagementtechniciansinordertosupportenergyconservationeffortsusingsophisticatedJapanesetechnologies.Thisprogramhasproducedmanypositiveoutcomes.Forinstance,JICAhasprovidedsupportfortheconstructionofenergymanagersystemsandtheeducationoftechniciansthatcanmanagethermalandelectricpowerinThailand,TurkeyandPoland.FollowingaseriesofprogramsinTurkey, techniciansweresoonabletooperatesystemsindependently.Thesesitesarenowusedasthirdcountrytraininggrounds. InODALoans,JICAisprovidingTwo-StepLoans*inIndiaandVietNamfocusedonenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergies.Two-StepLoansstrengthenfinancingandtheabilitytoestablishenergyconservationprojects,andincreasetheeffectivenessofsupportbycomplementingTechnicalCooperation.Throughthisscheme,itiseasiertoprovidefinancialsupportforprivate-sectoractivities.

* Scheme where ODA Loan funds provided to development finance organizations of the borrowing nation are used to provide loans to small and medium-sized enterprises in the borrowing nation.

A diesel generator provided to Sierra Leone, where civil war came to an end in 2002, via Grant Aid as a means of supporting the country’s economic reconstruction. JICA has provided cooperation since 2010, when the generator began operating, in order to improve Sierra Leone’s capacity to operate and manage electric power facilities.

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Figure 1 Breakdown of AfT by Region (2009)

Figure 2 Breakdown of AfT by ASEAN Country (2009)

Figure 3 Breakdown of AfT by Industry in ASEAN Countries (2009)

Asia 44%

Technical Cooperation,

Grant Aid

Technical Cooperation,

Grant Aid

Technical Cooperation,

Grant Aid

Loan Aid

Loan Aid

Loan Aid

Pacifi c 2%

The Americas

15%

Africa 24%

Middle East 8%

Other 6%

Europe 1%

Asia 94%

Europe 3%The Americas 1%

Africa 2%

Continental Southeast Asia 1%

Tourism 1%

Insular Southeast Asia 0.03%

Trade Policy and Regulations 2%

Cambodia 3%

Indonesia 20%

Malaysia 1%

Philippines 14%

Thailand 6%Viet Nam

24%

Cambodia 14%

Myanmar 8%

Laos 12%

Singapore 0.2%Brunei 0.0004%

Indonesia 19%

Philippines 17%

Thailand 24%

Viet Nam 37%

Transportation 26%

Information and Communications

6%

Energy 10%

Business Services 10%

Agriculture 22%

Banking and Financial

Services 6%

Forestry 6%

Manufacturing 5%

Fisheries 5%

Mining 1%

Transportation 77%

Energy 11%

Agriculture 5%

Manufacturing 7%

Aid for Trade

What is Aid for Trade (AfT)? AfTreferstoassistanceprovidedtodevelopingcountriesthathelpstobuildsupply-sidecapacityandtrade-relatedinfrastructure,sothatthesecountriescanbenefitfromtradeexpansionandreducepoverty.Itwillenablethesecountriestorealizetradeprofits,andconsequently,realizeeconomicgrowth

throughthesetradeprofits.

JICA Activities JICAisactivelyengagedinAfT.Approximately54%ofallODALoanprojectsweredevotedtoAfTin2009.

Note: Figures in the charts are rounded to the nearest whole number. Totals may not add to 100.

• AfT-re la ted Loan A id , Technica lCooperationandGrantAidareconcentratedinAsia.In2009,Asiaaccountedfor94%ofAfT-relatedLoanAidand44%ofAfT-relatedTechnicalCooperationandGrantAid.•Africaaccountedfor24%ofAfT-relatedTechnicalCooperationandGrantAid,secondbehindAsia.

•OverhalfofallAfT-relatedTechnicalCooperationandGrantAidintheASEANregiontakesplace inCambodia,Laos,MyanmarandVietNam.•AfT-relatedLoanAidisconcentratedinVietNam,expressingthedirectionofJICA’ssupportintermsofcorrectingdisparitiesbetweenASEANnationsandimprovingintegrationbyexpandingtrade.

•JICAfocusesondevelopmentofeconomicinfrastructureintheASEANregionwiththeaimofpromotingeconomicgrowththatwillbenefitthelivesofeveryindividual.

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Research ─ The JICA Research Institute Aiming to Provide Feedback on Development Work and Input into the World’s Development Agendas

Issue-Specific Activities and Initiatives

The JICA Research Institute (JICA–RI) carries out research activities with the main objectives of “conducting analysis of development issues in developing countries and contributing to JICA’s operation strategies” and “strengthening the

Theinternationalcommunityhasbeengrapplingwiththeproblemsfacingdevelopingcountries—includingpoverty,armedconflictandenvironmentaldegradation—butsolutionstomanyofthemostbasicproblemsremainelusive.Topromotevalue-addedresearchaimedatproducingpolicyrecommendations,JICA-RIhaslaiddownfourbasicpoliciesandfourkeyresearchareas,aslistedbelow.

Basic Policies1. Incorporating a Comprehensive Perspective JICA-RIwill incorporateacomprehensiveperspectiveinitscross-fieldresearchandanalysisofdevelopmentissues,encompassingindividuals,society,thestateandthemarket.2. Integrating Past and Future JICA-RIwillconductstudiesbasedonthepastexperiencesandanalyticresultsofdevelopmentaidorganizationsworldwide,includingJICA,andmakethemavailableforuseinfutureaidactivities.3. Sharing Experiences in Japan and East Asia JICA-RIwillanalyzethegrowthexperiencesofJapananditsEastAsianneighborsandexploretheapplicabilityoftheseexperiencestootherregions.4. Sharing Information with the International Development Community JICA-RIaimstobearesearchinstitutethatisopentobothJapaneseandinternationalpartners,includingresearchers,aid-implementingorganizations,governmentalbodies,private-sectorcorporationsandNGOs.

Key Research Domains1. Peace and Development JICA-RIconductscomparativeanalysisofpastexperiencestouncoverwaystoeffectivelypreventandmanagearmedconflict,andpromotepost-conflictpeacebuilding.Italsoanalysespastexperiencesinregionalandinternationaleffortstoresolvedifficultcross-borderproblemsthatcannotbehandledbyindividualcountries,suchasinfectiousdiseases,transnationalcrimeandenvironmentaldegradation.

transmission of information to Japan and abroad and leading the development assistance agendas,” while utilizing the wealth of experience and know-how it has accumulated as a development assistance organization. The results obtained from these research activities are published in the form of working papers, policy briefs, books, and other publications, and are released broadly through websites and other means.

2. Growth and Poverty Reduction JapananditsEastAsianneighborsareconsideredeconomicdevelopmentsuccessstories,havingrealizedgrowthandreducedpoverty.JICA-RIstudiesthesecasesfromthemultifacetedperspectivesof individuals,state,marketandsociety,andconductscomparativeanalysiswitheconomicdevelopmentinAfricancountries.3. Environment and Development/Climate Change Regionalandenvironmentaldeteriorationaremajorthreatstohumansecurityindevelopingcountries.JICA-RIpromotestheformulationofmeasurestopromoteenvironmentalconservationandadapttoenvironmentalchangecausedbyclimatechangeusingthelatestknowledgeinnaturalsciences,andexperienceanddatagainedfromJICA’sfieldoperations.4. Assistance Strategies WhileutilizingJapan’sexperienceandknowledge,JICA-RImakesrecommendationsontherolesandfunctionsofinternationalcooperationbyconducting researchon themodalitiesofassistancebasedonprinciplessuchasthe“capacitydevelopment”approachaimedatenhancingthecapabilitiesofpeople,organizationsandsocietyacrossdiversedomains,andtheconceptsof“humansecurity”and“inclusiveanddynamicdevelopment”(dynamicdevelopmentthatbenefitsallpeople). Withinthesefourresearchareas,JICA-RIplacesparticularemphasisonthefollowingfiveprioritythemes:respondingtofragilestatesincludingconflict-affectedcountries,AfricandevelopmentandtheAsianexperience,respondingtoclimatechange,analysisandimprovementofaideffectiveness,andissuesrelatedtotheintegrationoftheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN).

Research Activities in Collaboration with Other Institutions around the World AnoverviewoftheseresearchprojectscanbefoundontheJICA-RIwebsite*alongwithpreliminaryfindingsintheformofworkingpapers.Fourteenworkingpaperswerereleasedinfiscal2010. Theseworkingpapersarereleasedbroadlyintheformof

Of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), relevant goals are shown in color.

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Co

ncrete Initiatives

English languagepaperstothose involved indevelopmentassistancethroughouttheworld. Policybriefsarealsopublishedinseries,whichsummarizethepoliticalandpracticalimplicationsdrawnfromtheresearchfindingsdetailedintheworkingpapersinaconcisemanner.Thesepolicybriefsareintendedtooffersuggestionsfortheformulationofactualpoliciesandtheconsiderationofthedirectionsofassistance. JICA-RI activelypresents these research findingsatinternationalresearchandacademicmeetingsandotherfora.Infiscal2010,JICAprovidedabackgroundpapertotheWorldDevelopmentReport,whichispublishedeachyearbytheWorldBank.AttheWorkshopontheEvolvingGlobalAidArchitectureheldinSeoul,RepublicofKoreainNovember2010withaviewtotheOECD’sDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee(DAC)HighLevelForumtobeheldinBusanin2011,JICA-RImadepresentationsoncapacitydevelopmentandSouth-Southcooperationbasedonitsresearchfindings. InFebruary2011,JICA-RIco-hostedaworkshopinThailandthatalsoservedasaforumtoreportthefindingsofaresearchprojecttitled“AnalysisofCross-BorderHigherEducationfor

Regional IntegrationandLaborMarketinEastAsia,”jointlywiththeSoutheastAsianMinistersofEducationOrganization(SEAMEO)andtheSEAMEORegionalCentreforHigherEducationandDevelopment(SEAMEORIHED).JICA-RIhasalsopresenteditsresearchfindingsatothersymposiaandseminars. Inconductingtheseresearchactivities,JICA-RIattachesimportancetonetwork-orientedresearchbasedonpartnershipswithnotonlylocalbutalsointernationalresearchorganizationsandassistanceagencies.JICA-RIcarriesoutjointresearchwiththeresearchersofoverseasinstitutions,suchastheWorldBankandtheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB),HarvardUniversityintheUnitedStates,OxfordUniversityintheUnitedKingdom,andtheASEANInstitutesofStrategicandInternationalStudies(ASEANISIS). Inadditiontodisseminatingsuchinformationinternationally,JICA-RIhasalsocarriedoutresearchfortheProjectHistorySeries,whichanalyzesJapan’scontributiontothedevelopmentofdevelopingcountriesfromalong-termperspective,andpublishedtheresearchfindingsinthreevolumesinJapanese.

*JICA Research Institute website: http://jica-ri.jica.go.jp

An international forum (co-hosted by JICA and the World Bank, supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan) was held at JICA-RI on April 2, 2010 to explore how the world has been changing through globalization and how the direction and roles of development assistance have shifted accordingly.

Discussion on Globalization and a New Direction for Development Assistance

Case Study JICA-World Bank Forum

countries themselves. Inconjunctionwitheconomicdevelopment, it isessential fordevelopingcountriestoenhancethecapabilitiestheyneedinordertoachievetheMDGs.ThisiswheretheroleofODAcomesin.” In the lastpartof the forum,with theattendance of Co-Director of the WorldDevelopmentReport(WDR)SarahCliffeandothers,aworkshopwasheldtocontributeto theWorldDevelopmentReport2011,themedonissuessuchasstatefragilityandarmedconflicts.Thefirsthalfoftheworkshopfocusedonthreatsthattranscendbordersandregionalinitiatives,anddiscussionwasheldonissuessuchashowregionalintegrationhasprogressedintherecentglobalsituation.

Duringthesecondhalfoftheworkshop,opinionswereexchangedonissuessuchasnationalcapacitybuilding,stability,politicalleadership,and thedifferencesbetweeninternationalstandardsandnormsandregionalstandardsandnorms.Basedonthediscussionsheldduringtheworkshop,thenDirectorofJICA-RIKeiichiTsunekawapointedoutthattoleranceofantigovernmentforces,modalitiesofeconomiccompetition,andsecularnationalidentitieswereamong thesocio-politicalcharacteristicsofEastAsiathathaveledtheregiontoitscurrent,relativelystablesituation.Heconcludedthatconsiderationshouldalsobegiventohowpoliticalandeconomicreformsarecarriedforward.

From left to right: NHK commentator Aiko Doden serving as the chair, JICA President Sadako Ogata, and former Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea Han Seung-Soo.

In the f irst part of the forum, thenParliamentaryVice-MinisterforForeignAffairsofJapanChinamiNishimuracommencedtheeventwithanopeningremark.Then,FormerPrimeMinisteroftheRepublicofKoreaHanSeung-Soo,ASEANSecretary-GeneralSurinPitsuwan,SeniorVicePresidentandChiefEconomistof theWorldBankJustinLin,entrepreneurNobuyukiIdei,andJICAPresidentSadakoOgata,whoservedaspanelists,stated their opinions on the increasinginterdependenceofnationsandthebenefitsofregionalintegration(thetitlesofthepanelistsarefromthetimeoftheforum). Throughthediscussionbythepanelists,thefollowingrecognitionwasreconfirmed:“Thelargestissueindevelopmentistheinsufficientcapacitydevelopmentof thedeveloping

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The Nantokashinakya Project—We cannot overlook 5.5 billion people (Nan-pro), which was started on July 27, 2010, is promoting international cooperation through public participation. The aim of the project is to expand awareness, understanding, support, action and participation in international cooperation, by distributing information in collaboration with organizations involved in international cooperation such as domestic citizen’s groups, international organizations, government agencies, corporations, local governments, and educational institutions, in order to spread the concept like a ripple to society-at-large.

Nantokashinakya ProjectNan-pro: We cannot overlook 5.5 billion people.

Efforts From the First Year

celebritiesandother influentialmemberstraveltodevelopingcountriesanddescribetheirimpressionsintheirownwords.KuraraChibana,whovisitedSriLankainAugust2010,andShunShioya,whovisitedTimor-LesteinJanuary2011,haveprovidedinformationviavariousmeansincludingmagazinesandblogs,andhavealsodiscussedtheirexperiencesdirectlyontalkshows. Thereactionfromindividualswhohavepart icipated in these events has beensubstantial.Commentshave includedthefollowing:“IgainedaninterestintheexistenceofJICAandinternationalcooperationNGOsthankstotheactivitiesofthesecelebrities”and“ItwasagoodopportunityformetothinkaboutwhatIcoulddotocontribute.” Withlargenumbersofpeopleinterestedinparticipatingineventsandseminars,thefirststepininternationalcooperationistoenhance

theinformationavailableviathewebsiteonprefecturalandregionalevents.InHiroshimaonSeptember25,2010,priortotheSanfrecceHiroshimaJ.Leaguesoccerteam’smatch,theplayersmadea“NantokashinakyaStatement”,andaneventwasheldforpeopletodiscussthoughtsoninternationalcooperation.6,000peopletookpartintheevent,mostofwhomweresoccerfans. InNan-pro,peoplewhoagreewith theideaoftheprojectandsupportitsactivitiesarereferredtoas“supporters,”andurgedtoregisteronthewebsite.Thetargetistoachieve55,000registrationsinthreeyears.Ifenoughinterestcanbegathered,itmaybepossibletoruntheprojectbothinJapanandworldwide.Withthesehopesinmind,theNantokashinakyaProjectwillkeeppressingforward.

Asapartof thisproject,anexecutivecommi t tee was fo rmed by the th reeorganizationsJANIC(JapanNGOCenterforInternationalCooperation),JICAandUNDP(UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram) toprovide,byworkingwiththeapproximately200memberorganizations, informationonthecurrentstatusofchallengesandsupportfordevelopingcountries,andinformationonrecentinternationalcooperationactivitiesinwhichpeoplecanparticipate. ThisinformationisprovidedviathededicatedNan-prowebsite(http://nantokashinakya.jp[Japanese]).Theprojectischaracterizedby,amongotherthings,thevoluntaryinvolvementofcelebritiesandinfluentialfigureswhoareinterestedin internationalcooperationandwhosecapacitytodisseminateinformationisemployedinsendingoutmessages. Aprogramisnowinplacewherebythese

Front page of the Nan-pro website (http://nantokashinakya.jp [Japanese])

Shun Shioya surrounded by East Timorese children.

Kurara Chibana visiting Sri Lanka, at a site of Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV) activities.

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Implementation System

Cooperation Modality

Technical Cooperation──────────────────── 126ODA Loan and Private Sector Investment Finance────── 128Grant Aid───────────────────────── 130Follow-up Cooperation─────────────────────────── 132Training and Dialogue Programs in Japan────────── 134Volunteer Programs──────────────────── 136Citizen Participatory Cooperation─────────────── 138Partnerships with NGOs and Other Organizations────── 140Public-Private Partnerships───────────────── 142Support for Japanese Emigrants and Their Descendants─ ── 144Securing and Training Human Resources─────────── 146JICA-Net─────────────────────────── 148Japan Centers──────────────────────── 149Emergency Disaster Relief──────────────────── 150Enhancing Development Partnerships───────────── 152

Operation, Management and Evaluation

Public Relations Activities──────────────────── 154Information Disclosure──────────────────── 156Compliance─────────────────────────── 157Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations─── 158Risk Management of ODA Loan Account─ ──────────── 162Safety Management Operations Conducted Overseas──── 163Evaluation System of JICA’s Operations and Management── 164Operations Evaluation System───────────────── 165Efforts to Improve Operations───────────────────── 166Efforts toward ISO Certification──────────────── 167

Philippine fishermen

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Technical Cooperation ─ Supporting Capacity Development of Developing Countries through Multi-tiered Assistance,

such as Human Resources Development, Organizational Strengthening, and Institutional Development

Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

Responding to Diverse Needs TechnicalCooperationisoneofJICA’skeyassistanceschemes.It ispeople-to-peoplecooperationthatsupportsdevelopingcountriesinenhancingtheircomprehensivecapacitiestoaddressdevelopmentchallengesbytheirownefforts.Formulatingcustomizedcooperationplanswithdevelopingcountries,JICAremediesproblemsbyutilizingtheknowledge,experienceandtechnologiesofbothJapananddevelopingcountries. Theneedsofdevelopingcountriesarebecomingincreasinglydiverse.Inadditiontothedevelopmentofagriculture,transportinfrastructures,industries,healthcareservicesandeducation,inrecentyears,theseneedshaveextendedtosupportfordevelopinglegalsystems,transitioningtoamarketeconomy,peacebuilding,reconstructionassistance,andformulatingenvironmentalandclimatechangemeasures.Torespondtosuchwide-rangingneeds,JICA’sTechnicalCooperationprovidesmulti-tieredassistanceforhumanresourcesdevelopment,organizationalstrengthening,policyformulation,andinstitutionaldevelopmentindevelopingcountriesbydispatchingexperts,acceptingtrainingparticipantsand/orprovidingequipment. Someofthedevelopmentissuesrequirefinancialcooperationforconstructingfacilitiesandprovidingequipment.Tomeetthoseneedsmoreeffectivelyandefficiently,JICAintegratesfinancialcooperationandTechnicalCooperationintoasinglecooperationprogramwhichwillyieldgreatersynergisticeffects. Additionally,inordertoaddressglobalchallengesthatrequirethedevelopmentandapplicationofnewtechnologiesandnewscientificknowledgeintheareasoftheenvironment,energy,biologicalresources,disasterpreventionandinfectiousdiseases,JICA is implementing“ScienceandTechnologyResearchPartnershipforSustainableDevelopment(SATREPS)”sincefiscal2008,whichincorporateselementsofjointresearchwithdevelopingcountries.

Effectively Combining a Variety of Cooperation Tools1. Dispatch of Experts Japaneseexpertsaredispatchedtodevelopingcountriestodisseminatenecessarytechnologiesandknowledgetopartnercountrygovernmentofficialsandengineers(counterparts).Atthesametime,theycooperatewiththesecounterpartsindevelopingandspreading technologiesand institutionssuited to theconditionsinthosecountriesaswellasconductingawareness-raisingactivities.Givingconsiderationtoapartnercountry’sregionalcharacteristics,historicalbackgroundandlanguage,whenappropriate,JICAdispatchesexpertsfromthirdcountries(countriesotherthanJapanorthepartnercountry)ratherthanexpertsfromJapaninordertodeliverservicesmoreefficiently.

2. Acceptance of Training Participants JICAinvitescompetentpersonnelindevelopingcountries,whohavesignificantresponsibility insocialandeconomicdevelopment,toJapanastrainingparticipants.Theyparticipatein trainingprograms inJapan [ See page 134]andobtainknowledgeandtechnologiesneededintheirhomecountries.JICAalsoorganizestrainingprogramsinpartnercountriesorinthirdcountries.3. Provision of Equipment Equipmentneededbyexpertsforimplementingeffectivecooperationisprovidedtopartnercountries.4. Technical Cooperation Projects TechnicalCooperationprojects,whichoptimallycombinethe“DispatchofExperts,”“AcceptanceofTrainingParticipants”and/or“ProvisionofEquipment”arethecoreoperationsofJICA’sTechnicalCooperation.Evenmorereliableprojectoutcomescanbeobtainedthroughsystematicandcomprehensiveprojectoperationandimplementationfromplanningtoimplementationandevaluation. Toraiseasenseofownershipofdevelopingcountries,manyTechnicalCooperationprojectsadopt“participatory”methods,wherebylocalpeopleineachproject’stargetareaparticipateinplanning,operationmanagementandevaluationactivities.JICAalsocollaborateswithprivateenterprises,universities,NGOsandotherorganizationstoutilizetheircumulativeexperience,knowledgeandknow-howinprojectsinordertoaddressmore-complexandhigh-levelissues.Implementation Process1)ProjectIdentificationandFormulation

JICAidentifiesandformulatesprojectsthroughdiscussionwiththegovernmentofthepartnercountry,informationgatheringbyJICA’soverseasofficesandpreparatorysurveys.

2)RequestandApprovalBasedonarequestfromthepartnercountry,theMinistryofForeignAffairsofJapan,otherrelatedministriesandJICAdiscussonwhetherornottoapprovetheproject.TheapprovedprojectisreportedtothepartnercountrybytheJapanesegovernmentandnoteverbalesareexchangedbydiplomaticmissionsabroad.

3)Examination/Ex-AnteEvaluationInordertoclarifydetailsandexpectedoutcomesoftheprojectandcomprehensivelyexaminetheappropriatenessofimplementation,ex-anteevaluationisconductedbasedonfiveevaluationcriteriasuchasrelevance,effectiveness,efficiency,impactandsustainability.

4)ProjectImplementation/Mid-TermReview/TerminalEvaluationJICAand thegovernmentorganizationof thepartnercountrysignaRecordofDiscussions(R/D)regardingproject

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Implem

entation System

In March 2011, the project for Improvement of Rice-based Agriculture in Nangarhar Province (RIP) to enhance rice cultivation techniques and improve rice quality in the eastern Afghan province of Nangarhar was terminated with significant outcomes. Based on these achievements, JICA initiated a new project named “Rice-based Agriculture Development in Afghanistan (RIPA)” in May 2011 and is providing seamless assistance for promoting rice cultivation on a national level.

Trust and Hopes in JICA’s Improved Rice Farming Techniques Derived from High-yield Harvest

Case Study AfghanistanImprovement of Rice-based Agriculture in Nangarhar Province

JICAimplementedaTechnicalCooperationprojectinNangarharProvince,oneofthemajorriceproductionareas,fromSeptember2007forthreeandahalfyears,focusingoncapacitydevelopmentfortheR&Dofricecultivationandextensionsystem.Theprojectverifiedtheeffectivenessofimprovedricecultivationtechniquesat theagricultureexperimentstationandachieved120to310%higheryieldsthanconventionalcultivationmethods.Theseimprovedricecultivationtechniqueswerealsosharedwiththelocalfarmersofeightdistrictsthrough25pilotfarms. AlthoughtheactivitiesofJapaneseexpertswererestrictedonthosepilotfarmsduetosecurityreasons,aseriesoftechniquesfromseedpreparationtopost-harvesttechnologyapplicabletolocalfarmersweredevelopedthroughthestrongcollaborationbetweentheresearchersandagriculturalextensionworkerswithasenseofunity. Thesupportfromhighlymotivated

counterpartsandstep-by-stepapproachesensuredtheconsolidationof improvedricecultivationtechniquesamongthelocalfarmers. IntheRIPAproject,theresearchersandextensionworkerstrainedbyRIPwillplayavitalroleinfurtherspreadingtheimprovedricecultivationtechniquesacrossNangarharProvinceand tootherprovincesaswellas further improving the techniques,andexpandingthescopeoftheproject.

Establishment of Suitable Rice Cultivation Techniques InAfghanistan,agricultureisabackboneindustryinwhicharound80%ofthepopulationisengaged,withricebeingthesecondlargestcropinthecountry.However,manyyearsofconflicthaddestroyedthebasicinfrastructureofagricultureandhadledtoashortageofhumanresources. Inresponsetotheseseverecircumstances,

implementation,detailsofactivitiesandnecessarymeasures.Evaluationindicatorssetinex-anteevaluationareusedas

thebasisofthemid-termreviewconductedatacertainpointfromtheprojectinceptionandterminalevaluationconductedahalfyearpriortotheprojectcompletion.Eachresultofevaluationisusedasrecommendationsforimprovingtheproject.

5)FollowUp/Ex-PostEvaluationIncaseunexpectedproblemsemerge,Follow-upCooperationisprovidedwhennecessary.

Ex-postevaluationiscarriedoutseveralyearsaftertheprojectcompletiontocheckthesustainabilityandimpactofprojects.Evaluationresultsareusedaslessonslearnedforformulatingandimplementingsimilarprojects.

5. Technical Cooperation for Development Planning Whilesupportingdevelopingcountries’policymakingandpublicworksplans,JICAtransferstechnologies,includingsurvey/analysismethodsandplanningmethodstocounterpartsinthepartnercountry.Thefollowingfourfeaturesarethemaincontentsofcooperation.1)Masterplans(M/P)andpolicysupportstudies(fiscalreforms,

establishmentoflegalsystems,etc.)tosupportpolicymakingandtheplanningofpublicprojects

2)Emergencysupportstudies(rehabilitationandreconstructionofbasicinfrastructurethathasbeendamagedbynaturaldisasters,conflictsorotherfactors)

3)Feasibilitystudies(F/S)forprojectswhichwillberealizedbythedevelopingcountrygovernmentsorotherdonor

4)Otherstudies(topographicmapping,groundwatersurveys,etc.) Followingthecompletionofthiscooperation,basedontheresultsofTechnicalCooperationfordevelopmentplanning,developingcountrieswill1)formulateplansforsector/regionaldevelopmentor rehabilitation/reconstructionbyutilizingrecommendations;2)implementplans(project)byraisingfundsfrominternationalorganizationsandothers;and/or3)carryouttherecommendedorganizational/institutionalreforms.6. Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) AsamodalityofJICA’sTechnicalCooperation,“ScienceandTechnologyResearchPartnershipforSustainableDevelopment(SATREPS)”incorporateselementsofjointresearchfordevelopingandapplyingnewtechnologiesandacquiringnewscientificknowledgethatwillhelpaddressglobalchallenges,involvingpartnershipsbetweenuniversitiesandresearchinstitutions,etc.inJapanandthoseindevelopingcountries.Thiscooperationaimstoacquirenewscientificknowledgeandoutcomeswithpotentialforpracticalutilizationinsociety,andtoenhanceresearchcapacityindevelopingcountriestosupporttheirindependentandsustainabledevelopment. Thecooperationwillbeimplementedintwoways,eitherasaTechnicalCooperationprojectorbydispatchingresearchersasexperts.Thisprogramisidentifiedaspartofthe“scienceandtechnologydiplomacy”,whichutilizesJapan’sadvancedscienceandtechnologiestoadvancediplomacy.ItisimplementedjointlybetweentheJapanScienceandTechnologyAgency(JST),theJapanSocietyforthePromotionofScience(JSPS)andJICA.

The practical training held at the agriculture experiment station, which combined theory and practice, was praised by extension workers as easy to understand.

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sustainableinstrumentforODA.

Flow of ODA Loan—Project Cycle— AnODALoanfollowssixstepsandlessonslearnedfromex-postevaluationsimplementedatthefinalstagewillbefedbackintopreparationsfornewprojects.ThisflowofstepsiscalledtheProjectCycle.

Types of ODA Loans1. Project-Type Loans1) ProjectLoans Projectloans,whichaccountforthelargestportionofODALoans,financeprojectssuchasroads,powerplants,irrigation,watersupplyandseweragefacilities.Theloansareusedfortheprocurementoffacilities,equipmentandservices,orforconductingcivilandotherrelatedworks.2) EngineeringService(E/S)Loans EngineeringService(E/S)loansareforengineeringserviceswhicharenecessaryat thesurveyandplanningstagesofprojects.Theseservicesincludereviewsoffeasibilitystudies,surveysondetaileddataonprojectsites,detaileddesignsandthepreparationofbiddingdocuments.InthesamemannerasProjectLoans,completionoffeasibilitystudiesortheirequivalentandconfirmationoftheproject’soverallnecessityandrelevanceareprerequisiteforthistypeofloan.3) FinancialIntermediaryLoans(Two-StepLoans) Financialintermediaryloansareimplementedthroughthefinancialinstitutionsoftherecipientcountrybasedonthepolicy-orientedfinancialsystemofthepartnercountry.Theseloansprovidefundsnecessaryfortheimplementationofdesignatedpolicies,suchasthepromotionofsmallandmedium-scale

enterprisesinmanufacturing,agricultureandotherspecified industriesand theconstructionoffacilitiesto improvethelivingstandardsofthepoor.Theseloansareknownas“two-step loans (TSL)”becauseundertheprocess,fundspassthroughtwoormorefinancialinstitutionsbeforetheend-beneficiariesreceivethefunds.Underthistypeofloan,fundscanbeprovidedtoa largenumberofend-beneficiariesintheprivatesector.Sincetheseloansareimplementedthroughlocalfinancialinstitutions,strengtheningoftheoperationalcapabilitiesoftheseinstitutionsandthedevelopmentofthefinancialsectorofrecipientcountriesarealsoexpectedastheresultoftheseloans.

Project preparation

１

Project implementation

５

Project completion/Ex-post evaluation

and follow-up

６

Loan request

２

Exchange of notes and loan

agreement

４

Examination/Appraisal and

ex-ante evaluation of the project

３

ODA Loan and Private Sector Investment Finance ─ Providing Development Funds with Concessional Terms to

Support Ownership by Developing Regions

Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

For Sustainable Development of Developing Regions

Inmanydevelopingcountriesandregions,economicandsocialinfrastructureencompassingelectricity,gas,transportationandcommunicationsservicesisunderdeveloped.Furthermore,inrecentyears,global issuessuchasHIV/AIDSandothercommunicablediseases,airandwaterpollution,climatechange,conflictsandterrorism,andfinancialcriseshaveemergedinadditiontotheproblemsofpoverty.Toaddresstheseissues,theinternationalcommunitysettheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)ascommongoals,whileindividualcountrieshaveformulatedahostofmeasures. Loanassistanceprovides relatively largeamountsofdevelopmentfundsunderconcessionaltermstodevelopingcountriesandregionstosupporttheireffortsforgrowthanddevelopment.

ODA Loan

Support that Emphasizes Ownership by the Developing Country Ownership iscrucial foreconomicgrowthandpovertyreductionindevelopingcountries.AnODALoan,whichrequiresrepayment,promotesefficientuseoftheborrowedfundsandappropriatesupervisionof theprojects, therebybolsteringdevelopingcountries’ownershipinthedevelopmentprocess.Inaddition,asanODALoanisfinancialassistancewitharepaymentobligation,thismethodofassistanceplacesarelativelysmallfiscalburdenontheJapanesegovernmentandrepresentsa

ODA Loan Project Cycle

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Implem

entation System

4) SectorLoans Sectorloansareformaterialsandequipment,servicesandconsultingrequiredfortheimplementationofdevelopmentplansinaspecificsectorconsistingofmultiplesub-projects.Thistypeofloanalsoleadstoimprovedpoliciesandsystemsinthesector.2. Non-Project Loans1) ProgramLoans Program loanssupport the implementationofnationalstrategiesandpovertyreductionstrategiesofdevelopingcountriesthatareseekingtoimprovepoliciesandimplementgeneralsystemreforms.Inrecentyears,themostcommontypeoftheseloansisoneinwhichproceedsareincorporatedintothetargetpartnercountrybudget.Inconfirmingachievement,consultationproceedswithfuturereformitemsinsupportofreformsbasedonalong-termframework.Therearemanyinstancesinwhichthesetypesofloanstaketheformofco-financingwiththeWorldBankandothermultilateraldevelopmentbanks(MDBs).2) CommodityLoans Inordertostabilizetheireconomy,commodityloansprovidesettlementfundsforurgentandessentialimportsofmaterialstodevelopingcountriesthatareexperiencingaworseningforeigncurrencysituationandfacingeconomicdifficulties.Theseloansareoftenusedtoimportcommoditiessuchasindustrialmachineryandrawmaterials,fertilizerandpesticide,agriculturalandother

kindsofmachinery,whichareagreeduponbeforehandbetweentheJapaneseandrecipientgovernments.3) SectorProgramLoans ThistypeofloanisaCommodityLoanusedsimultaneouslytosupportdevelopmentpoliciesinprioritizedsectorsofdevelopingcountries.Localcurrency(counterpart)fundsreceivedbythegovernmentaspaymentforforeigncurrencysoldtoimportersareutilizedforpublicinvestmentsforsector-specificdevelopment.

Private Sector Investment Finance

OnJanuary25,2011, theCabinetgave itsapproval to“RealizingtheNewGrowthStrategy2011,”apolicyunderwhichitwasdecidedthatJICAwouldresumeprivatesectorinvestmentfinancescheme. Giventhisdecision,JICA,takingapilotapproach*toprovideinvestment throughprivatesector investment finance toprojectsthathavehighaideffectiveness,inaccordancewiththedevelopmentandotherpoliciesofdevelopingcountries[ See

page 143].

* Implementing specific pilot projects in order to; 1) Verify and improve the new operation system; and to 2) Finalize rules concerning project selection.

Completed in April 2010, the Can Tho Bridge is the largest bridge across the Mekong River. It was built using ODA Loans and has significantly improved the transportation and commodity distribution situation in the Delta, thereby contributing to the economic and social development of the region.

A Bridge of Dreams in the Mekong Delta

Case Study Viet Nam The Cuu Long (Can Tho) Bridge Construction Project

However,thetributariesofthelargeMekongRiverhavealwaysmadecommoditydistributiondifficult.Transportupuntilnowhasdependedontheuseofaferrysystemthatstartedmorethan100yearsago.Dependingonthetimeofday,peoplehavebeenforcedtowaitseveralhoursbefore theycanboarda ferry,withroadsneartheriveroftenbecomingheavilycongested. Mitigatingtheseissues,theCanThoBridgewasopenedonApril24,2010.Manypeoplefromthegovernment,includingPrimeMinisterTanDung,attendedtheinaugurationceremony.Everyoneenthusiasticallycelebrated theopeningofthebridge.Anewspaperreportedthatlocalresidentswerefilledwithjoy.Somewereevenheardtohavecalledthebridge“a100-yeardreamcometrue.”

Trafficonthebridgesinceitsopeninghasfarexceededexpectedlevels.ThebridgehasdefinitelycontributedtothesmoothflowofpeopleandgoodsintheMekongDeltaregion.TheCanThoBridgeconnectstoasectionofNationalHighwayNo.1thatwasformerlytheonlypartstillbeingtraversedbysea.Thishighwayrunsnorth-southacrossthelengthofVietNam,andnowlinksCanThoCitytoothermajorcitiesincludingthecapital,Hanoi,andHoChiMinhCity.Assuch,thisgrandprojectrepresentsanachieveddreamforthepeopleofVietNam.FurtheringthedevelopmentoftheMekongDeltaregionandtheentirecountry,thebridgehashelpedtoimprovelivingstandards.ItwillsurelycontinuetoserveasasymboloffriendshipbetweenJapanandVietNamformanyyearstocome.

Once Ferries, Now a Bridge: “A 100-Year Dream Come True” Located170kilometerssouthwestofHoChiMinhCity,CanThoCityisthelargesturbancenterintheMekongDeltaregion.Alongwithrecenteconomicdevelopment, theregionhasseensignificantgrowthinitsagriculturalandmanufacturing industries.Exportsareincreasing,causingasharprise intraffic.

With the main bridge section extending 1,010 meters, the Can Tho Bridge is the longest cable-stayed bridge in Southeast Asia.

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Grant Aid ─ Financial Cooperation for Building Living Foundations for the Future of Developing Countries

Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

Scheme Name Outline

Grant Aid for General Projects Supportforprojectsimplementedforbasichumanneeds,education,etc.(includingtheconstructionofhospitals,schoolsandroads,ortheprocurementofmaterialsandequipmentforpublictransportvehicles,etc.)

Grant Aid for Community Empowerment Supportforcomprehensiveskillsdevelopmentincommunitiesfacedwiththreatstohumanlifeorsafeliving

Grant Aid for Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding Supportandothersforspreadingthenecessaryeconomicandsocialinfrastructuresinpost-conflictcountries

Grant Aid for Disaster Prevention and Reconstruction Disasterpreventionassistanceandpost-disasterreconstructionassistance

Grant Aid for Environment and Climate Change Supportforadoptionofpoliciesandplanningrelatedtoclimatechangecountermeasures,etc.,andforrelatedprojects

Grant Aid for Poverty Reduction Strategies Publicfinancingsupportforcountriesimplementingpovertyreductionstrategies

Grant Aid for Human Resource Development (Scholarship) Supportfortrainingyoungadministrativeofficials

Grant Aid for Fisheries Supportforprojectspromotingthefisheriesindustry

Cultural Grant Assistance Supportforequipmentprocurementandfacilitiesdevelopmentneededforpromotionofculture,etc.

Grant Aid for Underprivileged Farmers Supportforpurchaseofagriculturalequipmentandfertilizers,etc.,tosupportself-helpeffortstowardfoodself-sufficiency

Grant Aid for Cooperation on Counter-Terrorism and Security Enhancement Supportforstrengtheningpiracycountermeasuresandotherpublicsecuritypolicies

Types of Grant Aid (Portion implemented by JICA)

For the Future of Countries with Low Income Levels GrantAidisfinancialcooperationimplementedbytheJapanesegovernmentwithnoobligationforrepaymentbythedevelopingcountryconcerned.Targetedmainlyatdevelopingcountrieswithlowincomelevels,thistypeofaidcoversawiderangeofcooperationrelatedtothefutureofdevelopingcountries, includingdevelopmentofsocialandeconomicinfrastructure,suchastheconstructionofhospitalsorbridges,aswellaseducation,HIV/AIDSawareness,children’shealth,theenvironmentandotherareas. Inrecentyears,GrantAidhasnotbeenlimitedtostructuralmeasures,suchasfacilityconstructionortheprovisionofequipment,buthasalsofocusedoncooperatinginnon-structuralareassuchastechnicalguidance,thedevelopmentofhumanresources,andsoforth,resultinginmoreeffectivecooperation. Forinstance,toprovidelocalpeoplewiththeknow-howtoenablethemtooperateandmaintainequipmentinstalledthroughGrantAid,expertsareeitherdispatchedfromJapan,orlocalpeopleareinvitedtoJapanfortraining.TherearealsocaseswherethetrainingandresearchfacilitiesrequiredforTechnicalCooperationarebuiltusingGrantAid. AsidefromprojectsimplementedbytheMinistryofForeignAffairsofJapanduetothenecessityinexecutingdiplomaticpolicy,JICAisresponsibleforimplementingGrantAidandhandlesallprojectaspects,fromconductingpreliminarysurveystoprojectimplementation,includingpaymentoperations,andpost-projectmanagement.

Targeted Sectors Majortargetsincludehealthandmedicalcare,sanitation,watersupply,primaryandsecondaryeducation,ruralandagriculturaldevelopment, transportation,electricpower, informationcommunicationsandotherfieldsinvolvingbasichumanneeds.Inrecentyears,thesetargetsectorshavebeenexpandedanddiversifiedtoincludeconflictprevention,peacebuilding,landmineeradication,terrorismandpiracycountermeasures,disasterpreventionandpost-disasterreconstruction,theenvironmentandclimatechangecountermeasures,andotherareas.

Procedure for the Implementation of Grant AidProject Identification and Formulation Regardingprojectcontent,JICAconductspreparatorysurveys

Twenty-eight fire trucks were newly provided to 13 fire stations in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia, as replacements, together with technical guidance regarding operation and fire fighting (The Project for Improvement of Fire Fighting Equipment in Yerevan City of Armenia).

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Preparatory SurveysFormulating Cooperation that Maximizes the Benefit of the Three Assistance Schemes of Technical Cooperation, ODA Loans and Grant Aid

andothersurveysindiscussionwiththegovernmentofthepartnercountry,whileexaminingfromavarietyofperspectivesonthecountry’scurrentsituation,objectivesofprojectimplementation,scaleofcooperation,theoperationandmanagementstructuresif implementedandtheexpectedoutcome.Basedonthisinformation,necessarycostsarecalculated.Project Examination and Approval Concerning the implementationprocessandresultsofpreparatorysurveys,JICAsharesallinformationwiththeJapanesegovernment,verifiestheappropriatenessofimplementingaprojectandthenexaminesthecontentsofcooperation. Basedontheresultsofthesurveys,theJapanesegovernmentconductsnecessaryreviewsandproceduresforsecuringbudgetsandthensubmitsprojectproposalstotheCabinetforafinaldecisiononimplementation.Exchange of Notes and Grant Agreements AfterapprovalbytheCabinet,thegovernmentofthepartnercountryandtheJapanesegovernmentsigndocuments(ExchangeofNotes)summarizingtheobjectivesandcontentofcooperationfortheproject. JICAthensignsa“GrantAgreement”withthegovernmentofthepartnercountrythatsetsthespecificconditionsforthegrant.Project Implementation AttheprojectimplementationstagefollowingthesigningoftheExchangeofNotesandGrantAgreement,JICAoffersadviceand implementationguidancetotherecipientcountryandconsultants.Thisadviceandguidanceistoensurethatfacilityconstructionaswellasmaterialsandequipmentprocurementproceedinanappropriatemannerwithoutdelays,fromthetimeoftheagreementthroughtransferofthematerialsandequipmentuntilcompletionofconstruction.Post-Project Management Aftercooperationiscompleted,thegovernmentofthepartnercountryhandlesoperationsandmaintenance.However,therewillbecaseswhenequipmentbreakdownsorotherunexpectedproblemsoccur.Insuchcircumstances,JICAprovidesFollow-upCooperationintheformofmaterialsandequipmentprocurement,dispatchofrepairteamsandemergencyrepairworkinordertomaintaintheeffectivenessofcooperation.

JICA improved the facilities and equipment of Jaffna Teaching Hospital, which had not been functioning sufficiently as the only tertiary medical facility in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka due to dilapidated facilities and equipment. Photograph is equipment provided to the department of radiology of the hospital (The Project for the Improvement of Central Functions of Jaffna Teaching Hospital in Sri Lanka).

Enhancing Implementation of Effective Projects through Preparatory Surveys with Flexibility and Quickness

Preparatory surveys are undertaken at thepreparationstageofacooperationproject. Thepreparatorysurveysattainasignificantimprovementinflexibilityandspeedbecause:•Thedecisiononimplementationofapreparatory

surveyismadeatanytimeonanecessitybasisinconsultationwiththeMinistryofForeignAffairsofJapan,

•Whenappropriate,acooperationprogramandindividualprojectscanbeformedinasinglesurvey.

ThepreparatorysurveysenableJICAtooptimizecombinationsandsynergisticeffectsofthethreeassistanceschemesofTechnicalCooperation,ODALoansandGrantAid,and therebyenhancedevelopmenteffects. Theobjectivesofthepreparatorysurveyscanbedividedbroadlyintotwotypes.

1)Asurveyto“setadevelopmentgoalforcooperation”and “draft suitable cooperat ion scenarios(cooperationprogram)forattainingthegoal”inordertoassistpartnercountriesinattainingspecificdevelopmentgoalsinaneffectiveandefficientmanner.

2)Asurvey to identifyand formulate individualprojectsandbasicplansfortheseprojects,proposecooperationcontentsandexaminerelevance,effectivenessandefficiencyof thecandidateprojects.

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Follow-up Cooperation ─ Follow-up Cooperation Adds Value to Projects

Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

Post-Project Support CooperationprojectsconductedbyJICAarecompletedafterapredeterminedperiodoftime.JICAcarriesoutongoingmonitoringafteraprojecthasendedtoassessthepartnercountry’sself-helpeffortsinmaintainingandenhancingtheresultsoftheproject.JICAalsoprovidesindirectsupportandsupplementarysupportwhennecessary.Suchsupport isreferredtoas“Follow-upCooperation,”whichmaybebroadlydividedintotwocategories.1. Follow-up Cooperation to Solve Problems with Facilities and Equipment ThistypeofcooperationinvolvesworkingwiththepartnercountrytosolveproblemsthatmayhavearisenwithfacilitiesconstructedbyorequipmentprovidedthroughJapan’scooperationprojects.Suchproblemscanoccurowingtoavarietyoffactors,includingdamagecausedbynaturaldisasters,shortageoffinancialresourcesinthepartnercountryduetoaworseningeconomicsituation,orproblemswiththeuseandmaintenanceofthefacilitiesorequipment. ThroughGrantAidtothePalestinianAuthority,JICAhasprovidedmedicalequipmenttotheGazaStripinfiscal1995andfireenginestotheWestBankinfiscal1999andcontributedtotheimprovementofmedicalservicesandfire-fightingactivities. IntheGazaStrip,however,theblockadehashinderedtheinflowofsuppliesandpreventedthesmoothrefurbishmentofmedicalequipment.Meetingtheneedsoftheincreasingnumberofpatientswasthereforeapressingchallenge.Withthat,JICA,inpartnershipwiththePalestinianAuthorityandtheWorldHealthOrganization,extendedFollow-upCooperationtoreplacesomeoftheagingequipmentforprotectingthehealthandlivesofthepeopleoftheGazaStrip. IntheWestBank,too,withfireenginesdeployedmorefrequentlywithurbanizationandpopulationgrowth,theagingofthevehiclesandequipmenthadgraduallycompromisedthefire-fightingactivities.Thefinancialsituationwasdireowingtothelongongoingconflict,andthePalestinianAuthoritylackedsufficientresourcesforrepairingthefireengines.Inresponse,

throughFollow-upCooperation,JICAdispatchedengineersfromthefireenginemanufacturer,andrepairedandimproved11fireenginesintotal.Byprovidingrefreshertrainingsinmaintenanceandinspection,JICAalsocontributedtotheenhancementoffire-fightingactivitiesintheWestBankagain.2. Follow-up Cooperation to Expand Project Benefits AnothertypeofFollow-upCooperationistheprovisionofadditionalsupporttothepartnercountrytoaddnewvaluetoacompletedprojectortrainingprograminlinewiththeprojectgoal,therebypromotingandexpandingthebenefitsthatwillaccruefromaproject. AspartofthecooperationtosupportMongolia’stransitiontoamarketeconomy,JICAimplementedtheEstablishmentofTaxEducationSystemProjectfrom2006to2008.Thisprojectprovidedsupportsuchastechnicaltrainingtocarryoutfairandequitabletaxationservices,theestablishmentofahumanresourcesdevelopmentsystemrelatedtotaxation,andsupportforimprovingtaxpayerservices.Followingtheproject’scompletion,from2009,aworkinggroupforpromotingtaxeducationwasformedontheinitiativeoftheMongoliangovernmentandtheFutureTaxpayerProgramwasestablished. Inordertosupportthisprogram,JICAimplementedFollow-upCooperationin2010.JICAdispatchedtrainersfromJapantoofferadvice,andsupportedtheestablishmentofteachingmaterialsandprogramsfortaxeducationsuitableforthecurrentcircumstancesofMongoliaandconductedapilotcourse.Asaresult,taxeducationwasincorporatedintothesocialsciencecoursesofjuniorhighandhighschoolstudentsacrossthecountrybeginningfromthenewterminSeptember2010.Inaddition,theMongoliangovernmenthascreatededucationalmaterials,suchas“WhatAreTaxes?”aimedatelementaryschoolstudents,“TheEssenceofTaxes”forjuniorhighschoolstudents,and“TaxandTaxationSystem”forhighschoolstudents.Usingthesematerials,theGovernmentalsocreated12TVprogramsforaneducationalseriestitled“FutureTaxpayers”andbroadcastthemonnationaltelevision.Byprovidingchildrenwithaccurateinformationabouttaxes,theseprogramsareexpectedtopromotepropertaxpaymentsinthefutureandcontributetothestrengtheningofthefinancialinfrastructure. AtJICATsukuba,thetrainingcourse“DevelopmentFarmMachineryforSmall-ScaleFarmers”isofferedeveryyear.Thecourseacceptstraineesfromfarmmachineryandfarmers’organizations fromvariouscountries,andprovidesbasicknowledgeandtraininginpracticaltechniquesnecessaryforfarmmachinerymanufacturing.In2008,anengineerfromtheRwandanMinistryofAgricultureandAnimalResourcesparticipatedinthetraining,who,uponreturningtohiscountry,madeuseoftheknow-howacquiredduringthetrainingformanufacturingthreshingmachineryusinglocallyavailablematerials.Thisearnedhimhighpraisefromagriculturalstakeholders.A test being conducted using a replaced X-ray equipment at

a medical center in the Gaza Strip.

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ThisengineeralsoattemptedtomanufactureafanningmillusedinJapan,too,inthepast.However,hefelthelackedthetechnicalknow-howandharboredconcerns,andtherefore,consultedJICA. Inresponse,JICA implementedFollow-upCooperationanddispatchedtwoJapaneseinstructorswhoprovidedthetrainingatJICATsukubatoRwandaforthreeweeks.Trainingonfanningmillproductionwasofferedto20engineersandworkers. InRwanda,over90%oftheagriculturalworkisdonebyhand.Livestockandagriculturalmachineryarerarelyused.Manyfarmersutilizesimpletoolssuchasspadesandhooks,andmoreefficientmachineryaresoughtforreducingtheagriculturalworkandimprovingproductivity.JICA’sFollow-upCooperationwhichcontributestoresolvingthiscriticalissuehasgainedtheattentionofandearnedpraisefromRwandanstakeholders.

Support for Alumni Associations of Former Training Program Participants Follow-upCooperationalso includessupport foralumniassociationsforex-participantsinJICA’sTrainingandDialogueprogramsinJapan.Sincetheprogram’sestablishment,JICAhashostedinJapanmorethan270,000trainingprogramparticipantsfromdevelopingcountries.Theseformerprogramparticipantswillplayakeyroleinthefuturedevelopmentoftheirrespectivecountrieswhilealsorepresenting“importanthumanassets”thatserveasbridgesconnectingJapanwithmanycountriesaroundtheworld.Tomaintainanddevelopfriendshipswiththeseformerparticipants,whohavegainedapositiveunderstandingofJapan,aswellastosupporttheongoingenhancementoftheskillsandknowledgetheyacquiredinJapan,JICAsupportstheformationandmaintenanceofalumniassociationsofex-participantsintheirhomecountries.Asof2010,therewere125suchalumniassociationsaroundtheworld. Atmanyofthesealumniassociations,participantsreturning

fromtrainingprograminJapangivelecturesatstudysessionsandsharetheirknowledgeofJICAactivitiesintheircountryandtheresultsoftheirowntrainingthroughthealumniassociation’swebsite,newsletterorannualmeeting. JICAcollaborateswiththesealumniassociations,whichitrecognizesasvaluablehumanassets,tofurtherenhancetheeffectivenessofitscooperationprojects. Forexample,with thecooperationof theJICAAlumniAssociationsofboththeDominicanRepublicandElSalvador,aseminaronearthquake-resistantconstructionwasheldintheDominicanRepublicinMarch2011.ThisseminarwasintendedtointroducetheoutcomesofJICA’sTechnicalCooperationonearthquake-resistantconstructioninElSalvadortotheDominicanRepublicandneighboringcountries.Universityprofessorsparticipatinginthisprojectwereinvitedasinstructors. Incoordinationandcooperationwiththealumniassociationsofbothcountries,twoseminarswereheldinthecapitalcityofSantoDomingoandanothercityintheDominicanRepublic.Theparticipantsincludednotonlydomesticstakeholders,butalsomanygovernmentofficialsanduniversitypersonnelfromtheneighboringcountryofHaiti.AheatedQ&Asessiontookplaceonearthquake-resistantconstructionmethodsandcosteffectivenesswiththeover240participants. Inrecentmemory,collapsedbuildings,etc.killedover300,000people intheHaitiearthquakein2010andonceagaintheimportanceofearthquake-resistantengineeringwasnoticed.Incoordinationandcooperationwithalumniassociations,Japan’sknow-howonearthquakeresistanceisbeingspreadacrosstheregion.

Follow-upCooperationhelpstoextendandenhancetheresultsofpastcooperationprojectsoverlongertimeperiods,therebyincreasingtheeffectivenessandqualityofJapan’sinternationalcooperationefforts.

Engineers testing the fanning mill (Rwanda) Seminar on earthquake resistance (left side are participants from the Dominican Republic and Haiti and on the right is the instructor from El Salvador)

Course materials for students and manuals for teachers created for tax education (Mongolia)

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Accumulation and Circulation of Knowledge and Experience to Provide Assistance to Developing Countries

Provide knowledge and technology accumulated

in Japan

Understand realities in developing countries and promote participation in international cooperation

Developing country needs (on-site assistance)

Domestic supporters for assistance(Centralandlocalgovernmentunits,universities,NGOs,

publicinterestcorporations,private-sectorenterprises,eminentpersons,etc.)

Citizens(Understandingandsupportforinternationalcooperation)

Intellectual platform (on-site assistance)

ODALoan

Citizenparticipatorycooperation

Domesticoffices

Domesticoffices

TechnicalCooperation

Humanresourcesdevelopment(TrainingandDialogueprogramsinJapan,etc.)

Headquarters

GrantAid

Overseasoffices

Training and Dialogue Programs in Japan ─ Cornerstone of an Intellectual Platform

Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

Working to Accumulate and Circulate Knowledge and Experience Workingcloselywithitsoverseasoffices,RegionalDepartmentsandIssuesDepartments*engagedintheimplementationofprojectsindevelopingcountries,JICA’sDepartmentofTrainingAffairsandCitizenParticipationanddomesticofficesmanageandoperatetraininganddialogueprogramsinJapan,citizenparticipatorycooperationprograms,scholarshipprograms,collaborationwithuniversities,anddonationprogramstosupportdevelopingcountriesinresolvingtheirdevelopmentissues. Asshownbelowinthediagram,eachdomesticofficeisaccumulatingknowledgeforaddressingdevelopmentissues,basedonJICA’sstrengthsineachgeographicregionanditspartnershipswiththeimplementingagenciesofassistanceineachsectorandtrainingprogramscultivatedthroughJICA’sprojectstodate.Thedomesticofficesworktowardtherealizationofeffectiveandhighqualitycooperationforrespondingtothevariousneedsofdevelopingcountries. ThefieldforcooperationactivitiesinJapancanbethoughtofasplatformsforknowledgeaccumulationandintellectualcreationfortheresolutionofdevelopmentissues.Thefieldexperienceacquiredindevelopingcountriesandthevarietyofknow-howforraisingcooperationeffectivenessaccumulatedbyJICA’sexperts,volunteersandstudyteammemberswhoengageincooperationactivitiesoverseasareallharnessedindomesticcooperationprogramsthroughthisplatform.Thisexperienceandknow-howarealsointegratedwiththeactivitiesofcooperationorganizationsandgroupsineachregionanddrawnuponforthefurtherdevelopmentofdevelopingcountries.

TrainingandDialogueprogramsinJapaneffectivelyandorganicallylinkcooperationprojectsitesindevelopingcountrieswithpartnersinJapan,andplayakeyfunctionincirculatingknowledgeandexperienceaccumulatedinthefieldoverseasandinJapan.

Globally Unique Training Programs TheimplementationmethodsforTechnicalCooperationcanbebroadlydividedinto:OverseascooperationthroughthedispatchofexpertsintherespectivesectorsandvolunteersfromJapantodevelopingcountries;andDomesticcooperationthroughtheinvitationofstakeholdersfromdevelopingcountriestoJapan.“TrainingandDialogueprograms”refers to theTechnicalCooperationtrainingschemesimplementedinJapan. ImplementingtechnicaltraininginJapanissignificant,lessfortransmittingJapan’sknow-howandadvancedtechnologiesineachsector,thanfortakingstockofJapan’sexperienceforthedevelopmentofdevelopingcountries.Tothisend,gaininganunderstandingofthe“knowledge”accumulatedbyJapanisimportant.ThisoftenrequiresdirectexperiencewithJapan’sorganizationalknow-howandthebackgroundsandtransitionsunderlyingitssocialsystems.Moreover,aparticularcharacteristicofTrainingandDialogueprogramsistoprovideopportunitiesfortraineesfromdevelopingcountriestocomeintocontactwithJapan’sdifferentcultureandtoreexaminetheexperiencesandactualcircumstancesintheirowncountriesfromoutsidetheircountries.Hence,traineesareabletoexamineproblemsintheir* JICA’s organization consists of five Issues Departments: the Economic Infrastructure, Industrial Development and Public Policy, Human Development, Global Environment and Rural Development departments.

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respectivecountriesfromadifferentperspective. TrainingandDialogueprogramisoneexampleofthetechnicaltrainingprogramsinJapan,inwhichgrouptrainingisprovidedtotraineesfromavarietyofdevelopingcountries.Inthisprogram,traineesexaminetheissuesnotonlyfromtheperspectivesofJapanandtheirrespectivecountries,butfromamoremultifacetedviewpointthroughtheexchangesofviewswithothertrainees.Theprogramthusoffersvaluableinsightanddiscoveriestotheparticipants. TrainingandDialogueprogramsareanessentialtoolofTechnicalCooperationforutilizingJapan’sunique“knowledge”topromotehumanresourcesdevelopmentandsolvedevelopmentissuesindevelopingcountries. JICAacceptsaround10,000trainingparticipantseveryyear,primarilyatthreebranchesandits11InternationalCentersatlocationsacrossJapan.Althoughthemajorityoftheseparticipantsareaffiliatedwithgovernmentsofdevelopingcountries,recentyearshaveseenanincreaseinNGO-affiliatedparticipants,reflectingthedevelopingcountries’diversifyingneedsandexpansionofJapan’scooperationprograms.Whenimplementingtheprograms,trainingisundertakeninalmostallfieldsforresolvingtheissuesindevelopingcountriesincooperationwithabroadrangeofsectorsinJapan,inpartnershipwiththenationalgovernment,localgovernments,universities,privatesectorenterprises,publicinterestorganizations,NGOsandotherorganizations.JICA’sTrainingandDialogueprogramsinJapanareextremelyuniquegloballyintermsofscaleandthediversityofactivitiesandrepresentamajorandoutstandingcharacteristicofJapan’sinternationalcooperation. Asexpressedinthephrase“wakon-yosai”(“Japanesespirit,Westernskill”),Japanhasexperienceinskillfullyabsorbingandadaptingnewknowledgeandoutstandingtechnologyobtainedfromabroadfordevelopingthecountryinharmonywiththedomesticsituation.Thereismuchthatdevelopingcountriestoowillfindbeneficialfromthisexperienceintheprocessofnationbuildinginresponsetoglobalization.Drawingontheseelements

aswellasconsistentlyimprovingandreviewingtheprogramstoensurethattheyareeffectiveandefficientfordevelopingcountries,JICA’spolicywillbetocontinuetofurtherfortifyitsabilitiesforcommunicatingtheseJapanesestrengthsinTrainingandDialogueprogramsinJapan. Todate,over270,000peoplehaveparticipatedinTrainingandDialogueprogramsinJapan.Thesetraineeshaveacquiredmuchknow-howandskillsthroughthetrainingandmetnumerousJapanesepeoplewhilestayinginJapan,andreturnhomewithadeeperunderstandingandfamiliaritywithJapanacquiredfromlearningaboutJapaneseculture.JICAprovidessupporttotheJICAAlumniAssociationandothergroupsformedvoluntarilybytrainingparticipantsintheirrespectivecountries.Byexpandingthehumannetwork,JICAstrivestofurtherconsolidatetheknow-howthattraineesacquiredinJapanandpromoteanunderstandingofJapanindevelopingcountries[ Refer to page 132, Follow-up

Cooperation].

At JICA Okinawa, training is implemented on the theme of tourism development for the Central America and Caribbean region and Oceania where the climate is similar to Okinawa’s, as well as the tropical and sub-tropical regions (Group Training “Planning and Management of Eco-tourism in Tropical and Subtropical Area”).

JICA Chubu implements numerous training programs for Asia and Africa, Central and South America and the Middle East, including the Group Training “Japanese MONOZUKURI and Manufacturing in Developing Countries” course.

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Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

JICA’svolunteerprogramssupportactivitiesbycitizenswhowishtocooperateintheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentaswellasthereconstructionofdevelopingcountries. ThevolunteerprogramsarewidelyrecognizedasrepresentativeprogramsofJapan’sinternationalcooperationandarehighlypraisedbypartnercountries.Furthermore,upontheirreturntoJapan,thevolunteers,havingdevelopedaglobalperspective,areexpectedtobeavaluablepresenceinJapanesesociety.

Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCVs) Inprinciple,JOCVsareassignedtodevelopingcountriesforaperiodoftwoyears.Assummarizedbythephrase“togetherwiththelocalcommunity,”JOCVsliveandworktogetherwiththecommunitiesinthecountrytowhichtheyweresent,speakthesamelanguageofthecommunityandcarryoutactivitieswithanemphasisonraisingself-relianteffortswhilefosteringmutualunderstanding. Recruitmentcampaignstargetpeoplebetweentheagesof20and39,withtheareasofcooperationspanningeightsectorsand

adiverserangeofabout120sub-sectors,includingagriculture,forestryandfisheries, fabrication, repairoperations,civilengineering,sanitation,educationandculture,sportsaswellasplanningandadministration.Infiscal2010,atotalof1,459peopleweresentoverseas,withacumulativetotalof35,905peopledispatchedto88countriessincetheprogramwasinauguratedin1965.

Senior Volunteers Recruitmenttargetspeoplebetweentheagesof40and69.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenanincreaseinapplicantsfromretireesseekingtospendtheir“secondlife”inamoremeaningfulway.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenanincreaseinapplicantsfromretireesseekingtospendtheir“secondlife”inameaningfulway. Areasofcooperationspanninedifferentsectors,includingagriculture,forestryandfisheries,energy,healthandmedicalcare,andhumanresources(education,culture,sports,etc.).Infiscal2010,375peopleweresentoverseas.Todate,atotalof4,628peoplehavebeendispatchedto67countries.(YouthandSeniorVolunteersforNikkeiCommunities,too,aredispatchedtocontributetothedevelopmentofNikkeicommunitiesinLatinAmerica.)

Support for Returned Volunteers TherearehighexpectationsforJICAvolunteerswhoreturntoJapan,ashumanresourceswhowelcomediverseculturesandsocieties,whoareopentodialogue,andwhotakeactioninavarietyofsettings,includingcommunity,government,educationalandcorporateactivitiesinJapan.AsofApril1,2011,thenumberoflocalgovernmentauthoritiesandboardsofeducationthathavespecialemploymentquotasforreturnedvolunteershadrisento37(22boardsofeducationand15localgovernmentauthorities). Hence,JICAhassupportsystemsinplacetoallowvolunteerstomakeuseoftheirexperiencesintheirassignedcountriesupontheirreturntoJapanesesociety.Moreover,manyofJICA’sreturnedvolunteerstakeinitiativestoaddressvariousissuesfacedbyJapanesesociety,includingtheimplementationofchild-rearingsupportandsupportfortherevitalizationofJapanesecommunities.JICAwillbepublicizingitsvolunteerprogramsasprogramswhichnotonlycontributetothedevelopmentofdevelopingcountriesbutasprogramsthatalsoserveto“energizeJapan.”

Volunteer Programs ─ “Work to Change the World, and Yourself” International Cooperation Led by Citizens

A JOCV, explaining to students about the valve mechanism of an engine (Philippines/automobile mechanics)

A Youth Volunteer for Nikkei Communities practicing at the auditorium with members of a Japanese taiko drum class (Brazil / elementary school teacher).

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Globalized Personnel Sought by Companies

Young people in Japan are often said to have introspective tendencies, with over 30% of new company recruits expressing hesitancy to work overseas. Nevertheless, many companies seek human resources who can adapt to globalization. The following are companies’ accounts of JOCVs as human resources.

Their aggressiveness and toughness make JOCVs attractive human resources

JOCVs = Globalized personnel

Mr. Toshiyuki YoshinoGeneral Manager of HR, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.

“Globalizedpersonnel”areindispensabletousasacompanywithmanyoverseasoffices.Wethinkofglobalizedpersonnelasthosewhonotonlyhaveforeignlanguageproficiency,butarealsoveryculturedandenlightened.WhethertheyareworkinginadevelopingordevelopedcountryoroverseasorinJapan,theystrivetoproactivelyforgetrustwithcustomersandcolleagueswhileneverlosingsightofthe“global”perspective. JOCVspersonallychosetogotodevelopingcountriesandengagedinactivitiesthatforcedthemtousetheirimaginations.Theirabilitytoactivelyinteractwithexternalpartners,coupledwiththeirtoughnesstosurviveinacompetitivesociety,makethemattractiv ehumanresources. Thereismuchmeaningforourcompany,customersandsocietyasawholeifthesehighlyskilledpeopleengageinworkwithahighlevelofprofessionalism.AtSumitomoChemical,anumberofformerJOCVsareservingkeyrolesinavarietyofdepartments.

Mr. Masahiro FujitaGroup Leader, Human Resources Group

Personnel & General Affairs Department, UNITIKA Ltd.

AtUNITIKA,webelievehumanresourcesareourassetsandmanyeffortsarededicatedtothedevelopmentofouryoungpersonnel. Somepersonneltrainersnotethatalthoughyoungemployeesinrecentyearssteadilycarryouttheirgiventasks,theemployeesareapttobecomingpassive.Whilewe,thePersonnel&GeneralAffairsDepartment,commendtheemployeesfortheirhighlevelofbasicskillsandworkethic,wehopetheyounggenerationfullofenergywilldemonstratetheirabilitytopavethewayorpushforward. TheformerJOCVsworkingforushavesharpenedthe“fourskills”wedeem(1.passion,2.abilitytodeliver,3.forward-lookingattitudeandtoughness,and4.abilitytoholddialogue)throughtheiractivitiesindevelopingcountries,andhaveacquiredaglobalperspective.Sincereturningtotheworkplace,theseemployeeshavedrawnonthesestrengthsandlargelycontributetoourdailyoperationsandbusinessexpansion.

Mr. Kenichi Nakanishi(Dispatched fiscal 1981/Kenya/Soils and Fertilisers)

Manager, Technical & Product Development Department

Vector Control Division, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.

IparticipatedintheJOCVprogramshortlyaftergraduatingfromuniversity.AlthoughtherewerenumeroushardshipsIfacedinthefield,IrecallthetimewhenIcontractedmalariaandfeltbothphysicallyandmentallyweakenedbymyrecurringhighfever. IjoinedSumitomoChemicalafterreturningtoJapan,andsince1992havebeeninchargeofourworkintheAfricaregion.AfricancountriesaredifferentfromJapanineveryway.Yet,itisindeedbecauseofmyexperienceasaJOCVthatIamabletoengageinmyworknotwithuncertaintyandresistance,butwithasenseoffamiliarity. Currently,Iaminvolvedindispersingtechnologiesformosquitonetstopreventmalariainfectionaswellasspecialprojects.MyownexperiencewithmalariaisdrivingmyambitiontoprotecttheAfricanpeoplefrommalaria.EverydayIfeelasenseofgreatrewardknowingthatthebusinessIaminvolvedinisdirectlylinkedtointernationalcooperation.

Ms. Kuniko Inoue(Dispatched fiscal 2006/Burkina Faso/Rural Community Development)

Research & Development Center

Technology and Development Headquarters, UNITIKA Ltd.

Fouryearsafterjoiningthecompany,Itookadvantageofthevolunteerleaveofabsencesystem,andasaJOCV,engagedinassistanceworkforimprovingthelivesofwomeninthevillagesofBurkinaFaso. Inordertoearnthetrustofthelocalpeople,itwasimperativethatItakeinitiativeandtakeaction.Setbackswereinevitablegiventhedifferencesinlanguageandculture.However,Ibelievethisinturnmademeatougherpersoninternally.Additionally,“dialogue”isabsolutelycriticalforexecutingasingleactivityintandemandincooperationwithothers.WhiletherearedifferencesbetweenworkingindevelopingcountriesandJapan,Ibelievethesamecanbesaidaboutanyworkplace. Aslongasdeeptrustcanbeforged,onecanexpectpositiveoutcomesatanyworkplace.ConfidenceisoneofthethingsIgainedthroughmyactivitiesasaJOCV.

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Citizen Participatory Cooperation

─ Making International Cooperation Part of the Japanese Culture

Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

Citizenparticipation in internationalcooperation takesavarietyofformats, includingparticipationintheactivitiesofNGOsandothercivicgroupsaswellasJICA’svolunteerprogramsandODAprojects,includingTechnicalCooperation.Amongthem,JICAreferstoactivitiesimplementedbasedontheinitiativeofcivicgroupsandthevolunteerspiritofindividualsaspeoples’andothers’cooperationactivities.JICAidentifiesthesecooperationactivitiesaswellasactivitiesforpromotingpeoples’understandingofinternationalcooperationasCitizenParticipatoryCooperationandimplementsavarietyofinitiatives. Internationalcooperationbycitizensdiversifiesapproachesforrespondingtotheissuesofdevelopingcountries.ItalsopromotesmorepeopletobecomefamiliarwithandtocontributetoODA.Thisissignificant.MorepeopleinJapanbecomeawareofthecircumstancesofdevelopingcountriesandengageininternationalcooperation.ThisinturnrevitalizesJapanesecommunitiesandadvancesinternationalization.CitizenparticipatorycooperationisexpectedtomakeinternationalcooperationapartofJapaneseculture. Adistinctfeatureofcitizenparticipatorycooperationisitsemphasisonthewillandinitiativesofindividualsandgroupsaswellastheopportunityforallpeopletoparticipate.PleaseseeVolunteerPrograms(page136)formoredetailsonvolunteerprogramsandPartnershipswithNGOsandOtherOrganizations(page140)regardingtheJICAPartnershipProgramandNGOsupportprograms.

Using Japan’s Domestic Offices as International Hubs JICAhas17domesticofficeswhichundertakeactivitiesfocusedonpromotingunderstandingofinternationalcooperationandprovidingopportunitiesforparticipationinvariousregionsthroughoutJapan.Additionally,JICA’sinternationalcooperationpromotionofficersatInternationalAssociationofficesatlocalgovernmententitiesactas liaisons linkingJICAwith localcommunitiesandholdeventsandseminarsandareavailableforconsultationoninternationalcooperation. AttheJICAGlobalPlazainHiroo,TokyoandtheNagoyaGlobalPlazainNagoyaCity,AichiPrefecture,personswithexperienceinoverseascooperationserveas“GlobalConcierges”andleadvisitorsatexhibitionsthatencourage“seeing,”“listening”and“touching.”Throughtheseexhibitions,visitorscanexperienceactualconditionsindevelopingcountriesandbecomeawareofglobal-scaleissuesfacedbypeopleinthoseregionsoftheworld.BothGlobalPlazasfeatureon-sitecafésthatallowvisitorstosampleethniccuisinesandalsosellfairtradecommodities.Inaddition,theseplazasmakeavailablespacesthatareidealforholdingseminarsandmeetings.Theseareascanalsoserveas

venuesforcitizen-ledinternationalcooperationactivitiesaswellaspresentationsontheoutcomesofsuchactivities.

Efforts to Promote Understanding about International Cooperation—Programs for Supporting Development Education JICA implementsdevelopmenteducationprogramsateducationalforumsinpartnershipwithNGOsandschoolswiththeaimofdeepeningpeoples’understandingaboutthesituationindevelopingcountriesandenhancingtheirknowledgeofinternationalcooperationactivities,includingcivicactivities. JICA’sprogramsincludethe“InternationalCooperationLectures”(heldapproximately2,000timesperyear),underwhichinstructorsaredispatchedtoelementaryandjuniorhighschoolclasses,aswellasthe“EssayContestonInternationalCooperation forJuniorandSeniorHighSchoolStudents”(approximately70,000applicantsperyear,juniorandseniorhighschoolcombined),which isanessaycompetitiononinternationalcooperation.Additionally,JICAimplementsthe“DevelopmentEducationStudyTourforTeachersProgram”forteachersinterestedindevelopmenteducation.ThisprogramprovidesanopportunityforteacherstovisitdevelopingcountriesandincorporatetheirobservationsintotheircourseworkuponreturningtoJapan.JICAalsoconducts the“DevelopmentEducationInstructorTraining”andcreatescoursematerialsforlearningaboutdevelopmenteducationapproachesandcasestudies. Thesecitizenparticipatorycooperationactivitiesareimplemented incooperationwithNGOs, localgovernmententities,etc.whichfocusonlinkageswithcommunities.JICAisstrengtheningitsactivitiessothatinternationalcooperationwillcometoberegardedbyJapanesecitizensascommonplaceandaccessibleactivities,aswellasanoutstandingcharacteristicofJapaneseculture.

JICA Essay Contest on International Cooperation for Junior and Senior High School Students JICAimplementsanessaycontestoninternationalcooperationtargetingjuniorhighandseniorhighschoolstudentsinJapanwhowillberesponsibleforthenextgeneration.Theaimofthecontestistodeepenstudents’understandingofthesituationindevelopingcountriesandtheneedforinternationalcooperation,andtoexaminewhatJapanshoulddoasamemberoftheinternationalcommunityaswellaswhateachandeveryindividualshoulddo. Thefollowingisanexcerptofthewinningessayfromthecontestforjuniorhighschoolstudents:“‘I’mhungry,butifIreadapicturebookIcansleepsoundlywithfeelingsofjoy,’saidagirlinAfghanistanwherefoodtends

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Top winners of the essay contest are able to participate in an overseas training trip to a developing country

A student taking part in the Global Concierge Program for College Students offers guidance to a visitor

tobescarce.Iwasshockedtohearthesewords.Herewasayoungchild,verymuchhungry,avidly readingapicturebook. Ifyouwere inthissituation,whichwouldyouchoose:foodorpicturebook?Mydreamistobecomeanovelist.Mydreamistomakeallthepeopleintheworldwhoreadmybookshappyandmakethisworldaworldfilledwithsmiles.Somepeoplelivewiththefearthattheymaydietomorrow.Somepeoplelivewiththefearthatthedaymayendwithouthavinganythingtoeat.Againsttheseconcerns,mydreamistoshinealightofhopewiththepowerofwords.”

Global Concierge Program for College Students AtJICAGlobalPlaza,theGlobalConcierge Program for Col legeStudentsisofferedforuniversitystudentsinJapanduringtheirspringandsummerholidays. JICAGlobalPlazafeaturesan“VirtualGlobalExperienceArea,”wheredisplaysaresetuptofacilitatecitizens’understandingofdevelopingcountryissuesandinternationalcooperation.ThePlazaisstaffedwithGlobalConciergeswhocanprovideclearexplanationsonthecontentsoftheexhibitions.

TheGlobalConciergeProgramforCollegeStudents isahands-onprogramforuniversitystudentstoexaminetheirinvolvementininternationalcooperation,throughtheirworkasGlobalConcierges,exchangeswithinternationalcooperationpractitionersbeginningwithJICAstaff,andtheplanningandimplementationofworkshopsoninternationalcooperation.

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Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

Asdevelopmentissueshavebecomemorecomplicated,thereisagreaterneedforJapaneseoverseascooperationtomobilizepeople,knowledge,andexpertise,basedontheconceptofhumansecurity,inordertocopewithdiversethemessuchastheMDGs. Reflectingthisdrivetoengagemorewithkeyactorsofdevelopment,collaborationwithnon-governmentalorganizations(NGOs),universities,and localgovernmentshavebecomeanintegralpartofeffectiveODAforeducation,health,andenvironmentimprovement,communitydevelopment,peace-building,andreconstruction.NGOspossess thestrength,experience,andknowledgeforrespondingflexiblyandquicklytotheneedsof localcommunityaswellasforemergencyassistanceintheaftermathofnaturaldisasters.Universitiespossesstechnicalexpertise,whilelocalgovernmentspossessknow-howaccumulatedintheirlocalities. JICAhasbeenstrengtheningitsengagementwiththeseactorsofcivilsocietyinavarietyofforms,namelythroughdialogues,partnerships,andsupportprograms[ Refer also to page 138, Citizen

Participatory Cooperation].

JICA Partnership Program (JPP)Joint Implementation of Overseas Development Projects JICA implements JPPprojects jointlywith Japaneseorganizationswhichhaveastrongdesire to implementinternationalcooperationprojects,includingNGOs,universities,localgovernmententitiesandpublic-interestcorporations.JPPisbasedonproposalsfromtheseexperiencedorganizations,whichhelpsbenefitthelocalpeopleindevelopingcountries.JPPprojectsareuniqueastheydirectlycontributetoimprovingthelifestylesandlivelihoodsofthepeoplebycarryingoutdetailedactivitiesatthegrassrootslevel.Infiscal2010,JICAimplemented211JPPprojectsin48countries.JPPprojectsconsistofthreeschemes:Partnertype,inwhichorganizationswithacertainlevelofexperienceindevelopingcountriesutilizetheirexperienceandskills;Supporttype,inwhichprojectsarecarriedoutbyorganizationswithlessexperienceindevelopingcountries;andLocalgovernmenttype,inwhichlocalgovernmententitiesplayacentralroleandutilizetheirknow-howaccumulatedintheirlocalities.

NGO-JICA Japan DeskSupporting Activities of Japanese NGOs JICAhas“NGO-JICAJapanDesks”in22countriestosupporttheactivitiesofJapaneseNGOsoperatingindevelopingcountries.Thesedesksofferconsultationandinformationonvariousaspects,forexample,onlocallaws,localsystems,thesocialsituationandthestateoflocalNGOactivities,whicharealso

helpfulforNGOsinimplementingJPPprojects.

Support for Capacity BuildingStrengthening Human Resources and Organization for Better International Cooperation TosupportinternationalcooperationactivitiesbyNGOsandcitizengroups,JICAprovidesavarietyofsupportprograms.TheseincludeProjectCycleManagement(PCM)methodtraining;trainingfororganizationalstrengtheningthroughhumanresourcedevelopment;anddispatchingofadvisorswithspecialexpertise.Infiscal2010,374personsparticipatedinthetrainingcoursesandadvisorsweredispatchedto28organizations.

NGO-JICA Dialogue MeetingPromoting Equal Partnerships JICAemphasizestheimportanceofdialoguebetweenNGOsforensuringdeepermutualunderstandingandpromotingexcellentcollaboration.Throughitsheadquarters,overseasofficesanddomesticoffices,JICAexchangesopinionsandinformationwithNGOsonregionalandsectoralissues.Also,JICAholdsaquarterlydialoguemeetingwithNGOs,wherebothsidesdiscusstheeffectivecooperationandpromotionofequalpartnerships.

JICA Donation Fund for the People of the WorldInternational Cooperation through Donations TheJICADonationFundforthePeopleoftheWorldencouragescitizens,corporationsandgroupstoparticipateininternationalcooperation.ThedonationsareusedtosupportJapanesecivilsocietygroups’activitiesaimingtoalleviatepoverty,improvehealthcare,education,andenvironmentofdevelopingcountries.Infiscal2010,thefundsupported10projects.

Partnerships with NGOs and Other Organizations ─ Collaboration with Diverse Actors

of International Cooperation

Introducing compost techniques at a junior high school in Sibu City, Malaysia (JPP Local government type, “Community-Based Solid Waste Management System Development Project in Sibu City,” Kita-Kyushu City)

Training for Capacity Building of NGOs: Project Management Course, “Preparing to Engage as Outsiders”

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Efforts of Group of Residents Realize Safe Childbirth

Support for Drug Addicts in the Philippines Utilizing a Method Fostered in Japan

Case Study JICA Partnership Program (JPP)

Partner TypeProject for Safer Pregnancy/Delivery by the Local Community in Chibombo District, ZambiaTICO

Support TypeRecovery Project for Drug Addicts in Poverty Group in Manila, PhilippinesAsia-Pacific Addiction Research Institute (APARI)

InruralareasofZambia,manywomenlosetheirlivesthroughpregnancyandchildbirthduetothelackofhealthcareinfrastructurenecessaryfordelivery. ThisprojectprovidestrainingtotheSafeMotherhoodActionGroup(SMAG)comprisedoftraditionalmidwivesandcommunityhealthvolunteerstoprotectthehealthofcommunity

InthePhilippines,supportfailstoreachdrugaddictsinthepovertygroup.Thisinturnleadstofurtherdruguseandsecondaryeffects,includingviolenceandfamilybreakdown.Toimprovethesituation,APARIandJICAarejointlyimplementingthisproject. APARIisaffiliatedwiththeDrugAddictionRehabilitationCenter(DARC),whichhasover50

womenduringpregnancyandchildbirth.UndertheGroup’sleadership,healtheducationonnutrition,pregnancy,childbirthandothertopicsareofferedtowomenofchildbearingageinorderforpregnantandparturientwomentoacquirebasicknowledgeabouthealth.

NGO Staff

Ms. Hiroko Sakai, Healthcare Expert Inruralareas,maternaldeathsoccurringoutsideofmedicalfacilitieswerenotreportedtoofficialagencies.Itisanenormousstepforwardforthehealthofpregnantandparturientwomeninthecommunitythatagrouphasbeensetuptocarryouthealthcareactivitiesforthesewomen,thattheresidentsthemselvesarecollecting,organizingandreportinginformation,

officesacrossJapan.APARIhassupportedtherecoveryofdrugaddictsbypromotingthemtohelpeachotherandstrengthentheirlinkswiththecommunity.UsingthismethoddevelopedinJapan,APARIextendssupporttoenabledrugaddictsinthepoorgroupinthePhilippinestohelpeachotherandovercometheiraddiction.

NGO Staff

Mr. Tsuneo KondoProject Manager For threeyears I struggled tograpplewithwhatit isthatAPARIshoulddointhisproject.Thiswasbecausedrugaddictsarenotsimplyusingthedrugsthemselves.Theyarealsoinvolvedinthesellingofdrugsfortheirlivelihoods.Inthisproject,wesupporttherecoveryofdrugaddictsinthePhilippines

andthatasystemisinplaceforunderstandingthesituationandresolvingtheproblems.Iwilloffersupporttofirmlyestablishtheseactivitiesandcontributetotheorganization'smaturingandbringingaboutchangesinthecommunity.

From the Grassroots

SMAG Member/Community Health Volunteer In thecommunitywherewe live,manywomenhavehomebirthswiththehelpofpeoplewhohaveneverreceivedtraining.Duetotheirerroneousdecisions,somewomenlosetheirlivesduringchildbirth.Werecommenddeliveriesatmedicalfacilities.Somewomenareusedtohomedeliveries,somelivefarawayfrommedicalfacilities,andsomecontinuetodeliverbabiesathomeforvariousotherreasons.Itisdifficulttochangethebehaviorofthesepeople.Nevertheless,wehopetobringaboutchangesthroughpersistentefforts.

withthehelpofManila’scommunitiesandthroughsharingtheexperiencesofrecoveringdrugaddictsinJapan.Itisarationalapproachthatdrugaddictsextendsupporttotheirfellowaddicts.Itisarelayoflife.Iamthankfulthatthisprojecthasbeenrealized.

From the Grassroots

Meeting Participant Iusedtobeadrugseller.Beforeparticipatinginthesemeetings,myspouseandIusedtousedrugstogether.Evenmysonconsequentlystartedusingdrugs.DuringtheperiodthatIwasusingdrugs,noonetalkedtomeandIlostallofmyfriends.MyspouseandIcouldn’tcarryonadecentconversation.However,thingsaredifferentnow.MyspouseandIlivehappilytogether,andIhavemyfriendsfromthemeeting.Iamhealthier,andmyweighthasincreased.Seeingmyprogress,mysonhasalsostartedseekinghelp.

Women waiting for prenatal checkups

Regularly held meeting to support the recovery of drug addicts

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Country Survey Name

1st public call for proposal on March 31, 2010

Indonesia ApplicationofWastewaterReclaiminginSouthernBaliwatersupplysystem

Indonesia WestJAVARegionalSolidWasteTreatmentandFinalDisposal

Malaysia CreationoftheBestOptimizedWaterInfrastructurePPPinMajorUrbanAreas

Philippines PPPProjectforDevelopmentofaconnectorroadinManila

Viet Nam UtilityManagementofEnvironment-FriendlyIndustrialParks

Viet Nam LongThanhInternationalAirportDevelopmentProject

Viet Nam PPPDuongRiverWaterSupplySystemProject

Viet Nam SongHau1CoalFiredPowerPlantProjectanditsrelatedcommoninfrastructures

Viet Nam UrbanDevelopmentwithAbove-andUnder-GroundCombinedStructuresatBenThanhStationAreainHoChiMinhCity

2nd public call for proposal on November 12, 2010

Viet Nam YenXaWastewaterTreatmentPlantinHanoi

Viet Nam PhapVan-CauGieExpresswayProject

Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

Thedemandforsustainabledevelopmentandinfrastructuredevelopmentindevelopingcountriesisenormous,andit isdifficulttorespondtothisdemandwithODAalone.PrivatesectorfundingnowaccountsforamuchlargerproportionofthefundsenteringdevelopingcountriesfromadvancednationsthandoesODA*.Undersuchcircumstances,therearehopesforevenmoreeffectivedevelopmentsupportthroughcollaborationwithprivate-sectoractivities. Traditionally,ODAhasservedasacatalystforprivatesectorfundingindevelopingcountries.Recently,however,duetointensifyingglobalcompetitionandaloweringoftradeandinvestmentbarriers,corporationsaremoreactivelyexpandingtheirtradeandinvestment indevelopingcountriesandarefocusingtheirattentiononnewactivities,includingpublic-privatepartnership(PPP)infrastructureprojects,baseofthepyramid(BOP)businesses,andcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)activities.Theseeffortshaveallowedprivatesectorbusinessesindevelopingcountriestoproducesuccessfuldevelopmentresults,includingcreatingemploymentopportunities,cultivatinghumanresources,andimprovingtechnologies. Nevertheless, there remainmanybarriers hinderingcorporationsfromcarryingouttheseactivitiesontheirown.Forexample,corporateactivitiesindevelopingcountriesrequireadevelopedbusinessandinvestmentenvironmentintermsofbothinstitutionalandhardinfrastructureaspects,includingwell-establishedlegalstructures,humanresourcedevelopment,andperipheralinfrastructuredevelopment.Accordingly,thereareareaswhereitisdifficultforprivatesectortocarryoutactivitiesbythemselves,creatingroomforcollaborationwithODA. InApril2008,theGovernmentofJapanannounced“Public-PrivateCooperationforAcceleratedGrowth”.Recognizingtheimportanceofprivate-sectorgrowthinreducingpoverty indevelopingcountries,thepolicyaimstoconstructproductivepartnershipsbetween thepublicandprivatesectorsandaccelerategrowthbysharingimportantforeignpolicyobjectivesandworkingtoaddresstheseinconcert.Furthermore,theNewGrowthStrategyreleasedinJune2010alsorecognizestheimportanceofutilizingODAintheoverseasdeploymentofintegratedinfrastructuresystems.Inlightofthesecircumstances,itwouldbeidealforbothdevelopingcountriesandJapanifODAandprivate-sectoractivitiesledtoconstructingproductivepartnerships,intensifyingtheeffectsofdevelopmentindevelopingcountries,andacceleratingthepaceofgrowth.

Preparatory Survey for PPP Infrastructure ProjectsPublic-Private Partnerships to Address Infrastructure Projects in Developing Countries Thereisagrowingtrendindevelopingcountriestowardincorporatingtheenergyoftheprivatesectorintoinfrastructureprojectsthathavetraditionallybeencarriedoutaspublicprojectsintheareasofconstruction,management,andmaintenance.Basedonaproperdivisionofrolesbetweenthepublicandprivatesector,public-privatepartnerships(PPP)areimplementedinordertoengendergreatereffectsandefficiencyintheseprojects.Thishasledtotheadventofapublic-privatecollaborationmechanismtoaddressdevelopmentissuesindevelopingcountries.Againstthisbackdrop,JICAisworkingtoformPPPinfrastructureprojectsbasedonsupportviaLoanAidandprivatesectorinvestmentfinance. InPPPinfrastructureprojects,itisimperativethatsurveysarecarriedoutasacollaborativeeffortbetweenthepublicandprivatesectorsfromtheinitialplanningstagebasedontheawarenessofthevariousrelatedparties, includingprojectownersandsponsors.Forthisreason,JICAbeganthePreparatorySurveyforPPPInfrastructureprojects,aschemeforformulatingprojectplansbasedonproposalsfromtheprivatesector.Proposalswithconceptsforprojectformulationarewidelysolicitedfromprivatecorporations,andJICAentruststheorganizationwiththeselectedproposaltoconductapreparatorysurveyasafeasibilitystudyforprojectformulation.During2010twopubliccallsforproposalsweremade,andoftheresponsesreceived,nineproposalswereselectedfromthefirstroundandtwofromthesecond,foratotalof11projects.

Preparatory Survey for PPP Infrastructure: Selected Projects

* Concerning the flow of funds from Japan to developing countries, private-sector fund totals amount to approximately three-times those of ODA (Source: December 28, 2010 press release by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “The Flow of Funds from Japan to Developing Countries in 2009”).

Public-Private Partnerships

─ New Partnerships that Support Economic Growth

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Country Survey Name

1st public call for proposal on August 6, 2010

Indonesia HybrideducationbusinessinIndonesia

Indonesia SlagfertilizerinpeatbogareasinIndonesia

Cambodia SocialinvestmentforthedevelopmentofBOPbusiness

Viet Nam Productionofbioethanol

Bangladesh Rainwatertankswithmicrocreditsystem

Bangladesh CDMbusinessbyintroductionofenergymicroutilitysysteminruralareasinBangladesh

India Safewatersupplyandestablishmentofitssupplychainforpovertyreduction

India WaterpurificationforpovertyreductioninIndia

India CommercializationofstationeriesfortheprofitgenerationofBOP

Sri Lanka Watersupplyinnon-supplyareas

Kenya Solarlantern

Kenya Long-lastinginsecticidalnetforthepoor

Tanzania Jatrophaproduction

Tanzania ProductionofsolidfuelforhouseholdsandSMEs

Rwanda Microbialmaterialforagricultureandpublichealth

Mozambique Energyconversion

Ghana Off-gridenergysolutionsinunelectrifiedarea

Ghana Nutrientenrichedfoodduringweaningperiod

Ghana Roadmaintenanceinruralvillagesbyusing“DONOU(sandbag)”

Senegal VillagewatersupplywithcleanwatersysteminWestAfrica

Preparatory Surveys for BOP Business PromotionA New Approach Utilizing Corporate Business Principles BOPbusinessisalsoreferredtoas“inclusivebusiness”,andisattractingattentionasanewapproachtoresolvingissuesindevelopingcountriesthatcannotbeaddressedbyaidagenciesaloneviacorporatebusiness.Inrecentyears,theaidagenciesofvariouscountriesandmultilateralorganizationshavebeenactivelypromotingpartnershipswithBOPbusinesses. ThesuccessofBOPbusiness reliesongatheringandanalyzinginformationontheactuallivingsituationoftheBOPdemographicsaswellasonsocietyandtheeconomy,andthenpromotingproductdevelopmentandbusinessplancreationbasedonpeople’sneeds.However,thelackofsuchinformationatcorporationsisamajorbarriertotheirenteringtheBOPbusinessmarket.Forthisreason,JICAhasstartedapublicrecruitment-typesurveystructurewhereproposalsforBOPbusinessplansthatcontributetosolvingdevelopmentissuesarewidelysolicited,andthentheorganizationsofselectedproposalsarecommissionedtogatherinformationontheirBOPbusinessandimplementasurveyforestablishingabusinessplanthatincludescooperationwithJICA.InAugust2010thefirstpubliccallwasmadeand20projectswereselected.

Loans iseconomiccooperation implementedusingprivatesectorinvestmentfinanceasaformofsupportforprivate-sectoractivities.Variousprivate-sectorbusinesses indevelopingcountrieshelptovitalizetheeconomiesandcreateemploymentintheirrespectivecountries,andconsequentlyproducedevelopmentresultsthatleadtoimprovementsinpeople’slives.Atthesametime,thesebusinessescreateexpectationsforfurtherresultssuchasacquiringforeigncurrencyandtechnologytransfers.Nevertheless,duetofactorssuchastheirhighrisk,itisdifficultforthesebusinessestoobtainfinancingfromprivate-sectorfinancialinstitutions. TheprivatesectorinvestmentfinanceoperationsofJICAsupportprivate-sectorcorporationsattemptingtoconductbusinessindevelopingcountriesunderthesecircumstancesfromthetwofinancialperspectivesof“investing”and“financing”.TheNewGrowthStrategyreleasedbytheGovernmentofJapaninJune2010statesthat,“AsforprivatesectorinvestmentloansbytheJapanInternationalCooperationAgency(JICA),inordertoprovideloansforhighly-effectivedevelopmentprojectswhichcannotbefinancedbyexistingfinancialinstitutions,wewillfullystudyandevaluatethesuccessfulandfailedcasesinthepastandestablishariskexaminationandmanagementsystem,towardtheresumptionofthisbusiness.”Furthermore,attheDecember2010MinisterialMeetingontheOverseasDeploymentofIntegratedInfrastructureSystems,adecisionwasagainmadetoresumetheschemeinfiscal2011.Inresponsetothisdecision,thenecessaryproceduresforrestartingprivatesectorinvestmentfinancewereconcludedbytheendofMarch2011.

Preparatory Survey for BOP Business Promotion: Selected Projects

Greenhouse Gases Generated by APEC Yokohama were Balanced by JICA’s Certified Emission Reduction (CERs) Acquired from the World Bank Prototype Carbon Fund

JICAusedaportionoftheCERsacquiredfromawindpowergenerationprojectinthePhilippinesviatheWorldBankPrototypeCarbonFund (PCF),whichJICA fundsusingprivatesectorinvestmentfinance,inordertobalanceout(by“carbonoffsetting”)aportionofthegreenhousegasemissionsgeneratedasaresultofholdingtheNovember2010APECMinisterialMeetinginYokohama. PCFistheworld’sfirstcarbonfundandwasestablishedthroughfundingfrom23governmentalorganizationsfrom10countriesincludingJapan,aswellasfromprivate-sectorcorporations.ThefundwascreatedbeforeinstitutionalframeworkswereestablishedtopromotetheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM),servingasaprimerforallowingJICAtouseprivatesectorinvestmentfinancetofundclimatechangecountermeasureswithprivate-sectorfunding,astherewerehighrisksinvolvedforprivate-sectorcorporationsincarryingoutprojectsindevelopingcountriestoreducegreenhousegasemissionsontheirown. TheactualamountsofgreenhousegasemissionsreducedbytheseprojectsaredistributedamongthePCFinvestorsincludingJICA in the formof“CERs,” therebycontributing tocuttinggreenhousegasemissions.

Private Sector Investment FinancePrivate-Sector Corporation Projects in Developing Countries Supported by Private Sector Investment Finance OftheLoanAidprovidedbyJICA,anadditionalpillartoODA

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Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

Evolving Issues and Challenges Weighing on Nikkei Communities and Japanese Emigrants Therearecurrentlymorethan2.9millionJapaneseemigrantsandtheirdescendants(Nikkei)livingaroundtheworld,withthemajoritylivinginNorth,CentralandSouthAmerica.JapaneseemigrantsandNikkeicommunitiesmakeimportantcontributionsinmanyfieldsineachcountry, includingpolitics,business,educationandculture.TheirpresenceplaysakeyroleasanintermediarybetweenJapanandthecountrieswhereNikkei reside. JICAassiststheJapaneseemigrantswhohavesettledinCentralandSouthAmericainlinewiththeJapaneseemigrationpolicysincetheendofWorldWarII.JICAhasfocusedonhelpingemigrantssettleintotheiradoptedcountriesthroughprogramsincludingemigrantloans(forthepurchaseoflandandassistingfarmingoperations),settlementareaprograms(landdevelopmentandsubdivision)andinfrastructuredevelopmentprograms(agriculturalproduction,communityfacilities,medicalcare,hygieneandeducation). With thedecrease in thenumber of newemigrants,Japan’semigrationpolicyendedinfiscal1993.Moreover,thecircumstancesforemigrationhavechangedalongwiththematuringandgenerationaltransitionofNikkeicommunities.Thefirstgenerationofemigrantsisaging,andmanyNikkeicommunitiesareencounteringasituationwheretheworkingagepopulationleavesasmigrantworkers,causingrecessionandincreasedvulnerabilityinthecommunities.SuchcommunitiesfaceissuesinvolvingthelossoftheirNikkei identity.Atthesametime,NikkeicommunitiesinJapanconfrontserioussocialsecurity-relatedproblems,includingnon-participationinmedicalinsuranceandpensionprograms.Inaddition,thesecommunitiesalsofaceeducational issuessuchastruancyamongNikkeichildrenduetoalackofJapaneseproficiency.

Main JICA Activities and Programs for Japanese Emigrants and Nikkei TosupporttheJapaneseemigrantsandNikkeiconfrontingthese issues,JICAundertakesthefollowingactivitiesandprograms.1. Knowledge Dissemination TheJapaneseOverseasMigrationMuseum,whichopenedinYokohamain2002,consistsofpermanentexhibitsandspecialexhibitionsthatfeaturetheoverseasmigrationhistoryandthepresentsituationofNikkeicommunities.Themuseumalsoprovidesinformationonlineviaitswebsite.ThemuseumaimstohelppeopleunderstandthehistoryofJapaneseemigrationaswellastheemigrantsandNikkeiamongJapan’sgeneralpublic,especiallyfortheyoungergenerationwhowillbeleadingthe

countryinthenearfuture.2. Support for Emigrants Abroad1) Dissemination of Farm Management Practices Toimprovefarmmanagementskills,JICAdispatchedNikkeiagriculturalexpertsfromBrazil,anagriculturallyadvancedcountry;conductedagriculturaltrainingprograms;andprovidedpracticaltrainingforagriculturalcooperativestaffmembers.Inaddition,JICAprovidedsubsidiestoassiststudygroupsonagriculture.WiththeadvancementofagriculturalskillsinNikkeicommunities,JICAterminatedtheassistanceprogramsattheendoffiscal2010.2) Medical Care and Hygiene JICAassists inthemanagementoffiveNikkeiclinicsatcolonialsettlementsinParaguay,BoliviaandtheAmazoniaHospitalinBrazil.JICAalsosupportstravellingclinicsforthecolonialsettlementsinBrazil.JICAassistsprogramsrelatedtotheimplementationofmedicalexaminationsandnursecaretrainingincountrieswithahighdemandforelderlywelfareandmedicalservices,suchastheDominicanRepublic,Paraguay,BrazilandBolivia.3) Education and Culture ToenhanceJapanese-languageheritageeducationamongNikkeicommunities,JICAassistsjointtrainingsessionsforlocalNikkeiteachers,thepurchaseofteachingmaterials,third-countrytrainingforlocalJapanese-languageteachersandresearchandstudiesonJapanese-languagepromotedbytheBrasilJapaneseCenter.Furthermore,27teachersparticipated inthePan-AmericanjointtrainingprogramforJapanese-languageteachers(third-countrytraining)heldinSãoPaulo,Brazil,infiscal2010.4) Upgrading Facilities and Equipment Infiscal2010,JICAsupportedtheenhancementoffacilitiesandequipment,includingthepurchaseofequipmentforseminarsonmedicalandhealthmanagementforelderlypeopleinBrazilandequipmentforelderlywelfareservicesinBolivia.3. Educational Initiatives for the Children of Emigrants1) Educational Programs for Students of Japanese-Language Schools JICAorganizesaprogramtoprovidestudentswithafirsthandopportunitytogainadeeperunderstandingofJapanesecultureandsociety.Inthisprogram,NikkeichildrenattendingJapanese-languageclassesrunbylocalNikkeiorganizationsareinvitedtoJapantoattendapublicjuniorhighschoolforashortperiod,includingahomestayataJapanesefamily.Atotalof58studentsfromNorth,CentralandSouthAmericaparticipatedinthisprograminfiscal2010.2) Scholarship for Japanese Immigrants and Their Descendants in Latin America (Program for Developing Leaders in Nikkei Communities)

Support for Japanese Emigrants and Their Descendants ─ Focusing on Human Resource

Development and Elderly Welfare

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JICAoffersperipheralsupporttoNikkeistudentsattendinggraduateschoolinJapanthroughascholarshiptohelpcovertheirlivingexpensesandtuitionfees.Infiscal2010,therewerefourteennewrecipientsparticipatinginthisprogram.4. Support for Nikkei Communities and Local Communities JICAdispatchesYouthVolunteersandSeniorVolunteers(NikkeiVolunteers)toNikkeicommunitiesinCentralandSouthAmericatoassistwithJapanese-languageeducation,healthcareandwelfareservices.Asanewassistanceinitiativeinfiscal2008,JICAestablishedtheSpecialProgramforSchoolTeachers(Nikkei),wherepublicschoolteachersfromJapanaredispatchedtogovernment-accreditedschoolsinBrazil.Infiscal2010,7teachersparticipatedforthefirsttimeinalong-term(twoyears)volunteerprogram.UponreturningtoJapan,theseteachersare

expectedtoutilizetheirexperiencestoplayactiverolesaskeyresourcescapableofaddressingtheneedsofNikkeichildrenresidinginJapan. Inaddition,JICAaccepts traineesfromLatinAmericancountries.Throughtrainingproposalsfromuniversities,localgovernmentandotherorganizations,includingpublicinterestcorporations,thisprogramservestopromotenation-buildinginrespectiveparticipatingcountriesaswellascross-borderhumaninterchange.Infiscal2010,JICAaccepted124personsunderthisprogram.5. Business Loans TheJICAloanprogramforemigrantsandNikkeiorganizationsconcludedinfiscal2005.Atpresent,JICAonlyadministratestherepaymentoftheseloans.

As one pillar of assistance for Japanese emigrants living abroad, JICA has promoted programs aimed at the development of agricultural production infrastructure. Since the late 1950s, Japan has been operating agricultural research institutes, teaching agricultural management skills, dispatching agricultural experts, and providing training to agricultural cooperatives through several programs targeting Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, and the Dominican Republic. Most of these programs concluded by fiscal 2000, with the final program to teach farm management in Brazil ending in fiscal 2010. The following is an overview of these programs.

The Conclusion of Programs in the Agricultural Sector

Case Study Dissemination of Farm Management

passingonadvancedagriculturaltechniquesandknowledgeaboutthedistributionstructureof theagricultural industry.Thisprogramstartedinfiscal1978,targetingparticipantsfromArgentina,Paraguay,andBolivia. Infiscal2010,threepeoplefromParaguayunderwent farm leadership trainingandacquiredtheskillstheyneededtotrainothersataNikkeiagriculturalcooperativeinParanáState.OnepersonfromRiodeJaneirolearnedaboutcultivationskillsat theAssociaçãoHortolândiadeAtibaia.Dispatch of Agriculture Experts Living in Brazil Sincefiscal1978,JICAhasbeendispatchingagriculturalengineersandfarmerswithanin-depthunderstandingoftheSouthAmericanagricultureindustrytosettlementsinParaguay,Bolivia,andBrazil inaneffort to improveregionalagriculturalskills. Infiscal2010,oneagroforestryexpertwasdispatchedtoaNikkeiagriculturalcooperativeinAmazonasState,Brazil.ExpertsinbamboocultivationandprocessingtechnologieswerealsodispatchedtoanNGOinParáStateandaJapan-BrazilcooperativeinRoraimaState.TheseexpertsconductedtrainingprogramsforbothNikkeiandnon-Nikkeiresidents.Practical Training for Staff Members at Agricultural Cooperatives Startedinfiscal1983,thisprogramworkedto improve thequalityofmanagementatagriculturalcooperatives.StaffmembersfromagriculturalcooperativesinBoliviaunderwentpracticaltrainingatanadvancedagriculturalcooperativeinBrazil. ThankstoassistancefromJapan’sMinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries(MAFF),inJanuary2011theCooperativaCentralAgrícolaedeColonizaçãodoBrasilheld11°SemináriodeRevitalizaçãodasCooperativasNikkeis

(theSeminaronVitalizingNikkeiAgriculturalCooperativesinSouthAmerica).ThisseminarwasundertakenwiththegoalofenhancingpartnershipsamongagriculturalcooperativesinSouthAmericaandfeaturedsessionsonsuchtopicsasthesalesstrategiesandprocessingtechnologies required fromagribusinesspartnersinJapan.FormerAgriculturalMinisterRobertoRodriguesandjournalistAkiraIkegamigavepresentationsonthemessuchasfoodproduction inBrazil andSouthAmerica,andrepresentativesfromNikkeiagriculturalcooperativesinBrazilandBoliviaorganizedapaneldiscussion. ThisSeminarwasagreatsuccessandresultedintheformationofanewagriculturecooperative network by 22 agriculturalcooperativesandothergroups (one fromArgentinaandParaguay;twofromBolivia;and18fromBrazil).TheseminarwasalsoapricelessopportunityforNikkeiagriculturalcooperativestoadvertisetheiractivitiestoJapanesecorporationsandtradingcompanies.Together with Non-Nikkei Residents WhiletheaforementionedprogramswereundertookasassistancetoNikkeifarmers,non-Nikkei farmers residingnearNikkeisettlementswerealsoofferedtraining,mainlyinBrazil.Asaresult,thequantityandqualityofagriculturalproductionintheentirecommunityimproved.Assistancealsohelpedlocalsbuildnetworksamongcooperatives.Thus,supporttodevelopinfrastructureforJapaneseemigrantsultimatelybenefittednon-Nikkeiresidentsaswell. Japaneseemigrants,oncetherecipientsofassistance,arenowactivelysupportingtheircommunities.Thankfulfortheacceptanceandsupportoflocalcommunitiesandcountries,Nikkeiemigrantscontinuetoworktowardthedevelopmentofthesocietiestheyresidein.

Advanced Agricultural Training Theobjective of this programwas tomodernizeandimproveagriculturalskillsandmanagementpracticesinareaswhereJapaneseemigrantsreside.JICAimplementedtraining,

An expert gives instruction on bamboo pretreatment methods to Nikkei farmers in Roraima State (Photo by Shimada Massanobu [JICA expert])

Akira Ikegami lectures at the Seminar on Vitalizing Nikkei Agricultural Cooperatives in South America (Photo by EX Research Institute Ltd.)

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Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

Thereisagrowingneedatinternationalcooperationsitesforprofessionalswiththeabilitytorespondaccuratelytoincreasinglycomplexanddiverseaidneeds.JICAcarriesoutavarietyofinitiativesintheformofhumanresourcetrainingandsecurementprojectsinordertosecurethenecessaryhumanresourcestorespondpromptlytotheseneeds.

Cultivating Human Resources for the Future1. Associate Expert Program JICAenablesyoungpeoplewhoaspiretocareersintheareaofinternationalcooperationtogainexperienceandexpertiseindevelopingcountriesbyprovidingopportunitiestobecomeinvolvedinJICAprojectsinJapanandoverseasandtherebyraisetheirpracticalcapabilities.2. Long-Term Overseas and Domestic Training Program Thistrainingprogramisintendedtocultivatespecialistsandotherpersonswhowillworkinthefieldsitesofinternational

cooperation.Thetrainingprogramisprovidedtopersonspursuingamaster’sdegreeatgraduateschoolsinJapanandoverseasandaimstoenhanceexpertiseandskillintheirspecializedfields.3. Individualized Training for Expert Development ThisprogramprovidespersonnelwithpracticalexperiencewithindividualizedtrainingataidagenciesandeducationalinstitutionsinJapanandoverseas.Trainingunderthisprogramallowsparticipantstohandlemorecomplexanddemandingdevelopmentissues.4. Internship Program ThisprogramprovidesgraduatestudentswhoengageinresearchandaspiretoacareerininternationalcooperationfieldswithonetofourmonthsofpracticalexperienceataJICAinstitutioninJapanoroverseas.

Cultivating Mission-Ready Personnel1. Pre-Dispatch Training for Specialists JICAprovidesexpertswithtrainingpriortoassignmentinsuchareasasJICAcooperationpolicy,projectcontent,currenttrendsinaidandeffectivemeansoftechnologytransfer.2. Capability Enhancement Training Thistrainingisprovidedtopersonswhoalreadypossessskillsorexpertiseincertainspecialtyfieldsaswellaslanguageproficiencyandwhoexpecttobeassignedasanexperttoadevelopingcountryinthenearfuture.Thetrainingprovidestheopportunitytoacquireknowledgeoncurrentaidtrendsandgainpracticalskills.Thetrainingisimplementedbasedonthemesthatgiveconsiderationtorecentneedsinassistancesupport,includingsupportfortheestablishmentoflaws,considerationof

Securing and Training Human Resources ─ Training and Securing the Human Resources Needed in

International Cooperation

Overview of Projects

Title/Objective No. of participants (as of March 2011)

Human Resources Training

1. Associate Expert ProgramEnhancingtheAbilitiesofYoungPeople

25newtrainees

2. Long-Term Overseas and Domestic Training ProgramEnhancingAbilitiesinSpecializedFields

Newtrainees(8overseas;11domestic)

3. Individualized Training for Expert DevelopmentSpecialty-BasedBrush-upTraining

7participants

4. JICA Internship Program (open recruitment-type)BroadeningtheBaseofInternationalCooperationPersonnel

37trainees

5. Other trainings 1) Pre-Dispatch Training for SpecialistsSkillsAdvancementandOrientationPriortoDispatch

Implemented12times382participants

2) Capability Enhancement TrainingShort-TermIntensiveTrainingtoEnhancetheSkillsofMission-ReadyPersonnel

Implemented13courses275participants

3) Security Risk Management TrainingSafety-focusedTrainingConductedinCollaborationwithUNHCR

Implemented4courses(4times)98participants

4) Other(1)Pre-DispatchTrainingforJICAstaff,(2)NationalStaffTraining

(1)156participants,(2)54participants

Securing Human Resources

1. JICA Senior AdvisorsSecuringProfessionalHumanResources

88personsonassignment

2. Special AdvisorsSecuringCapableandQualifiedHumanResourcesasExperts

19personsonassignment(new)

3. PARTNEROperationofWebsiteforProvidingGeneralInformationonCareersinInternationalCooperation

Siteaccessnumbers:696,226/year

In Capability Enhancement Training, trainees learn about recent aid trends as well as knowledge and cooperation methods acquired from experience in the field.

In Security Risk Management Training, trainees engage

in emergency response exercises, such as those on

lifesaving techniques.

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One of the roles of JICA Senior Advisors is to develop efficient methods for teaching skills to others. The photo shows a JICA Senior Advisor demonstrating a method that he developed to a Japanese expert (center). By learning and utilizing this kind of method, the Japanese expert will implement various forms of training.

theenvironmentandsupportforpeacebuilding.3. Security Risk Management Training JICAimplementstrainingprogramsinsecurityriskmanagementincollaborationwiththeOfficeof theUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR)eCentre.Thistrainingisprovidedtospecialistsandotherswhoareengagedinthefieldsofpeacebuildingandreconstructionassistance.4. Other Inordertostrengthenresponsecapabilitiesinthefieldindevelopingcountriesandcarryoutcooperationinaneffectiveandefficientmanner,JICAprovidestrainingforoverseasJICAadministrativeworkersandlocalstaffmemberstoenhancetheirissueresponsecapability.

Systems to Secure Human Resources JICAisworkingtosecurepersonswithamplepracticalexperienceindevelopingcountrieswhocanimmediatelyplayanactivepartinon-siteassistanceasJICASeniorAdvisorsorSpecial

Advisors.JICASeniorAdvisors,inparticular,utilizetheiradvancedknowledgeintheirrespectivespecializedfieldstocontributetoimprovingthequalityofJICAprojects.

Helping to secure human resources for international cooperation

Comprehensive International Cooperation Career Information Website “PARTNER”

SeminarstargetingpersonswhoaimtoenhancetheircareersthroughtheactivitiesofNGOsand internationalinstitutions,beginningwithJICA.Infiscal2010,seminarswere held in Tokyo andKobewiththeparticipationof230people, the largestnumber in theprogram’shistory. Comments fromparticipantsoftheseminarshaveincludedthefollowing:“Theseseminarsarebeneficialforpeoplethatwanttoworkinjobsrelatedtointernationalcooperation.IwishthattheywerealsoheldfrequentlywhereIlive”and“Afterparticipatingintheseminar,IhaveastrongerurgetoutilizemyexperienceinJapanandabroad.”

Holding Seminars for PARTNER registered organizations Infiscal2010,JICAheldthe“FirstActionSeminar:CollaborationsbetweencorporateCSRandNPOs/NGOs”(participationby53organizations),aswellasthe“SecondActionSeminar:EnhancingIdentity.ThepowerofPR”(participationby65organizations).Manyparticipantrequestedthatsuchgroupseminarsbeheldinthefutureaswell.Oneparticipantcommentedthat,“Theseminarwaspackedwithinformationanditwasverymeaningful.Ihopethatyouwillcontinuetoholdregular

seminarslikethisonethatlinkcompanieswithNGOs.”Anotherparticipantremarkedthat,“IlearnedthataPRstrategymustcoincidewithmanagementstrategy.IhopethatJICAwillholdaseminaratthenextlevelupfromtoday’sseminarinthefuture.”

Response to the Great East Japan Earthquake InordertorespondtotheGreatEastJapanEarthquake,adisasterofunprecedentedscale,PARTNERopenedthe“PARTNERInformationontheDisaster”webpagefromMarch25,2011toprovideinformationthatlinkspeoplethatwishtoparticipateinreconstructionassistanceactivitieswithorganizations.Thispagehasmadeamodestcontributiontosecuringhumanresourcesthatcancarryoutactivitiesinthedisasterareasbypromptlypostingemergencyrecruitmentinformationinordertorespondtothetime-sensitiveneedsofpeopleinthefield.

What is PARTNER? PARTNERisanall-Japancomprehensivecareerwebsite thatoffers informationoncareersininternationalcooperationcreatedwith theobjectiveofprovidingvarietyofusefulinformationforindividualswishingtoplayactiverolesinthefieldofinternationalcooperationthroughouttheworld,aswellasforimplementationagenciesandgroupsrecruitingpersonnelforinternationalcooperation.ThewebsiteincludesjoblistingsfromJICAandotherorganizations,informationontrainingandseminars,aswellasacareercounselingcornerforindividualswhowishtoworkinthefieldofinternationalcooperation.

Operations Infiscal2010,thewebsiteposted2,494joblistingsandinformationon965differenttrainingsessionsandseminars.AsofMarch2011, 8,993 individuals had registeredwithPARTNERasInternationalCooperationPersonnel, inadditionto574organizationsthat conduct international cooperationactivities. Also, PARTNER implementedPARTNERMailConsultations,ane-mail-basedcareer formationprogram,and interview-typePARTNERCareerConsultations,wereimplemented117and146times,respectively.

Holding International Human Resource Seminars JICAholdsInternationalHumanResources

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Chart 1 　

Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

JICA-Net isadistanceTechnicalCooperationmodalitypromotedbyJICA.JICA-Netusesawiderangeofinformationandcommunicationtechnologies,includingthoseforprovidingdistancelecturesandseminars,creatingmultimedia-basedlearningmaterials,anddeliveringlearningmaterialsviaourwebsitetotranscendtimeanddistancerestrictionsandtherebyimprovetheefficiency,effectivenessandqualityofJICAprojects. JICA-Netwas launched in response to theJapanesegovernment initiativeannouncedat theKyushu-OkinawaSummitin2000.SincethenthebenefitsprovidedbyJICA-Nethavecometobewidelyrecognizedalongwiththegrowthinthestorageofcontent,includingmultimediateachingmaterialsanddistancelecturesandseminars,andanexpansioninoverseasvideoconferencenetworkbases. Infiscal2010,statisticsshowvideoconferencingwasutilizedapproximately5,800times,witharound9,400connectionhoursandover69,000participantsindistanceseminarsandvideoconferences.Atpresent,videoconferencesystemshavebeeninstalledat19organizationsinJapan,includingJICA’sheadquarters,andin72officesin69overseascountries.Thissystemcanalsobemutuallyusedthroughthenetworksofexternalorganizations,suchaswiththeWorldBank’sGlobalDevelopmentLearningNetwork(GDLN). JICA-Netendeavors todisseminate remote technicalcooperationthroughthefollowingmethods.

Distance Lectures and Seminars Asameansofenhancingtheefficiencyandeffectivenessofactivities,JICAhashelddistancelecturesandseminarsviaavideoconferencesysteminsuchsituationswhenit’sdifficulttodispatchJapaneseexpertsorwhenJICAneededtoopenaregionalworkshopformultiplecountriesconnectingsimultaneously. IntheJapanCenterProject,forinstance,distancetrainingwaslaunchedinaccordancewiththeNovember2011Mekong-Japan

SummitMeetingwiththeobjectiveoftraininghumanresourcesintheMekongregion.Asapartofthistraining,distancelecturesarebeingheldonthemestailoredtotheneedsofeachcountry,suchasbusinessskillsandinvestmentpromotion,byconnectingJapanandtheJapanCentersinVietNam(HoChiMinhCityandHanoi),Laos,andCambodia.Theselectureswereheldfourtimesduringfiscal2010withtheparticipationofapproximately600businessprofessionalsanduniversity-relatedpersonnel(seeChart1).

Creating Multimedia Teaching Materials Multimedia-basedlearningmaterialsincorporateavarietyofmedia,includingvideo,photographsandtextthatarerecordedonCD-ROMsorDVD.ThesematerialsarecreatedtodigitizeknowledgerelatedtoJICAprojectsandtosharethisJICAknowledgeandexperiencewithpersonsindevelopingcountriesandpeopleengagedinJICAactivities.ThematerialsareusedmainlyaslearningmaterialsforTechnicalCooperation. Todate,approximately250typesofmultimediateachingmaterialshavebeendeveloped.Oneofthesematerials,developedinfiscal2010,“REACHINGOUTTOTHEUNREACHED—ANM’sroleinimprovingMaternalHealthservices,”usesactualfootagerecordedinIndiaintheprojectsitetoillustratehowAuxiliaryNurseMidwives(ANMs)andotherhealthworkershavedevelopedtheircapacitytoprovidetheruralcommunitywithqualityMaternalHealthservices.

Sharing Digital Content Via JICA Website JICAstoresdigitalcontent,includingsyllabusesandmaterialsfordistancelecturesandseminars,aswellmultimedia-basedlearningmaterials,ontheJICA-Netwebsite.ThiswebenvironmentallowscounterpartsorpartnersofJICAactivitiesthroughouttheworldtoshareandreusethiscontent.ThewebsitealsointroducespracticesindistanceTechnicalCooperationandontheusageofJICA-Nettopromotefurtheruseofit.(JICA-NetURL:http://jica-net.jica.go.jp/en2/index.html)

JICA-Net ─ A New Form of International Cooperation That Transcends the Restrictions of Time and Distance

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Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

Centers Established in Eight Countries from 2000 TheJapanCentersforHumanResourcesDevelopment(“JapanCenters”)wereestablishedasbasesforbusinesspersonneltrainingincountriestransitioningtoamarketeconomy,mainlyinthenationsintheIndochinaregionandCentralAsia.ThefirstJapanCenterswereestablishedinVietNam(HanoiandHoChiMinhCity)andLaosinSeptember2000,andthisnetworkwassubsequentlyexpandedwiththeopeningofadditionalcentersinCambodia,Mongolia,Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan,theKyrgyzRepublicandUkraine.Presentlythereareatotalofninecentersinoperationineightcountries(Note:TheprojectinUkraineisscheduledtoendinfiscal2011.However,theJapanCenterwillcontinuetobeoperatedbytheUkrainianside).

Cultivating Human Resources to Promote Private Sector Development UndertheBusinessProgramsprovidedattheJapanCenters,traininghasbeenconductedforover77,000peopletodate,makingasignificantcontributiontothecultivationofbusinessprofessionals.Primarily targetingproprietorsofsmallandmedium-sizedbusinesses,managers,aswellasentrepreneurs,theprogramprovidespractical trainingcoveringbusinessmanagement,includingJapanese-stylemanagement,aswellasbusinessskillsandfactory-floordiagnosticsandleadership.Thisprogramhasearnedhighacclaimfromlocalcompaniesandbusinesscommunities.Somecountrieshavewitnessedagreatdealofactivityinrecentyears,wherealumniassociationsorkaizenassociationsorganizedbygraduatesofJapanCenterbusinesscoursesareworkingactivelyandexpandingthenetworkoflocalbusinessprofessionals.

Frontline of Private Sector Partnerships CountriesinwhichJapanCentersaresetup,suchasVietNam,areoftenthoseinwhichJapanesecorporationsareadvancingbusinessandagrowingnumberof thesecorporationsaredispatchingtheirlocalemployeestoJapanCenter’sBusinessProgramstoobtainbasicknowledgeonJapanese-stylebusinessmanagementandpractices. KnowledgeoftheunderlyingJapaneselanguageandcultureisvaluableinunderstandingJapanese-stylemanagement.JapaneselanguagecourseshavebeenestablishedincollaborationwiththeJapanFoundationatmanyJapanCenterstoprovidearangeofopportunitiestolearnJapanese,forbeginnersaswellasadvancedstudents.Inrecentyears,Japanesecorporationsareexperiencinggrowingneedsconcerningthosesuchas:“theemploymentoflocalpersonnelwithJapaneselanguagecapabilities”or“short-termtrainingondailyconversation-levelJapaneselanguageforlocalmanagementstaffpreparingfortraininginJapan.” Moreover,takingadvantageofthefactthatmostJapanCentersarelocatedwithinuniversities,inrecentyearsJapanCentersarefocusingonpromotingexchangeswithJapaneseuniversitiesandsupportingstudyabroadprogramstoJapan.In2010,“Study-in-JapanFairs”wereheldatJapanCentersinsixcountries,drawingparticipationfromapproximately4,000persons.TherearehighexpectationsthatoverseasstudentsstudyinginJapanasaresultofthesefairsworkinJapanoratlocalJapanesecompaniesinthefuture. Inthisway,JICAwillcontinuetoencouragetheuseofJapanCentersbyuniversities,privatecompanies,NGOs,governmentinstitutions,localgovernmentsandotherorganizationsasvenuesfortheiractivities.Bydoingso,JICAaimstopositionJapanCentersasplatformsforcooperationandexchangebetweenJapanandpartnercountries.

Japan Centers ─ Business Professional Training in Countries Transitioning to a Market Economy

The Number of Graduates Tops 800. Alumni Association Holds Job Fair

Case Study Uzbekistan Japan Center for Human Development

jobfairheldincooperationwiththeUJC. In2010,thisjobfairwasheldforthefifthtime,attractingtheparticipationof2,700jobseekersand57corporations.Whileprovidingemploymentopportunitiesformany,theeventwasavenueofbusinessmatching,wherecompaniesc o u l d e x c h a n g e i n f o r m a t i o n .Furthermore,arecruitmentcompanywhereoneofthegraduatesworkedinprovidedguidanceonattractiveresumewritingandjobinterviews,andaforumwasheldforpersonnel

managementofficerstoexchangeviewsonhumanresourcemanagement,makingtheeventaverymeaningfulone.

TheUzbekistanJapanCenterforHumanDevelopment’s (UJC) flagshipcourse, theBusinessCourse, isacoursethatteachesmanagementexpertiseovera five-monthperiod. Inthepast10yearsthenumberofgraduateshasexceeded800,andmanyofthesegraduatesareworking inexecutivepositionsorasmanagersatcompanies,servingasadrivingforceforeconomicdevelopmentinUzbekistan. The “A-Club”, an alumni associationorganizedbygraduatesofthiscourse,promotesavarietyofactivities,oneofwhichisanannual A-Club members after the opening ceremony

149

Japan’s International Disaster Relief

Dispatch of personnel

Relief Supplies

Financial Aid

Japan Disaster Relief (JDR) Teams

Provision of emergency supplies

Emergency Grant Aid

Search and Rescue Teams (Search and rescue)

Medical Teams (Emergency medication and public health) Doctors, nurses, pharmacists and other co-medical staff registered with JICA

Expert Teams (Disaster response and reconstruction) Government officials, etc.

Self-Defense Force Units (Transportation, epidemic prevention and medical care) Personnel from the Ministry of Defense

➡ Carried out by JICA based on orders from the Japanese government (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Dispatches pursuant to the JDR Law

➡ Carried out by JICATents, blankets, sleeping pads, plastic sheeting (tarpaulins), portable water containers (plastic jerry cans), water tanks, water purifiers and electric generators

➡ Carried out by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan

Disaster Relief Activities by Team Dispatch and Relief Supplies JICAisresponsibleforadministeringJapan’sdisasterreliefoperationsasdeterminedbytheJapanesegovernment inresponsetorequestsfromaffectedgovernmentsorinternationalorganizationsfollowingmajordisasters.Searchandrescueteams,medicalteams,expertteamsand/orSelf-DefenseForceunitsaredispatchedasJapanDisasterRelief(JDR)teams.JICAalsoprovidesemergencyreliefsuppliestodisaster-affectedareas.

Stockpiling Supplies Around the World for Rapid Responses Tofacilitatetherapidandreliablesupplyofthelarge-volumeofreliefitems,reservesuppliesmustbeprocuredandappropriatelystockpiledinadvanceatlocationsascloseaspossibletodisasterareas.Accordingly,JICAhaswarehouses infour locationsworldwide,namelyGermany(Frankfurt),Singapore,theUnitedStates(Miami)andSouthAfrica(Johannesburg). Eightprioritygoodsarestockpiledatthesefourlocations—tents,sleepingpads,plasticsheets(tarpaulins),blankets,portablewatercontainers(plasticjerrycans),watertanks,waterpurifiersandelectricgenerators(withextensioncords).Incaseswhereothertypesofsuppliesarerequired,JICAtakesemergencyactiontoprocuretheseinaffectedorneighboringcountries.Whenrequested,emergencymedicalsuppliesarealsoprocuredfromtheUnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF)SupplyDivisioninDenmarkortheInternationalDispensaryAssociation(IDA)intheNetherlandsandarerapidlyshippedtoaffectedcountries

Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

Emergency Disaster Relief ─ Providing Timely Support to Disaster Victims

A rescue dog and its handler conducting search operations

A rescue team member trying to bore through

a beam during a UN-led team capacity

assessment, INSARAG External Classification* In March 2010, the Japan Disaster Relief rescue team

obtained the Heavy-class qualification, the highest-level classification, by the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group

(INSARAG)

Handing over emergency relief supplies

Members from the National Police Agency, the Fire and Disaster Management Agency and the Japan Coast Guard, construction professionals, doctors, and nurses

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Provision of Disaster Relief Supplies in Fiscal 2010 (April 2010 – March 2011, 15cases)

No Disaster occurrence date Country Type of disaster Value of material aid Supplies provided

1 April 2010 Guatemala Tropical storm Approx. ¥20 million Tents, blankets, sleeping pads, water tanks

2 May 2010 Honduras Tropical storm Approx. ¥10 million Blankets, sleeping pads, portable water containers, water tanks

3 June 2010 Myanmar Torrential rains Approx. ¥10 million Tents, water purifiers, water tanks, generators, extension cords

4 July 2010 Pakistan Flooding Approx. ¥20 millionTents, water purifiers, water tanks, drainage pumps (locally procured)

5 July 2010 Pakistan Flooding Approx. ¥20 million Tents, water purifiers, purification tablets (locally procured)

6 October 2010 Viet Nam Flooding Approx. ¥20 millionBlankets, generators, extension cords, water purifiers, portable water containers, mosquito nets (locally procured)

7 October 2010 Haiti Cholera Approx. ¥15 millionWater tanks, water purifiers, portable water containers, plastic sheets

8 October 2010 Benin Flooding Approx. ¥20 million Tents, blankets, plastic sheets, sleeping pads

9 October 2010 The Caribbean (Saint Lucia) Hurricane Approx. ¥8 millionGenerators, extension cords, water tanks, water purifiers, plastic sheets

10 October 2010The Caribbean (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)

Hurricane Approx. ¥7 million Generators, extension cords, water purifiers, plastic sheets

11 November 2010 Ghana Flooding Approx. ¥13 millionBlankets, plastic sheets, portable water containers, water purifiers

12 November 2010 Costa Rica Flooding Approx. ¥8 million Blankets, generators, extension cords

13 December 2010 Columbia Flooding Approx. ¥20 million Tents, blankets, plastic sheets, sleeping pads

14 December 2010 Venezuela Flooding Approx. ¥10 millionBlankets, sleeping pads, portable water containers, water purifiers, generators, extension cords

15 January 2011 Sri Lanka Flooding Approx. ¥20 million Tents, sleeping pads

Japan Disaster Relief Teams Swiftly Arrive and Encourage Disaster Victims

Case Study Earthquake Disaster in South Island, New Zealand

inthesamebuilding.Thenumberofdeathsandmissingpersonsresultingfromtheearthquakerosetoover350,ofwhich28wereJapanese.

Round-the-Clock Response Onthedayoftheearthquake,theemergencysurveyteamwasdispatchedtothedisasterarea.On the afternoonof the followingday,February23, thefirstJapanDisasterRelief rescue teamwasdispatchedusing

thegovernmentaircraftofJapanandreliefactivitiesbegan.Althoughinternationalrescueteamsfromsevencountries, includingtheJapaneseteam,continuedtomakeintensearoundtheclocksearchefforts,theteamswereunabletorescueanysurvivors.Nevertheless,thededicatedeffortsoftheseteamsservedasasourceofencouragementforthepeopleinthestrickenarea.Moreover, inordertosecuresafetyforreliefactivities,astructuralassessmentexpertparticipatedintheteamtoassessthesafetyofcollapsedbuildings. JICAalsodispatcheditssecondandthirdrescueteamsonacontinuousbasis,inadditiontoanexpertteamtoprovidepsychosocialcareforJapanesedisastervictimsandtheirfamilies. ThereturnofthethirdrescueteamtoJapanonMarch12,2011,markedtheconclusionofthisseriesofrescueoperations.TheJapanDisasterReliefTeamwashighlypraisedforitsquickarrivalatthedisasterareaandcoordinatingwithNewZealandandothercountries tocarryoutsearchandrescueoperations.TheJapanDisasterReliefrescueteamiscertifiedasanInternationalSearchandRescueAdvisoryGroup(INSARAG)HeavyUSARTeam[ See page 150]andislookedontoperformreliefactivitiesinpromptresponsetolarge-scaledisastersthroughouttheworldinthefuture.

At12:51p.m.(localtime)onFebruary22,2011,a6.3-magnitudeearthquakestruckabout10kilometerssoutheastofChristchurchonNewZealand’sSouthIsland.Theearthquakecausedalargenumberofbuildingstocollapse,includingtheChristChurchCathedrallocatedinthecitycenter.ThepartialcollapseoftheCanterburyTelevision(CTV)buildingtookmanylives,includingalargenumberofJapanesestudentsstudyingatalanguageschoollocated

A rescue team member searching crevices using devices headed with cameras.

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Implementation System: Cooperation Modality

JICAhasbeenactivelypromotingpartnershipswithinternationaldevelopmentassistanceorganizationsandotherbilateraldonorstoscaleupdevelopmentoutcomesandtoeffectivelytackleglobaldevelopmentissues.JICAhasbeendeliveringmessagestothebroadinternationalcommunityondevelopmentinitiativesandeffectiveaidimplementationbyactivelyengaginginthediscussionsoftheDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee(DAC)oftheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)aswellasparticipatinginandholdinginternationalconferencestogetherwiththeJapanesegovernment.

Shifting Development Challenges Lessthanfiveyearsremainuntil the2015deadlineforachievingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs),whichwerecompiledaccordingtotheUnitedNations(UN)MillenniumDeclarationadoptedattheUNMillenniumSummitinSeptember2000.ThenecessaryfundstoachievetheMDGswereappealedattheMonterreyInternationalConferenceonFinancingforDevelopmentinMarch2002andtheDohaFollow-UpInternationalConferenceonFinancingforDevelopmentinNovember2008.Asubstantialincreaseintheamountofaidthroughdonors,theWorldBankandUNagencieshavebeenagreedtosincetheGleneaglesSummitin2005. Meanwhile,achievingtheMDGsrequiresnotonlyincreasedaidvolumes,butalsoimprovementinthequalityofassistance.WiththeadoptionoftheParisDeclarationonAidEffectivenessinMarch2005andtheAccraAgendaforActioninSeptember2008,progresstowardstherealizationofmoreeffectiveassistanceisbeingmonitoredandevaluated. Inadditiontotheseinternationalinitiatives,globalizationandemergingglobalissues(e.g.,climatechange,infectiousdiseases,conflicts,foodshortages)havehadconsiderableimpactonthemodalityofdevelopmentassistance.Followingtheglobalfinancialandeconomiccrisisin2008,privatecompaniesandfoundations,charitygroupsandemergingcountrieshaveheightenedtheirpresenceindevelopmentarenainplaceofdevelopedcountriessufferingfromdirefinancialsituations.Thediversificationofdevelopmentplayersanddevelopmentmodalityarenowdiscussedmorefrequentlyatinternationalconferences,suchastheG20.Havingathoroughunderstandingofthesetrendsiscriticalforadvancingdevelopmentassistance.

Development Agenda Initiatives and Strategic Dialogues AccordingtotheoutcomedocumentoftheMDGsUNSummitinSeptember2010,progresstowardstheachievementoftheMDGsvariesbycountryandfurthereffortsareneeded,andJICAwillthuscontinuetopromoteandworktowardstheachievementof

theMDGs.Inordertocopewiththechangesintheinternationaldevelopmentenvironment,JICAhasbeenincreasingitsefforttoshareitscountryandthematicstrategiesandfieldexperienceatinternationalconferencesaswellasworkingcloselytogetherwithinternationaldevelopmentassistanceorganizationsandotherbilateraldonorsthroughstrategicdialoguesandimplementationofcollaborativeprojects. WhenadoptingtheAccraAgendaforAction,forinstance,theJapanesegovernmentandJICAstressedtheimportanceofCapacityDevelopment(CD)andSouth-Southcooperationinensuringtheownershipofthepartnercountries,andthiswasreflectedintheactionplandocument.Sincethen,JICAhassharedcasestudiesandknow-howwiththeinternationalcommunitythroughinternationalconferencesandscopingstudies,andtheimportanceofCDandSouth-SouthcooperationareoftenraisedatOECDDACandUNforums,aswellasatthefieldlevelindevelopingcountries. AttheHigh-LevelMeetingonSouth-SouthandTriangularCooperationco-hostedwiththeUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP) inNovember2010,JICA’sProject forStrengtheningNursingEducationandIn-serviceTraininginElSalvador,Guatemala,Honduras,NicaraguaandtheDominicanRepublicwascommendedasanoutstandingcasestudy[ See the Case Study on page 64].JICAalsoplayedaleadingroleattheInternationalWorkshoponCDco-hostedwithDACandtheGovernmentofEgyptinMarch2011,contributingtothecompilationoftheCairoConsensusonCD. TheFourthHigh-LevelForumonAidEffectiveness(HLF4),forreviewingtheaideffectivenessinitiativessetoutintheParisDeclarationandtheframeworkforfutureinternationalcooperationisscheduledtobeheldinBusan,RepublicofKorea,inNovember2011,andactivediscussionsaretakingplacearoundtheworldleadinguptothemeeting.Againstthisbackdrop,JICA,theBrookingsInstitutionandtheKoreaInternationalCooperationAgency(KOICA)publishedajointresearchreporttitled“ANewVisionforAid”thatpresentsasetofpolicyrecommendationsontheaidframeworkandtheroleofdevelopmentcooperation.ThisreportwasutilizedattheHLF4preparatorymeetingheldinSeoulinNovember2010andcontributedsignificantlytothediscussionsonthenewdevelopmentassistanceframework. Furthermore,JICAwasinvolvedinthedraftingoftheWorldBank’sWorldDevelopmentReport2011onorganizationalviolenceandconflictsincethepreparatorystage,servingasakeymemberoftheAdvisoryCouncil,andprovidingthehumansecurityperspectiveandJICAcasestudies.

Maximizing Development Outcomes Developmentissuesareincreasinglybecomingtransboundary

Enhancing Development Partnerships

─ Scaling Up Development Outcomes in Coordination with International Development Assistance Organizations

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andmorediverse.Tomeettheseneeds,it isvitaltobuildstrongpartnershipsamongdevelopmentassistanceorganizationsandscaleupprojectoutcomesbyimplementingeffectiveandefficientassistancethroughstrategicpartnershipsandcooperation. InadditiontotraditionaldonorssuchasOECDDACmembercountriesincludingtheUnitedStates,FranceandGermany,UNagenciesandInternationalFinancialInstitutions(IFIs),JICAhasbeenstrengtheningpartnershipswithemergingcountries,namelytheRepublicofKorea,whichformallybecameaDACmemberin2010,aswellasChina,Thailandandothercountries,andalsotheIslamicDevelopmentBank(IsDB)whichhashadanincreasingpresenceinrecentyears. Withpartnerssuchas theWorldBank,AsianDevelopmentBank(ADB),Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(IDB)andEuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(EBRD),JICAholdscomprehensivediscussionsonglobaldevelopmentissuesatregionalandcountrylevelsthroughparticipationintheirannualmeetingsandmutualvisits,aswellasthroughpersonnelexchangeswithsomeoftheorganizations.Asaresultofthesediscussions,thesharingofdevelopmentstrategiesandpartnershipsforspecificactivitiesinthefieldhavebeenpromoted,whichhasbeencontributingtoenhancingaideffectivenessandefficiency. Forexample,at theannualmeetingofthe InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)andWorldBankinOctober2010,JICA,theWorldBankandADBpresentedthejointresearch,“ClimateRisksandAdaptationinAsianCoastalMegacities,”anditsutilitywashighlyrecognized.In2010,JICA,theWorldBank,EuropeanInvestmentBank,FrenchDevelopmentAgency(AFD)andGermanDevelopmentBank(KfW)beganco-financingapowergenerationexpansionprojectintheOlkariageothermalpowerproductiondistrictinKenya.InFebruary2011,JICAsignedaMemorandumofUnderstanding(MOU)withtheGermanSocietyforInternationalCooperation(GIZ)tostrengthencoordinationforassistanceinthewaterandsanitationsectorinSub-SaharanAfrica.BasedontheMOU,thetwoorganizationsareimplementinginitiativeswith theaimofscalingupprojectsandensuringefficientimplementationinfivecountries,includingZambia.Throughstaffexchanges,partnershipswiththeOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR)havedeepenedintheareasofassistanceforrefugeesreturningtoconflict-affectedcountriesandassistanceforhostcommunities. Moreover,JICAcontinuestoholdoccasionstoexchangeinformationondevelopmentprioritiesandapproacheswithotherorganizationssuchastheEuropeanCommission(EC)andIsDB,andisconsideringpossibleareasofcooperation.

Strengthening Partnership with Emerging Countries Partnershipswith theemergingcountries inAsiahaveenteredanewdimensioninfiscal2010.Sofar,JICAhadheldregularconsultativemeetingswiththeEconomicDevelopment

CooperationFundoftheExport-ImportBankofKorea(EDCF)andExport-ImportBankofChina,respectively.TakingadvantageofthesoundtrustandpartnershipsthathadbeenformedamongtheseorganizationsandtofurtherenhancecoordinationwithvariousagenciesincludingtheNeighboringCountriesEconomicDevelopmentCooperationAgency(NEDA)ofThailand,thefourorganizationsincludingJICAheldajointseminaronenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationsinBangkok,ThailandinOctober2010. InNovember2010,theAsianDevelopmentCooperationMeetinghostedbytheGovernmentoftheRepublicofKoreawasheldinSeoul.Thefinanceministries,IFIsandresearchinstitutionsfromAsiancountriesassembledanddiscussedeachcountry'sODApolicy,South-Southcooperation,andinitiativesfortacklingglobalissues.ThoughmanyoftheparticipantswerefinancialaidagenciesthiswasperhapsthefirsttimethatAsiandonorshadanopportunitytogatheratoneplace.ThesecondmeetingisexpectedtobeheldinJapanin2011. JICAisalsostrengtheninginformationsharingwithChina,asitsforeigndevelopmentactivitieshavebeendrawingglobalattention,throughregularmeetingswiththeExport-ImportBankofChina,theholdingoftheaforementionedAsianDevelopmentCooperationMeeting,participationinChina-DACStudyGroupmeetings,etc.TheChina-DACStudyGroupmeetingswereheldwiththeaimofadvancingmutualunderstandinganddialoguebetweenChinaandDACmemberstoshareexperiencesonpovertyreductioninitiativesinAfrica.Themeetingshavebeenheldfourtimessince2009inAfricancountriesandBeijing,andJICAhasbeenparticipatinginthisprocessfromthebeginning.Throughtheseinitiatives,JICApromotesdialoguewiththeChineseauthorities. ThailandandMalaysiaarealso increasinglyprovidingsupporttootherdevelopingcountries.Withaviewtoscalingupdevelopmenteffectiveness,JICAwillalsobuildanddeepenpartnershipswiththeseemergingcountries.

Joint seminar among the development agencies of the four Asian countries (Japan, China, Republic of Korea, and Thailand)

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Public Relations ActivitiesImplementation System: Operation, Management and Evaluation

JICAproactivelyengagesinwide-rangingpublicrelationsactivitiesinJapanandabroadthroughitsheadquarterswith17domesticofficesandover60overseasoffices.

Public Relations Strategy and Achievements Topromote furtherunderstandingofandparticipationin internationalcooperation,JICAproactivelydisseminatesinformation,suchasabouttheissuesconfrontingtheinternationalcommunityandinternationalcooperationinitiatives,inawaythatistailoredtotheinterestsofavarietyofpeople,includingthegeneralpublicaswellasresearchersandthemedia. JICAisstrengtheningitspublicrelationsactivitiestargetedatthegeneralpublictopromotetheirinterestandsupportininternationalcooperation.Specifically,JICAprovidesfactsonwhatisthesignificanceofresolvingtheissuesfacedbydevelopingcountries,whatapproachesarebeingtakentosolvetheseissuesandwhatoutcomesarebeingachieved,alongwithhuman-intereststories,throughJICA’swebsiteandothermeans. Infiscal2010,inordertoillustratetheextenttowhichthedailylivelihoodofJapanesepeopleisdependentondevelopingcountries,contentsbasedonthefindingsoftheJapan-DevelopingCountriesInterdependenceSurveycarriedoutinthepreviousfiscalyearwerepostedonJICA’swebsiteandpresentedinpamphletsforelementary,juniorhighandhighschoolstudents,andthegeneralpublic.• ElementaryandJuniorHighSchoolStudents “YouarePartoftheWorld”(Video) Website/DVD• JuniorHighandHighSchoolStudents “Whathasbecome?TheWorldandJapan”Website/Pamphlet• GeneralPublic “Japan:OurCountryCannotSurviveAlone”(Q&Aformat) Website/Book “AnInterdependentWorld”(Video)Website/DVD “DATABOOK2010”(Dataandanalysis) Website/Pamphlet Forthemedia,JICA’sheadquarters,overseasofficesanddomesticofficesissuetimelypressreleases.Workshopsfor

reportersontopicalthemesthatprovideexplanationonrecentactivitiesarealsoorganized.Furthermore,JICAprovidesopportunitiesformembersoftheforeignmediatoobservetheprogramsimplementedindevelopingcountriesandthetrainingsconducted inJapan. In fiscal2010,JICA invitedmediarepresentativesfrom11countriesofAsiaandtheMiddleEasttointroducethemtoJapan’stechnologiesandprogrammanagementknow-howwith“water”asthetheme.Inaddition,JICAhasongoinginitiativestoenhancetheunderstandingofopinionleaders,includingthosefromtheacademic,politicalandeconomiccommunities,regardingtheissuesconfrontingJapanesesocietyandtheneedforinternationalcooperation. JICAhasalsostartedusingTwitter infiscal2010andisexpandingthemeansavailableforsharinginformationaboutJICA’sactivities. Fortheoverseasaudience,JICAisstrengtheningitsinformationdisseminationthroughitswebsite,English-languagepublicrelationsmagazinesandothermeans.JICAfurtherenhanceditsEnglish-languagewebsitebyregularlypostingfeaturearticlesandquicklypostingnewsandupdatesandotherstoriesaswellasreneweditsFrench-languagewebsiteinJuly2010.

Public Relations Initiatives of Domestic and Overseas OfficesJICA Global Plaza (Tokyo) http://www.jica.go.jp/hiroba/english/index.htmlNagoya Global Plaza (Nagoya) http://www.jica.go.jp/nagoya-hiroba/index.html(Japanese) GlobalPlazasserveashubsforpromotingcitizenparticipationininternationalcooperationandenablingthemtolearnabouttheissuesfacingtheworld,mainlydevelopingcountries,inaneasy-to-understandformat.TherearecurrentlytwoGlobalPlazas,oneinHiroo,Tokyo,andoneinNagoya,AichiPrefecture.GlobalPlazasfeaturehighlypopularhands-onexhibitionsthatallowvisitorstosee,listenandtouch.GlobalPlazasarealsousedascentersfordisseminatinginformationandforholdingexchangesandtrainingsoninternationalcooperationbycitizens’groups.

Members of the foreign media observing and collecting information about a training course on non-revenue water management

Japan-Developing Countries Interdependence Survey http://www.jica.go.jp/world/interdependence/index.html (Japanese)

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JICA’sdomesticandoverseasofficesalsocarryoutavarietyofpublicrelationsinitiativesasdemonstratedbelow.Tunisia Office: Creation and Airing of Short TV Program for the Greater African Region IncooperationwiththeSenegalOffice,theTunisiaOfficehascreateda10-minuteprogramaboutthematernalandchildhealthinitiativesinAfricawhicharebeingcarriedoutasfollow-uptotheFourthTokyoInternationalConferenceonAfricanDevelopment(TICADIV).Theprogramhasbeenaired78timesin32countries.JICA Okinawa: “Praying for Peace” in Partnership with Overseas Offices JointlywiththeOkinawaPrefecturalPeaceMemorialMuseum,arangeofpublicrelationsactivitiesaboutpeacecooperationwereimplementedinpartnershipwiththeCambodiaOfficeandThailandOffice.

Publications BesidestheJICA’s Worldmonthlypublicrelationsmagazine,JICApublishesanddistributesnumerouspamphletsandleafletsthatpromoteadeeperunderstandingofJICA’sinternationalcooperationprograms. Thefiscal2010editionsofJICA’s WorldincludedstoriesaboutJapan’sinternationalcooperationinitiatives,coincidingwiththe

UnitedNationsMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDG)Summitandtheeventsmarkingthe60thanniversaryoftheUNRefugeeConvention.Themagazinesalsoincludedspecialfeaturesonassistanceactivitiesintheareasofrailroadandsportstogenerateinterestamongpeoplewhohavehadfewopportunitiestoengageininternationalcooperation.

Website (http://www.jica.go.jp/english/) ThewebsiteprovidesawealthofinformationaboutJICA’sactivitiesaswellasaboutthecountriesreceivingassistance.Additionally,theJapanesewebsiteacceptsapplicationsforviewingandrentingphotosofdevelopingcountriesandJICA’sactivitysites. Infiscal2010,anewJapanesewebsitewaslaunchedtoprovideawiderangeofinformationaboutODAactivitiesinaneasytounderstandformat.ManyphotosofJICAprojectsitesareposted,andcreativeapproachesareemployedtoenableviewerstounderstandaprojectfromitsbeginningtoend.

Guides with international cooperation experience are available to provide easy to understand explanations of exhibited items (JICA Global Plaza)

TV crew filming trainees who are listening to a lecture(Initiative of Tunisia Office)

The signing of Record of Discussions on a project between JICA and Cambodia (Initiative of JICA Okinawa)

JICA’s World (a monthly public relations magazine)

JICA’s World (English edition)

Message from Official Supporter

Mr.TsuyoshiKitazawa,anofficialsupporterofJICA,visitedthePhilippinesinfiscal2010.HeobservedtheactivitiesofJICAandJapaneseNGOsaimedattacklingwasteandenvironmentalissues,includingthedeclineofmangroveforests.MoreinformationabouthisvisitisavailableonJICA’swebsiteandpublicrelationsmagazinesinJapanese.

JICA provides support to make recycled products from waste in Philippines, where garbage is posing a grave challenge. Mr. Kitazawa is holding a bag made of plastic straw.

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Type or request medium(Reference)

TotalFY2010 FY2009 FY2008 FY2007 FY2006

Postal mail 20 8 27 26 31 112

Contact pointsHeadquarters 13 24 46 25 59 167

Domestic offices 0 0 0 0 0 0Forwarded from other organizations 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 33 32 73 51 90 279

Category(Reference)

TotalFY2010 FY2009 FY2008 FY2007 FY2006

Completed

Disclosure determination

measures taken

Full disclosure 3 5 11 16 19 54Partial disclosure 20 24 54 30 68 196

Information not disclosed 9 2 6（2） 4 5 26（2）Withdrawn 1 1 0 1 1 4

Forwarded in full to other organizations 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 33 32 71 51 93 280

Total including portion assumed by JBIC 73 282

Information DisclosureImplementation System: Operation, Management and Evaluation

Inadditiontothoseitemsidentifiedineachofthefollowingsections,JICAdisclosesinformationthroughitswebsiteandothermeansinaccordancewithArticle22oftheLawConcerningAccessto Informationheldby IncorporatedAdministrativeAgencies,Etc.(LawNo.140ofDecember5,2001).

Information Related to the Organization Relevantrulesandregulations;anoverviewoftheorganizationanditsoperations;anorganizationalchart;standardsapplicabletotheprovisionofofficercompensationandretirementallowances;standardsapplicabletotheprovisionofemployeesalariesandretirementallowances;etc.

Information Related to Operating Activities Businessplans;operatingreports;projectperformancecharts;annualreports;etc.

Information Related to Financial Standing Financialstatements(includingbalancesheetsandincomestatements);financialreports;auditreports;etc.

Information Related to the Evaluation and Audit of the Organization, Operating Results and Financial Standing Documentsrelatedtotheevaluationofoperatingresults;administrativeevaluationandsupervisoryreports;auditors’

opinions;accountingauditreports;etc.

Information Related to Procurement and Agreements Informationrelatedtodiscretionarycontracts;biddingstatuslists;etc.

Information on Related Entities Fundingactivityrecipientdetails;thestatusofrelatedpublic-interestcorporations;etc.JICAAnnualReport,inJapaneseandEnglish

For More Information Foradditional information,please refer to theJapanInternationalCooperationAgencywebsite.

InformationRelatedtoDisclosureJapan InternationalCooperationAgency“Home”pageeInformationDisclosureURL:http://www.jica.go.jp/disc/index.html(Japaneseonly)

InformationRelatedtotheProtectionofPersonalInformationJapanInternationalCooperationAgency“Home”pageePrivacyPolicyURL:http://www.jica.go.jp/english/policy/index.html

Information Disclosure

Information Disclosure Determination *Figures in parentheses represent the number of decisions assumed by JBIC

Notes: 1. This table outlines the manner in which requests for information disclosure, including those forwarded from other organizations, were handled on an individual request basis.2. Figures recorded under “Forwarded in full to other organizations” indicate the number of requests for information disclosure forwarded in full to other organizations in accordance with Article 12

or Article 13 of the relevant law. Cases in which a request was divided and forwarded to multiple administrative organizations have been counted as a single request. Cases in which a request for information disclosure was partially forwarded to other organizations have not been recorded under “Forwarded in full to other organizations;” the portion that was not forwarded to other organizations is recorded as one request under “Disclosure determination measures taken,” “Withdrawn” or “In progress.”

3. Figures recorded under “Withdrawn” represent the number of requests for information disclosure withdrawn by the requesting party following initial receipt by JICA, resulting in completion with no decision made as to the disclosure of information. This does not include requests not fully recorded, such as information disclosure requests withdrawn by the requesting party following the provision of information during the request recording process.

4. The table does not include one incident (classification: unreleased) which was handled jointly with the Japan Finance Corporation (JFC), involving the reorganization of the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) on October 1, 2008.

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ComplianceImplementation System: Operation, Management and Evaluation

Compliance Policy

JICAbearsaheavysocialresponsibilityandischargedwithapublicmissionasanincorporatedadministrativebody.Inordertodischargethissocialresponsibilitywhilerespondingtotheexpectationsofthegeneralpublicandtheinternationalcommunity,aswellasinlightofchangesintheenvironmentsurroundingJICAsuchasadministrativeandODAreform,itisbecomingincreasinglyimportanttoensuretransparencyandfairnessofitsoperationalmanagementinaccordancewithlaws,internalregulationsandsocialnorms.Accordingly,strengtheningcomplianceisnecessarytoensurethatoperationsarethoroughlyconductedalongthelinesmentionedabove. Basedonthisawareness,JICAhasidentifiedcomplianceasthehighestprioritymanagementissuetobeaddressedbytheorganization,andisworkingtopracticecompliancebasedonthebehavioralprinciplesoutlinedintheabovecompliancepolicy. Specifically,inadditiontoauditsconductedbyinspectorsandaccountingauditorsbasedontheActonGeneralRulesforIncorporatedAdministrativeAgencies,anOfficeofAudit,independentofotherdepartments,overseesinternalauditingdirectlyunderthecontrolofthepresidentincarryingoutregularaudits,therebyworkingtoensurethatJICAoperationsareconductedinanappropriateandefficientmanner. Furthermore,anincidentreportsystemandinternalreportsystemhavebeenestablishedforthepurposeofpreventingandproperlyrespondingtoviolationsoflawsandinternalregulations,aswellascontributingtopreventingthereoccurrenceofviolations.Also,inordertodeliberateandconsidervariousissuesrelatedtocompliance,JICAhasestablishedaComplianceCommitteechairedbytheSeniorVice-President.ThroughtheseeffortsJICAendeavorstopositionitselftoabidebyandputintoaction

(1)JICAshallimprovetransparencyandfairnessinitsmanagementofbothoperatingandfinancialactivitiesinordertosecuretrustfromthepeopleofJapanasanincorporatedadministrativeagency.

(2)JICAshallensureitscredibilityintheglobalsocietybycontributingtosounddevelopmentoftheinternationalcommunitythroughdevelopmentassistance.

(3)JICAshallsatisfytheneedsofdevelopingcountriesandprovideflexibleandhighqualityservices.

itscompliancepolicyandensurefairnessinitsmanagementoperations. JICAhasalsodistributedacompliancemanualtoallofitsofficersandstaff.Thismanualidentifies,organizes,andsystematizesthosecompliancepolicies,laws,rules,andsocialdemandsthatmustbeobservedinaneasy-to-understandmannerinadditiontoservingasaguidetobehaviorforstaff.Moreover,infiscal2010,JICAcreatednationalcompliancemanualsforeachcountryofficecompilingspecificpointsthatneedtobetakennoteof,suchasnationallawsandsocialcustoms. Basedon thisplatformand thecomplianceprogramestablishedbytheComplianceCommittee,JICAcarriesoutavarietyofactivities,includinganannualawarenesssurveyandtrainingimplementedforofficers,inanefforttoimproveeachindividualstaffmember’scomplianceawareness.

(4)JICAshallrespectnaturalandsocialenvironmentsintheperformanceofitsoperations.

(5)JICAshallcommunicatewidelywithsociety tomaintainatransparentorganizationalclimate.

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Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations

Implementation System: Operation, Management and Evaluation

Effectuation of Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations Theguidelines forEnvironmentalandSocialConsiderationsimplementedbyformerJICAandJBICwererevisedalongwiththeObjectionProcedures,andonJuly1,2010,theGuidelinesforEnvironmentalandSocialConsiderations(hereafter,the“newGuidelines”)andtheObjectionProceduresbasedontheGuidelinesforEnvironmentalandSocialConsiderations(hereafter,thenew“ObjectionProcedures”)wereputintoeffect.

1. Consolidation of Procedures for Loan Aid, Grant Aid and Technical Cooperation Inthepast,theguidelinesoftheformerJBIChadbeenappliedforLoanAid,whiletheguidelinesfortheformerJICAwereappliedforGrantAidandTechnicalCooperation.Thesehavenowallbeenintegratedintoasinglesetofguidelines.2. Strengthening the Requirements for Environmental Review TheformerJICAandJBICguidelinesprovidedrequirementstobeusedasastandardthatshouldbecompliedwithindevelopingcountries.Thenewguidelines,however,boastahigherdegreeofcompliancewiththesafeguardpoliciesoftheWorldBankbyconfirmingthattherearenomajordisparitieswiththesepolicies.3. Enhancing the Involvement of the Advisory Committee UnderthenewGuidelines,adviceisprovidedforJICAreportingasrequiredduringpreparatorycooperationscreenings(surveystage),environmentalreviews(screeningstage),andmonitoring(implementationstage).4. Enhancing the Scope of Information Disclosure InthenewGuidelines,environmentalapprovalcertifications,resettlementplans,indigenouspeopleplans,andmonitoringresultsofpartnergovernmentshavebeenaddedtothescopeofinformationdisclosure.Furthermore,majorreportsarealsobeingdisclosedpriortoenvironmentalreviews.

When implementing development projects, adverseenvironmentalandsocialimpactsareexpected.Theseincludeeffectsonsuchareasofthenaturalenvironmentasair,waterandsoil,aswellasecosystems,andalsoencompassinvoluntaryresettlementsandrespectforthehumanrightsofindigenouspeoples.Torealizesustainabledevelopment,itisnecessarytointernalizetheseenvironmentalandsocialimpactswithinthedevelopmentproject.Theinitiativeforrealizingthisinternalizationisenvironmentalandsocialconsiderations.ThenewGuidelinesexpresstherequisitesaskedoftheprojectproponentandtheresponsibilitiesofandproceduresimplementedbyJICAthatare

essentialfortheenvironmentalandsocialconsiderations. ThenewObjectionProceduresexpressaseriesofproceduresforsubmittingobjectionstoJICAbytheresidentswhohavesufferedactualdamageorwhoarelikelytosufferdamageinthefutureasaresultofJICA’snon-compliancewiththenewGuidelinesandforinvestigatingthefactsandforencouragingdialoguesbetweenthepartiesconcerned. ThenewGuidelinesandnewObjectionProceduresarebeingappliedtoprojectsforwhichrequestswerereceivedonJuly1,2010andafter.Thescopeoftheseguidelinesincludesthefollowingcooperationprojectsandtheirpreparatorysurveys:a.LoanAssistanceb.GrantAid (excludingaidprovidedthrough internationalorganizations)c.PreliminarysurveysconductedbyJICAonGrantAidundertakenbytheMinistryofForeignAffairsd.TechnicalCooperationforDevelopmentPlanninge.TechnicalCooperationprojects

Procedures for Confirmation of Environmental and Social Considerations Itisessentialtothoroughlyconfirmenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationsbeforethedecision-makingprocessconcerningprojectimplementation.ThenewGuidelinesdividetheprocessofconfirmingenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationsintothreestages,asfollows:"Screening"classifiesprojectsintofourappropriateenvironmentalcategories;"EnvironmentalReview"confirmstheappropriatenessofenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationsmadefortheprojects;and"Monitoring"takesplaceafterdecisionsaremade.

A citizens’ meeting in India

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*Figures in parantheses denote the number of agreement documents concluded.

Categorization

Category

AProjectswhicharelikelytohaveasignificantadverseimpactontheenvironment.Inprinciple,theyincludethefollowing:1)Projectsinsensitivesectors,2)Projectsthathavecharacteristicsthatareliabletocause

adverseenvironmentalimpacts,3)Projectslocatedinornearsensitiveareas.

Category

BProjectswhoseadverseimpactsontheenvironmentandsocietyarelessadversethanthoseofCategoryAprojects.

Category

CProjectswhicharelikelytohaveminimalorlittleadverseimpactontheenvironmentandsociety.

Category

FIProjectsinwhichJICA’sfundingofprojectsisprovidedtoafinancialintermediaryorexecutingAgencyandforwhichthesub-projectscannotbespecifiedpriortoJICA’sapprovaloffunding(orprojectappraisal).

Category Composition Trends Flowchart for Environmental and Social Consideration Procedures

Disclose the results of the categorization on JICA’s website

Disclose the preparatory surveys and documents on environmental and social considerations on JICA’s website

Disclose the results of the environmental review on JICA’s website

Disclose on JICA’s website the results of monitoring results made public by project proponents

Commence deliberations for project

Conclusion of agreement documents

Screening

Preparatory Survey(implementedwhennecessary)

Environmental Review

Monitoring

A B FI C

Advisory Committee

Advisory Committee

Advisory Committee

▪Loan Aid

▪Grant Aid

▪Technical Cooperation Projects (Technical Cooperation and Technical Cooperation for Development Planning)

2008（54）

2008（251）

2008（203）

2009（62）

2009（288）

2009（150）

2010（50）

2010（197）

2010（186）

CategoryA24%

CategoryA37%

CategoryA40%

CategoryB54%

CategoryB26%

CategoryB11%

CategoryB40%

CategoryB36%

CategoryB16%

CategoryB19%

CategoryB11%

CategoryB3%

CategoryC13%

CategoryC73%

CategoryC88%

CategoryC16%

CategoryC16%

CategoryC83%

CategoryC78%

CategoryC88%

CategoryC95%

CategoryFI 9%

CategoryA 1%

CategoryA 3%

CategoryA 1%

CategoryA 2%

CategoryA 1%

CategoryFI 7%

CategoryFI 8%

Projects are screened based on the screening formsubmittedbytheprojectproponentsandclassifiedintofourcategoriesdependingonthedegreeofenvironmentalimpact.TheclassificationisswiftlymadepublicontheJICAwebsite.Ifthereisadeficiencyindocumentsonenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationspreparedbytheprojectproponent,whennecessary,JICAwillimplementapreparatorysurveyandprovidesupportfortheenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationproceduresoftheprojectproponent. Next,anenvironmental review isconductedbasedonproceduresspecifictoeachclassifiedcategory.Forexample,if theproject isclassifiedasCategoryA,anenvironmentalreviewwhichincludeson-sitevisitsisconductedbasedontheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)reportsubmittedbytheprojectproponent.TheresultsofenvironmentalreviewsaremadepublicontheJICAwebsiteasthe"Ex-anteEvaluationReport"aftertheconclusionofagreementdocuments. Furthermore,forCategoryAprojectsandCategoryBprojectsthathavebeenrecognizedasrequiringadvice,theAdvisory

CommitteeofEnvironmentalandSocialConsiderationsprovidesadvicetoJICAduringtheenvironmentalreviewandmonitoringstages.

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Confirming environmental and social considerations through a local survey in Indonesia.

The Advisory Committee of Environmental and Social Considerations

Establishment of the Environmental and Social Consideration Supervision Division Theresponsibilitytopayenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationduringaprojectlieswiththepartythatimplementstheproject,suchasthepartnercountry.However,itisimportantforJICA,asacooperatingpartnerintheseprojects,toconfirmsucheffortsandtoprovidethenecessarysupportandtakeappropriatemeasures. ThenewGuidelinesensurethatahigherdegreeofeffortisexertedatthemonitoringstage,includingthedisclosureofmonitoring informationforJICAprojectsbeing implementedandthereportingofmonitoringsituationstotheAdvisoryCommitteeofEnvironmentalandSocialConsiderations.Inordertoaccommodatethesechanges,anewEnvironmentalandSocialConsiderationSupervisionDivisionhasbeenestablishedwithintheEvaluationDepartment. ThisnewSectionworkstoconfirmthatproperconsideration ispaid to theenvironmentand tosocietyattheprojectimplementationleveltogetherwiththeregionaldepartmentoverseeingtheproject’smanagement,theissue-relateddepartment,theloanaiddepartment,andtheoverseasoffice.Atthesametime,thisSectionprovidesassistanceandadvicewhilecooperatingwithexperts.Moreover,theSectionworkstoaccumulatethelessonslearnedduringmonitoringatJICAandtoreflecttheminnewprojectscreeningsandprojectmanagement.

Activities of the Advisory Committee for Environmental and Social Considerations InunisonwithenactingthenewGuidelines,JICAhasestablishedtheAdvisoryCommitteeforEnvironmentalandSocialConsiderationsasapermanentthird-partyinstitutionformedbyexternalexpertsinordertoacquireadviceconcerningthesupportandconfirmationofenvironmentandsocialconsiderationsincooperationprojects.ThisCommitteeisasystemuniquetoJICAthatseeksexternaladviceonenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationsinthedecision-makingprocessesofprojects. TheCommitteecomprises19members(academics,NGOstaff,etc.)ofvariousspecialties,includingenvironmentallegalsystems,ecosystems,resettlement,andcitizenparticipation.Committeemeetingsareexpectedtohelpreducerisksassociatedwithenvironmentalandsocialconsiderations. TheCommittee’smeetingsareheldinapublicforum.Theadvicegivenatthemeetingsalongwiththeminutesofeachmeetingaremadepublic,boosting the transparencyandcredibilityofJICA’sdecision-makingprocessandmakingitvisibletothepublic. Infiscal2010,workinggroupmeetingsatwhichseveralmembersconvenedtoconsidermattersanddraftproposedrecommendationswereheld22timesfromJuly2010when

theCommitteewasestablished,whilegeneralmeetingswhereallmembersconvenedtoconfirmtheadviceofthoserecommendationswereheldon10occasions[ See the JICA

website: http:www.jica.go.jp/environment/advice/giji.html (Japanese)].

Establishment of Objection Procedures ToassurecompliancewiththenewGuidelines,theObjectionProcedures for the formerJICAandJBIChavealsobeenintegrated.TheobjectivesofthenewObjectionProceduresareto1)investigatewhetherJICAhascompliedwiththenewGuidelinesandreporttheresultstothePresident,and2)encouragedialoguesbetweenthepartiesconcernedwiththeirconsentinordertoassistintheearlyresolutionofdisputesconcerningspecificenvironmentaland/orsocialproblemscausedbytheprojectforwhichJICAprovidesassistancethathavearisenduetoJICA’snon-compliancewiththenewGuidelines.JICAhasappointedtwoExaminersfortheGuidelinesunderthedirectcontrolofthePresident.SpecificproceduresareprescribedunderthenewObjectionProcedures. TheExaminersalsoengageinpublicrelationsactivitiesand

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Objection Procedures Flowchart

Disclosure on website

Disclosure on website

Receipt of Request

Acceptance of Request and notificationInprinciple,withinfive(5)businessdaysafterreceivingtheRequest

Preliminary InvestigationTobecompletedapproximatelyone(1)monthaftertheacceptanceofaRequest

Decision to commence the Procedures or decision to not commence the Procedures

The Examiner shall inform the President and the Requester of the decision.

Implementation of investigation and encouragement of dialogue

Submission of report to the PresidentTobesubmittedwithintwo(2)monthsafterthecommencementoftheProcedures(two-monthextensionispossible)

Submission of opinion by the Operational Department to the PresidentWithinone(1)monthafterthesubmissionofthereport

Follow-up by the Operational Department

In the event the Procedures are commenced

disclosureofinformationandtheiractivitiesarepublicizedeachyearintheannualreport.Duringthecourseoffiscal2010,therewerenoobjectionssubmitted.

Collaboration and Cooperation with Major International Organizations ThenewGuidelinesconfirmthattherearenosignificant

disparitiesbetweenthesafeguardpoliciesoftheWorldBank(guidelinesindicatingenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationrequirementsthattheWorldBankcomplieswithandrequestsofpartnergovernments),and,whendeterminedappropriate,theNewGuidelinesrefertostandardscreatedbyMultilateralDevelopmentBanks(MDBs).JICAcollaboratesandcooperateswithvariousaidagenciesforthepurposeofassessingglobal trends inenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationanddisseminatinginformationonitsownenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationundertakings.

• Participationinthe30thconferencebytheInternationalAssociationforImpactAssessment(IAIA)(Geneva,Switzerland;April2010)

• ParticipationintheSafeguardPolicyconferencewiththeExport-ImportBankofChinaandtheExport-ImportBankofKorea(Bangkok,Thailand;October2010)

• ParticipationintheWorking-LevelconferenceonEnvironmentalandSocialConsiderationinMultilateralFinancialInstitutions(Washington,UnitedStates;November2010)

• ConfirmationandcollaborationofsafeguardpolicyoperationswiththeWorldBank,InternationalFinanceCorporation,andAsianDevelopmentBank(asrequired)

Examiner Operational Department

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Risk Management of ODA Loan Account

Implementation System: Operation, Management and Evaluation

FinancialServicesAgency.JICAissimilarlyundertakingtheinternalassessmentof itsloanportfoliobasedontheFinancialInspectionManualinconsultationwithanauditingfirmtoaccuratelyreflectthecharacteristicsofitsloanassetstoitsassessment.Inthisprocess,thefirst-stageassessmentisconductedbytherelevantfinancingdepartments,whilethesecond-stageassessment isconductedbythecorporateandcountryeconomicanalysisdepartmentswith inspectionbytheOfficeofAudit.TheresultsofinternalassessmentconductedontheassetportfolioarenotonlyusedinternallyforthecontinuousreviewsoftheloanassetportfoliobutalsoreflectedinthedisclosureofassetqualitytoenhancethetransparencyofJICA’sfinancialposition.

3) Quantifying Credit Risk In addi t ion to indiv idual credi t r iskmanagement,JICAisworkingonquantifyingcreditriskswithaviewtoevaluatingtheriskoftheoverallloanportfolio.Toquantifycreditrisks,itisimportanttotakeintoaccountthecharacteristicsofJICA’sloanportfolio,whichholdsasignificantproportionof long-termloansandloansinvolvingsovereignrisk.Alsotobetakenintoaccountisthemechanismofsecuringassets,suchastheParisClub,auniqueframeworkfordebtmanagementbyofficialcreditorcountries.Thecreditriskquantificationmodelincorporatingthesefactorsismeasuringcreditrisksandutilizedforinternalcontrol.

Market Risk Marketriskreferstothepotentiallossesincurred throughchanges in thevalueofassetshelddue to fluctuations in foreigncurrencyexchangeand/or interest rates.Inthecontextofpotentiallossesstemmingfromchangesinmarketinterestrates,JICAbearsrisksduetothelong-termnatureofitsfinancingactivities,whichareconductedovertermsthatcanreachupto40years.Inthisregard,JICAisenhancingitscapacitytoabsorbinterestrateriskbycapitalinjectionfrom theGeneralAccountBudgetof theJapanesegovernment.Furthermore,interest-rateswapsarecarriedoutexclusivelyforthepurposeofhedginginterestraterisk.Inordertocontrolcounterpartycreditriskofinterestrateswaps,themarketvalueoftransactionsandcreditworthinessofeachcounterpartyareconstantlyassessed,andcollateralissecuredwhennecessary. On theotherhand,JICA’s financeandinvestmentaccountdoesnot involveany

exchangeraterisksincenoneofitsoutstandingloansaredenominatedinforeigncurrencies.

Liquidity Risk Liquidityriskreferstodifficultiesattributabletofundinggapsduetodiscrepanciesinassetandliabilitytermsaswellasfromareducedabilitytosecurefundsduetoareductioninrecognizedcreditstanding. JICAtakesfullmeasurestoavoidliquidityriskthroughmanagementofitsfinancing.ThisincludeseffortstosecuremultipleprocurementoffundssuchasAgencyBonds,andborrowingunderFiscalInvestmentandLoanPrograms.

Operational Risk Operationalriskreferstothepotentiallossesincurredfromimpropersystems,personnelactivities,workprocessesorotherexternalevents.ForJICA, this refers to risks thatstemfromitsworkactivities,systemsandinternalorexternalmisconduct.JICAmanagesthisoperationalriskaspartoftheeffortsincompliancewiththerules.

Theoperationsof financial institutionsinvolvevariousrisks, includingcreditrisk,marketrisk, liquidityrisk,operationalriskandotherrisks.Asagovernmentagency,JICAconductsfinancialoperationstoachievepolicyobjectives.Thus,JICAdiffers fromprivatefinancialinstitutionsintermsofthenatureaswellastheextentofrisksinvolvedinitsoperationsandwaystodealwiththem.Nonetheless,itisessentialtohaveappropriateriskmanagementasafinancialinstitution.Inlinewiththeinternationaltrendoffocusingonriskmanagementasthebasisofoperationsoffinancialinstitutions,JICAisimprovingitsinternalriskmanagementsystem. Morespecifically, riskmanagementoftheODALoanAccountwastakentobeamanagerialissuethatneedstobeaddressedsystematicallyby theentireorganization.JICAhasthusadoptedariskmanagementpolicyunderwhichitidentifies,measuresandmonitorsvariousriskstowhichitsoperationsareexposed.Theobjectiveofthispolicyistoensuresoundandeffectiveoperationsandtoearnreturnscommensuratewithrisks. JICAmanagesvariousrisksthatpolicy-basedfinancinginstitutionsarefacing.ThefollowingareexamplesofJICA’smajorriskmanagementactivities.

Credit Risk Creditriskreferstothepotentiallossfromdifficultiesorfailuretorecovercreditassetsduetothedecliningfinancialpositionofadebtor.Giventheverynatureoffinancialsupportforexternaleconomictransactionsandoverseaseconomiccooperation,JICAfrequentlyextendsloanstoforeigngovernmentsandgovernmentagencies.Therefore,sovereignriskmakesupaconsiderablepartofthecreditriskthataccompaniesJICA’soperations.

1) Credit Rating System JICA has established a credit ratingsystemaspartoftheorganization’soperatingproceduresandtobeusedtocoveralltheborrowersinprinciple.Creditratingsarethecornerstoneofcreditriskmanagement,beingusedforconductingindividualcreditappraisalsandquantifyingcreditrisks.Creditratingsarerevisedwhenappropriatebasedontheorganization’sriskprofile.

2) Internal Assessment of Asset Portfolio Japaneseprivate financial institutionsundertaketheinternalassessmentofassetportfoliosinaccordancewiththeFinancialInspectionManual preparedby Japan’s

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Safety Management Operations Conducted Overseas

Implementation System: Operation, Management and Evaluation

wide-rangingincidentsasresidentialcrimeandtrafficaccidents.SecuritymanagementadvisorsdrawupontheirextensiveknowledgeofbothlocalcrimepatternsandJapanesebehaviorpatternstoprovidetheappropriateguidanceonsafety. In countrieswithout overseas offices,JICAmayassignpersonnel tocollect localinformation.

Establishment of Emergency Contact Networks Ineachcountryofoperation,JICAbuildscommunicationsystemsthatencompassallrelevantpersonnelintheeventofanemergency.Meansofcommunicationnaturallyincludethetelephone,mobilephones,satellitephonesandradioequipment.Recognizingtheessentialnatureofinformationtransferandconfirmationinemergencysituations,JICApositionstheemergencycontactnetworksasavitalpillarofitssafetymeasures.

Dispatch of Security Confirmation Missions to Prepare Appropriate Safety Measures Withregardtocountriespresentingparticularissues in termsofsafety,JICAdispatchessecurityconfirmationmissionstoassesslocalconditions,andtothenexaminespecificsafetymeasures.Forexample,inordertorespondtoaidneeds,JICAanalysesthestate-by-statepublicsecurityconditionofaparticularcountryandthenmakesappropriatedecisionsontherangeofactivitybyJICApersonnel. Incountrieswithahighoccurrenceofcrime,JICAdispatchesasecurityadvisorymissiontoprovidedirectsafetyguidanceto locallystationedpersonnel,coveringsuchtopicsasthepreventionofresidentialcrimeandactionstobetakenwhendealingwitharmedcrime. Regarding trafficsafetymeasures,JICApreparesvarioustypesofinstructionmanualsanddistributesthesetopersonsaffiliatedwithJICA.Atthesametime,JICAregularlypublicizesinformationregardingtheoccurrenceoftrafficaccidentsinvariouscountriesandworkstofosteranawarenessofsafety.Inresponsetolocalrequests,JICAdispatchesinvestigationteamstoprovideinstructionontrafficsafety.

Bearing the Expense of Crime-Prevention JICAbearssuchexpensesasalarmsystems,thehiringofguardsandtheinstallationofcrimepreventionequipmentfortheresidencesofitsexpertsandvolunteers.Asoneexample,JICAmayarrangefor theconstructionofraised

fences,theinstallationofsteelgratingsandthereinforcementofdoorsandwindowframesasandwhenconsiderednecessary.

24-Hour Crisis Management JICA’sHeadquartersremainsona365-day,24-hourstandbystatustorespondtooverseasemergencysituations.

Anti-Terrorism Measures The steady increase in thenumber ofcountriesandregionspronetoterrorismisacauseforconcern.Oneparticularfeatureof terrorism in recentyearshasbeen theincreaseinthenumberoflarge-scaleterrorincidentsperpetratedbyinternationalterroristorganizations.Untilnow,actsofterrorhavetargetedU.S.andEuropeaninterestsintheMiddleEast,SouthAsiaandAfrica.However,there isnodenying thatJapancouldalsobecomeatargetof terrorisminthefuture.JICAstrivestoraiseanawarenessofterrorismamongJICApersonnelworkinginhigh-riskregionstohelpthemavoidrisk.Theseeffortsincludeprovidingspecificprecautionsonsuchoccasionsaspre-dispatchtrainingandpost-arrivalorientationonhowtoavoidbecominginvolved ina terrorist incident toraisetheawarenessofthesepersonnelandavertrisk.

Security Measures in Reconstruction Assistance Activities JICAconductsprogramsinpost-conflictcountriesorcountrieswithongoingconflictssuchasAfghanistan,Iraq,easternDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,SierraLeone,SouthSudanandPakistan.DrawingontheactivitiesofUnitedNationsorganizationsandotheragenciesactiveintherelevantregion,JICAroutinelymonitorsvolatilepoliticalandpublicsecuritysituations,carefullysurveysregionsofactivityanddeploysnecessarysafetyequipmentsuchasradiosandarmoredcarsintheongoingconductofitsprojects.AsJICAincreasesitsparticipationinthepeacebuildingareaandinreconstructionassistanceprojects,afocusonsuchsafetymeasuresandahighstateofreadinessbecomeevermorevital. Giventhenatureofunpredictableeventssuchaskidnappings,coupd’état,riotsandterrorism,practicalknow-howindealingwithpotentialdangersisoftheutmostimportance.Tothatend,JICAhasinstitutedSecurityRiskManagementTrainingboth inJapanandoverseasinconjunctionwiththeUnitedNationsHighCommissioner forRefugees (UNHCR)eCentrefrom2003.

Developing countr ies are commonlyconfrontedbypovertyissues,whichinturncangiverisetotheincreasedincidenceofcrime.Somecountriesfacepolitical instability,thepossibilityofacoupd’étatandtheburdenoflong-runningcivilwars. Evenafter theconclusionofcivilwars,thereareinstancesthatrequirepeacebuildingactivities incountriesbesetwithpoliticalinstabilityandnumerouspublicsecurityissues.Moreover, therearealso regionsaroundtheworldwheretherearethreatfactorsonterrorism.Additionally, therearenationsinwhich transportationcustomsdiffer fromthoseinJapan,withmanyofthesecountriescharacterizedbyahighriskoftrafficaccidentsdue to inexperienced local drivers andunderdevelopedtransportationinfrastructures. Inthisregard,JICAundertakesthosesecuritymeasuresandriskmanagement initiativesoutlinedbelowinanefforttosupportpersonnelengagedininternationalcooperationtoactandworkinsafety.

Training and Seminars on Security JICAconductspre-departuresecuritymeasurestraining foraffiliatedpersonnel, includingexperts,volunteersandtheirfamilies.Trainingfocusesonsuchtopicsasregion-specificcrime,theselectionofhousing,dealingwith localresidents,theprotectionofvaluablesaswellashold-upsorcar-jacking.Ingeneralterms,informationisprovidedfromthestandpointofcrimepreventionandemergencyresponse. AnorientationisorganizedfornewlypostedarrivalsthroughJICA’soverseasoffices.Topicscoveredincludeinformationoncurrentpublicsecurityconditionsandcrimepreventionmeasures.LedbyJICA’soverseasoffices,affiliatedpersonnelconveneaSecurityMeetingatleastonceayearforthepurposeofsharingpertinentexperiencesandproviding localsecurityinformation.Throughthesemeetings,individuals livingandworking in thesameenvironmentrevealandsharetheirpracticalexpertiseonsecuritymeasuresaccumulatedthroughday-to-dayexperiences.

Stationing of Security Management Advisors Tostrengthenlocalsafetymeasures,JICAassignspersonnelwithexpertise inpublicsecurityas“securitymanagementadvisors.”Theseadvisorsundertakethecollectionanddisseminationofpublicsecurityinformation,andarechargedwiththeresponsibilityofrespondingto,andtakingsecuritymeasuresagainstsuch

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Evaluation System of JICA’s Operations and Management

Implementation System: Operation, Management and Evaluation

Framework for Performance Evaluation and Operational Management Review

Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

JICA (Incorporated Administrative Agency)

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

MinistryofForeignAffairs’EvaluationCommitteeforIncorporatedAdministrativeAgencies

CommissiononPolicyEvaluationandEvaluationofIncorporatedAdministrativeAgenciesoftheMinistryof

InternalAffairsandCommunications(CPIAA)Comments Comments

Medium

-Term Goal *Indicated

Medium

-Term Plan *Approved

Annual Plan *Reported

Performance Results Report

Required Actions *Recomm

endation

Comments

Comments

Notification of Evaluation Results

Recommendation

JICA,anincorporatedadministrativeagency(IAA),isrequiredtodeliveritsadministrativeservicessteadilybyimprovingandensuringquality,efficiencyandtransparency. To thisend, theActonGeneralRules for IncorporatedAdministrativeAgenciesidentifiesthesystemsformedium-termgoal-orientedperformancemanagementandthird-partypostevaluation.Underthethree-tofive-yearmedium-termgoalssetbytheMinisterforForeignAffairs,JICAestablishesmedium-termandannualplans.Atthecloseofeachfiscalyear,JICAsubmitsareportontheperformanceofitsoperationsandmanagementduringtheperiodofthemedium-termgoalsaswellasaself-evaluationtotheEvaluationCommitteeforIncorporatedAdministrativeAgencies(ECIAA)oftheMinistryofForeignAffairs(MOFA)ofJapan.Afterreceivingthereport,ECIAAofMOFAevaluatestheperformanceofJICA’soperationsandmanagement.EvaluationresultsaremadepubliconMOFA’swebsite.Withregardtocross-cuttingsecondaryevaluations,theCommissiononPolicyEvaluationandEvaluationofIncorporatedAdministrativeAgenciesoftheMinistryofInternalAffairsandCommunications(CPIAA)assessesevaluationresultsconcludedbyindividualECIAAofvariousgovernmentministries,includingMOFA.Attheendofthemedium-termgoalperiod,CPIAAreviewsthenecessityof

eachIAA’soperations,organizationandoperatingportfolio,andthenmakesrecommendationstotherelevantcompetentministerincharge(forJICA,theMinisterforForeignAffairs). JICAimplementsitsoperationsandmonitorstheprogresseverysixmonthsinordertosecuretheachievementof itsmedium-termandannualplans.ThefindingsofthismonitoringarereflectedinJICA’soperationsalongwiththeevaluationresultsandrecommendationsfromECIAAofMOFAandCPIAA.Throughtheseprocesses,JICAundertakesconsistenteffortstoimproveitsoperationsandmanagement. JICAhasestablishedtheinternalAdvisoryCommitteeonPerformanceEvaluationinordertoconductanappropriateperformanceevaluationwiththeparticipationofoutsideexperts. OnthebasisofthemergerwiththeOverseasEconomicCooperationOperations(ODALoan,etc.)oftheformerJBICinOctober2008,thecurrentmedium-termplan(fiscal2007tofiscal2011)aimstofirmlyestablishanorganizationandoperatingstructurethatcanfullyutilizethebenefitsofintegration;deploythesynergiesfromTechnicalCooperation,LoanAidandGrantAidbypromotingprogramassistanceprojects;aswellasraisethequalityandoutcomesofprojectsthatemphasizehumansecurityandenhancetheefficiencyofoperationsandexpenses.

OnConclusionoftheMedium-TermPlanPeriod:ReviewofallaspectsoftheAgency,includingitsorganization,operationsandthenecessitytocontinueindividualactivities

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JICAconductsanevaluationofeachproject/program,usingtheplan-do-check-action(PDCA)cycletobecommonlyappliedtoTechnicalCooperation,LoanAidandGrantAid.JICA’sevaluationutilizesacommonframeworkthatencompassesthepre-implementation,implementation,post-implementationandfeedbackstages,whilereflectingthefeaturesofeachaidschemesuchas theassistanceperiodandtimeframeforexpectedresults.ByconductingtheevaluationateachstageofthePDCAcycle,JICAaimstoimprovethedevelopmentresultsoftheoperations.

Characteristics of JICA’s Evaluation System1. Consistency throughout the Project by Reflecting the PDCA Cycle (See Table 1)2. Coherent Methodologies and Criteria for All Three Schemes of Assistance JICAaimstoconductevaluationandutilizethefindingsbasedonaconsistentphilosophyandastandardevaluationframework,whileittakesintoconsiderationthecharacteristicsofeachassistancescheme.ThisentailsevaluationbasedonthePDCAcycle;evaluationusingtheCriteriaforEvaluatingDevelopmentAssistance(SeeTable2)laidoutbytheDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee(DAC)oftheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)asaninternationalODAevaluationperspective;andpublicationofevaluationresultsbasedonastandardratingsystem.3. Cross-Sectoral and Comprehensive Evaluation Offered at Program-Level Evaluation JICAderivesrecommendationsand lessons learnedbycomprehensivelyevaluatingandanalyzingitscooperationbyspecificthemesanddevelopmentobjectives.JICAhasconductedthematicevaluationsbydevelopment issues, regionsandassistancemethods.Infutureevaluations,JICAwillalsobetakingstepstoevaluate“cooperationprograms”whicharepartofastrategicframeworktosupportdevelopingcountriesinachievingspecificmid-andlong-termdevelopmentobjectives.4. Ensuring Objectivity and Transparency JICAhasincorporatedexternalevaluationsintheex-postevaluationswhichrequireobjectiveverificationofprojectimplementationresults.JICAwillcontinueitseffortsforincreasingtheobjectivityandtransparencyinitsevaluations. Furthermore,asaframeworktoreflecttheperspectivesofoutsidepartiesinevaluations,adviceonevaluationpolicy,evaluationstructure,andmethodsissoughtfromtheAdvisoryCommitteeonEvaluationcomprisingthird-partyexperts.

Operations Evaluation SystemImplementation System: Operation, Management and Evaluation

Table 1 The PDCA Cycle

Table 2 Evaluation Perspectives Using the DAC Criteria for Evaluating Development Assistance

Ex-ante evaluation Mid-term review

Terminal evaluation

Ex-post evaluation

Ex-post monitoring Feedback

Priortoprojectimplementation,therelevance,detailsandexpectedoutcomeoftheprojectalongwithevaluationindicatorsareexamined.

Examinestherelevanceoftheplan,progressoftheproject,attainabilityofthegoal,andinternalandexternalfactorsinfluencingtheproject.

Afterthecompletionoftheproject,therelevance,effectiveness,impact,efficiencyandsustainabilityoftheprojectareexamined.Ex-postmonitoringexaminesmeasuresandactionstakenbasedonlessonslearnedandrecommendationsofferedatEx-postevaluation.

Evaluationresultsarereflectedinthepresentprojectforimprovementandalsoutilizedasreferenceforplanningandimplementationofsimilarprojects.

Relevance Examinestheextenttowhichtheaidactivityissuitedtotheprioritiesandpoliciesofthetargetgroup,recipientanddonor:Doesthegoaloftheaidactivitymeettheneedsofbeneficiaries?Aretheactivitiesandoutputsoftheprogramconsistentwiththeoverallgoalandtheattainmentofitsobjectives?

Effectiveness Measurestheextenttowhichaprogramoraprojectattainsitsobjectives.

Impact Examinespositiveandnegativechangesasaresultoftheproject.Thisincludesdirectandindirecteffectsandexpectedandunexpectedeffects.

Efficiency Measurestheoutputsinrelationtotheinputstodeterminewhethertheaidusestheleastcostlyresourcespossibletoachievethedesiredresults.

Sustainability Measureswhetherthebenefitsoftheprojectarelikelytocontinueaftertheclosureoftheproject.

PLAN DO CHECK ACTION

5. Emphasizing Use of Evaluation Results JICAisstrengtheningitsfeedbacksystem.Theevaluationresults fromeachstageof theprojectarereflected inthe“Action”phasewithinthePDCAcycle.Thisfeedbackisutilizedasrecommendationsforimprovementofthepresentprojectandlessonslearnedforsimilarprojectsthatareinoperationorinpreparation.Atthesametime,JICAmakeseffortstoreflectevaluationresultsontheproject,programandupperlevelplan,suchasdevelopmentpolicies,throughprovidingfeedbackofevaluationfindingstothepartnergovernmentandconductingjointevaluations.

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Efforts to Improve OperationsImplementation System: Operation, Management and Evaluation

JICAhascarriedoutanumberofeffortswiththeaimofimprovingitsadministrativeservices.InadditiontothemonitoringimplementedoverthepastyearandahalffollowingthemergerwiththeOverseasEconomicCooperationOperationsoftheformerJBICinOctober2008,inconsiderationoftheODAReviewFinalReportreleasedbytheMinistryofForeignAffairsinJune2010andtheGovernmentofJapan’sscreeningprocess,JICAplacesprioritiesonthefollowingsixpointsindeterminingthefuturedirectionofworkimprovement:1)theimprovementofaidstrategies;2)effortstodeliverefficientaid;3)demonstrationofleadershipwithintheinternationalcommunity;4)promotionofunderstandingandsupportbycitizens;5)enhancingtheorganizationalcapacityofJICA;and6)appropriateandefficientorganizationalmanagement. JICAstrivestocreateanddisseminatenewvalueinaself-sustainedanddynamicmannerthroughtheseefforts.

Efforts for Improving Organizational Structure Asanefforttostrengthenmanagementstrategy,ataskforcewasestablishedtomakeplansonrefiningoperationsanddevelopingnewcooperationmodalities,aswellastoconsideranorganizationalstrategyrequiredtomakesuchpropositionsfeasibleinacross-organizationalmanner. FromtheperspectiveofstrengtheningoperationstargetingASEANcountriesandrespondingtotheJapaneseGovernment’sNewGrowthStrategy,theSoutheastAsia1andPacificDepartmentandtheSoutheastAsiaDepartment2wereintegratedintotheSoutheastAsiaandPacificDepartment.Moreover, inordertobroadenthescopeofareasthatcorrespondtothevariousdevelopmentissuesandimprovetheefficiencyandflexibilityofaid,thePublicPolicyDepartment,IndustrialDevelopmentDepartment,andEconomicInfrastructureDepartmentwerereorganizedintotwodepartments. Asaresultoftheseorganizationalreforms,theinitialnewJICAstructureof26departmentshasbeenrearrangedintoa23-departmentstructure.JICAisalsocarryingoutorganizationalstreamliningeffortsinordertorationalizetheinternaldocumentapprovalprocess,expeditedecision-making,clarifyresponsibilityandauthority,andrectifythescopeofmanagement.

Efforts for Cutting Costs and Boosting Procurement Competitiveness Inconsiderationofthescreeningprocessandotherfactors,JICAhasworkedtofurthercutandrationalizecostsaswellastoenhancethecompetitiveenvironmentforitsprocurement. OneexampleofJICA’scost-cuttingeffortshasbeentheestablishmentofarulewherebasicallyallstaffandexpertstravelingviaairplaneoverseasmusttraveleconomyclass.Also,competitivetenderinghasbeenintroducedforthepurchaseof

airplanetickets. Examplesofundertakingscarriedouttoboostprocurementcompetitivenessincludeexhaustivethird-partyconfirmationofnoncompetitivenegotiatedcontracts,theintroductionofaqualityandcostbasedselectionprocessforcommissioningcontractsforregularbusinessprocessing,simplifyingcompetitiveparticipation(abolitionofindependentregistrationsystems,lighteningtheburdenofcreatingproposals),andtheprioritydisclosureofinformationofplannedprojects.JICAwillcontinuetocarryoutrevisionsinanappropriatemannerbasedontheBasicPolicyonOperationalRevisionsofIncorporatedAdministrativeAgencies(CabinetDecisionin2010).

Strengthening External Functions Inordertostrengthenitsexternalfunctions,JICAisrevisingtheplacementofitsoverseasofficesinaccordancewitheffortsbeingmadetostrengthenitsoverseasofficestructureaswellaswithchangesintheprojectenvironment.Inaddition,JICAispromotingtheplacementofstaffonthefrontlinesofassistanceoverseas.

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Efforts toward ISO CertificationImplementation System: Operation, Management and Evaluation

JICAisactiveinitseffortstoaddressenvironmentalproblems,strivingforalevelofenvironmentalconservationthatenvelopsallofhumanlifeinconcertwithsustainabledevelopment.OnApril1,2004,JICAannounceddetailsoftheAgency’sEnvironmentPolicyasafirststeptowardthefull-scaleimplementationofitsenvironmentalmanagementsystem.Asapartofitsongoingenvironmentalendeavors,JICA’sdomesticorganizationachievedISO14001certificationin2005,andsuccessfullyreceivedarenewalofitsISOcertificatein2007and2010.

About ISO 14001 The InternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO)formulatedISO14001asaglobalstandardfortheconstructionandoperationofenvironmentalmanagementsystems.Itwasestablishedagainsttherecentbackgroundofenormousconcernoverenvironmentalissues.Thestandardcallsfororganizationstopreventandreducetheenvironmentalburdengeneratedbytheiractivitiesandtoconsistentlyengageinactivitiesthatbenefittheenvironmentthroughtheplan-do-check-action(PDCA)cycle.

Environmental Efforts JICAplacestheutmostimportanceoneffortsthatincorporateconcernsfortheenvironment.ThisemphasisisthelinchpinofitsEnvironmentPolicy.Basic Principles JICAwillimplementandcontinuallyimproveitsenvironmentalmanagementsystems inorder topreventand lessen theenvironmentalburdengeneratedby itsactivities.TheseinitiativeswillbebasedonthemissionoutlinedundertheActoftheIncorporatedAdministrativeAgency—JapanInternationalCooperationAgency,namely,“tocontributetothepromotionofinternationalcooperationandtothesounddevelopmentofJapanandtheinternationalsocioeconomybycontributingtothedevelopmentorreconstructionoftheeconomyandsociety,oreconomicstabilityofoverseasregionswhichareinthedevelopingstage.”Theseeffortswillalsobemadeinconjunctionwithcontributionsmadetowardpreservationoftheglobalenvironmentwhilestrictlyobservingenvironmentallawsandregulations.

Promotion of Environmental Measures through International Cooperation AsanorganizationthatprovidesODA,JICApromotesprojectsbasedonJapan’saidpoliciesthatcontributetothepreservationandimprovementoftheenvironment.• Promotionofinternationalcooperationthatcontributesto

environmentalconservationindevelopingcountries• Effortsrelatedtoclimatechange[ Refer to page 108]

• Reductionoftheenvironmentalimpactofdevelopmentprojectsthroughadherencetoguidelinesthattakeintoconsiderationenvironmentalsociety[ Refer to page 158]

Promotion of Environmental Education JICAstrivestoaccumulateknowledgeandinformationrelatedtotheenvironmentandtoincreasepeople’senvironmentalawareness.

• EducationalandawarenessactivitiesthroughanintroductiontoJICA’senvironmentalefforts

• Proposalandimplementationofongoingsurveysandresearchregardingenvironmentalissues

• ProvisionofongoingeducationandtrainingthroughseminarsandbriefingsforJICA’sdirectors,officers,employeesandpersonsengagedintheAgency’swork

Promotion of Environmentally Conscious Activities in Offices and Facilities JICApromotesenvironmentallyconsciousactivitiesinanefforttoreducetheenvironmentalburdengeneratedbyitsworkandprojects.• Promotion of waste reduction, resource and energy

conservationandresourcerecyclingactivities• Promotionoftheenvironmentallyconsciousprocurementof

goodsundersystemssuchastheLawonPromotingGreenPurchasing

Adherence to Environmental Laws and Regulations JICAstrictlycomplieswithenvironmentallawsandregulationstowhichitissubject.

Fordetailsonotherefforts,pleaserefertothefollowingwebsite:http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/social_environmental/index.html

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Provision of JICA’s FacilitiesAccommodation of people who could not return home due to disruption of transportation services (Tokyo facilities)

JICA’sfacilitiesinIchigaya,HirooandHatagayaweremadeavailabletothepublicforovernightstay.

Accommodation of dialysis patients (JICA Tokyo) Amaximumof100patientswereacceptedatJICATokyo.

Accommodation of foreign student evacuees (JICA Osaka) 60foreignstudentsandtheirfamiliesfromthedisasteraffectedareasweretemporarilyaccepted.

Provision of facilities to serve as secondary evacuation centers Employeehousing,TsukubaInternationalCenter,HirooCenter,andAzabuInstitutewereplacedonthelistofavailablefacilitiesoftheMinistryofFinance(FinancialBureau)forsecondaryevacuationcenters.

Assistance to Affected People by the DisasterLiaison services for international assistance JICAsupportedtheactivitiesoftheUNDACteamandUNOCHA(providedJICA’sfacilitiesandlogisticalassistance).JICAstaffaccompaniedand

supportedanoverseasmedicalteam.

Shelter for evacuees in Fukushima Prefecture (JICA Nihonmatsu) JICANihonmatsuwasmadeavailableasanevacuationcenterupontherequestofFukushimaPrefecture.Atmost453peoplewereaccepted.

JICAstaffwerecontinuouslydispatchedtoassisttheaffectedpeople.JOCVsworkedtoprovidelivelihoodassistance,includinghealthcareandchildcare.

MealswereprovidedusingaportionofdonationsfromJICAstaff,experts,volunteersandothers.

Assistance for operations of Higashi-Matsushima City Evacuation Center in Miyagi Prefecture

JOCVsweredispatchedtoassistwiththeoperationsoftheevacuationcenter.

JICAstaffweredispatchedforthecoordinationofJOCVs.

Cooperation for Sanriku area through Tono Magokoro Net in Iwate Prefecture

JOCVs,SeniorVolunteers,JICAstaffandothersweredispatchedasvolunteers(toremovethemud,cleanhouses,sortsupplies,preparemeals,assesstheneeds,etc.).Inaddition,JICAstaffweredispatchedtosupporttheSecretariatofTonoMagokoroNet.BusesofJICAinternationalcenters(JICATsukuba,Yokohama,Chubu,etc.)weremadeavailableforthetransportationofvolunteers.

Assistance for launch of volunteer information station JICAstaffsupportedthelaunchof“VolunteerStation(aninformationbooth)”atSendaiStationforthereliefnetworkcalled“TasukeaiJapan.”

Collaboration with NGOs and NPOsProvision of JICA Tohoku’s conference room for the use of NGOs OfficespaceofJICATohokuinSendaiwasofferedtotheGreatEastJapanEarthquakeLiaisonOfficeoftheJapanPlatform(JPF)and

JapanNGOCenterforInternationalCooperation(JANIC).

Japan Platform (JPF) JICAstaffwasdispatchedtosupportitsoperation.

Japan NGO Center for International Cooperation (JANIC) JICAstaffwasdispatchedtosupportitsoperation.

Sendai-Miyagi NPO Center JICAstaffwasdispatchedtosupportitsoperation.

Other Facilitiesweremadeavailableforbriefingsessionsondisasterreliefactivitiesandorientationsessionsforvolunteers,etc.(GlobalPlaza,JICATokyo,Chubu,etc.)

Donations ¥54.54millionindonationscollectedfromJICAemployees,experts,volunteers,officialsandothersinJapananddevelopingcountrieswasdonatedtothethreeaffectedprefecturesandJANIC.

Messages from the World Over3,000messagesreceivedfrom100developingcountries(wordsofcondolence,sympathyandencouragement,appreciationforJapan’sassistancetodate,pledgesofcooperationforJapan’sreconstruction,etc.)wereplacedondisplayatJICANihonmatsuandHigashi-MatsushimaCity,aswellasatJICA’sotherDomesticOffices,someprefecturalinternationalassociations,SaitamaPrefecturalEducationCenter,“GlobalFesta”(annualfestivalforinternationalcooperationheldinTokyo)andotherlocations.Aspecialexhibitrelatedtothedisaster,titled“TheWorldisConnected,”washeldattheGlobalPlaza.

Compilation of Reconstruction-Related Lessons Learned and Preparations for Their Global DisseminationThe High Level Expert Panel on Water and Disaster HeldinTokyoonApril28,2011.

Third Session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction JICAparticipatedinthemeetingheldinGenevaonMay13,2011.

In response to the unprecedented catastrophe of the Great East Japan Earthquake, JICA made efforts to fulfill its responsibility as a public organization. It took advantage of the knowledge and experience accumulated through JICA’s overseas emergency disaster assistance and disaster prevention activities and provided assistance utilizing JICA’s human resources, network and facilities.

Response to the Great East Japan Earthquake/TsunamiDrawing on JICA’s Knowledge, Experience and Network

forsecurity reasons,begancarryingoutvolunteeractivitiesinJapan.Thevolunteersprovidedcontinuoussupportintheareasofhealthandchildcareutilizingtheirexperienceindevelopingcountries. Tocoordinateinternationalassistancefromoverseas,JICAdispatchedeligiblememberstoparticipateintheteamsacceptedbytheJapanesegovernment: theUnitedNationsDisasterAssessmentandCoordination(UNDAC)teamand theOffice for theCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairs (UNOCHA) team.Thesememberscontributedtotheactivitiesbydrawingontheknowledgeandnetworkacquiredfrompreviousinternationalemergencyreliefactivities.Theyalsosupported theactivitiesofanoverseasmedicalteam. Furthermore, JICA provided facilitiesand dispatched staff with expertise onreconstructionassistancefortheactivitiesofNGOs,whichplayedakeyroleincoordinatingcitizen-ledreliefactivities.

Inordertoanalyzetheinformationobtainedfromtheaffectedareasregardingthedisasterandtodisseminatethisinformationglobally,JICAcarriedout a study in cooperationwithTohokuUniversity*. Inaddition,JICAco-hostedtheHighLevelExpertPanelonWaterandDisasteronApril28,whichwasattendedbyinternationalexperts,includingtheUNSecretary-GeneralandtheGovernorofIwatePrefecture(bothbyvideo).JICAisalsocompilingcasestudiesand“lessonslearned”regardingthereconstructionprocess,andismakingpreparationstodisseminatethesetotheinternationalcommunityaswellastoutilizethemforsupportingdevelopingcountries.ThefollowingtableoutlinesJICA’sotheractivities,suchasreliefactivitiesbyJICAstaffandvolunteers,utilizationoffacilities,provisionofsupplies,etc.

Onthedayoftheearthquake,JICAestablishedtheEmergencyResponseHeadquarterschairedbyJICA’sPresidentandimmediatelyconfirmedthesafetyofpersonnelandtrainingparticipantsfromoverseas.OnMarch13,inresponsetotherequestfromFukushimaPrefecture,JICAbeganaccommodatingevacueesfromareasneartheFukushimaDaiichiNuclearPowerStationattheJICANihonmatsuTrainingCenter(JICANihonmatsu). JICAstaffweredispatched tosupportevacuees,whosenumberincreasedrapidly.Attheearlystageoftheoperation,thestaffcoordinatedaparticipatorymeeting forevacuees (which isanapproachused indevelopmentprojects)andsupportedtosetuptheprincipleofresidentautonomy,aswellasprovidedneed-basedsupport.Atthestagewhereassistancebecamenecessarytoimprovethequalityoflifeoftheaffectedpeople,JapanOverseasCooperationVolunteers(JOCVs)andotherswhohadtemporarilyleftthecountries

The words “Gratitude and Departure” are inscribed in remembrance of the commemorative tree planting and cleaning activity by residents who temporarily evacuated to JICA Nihonmatsu Training Center in Fukushima Prefecture.

* See JICA’s website for reports on the study. http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/thematic_issues/water/earthquake/index.html

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Data and Information

History of JICA────────────── 170Organization Chart────────── 172Executive Officers and Auditors───── 173Budget────────────── 174Statistics on Program Results────── 175

1.OutlineofJICAOperations──────── 1762.GeographicalDistributionofJICAOperations─── 1763.NumbersofPersonsInvolvedin

TechnicalCooperationbyTypeandProgram─── 1864.RegionalDistributionofTechnicalCooperation─── 1875.SectoralDistributionof

TechnicalCooperationProjects─────── 1896.SectoralDistributionofGrantAidProjects──── 1897.OverviewofLoanAid

(DatafromthePreviousFiveYears)─────── 1908.SectoralDistributionofODALoan────── 1909.GeographicalDistributionofODALoan(FY2010)── 19110-1.DebtReschedulingBasedon

ParisClubAgreements(FY2010)────── 19210-2.DebtCancellation(FY2010)─────── 19211-1.PrincipalContractorsunderODALoan

(FY2010/GoodsandServices)────── 19311-2.PrincipalContractorsunderODALoan

(FY2010/ConsultingServices)────── 19412-1.TermsandConditionsofODALoans───── 19612-2.TyingStatus(CommitmentBasis)───── 19912-3.NationalitiesofContractors

(IncludingProcurementinLocalCurrency)─── 19912-4.NationalitiesofContractors

(ForeignCurrencyOnly)───────── 19912-5.NationalitiesofContractors

(IncludingProcurementin─LocalCurrency,

IncludingCommodityLoans)─────── 19912-6.NationalitiesofContractors

(ForeignCurrencyOnly,

ExcludingCommodityLoans)─────── 199

13-1.TechnicalCooperationProjects(Recordof

DiscussionNewlySignedinFY2010)──── 20013-2.GrantAid(FY2010Projects)─────── 20213-3.ListofPrincipalODALoanCommitments

(FY2010NewandApprovedL/A)────── 20613-4.MajorProjectsofEquityInvestments

(AsofMarch31,2011)────────── 207

Financial Statements───────── 2081.GeneralAccount──────────── 2082.FinanceandInvestmentAccount────── 216

Financial Conditions───────────── 2241.Two-YearFinancialStatements──────── 2242.DisclosureofFinancialConditionsof

FinanceandInvestmentAccount────── 228

Domestic and Overseas Offices───── 232

Glossary─────────────── 234

Index of Case Studies────────── 236

An Industrial and Technological College at La Union, El Salvador

169

History of JICA

January 1954 TheFederationofJapanOverseasAssociationsisestablished.

April 1954 TheJapanAsianAssociationisestablished.

September 1955 JapanEmigrationPromotion,Co.,Ltd.isestablished.

June 1962 OverseasTechnicalCooperationAgency(OTCA)isestablished.

July 1963 JapanEmigrationService(JEMIS)isestablished.

April 1965 JapanOverseasCooperationVolunteers(JOCV)OfficeisestablishedbyOTCA.

May 1974 TheJapanInternationalCooperationAgencyLawispromulgated.

August 1974 TheJapanInternationalCooperationAgency(JICA)isestablished.

December 1974 TheStatementofOperationProceduresisimplemented.

April 1978 TheJICALawisrevised(promotionofGrantAidoperationsisadded).

October 1983 InstituteforInternationalCooperationisestablished.

April 1986 JapanDisasterRelief(JDR)Teamisestablished.

July 1990 25thanniversaryoftheJOCV.Thecumulativenumberofparticipantssurpasses10,000people.

January 1991 EvaluationGuidelinesarepublished.

September 1992 EnvironmentalGuidelinesforInfrastructureProjectsarepublished.

December 1992 TheHandbookforWomeninDevelopment(WID)Considerationispublished.

May 1994 ThecumulativenumberofparticipantsinJICAtrainingprogramssurpasses100,000people.

August 1995 TheEvaluationReportispublished.

June 2000 ThecumulativenumberofJOCVparticipantssurpasses20,000people.

December 2001 ThereorganizationandrationalizationplanforspecialpublicinstitutionsisannouncedbytheJapanesegovernment.IncludedinthisreformplanisameasuretransformingJICAintoanindependentadministrativeagency.

June 2002 TheAdvisoryCommitteeonEvaluationisestablished.

October 2002 Aninformationdisclosuresystemislaunched.

The former Japan International Cooperation Agency

The former Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund and the former Japan Bank for International Cooperation

December 1960 TheOverseasEconomicCooperationFundLawispromulgated.

March 1961 OverseasEconomicCooperationFund(OECF)isestablishedtotakeovermanagementoftheSoutheastAsiaDevelopmentCooperationFundfromtheExport-ImportBankofJapan(JEXIM).Capitalofapproximately¥5,444millionisreceivedfromthegovernment,establishingOECF.

March 1961 TheStatementofOperationProceduresisapprovedallowingoperationstocommence.

March 1966 FirstOECFODALoan(totheRepublicofKorea)isprovided.

May 1968 TheOECFLawisrevised(commodityloanfacilityisadded).

March 1980 Firstgovernment-guaranteedOECFbondisissued.

April 1987 SpecialAssistanceforProjectSustainability(SAPS)iscommenced.

April 1988 SpecialAssistanceforProjectFormulation(SAPROF)iscommenced.

November 1989 OECFGuidelinesforEnvironmentalConsiderationsispublished.

May 1991 OECFPolicyforConsiderationofWomeninDevelopment(WID)ispublished.

April 1992 SpecialAssistanceforProjectImplementation(SAPI)iscommenced.

March 1995 CabinetdecidestomergeJEXIMandOECF.

April 1996 SpecialAssistanceforDevelopmentPolicyandProjects(SADEP)iscommenced.

April 1999 TheJapanBankforInternationalCooperationLawispromulgated.

September 1999 CabinetOrderrelatedtotheexecutionoftheJapanBankforInternationalCooperationLawispromulgated.MinisterialOrdinancerelatedtotheexecutionoftheJapanBankforInternationalCooperationLawispublishedontheofficialregister.

October 1999 JapanBankforInternationalCooperation(JBIC)isestablished.

December 1999 Medium-TermStrategyforOverseasEconomicCooperationOperations(October1,1999–March31,2002)ispublished.

April 2001 Ex-AnteProjectEvaluationforODALoanoperationsisintroduced.

September 2001 JapaneseGAAP-BasedFinancialStatementsandStatementofAdministrativeCostCalculationaremadepublic.

October 2001 FirstFiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram(FILP)agencybondsareissued.

December 2001 TheCabinetdecidestoproceedwiththereorganizationandrationalizationplanforspecialpublicinstitutions.

April 2002 JBICGuidelinesforConfirmationofEnvironmentalandSocialConsiderationsarepublished.ThePerformanceMeasurementforStrategicManagementisintroduced.TheMedium-TermStrategyforOverseasEconomicCooperationOperations(April1,2002–March31,2005)ispublished.

1954

170

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2010

New JICA

November 2006 ApartialrevisionoftheLawconcerningtheIncorporatedAdministrativeAgencyJapanInternationalCooperationAgencyispromulgated.

October 2008 OperationsofODALoanspreviouslymanagedbytheformerJBIC(OverseasEconomicCooperationOperations)andaportionoftheGrantAidprovidedbyJapan’sMinistryofForeignAffairs(MOFA)aresucceededbyJICA.However,MOFAremainsresponsiblefordirectlyprovidingGrantAidinconjunctionwiththeexecutionofdiplomaticpolicies.

October 2008 TheSecondMid-termObjectivesaremodified.

April 2010 ThenewJICAGuidelinesforEnvironmentalandSocialConsiderationsarepublished.

November 2002 JICAreceivesISO14001certification.

December 2002 TheLawconcerningtheIncorporatedAdministrativeAgencyJapanInternationalCooperationAgencyispromulgated.

September 2003 JICAisdissolvedasaspecialpublicinstitution.

October 2003 JICAistransformedfromaspecialpublicinstitutiontoanIncorporatedAdministrativeAgency.ThefirstMid-termObjectives(October1,2003–March31,2007)arepublished.

April 2004 JICAGuidelinesforEnvironmentalandSocialConsiderationsarepublished.

April 2006 TheGlobalPlazaatJICAHiroo,Tokyoisopened.

April 2007 TheSecondMid-termObjectives(April1,2007–March31,2012)arepublished.

April 2007 TheJICADonationFundforthePeopleoftheWorld,apublicdonationprogram,islaunched.

June 2007 ThecumulativenumberofJOCVparticipantssurpasses30,000people.

October 2002 TheActonAccesstoInformationHeldbyIndependentAdministrativeAgenciesisimplemented.

March 2005 TheMedium-TermOperationsStrategybasedonthePerformanceMeasurementforStrategicManagement(applicablefromApril1,2005onward)ispublished.

April 2005 TheNewMedium-TermStrategyforOverseasEconomicCooperationOperations(April1,2005–March31,2008)ispublished.

May 2005 ThecumulativenumberofcountriestohavereceivedODALoansreaches100.

June 2006 TheActonPromotionofAdministrativeReformforRealizationofSmallandEfficientGovernmentispromulgated.

March 2008 TheperiodforimplementationofpolicyonMedium-TermStrategyforOverseasEconomicCooperationOperations(April1,2005–March31,2008)isextendedbysixmonths.

171

Organization Chart

OfficeofthePresident

OfficeofAudit

GeneralAffairsDepartment

OfficeofInformationSystem

OfficeofMediaandPublicRelations

PersonnelDepartment

BudgetandAccountingDepartment

TreasuryDepartment

OperationsStrategyDepartment

SoutheastAsiaandPacificDepartment

EastandCentralAsiaandtheCaucasusDepartment

SouthAsiaDepartment

LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanDepartment

AfricaDepartmentHeadquarters

MiddleEastandEuropeDepartment

OfficeforPrivateSectorPartnership

EconomicInfrastructureDepartment

HumanDevelopmentDepartment

GlobalEnvironmentDepartment

RuralDevelopmentDepartment

IndustrialDevelopmentandPublicPolicyDepartment

TrainingAffairsandCitizenParticipationDepartment

FinancingFacilitationandProcurementSupervisionDepartment

CreditRiskAnalysisandEnvironmentalReviewDepartment

ProcurementDepartment

LoanandGrantAdministrationDepartment

EvaluationDepartment

DepartmentofHumanResourcesforInternationalCooperation

SecretariatofJapanOverseasCooperationVolunteers

SecretariatofJapanDisasterReliefTeam

JICAResearchInstitute

DomesticOffices

OverseasOffices

Number of JICA staff (FY2011 plan basis): 1,827

[ Please refer to JICA’s website for updates of this information.]

SeniorVice-President

Vice-Presidents

Auditors

President

Organization Chart (As of September 1, 2011)

Please refer to page 232 for a list of JICA’s Domestic and Overseas Offices.

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Executive Officers and Auditors

[ Please refer to JICA’s website for updates of this information.]

Title Name Date of Appointment Previous Position

President SadakoOgata October1,2003(Reappointment) UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees

Vice-President IzumiArai October1,2008(Reappointment)SeniorExecutiveDirector,JapanBankforInternationalCorporation

Vice-President HiroyoSasaki January1,2010(Reappointment) DirectorGeneral,PersonnelDepartment,JICA

Vice-President KiyoshiKodera April1,2010(Reappointment)ExecutiveSecretaryoftheDevelopmentCommittee,TheWorldBank&IMFDeputyCorporateSecretary,TheWorldBank

Vice-President MasakazuIchikawa August1,2011(Reappointment)DeputyDirectorGeneral,ManufacturingIndustriesBureau,MinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry

Vice-President TsuneoKurokawa September1,2011(Reappointment) ChiefSecretary,OfficeofthePresident,JICA

Vice-President MasatoWatanabe September1,2011(Reappointment) DirectorGeneral,GeneralAffairsDepartment,JICA

Auditor TakafumiIto October1,2011DirectorGeneral,SecretariatofJapanOverseasCooperationVolunteers,JICA

Auditor HajimeKurokawa October1,2011 Manager,PublicSector,DeloitteToucheTohmatsuLLC

1. Numberofexecutiveofficersandauditors:PursuanttoArticle7ofActoftheIncorporatedAdministrativeAgency-JapanInternationalCooperationAgency,thereshallbeonePresidentandthreeAuditors,andtheremaybeoneSeniorVice-PresidentanduptoeightVice-Presidents.

2. Termsofofficeofexecutiveofficersandauditors:PursuanttoArticle9ofActoftheIncorporatedAdministrativeAgency-JapanInternationalCooperationAgency,thetermofofficeofthePresidentandSeniorVice-PresidentshallbefouryearsandthetermofofficeofVice-PresidentsandAuditorsshallbetwoyears.

3. Thenames,currentpositionsandpreviouspositionsofexecutiveofficersandauditorsasofOctober1,2011areasfollows.

(Vice-Presidents and Auditors are listed in the order of their appointment.)

173

Budget

Item FY2010 FY2011

Revenue:Fiscalyearbudgetplan 154,925 147,039 　Revenuefrommanagementgrants(Initialbudget) 147,986 145,681 　Revenuefrommanagementgrants(Supplementarybudget) 3,740 （2,380）　Revenuefromcontractedprograms 2,014 1,512 　Projectincome 574 564 　Donationrevenue 17 9 　Receiptfromfacilitymaintenancefund 594 1,596 　Revenuefromreversalofreservecarriedoverfrompreviousmid-termperiod 0 57 　FundsallocatedpursuanttoArticle35oftheLawconcerningtheIncorporatedAdministrative*1

　AgencyJapanInternationalCooperationAgency(Fundforgrantaidprojects)Note1 0 0 Expenditure:Fiscalyearbudgetplan 154,925 147,039 　Generaladministrativeexpenses 10,658 10,296 　　Excludingspecialitems 10,658 10,238 　Operatingexpenses 141,643 133,626 　　Expensesfortechnicalcooperationprojects 70,811 69,427　　Expensesfortheexpeditionofgrantaidprojects 524 290 　　Expensesforpublicparticipation-basedcooperation 21,104 16,852 　　Expensesforemigrationprogram 367 337 　　Expensesforaidpersonnelrecruitmentandtraining 856 550 　　Expensesforresearchanddevelopment*2 544 ―　　Expensesforprogramformulation*2 6,034 ―　　Expensesforfollow-upcooperation*2 1,584 ―　　Expensesforproject/programevaluation*2 279 ―　　Expensesforassistancepromotion*3 ― 8,039 　　Expensesforsecurity,information,internalauditing,etc. 8,144 6,883 　　Expensesforoperationsupport 30,525 30,367 　　Expensesfordisasterreliefactivities 870 880 　Facilitymaintenanceexpenses 594 1,596 　Contractedprogramexpenses 2,014 1,512 　Expensesfordonationprojects 17 9 　Expensesfortheexpeditionofgrantaidprojects*1 0 0

１ General Account Revenue and Expenditure Budget (FY2010 and FY2011) (¥million)

FY2010 FY2011

Investmentandloan ODAloans 8,908 9,498Private-sectorinvestmentfinance 2 2

Total 8,910 9,500Sourceoffunds CapitalinvestmentfromtheGovernmentofJapan(GOJ)’sGeneralAccount 1,044 419

FiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram(FILP) 3,949 4,380-BorrowingsfromtheFILP 2,999 4,380-Government-guaranteedbond(JGGB)issuance 950 ― Ownfunds,etc. 3,917 4,701-FILPagencybondissuance 800 800Total 8,910 9,500

2 Financial Plan for the Finance and Investment Account (FY2010 and FY2011) (¥100million)

*1 Since the plan for Grant Aid projects is determined by the Cabinet, the allocation is shown as zero.*2 Items removed through revision of FY2011 budget items.*3 Item newly established through revision of FY2011 budget items.

Note: For FY2011, the figures subsequent to the supplementary budget are shown. For FY2010, the initial budget figures are shown.

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Statistics on Program ResultsInterpreting the Statistics

Breakdown of Countries and Regions

Asia SoutheastAsia BruneiDarussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,Laos,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,Thailand,Timor-Leste,VietNam

EastAsia China,HongKong,Japan,Macao,Mongolia,RepublicofKorea,Taiwan

SouthAsia Afghanistan,Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Maldives,Nepal,Pakistan,SriLanka

CentralAsiaandtheCaucasus

Armenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia,Kazakhstan,KyrgyzRepublic,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan

Pacific Pacific Australia,CookIslands,Fiji,Guam,Kiribati,MarshallIslands,Micronesia,Nauru,NewCaledonia,NewZealand,Niue,NorthMarianaIslands,Palau,PapuaNewGuinea,Samoa,SolomonIslands,Tonga,Tuvalu,Vanuatu

NorthAmericaandLatinAmerica

CentralAmericaandtheCaribbean

AntiguaandBarbuda,Bahamas,Barbados,Belize,CostaRica,Cuba,Dominica,DominicanRepublic,ElSalvador,Grenada,Guatemala,Guyana,Haiti,Honduras,Jamaica,Mexico,Montserrat,NetherlandsAntillesCuracao,Nicaragua,Panama,PuertoRico,SaintChristopherandNevis,SaintLucia,St.VincentandtheGrenadines,Suriname,TrinidadandTobago

SouthAmerica Argentina,Bolivia,Brazil,Chile,Colombia,Ecuador,Paraguay,Peru,Uruguay,Venezuela

NorthAmerica Canada,UnitedStatesofAmerica

MiddleEast MiddleEast Algeria,Bahrain,Egypt,Iran,Iraq,Israel,Jordan,Kuwait,Lebanon,Libya,Morocco,Oman,PalestinianAuthority,Qatar,SaudiArabia,Syria,Tunisia,UnitedArabEmirates,Yemen

Africa Africa Angola,Benin,Botswana,BurkinaFaso,Burundi,Cameroon,CapeVerde,CentralAfricanRepublic,Chad,Comoros,Congo,Coted’lvoire,DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,Djibouti,EquatorialGuinea,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Gabon,Gambia,Ghana,Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Kenya,Lesotho,Liberia,Madagascar,Malawi,Mali,Mauritania,Mauritius,Mozambique,Namibia,Niger,Nigeria,Rwanda,SaoTomeandPrincipe,Senegal,Seychelles,SierraLeone,Somalia,SouthAfrica,Sudan,Swaziland,Tanzania,Togo,Uganda,Zambia,Zimbabwe

Europe Europe Albania,Austria,Belarus,Belgium,BosniaandHerzegovina,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Kosovo,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Moldova,Monaco,Montenegro,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Russia,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TheFormerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia,Turkey,Ukraine,UnitedKingdom

Others InternationalOrganizations,etc.

Worldwide MultiregionalCooperation

ThefollowingshowsstatisticsrelatingtoJICA’soperationsinFY2010.Themethodsofcalculationandtherangeoffiguresareasfollows.

1.Whencategorizedaccordingtoregion,figuresforbilateralcooperationarebasedonclassificationintosixregions.(1)Asia(includingCentralAsiaandtheCaucasus,excludingtheMiddleEast);(2)Pacific;(3)NorthAmericaandLatinAmerica;(4)MiddleEast(westofIranandnorthofSaharaexceptSudan);(5)Africa(excludingtheMiddleEast);(6)Europe(includingTurkey)

2.Theprogramsareclassifiedintothefollowingfivetypesinregardtotheprogramresultsbynumberofparticipants.(1)Acceptanceoftechnicaltrainingparticipants;(2)Dispatchofexperts;(3)Dispatchofstudyteams;(4)DispatchofJapanOverseasCooperationVolunteers (JOCV);and(5)Dispatchofothervolunteers

3.SectoralclassificationinregardtotheTechnicalCooperationemploysthefollowing10categories.(1)Planning/administration;(2)Publicworks/utilities; (3)Agriculture/forestry/fisheries; (4)Mining/industry;(5)Energy;(6)Business/tourism;(7)Humanresources;(8)Health/medicalcare;(9)Socialwelfare;and(10)Others

4.AllotherdatainconnectionwithJICA’soperationsandperformancetogetherwithrevisionsandupdatesofachievementsandresultsnotappearinginthisreportshallbepostedonJICA’swebsiteinatimelyandappropriatemanner.

Note: On a geographic regional classification basis and with regard to ODA Loan data prior to FY2007, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia have been included in figures for Africa (North of Sahara), while Turkey has been included in figures for the Middle East.

With respect to Technical Assistance and Grant Aid data prior to FY2007, Afghanistan, Sudan and Turkey have been classified under the Middle East.

Country names appearing by region appear in alphabetical order.

175

Statistics on Program Results 1.OutlineofJICAOperations/2.GeographicalDistributionofJICAOperations

Content of Cooperation FY2010 FY2009 (reference)1.DevelopingCountries/RegionsTargetedforAssistance 150 countries/regions 147 countries/regions

2.Japan’stotalODA(Calendaryear,includingaidforEasternEuropeandgraduatenations,etc.) ¥1,666.3 billion ¥1,554.2 billion

3.JICA’sTechnicalCooperationExpenses(excludingadministrativecosts) ¥168.8 billion ¥176.0 billion

4.JICA’sGrantAidProjects(NewG/AApprovals;JICAProjects) ¥102.4 billion ¥102.0 billion

5.JICA’sLoanAidProjects(NewL/ACommitments;JICAProjects) ¥538.9 billion ¥967.6 billion

6.TrainingParticipants(New) 23,978 (persons) 29,982 (persons)

7.ExpertsDispatched(New) 8,296 (persons) 6,659 (persons)

8.MembersofStudyTeamsDispatched(New) 7046 (persons) 5,788 (persons)

9.JOCVDispatched(New) 1,459 (persons) 1,708 (persons)

10.OtherVolunteersDispatched(New) 433 (persons) 515 (persons)

11.GrassrootsTechnicalCooperationProjects(New/Ongoing) 211 (48 countries) 190 (46 countries)

12.TechnicalCooperationProjects(Ongoing) 732 (91 countries) 685 (88 countries)

13.GrantAidProjects(JICAProjects/New) 163 (70 countries) 217 (91 countries)

14.LoanAidProjects(New) 36 (17 countries) 62 (27 countries)

15.DispatchofJapanDisasterRelief(JDR),ProvisionofDisasterReliefSupplies 26 (16 countries) 26 (19 countries)

DACRate:US$1= ¥87.8 ¥93.4

１ Outline of JICA Operations

2 Geographical Distribution of JICA Operations Note: The figures within Japan’s ODA (2010) are provisional figures for the calendar year prepared from materials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Cumulative total persons are cumulative new

personnel (includes data for FY2010)* Grant ceilings of projects for which a Grant Agreement (G/A) was signed. For multi-fiscal-year projects, the fiscal year the G/A was signed denotes the first year of the project, and grant ceilings by fiscal year for the subsequent fiscal years are listed.

Country

Japan’s ODA (2010) JICA’s Technical Cooperation (FY2010) JICA’s ODA Loan

JICA’s Grant Aid

Grant Aid(US$1 million)

TechnicalCooperation(US$1 million)

Loans(US$1 million)

Technical Cooperation Expenses(¥1 billion)

Type (¥1 thousand) Disbursements(FY2010)(¥1 billion)

(FY2010)(¥1 billion)*

Training Participants Experts Study Team Members Provision ofEquipment Other Expenses

JOCV Other VolunteersNew Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing

2-1 Asia

BruneiDarussalam 0.11 2010 0.003

Persons 15Expense 2,261 1,088

CumulativeTotal 3.944

Persons 1,235 114 237Expense 1,743,977 1,011,566 675,988 416,318 96,460

Cambodia 80.65 52.03 13.54 2010 3.894

Persons 439 54 386 55 168 21 32 35 14 28

1.524 10.406 Expense 504,440 1,090,129 192,693 147,289 1,572,928 257,584 129,423

CumulativeTotal 59.392

Persons 10,641 2,791 3,666 343 152Expense 7,964,085 18,800,525 15,462,699 4,483,378 7,221,242 3,550,489 1,910,074

Indonesia 52.83 115.31 -108.49 2010 8.589

Persons 787 64 804 127 757 34 33 38 4 17

120.963 3.079 Expense 905,816 1,857,814 578,438 182,518 4,801,263 178,680 84,295

CumulativeTotal 312.090

Persons 38,947 12,973 21,677 621 223Expense 45,193,987 109,631,184 90,333,428 39,140,409 17,805,456 6,857,909 3,128,018

Laos 62.47 40.58 17.71 2010 2.775

Persons 337 44 313 43 149 25 16 48 11 19

1.330 1.818 Expense 314,138 666,942 221,012 50,737 1,227,788 197,060 97,284

CumulativeTotal 54.037

Persons 7,196 2,474 3,423 625 128Expense 7,994,951 16,010,045 13,617,329 4,377,046 5,143,665 5,204,502 1,689,379

Malaysia 6.57 26.11 -86.32 2010 1.013

Persons 384 24 107 16 53 1 12 23 10 17

10.016 Expense 289,640 230,935 10,734 2,579 301,864 96,969 80,512

CumulativeTotal 110.615

Persons 15,448 2,998 6,538 1,265 172Expense 28,701,118 24,138,169 29,128,349 13,575,223 2,201,275 10,691,578 2,179,048

Myanmar 21.06 24.66 2010 1.742

Persons 374 28 115 25 95 5

1.008 Expense 336,802 363,056 42,501 70,915 928,324

CumulativeTotal 41.479

Persons 5,163 1,832 2,988Expense 8,459,735 11,413,681 9,607,776 7,813,692 4,184,195

Philippines 45.69 81.09 -215.78 2010 4.434

Persons 1,318 50 379 46 444 29 55 36

24.025 1.641 Expense 522,630 830,224 650,642 126,642 2,054,423 249,154

CumulativeTotal 197.937

Persons 32,046 6,360 14,553 1,480Expense 31,945,497 54,298,639 62,955,016 26,089,949 10,241,071 12,406,793

Singapore 1.51 2010 0.030

Persons 3 7 1Expense 146 11,968 18,264

CumulativeTotal 21.729

Persons 4,820 1,270 775Expense 8,133,404 7,676,063 1,741,290 3,630,484 547,788

Thailand 14.40 55.98 -214.79 2010 2.798

Persons 470 25 230 39 255 18 5 36 8 41

13.916 Expense 465,585 432,665 235,499 310,795 1,081,363 131,224 140,887

CumulativeTotal 212.721

Persons 29,039 8,618 13,896 592 287Expense 39,174,464 68,491,590 49,816,056 39,421,198 6,068,582 6,574,289 3,174,847

Timor-Leste 20.49 7.09 2010 0.708

Persons 107 2 77 5 58 3 4

1.947 Expense 88,613 152,687 91,556 1,210 364,755 9,205

CumulativeTotal 6.723

Persons 922 463 601 4Expense 869,920 2,247,321 2,527,565 153,635 914,957 9,205

VietNam 48.32 108.17 649.12 2010 7.152

Persons 1,176 97 793 77 733 30 24 52 15 29

92.069 1.045 Expense 1,028,695 1,426,899 450,804 65,767 3,800,188 202,757 177,128

CumulativeTotal 96.858

Persons 18,581 4,738 8,163 318 107Expense 14,795,058 24,696,048 32,206,308 10,026,553 11,343,210 3,133,205 657,974

China 11.84 346.38 -552.87 2010 3.468

Persons 4,251 29 493 38 55 7 26 46 2 10

56.767 0.322 Expense 977,312 889,656 59,329 205,682 1,116,010 187,330 32,743

CumulativeTotal 173.916

Persons 29,373 7,810 13,499 759 29Expense 35,529,351 41,839,138 53,076,140 28,303,712 6,638,265 8,269,064 260,315

176

Data and

Inform

ation

Statistics on Program Results 2.GeographicalDistributionofJICAOperations

Country

Japan’s ODA (2010) JICA’s Technical Cooperation (FY2010) JICA’s ODA Loan

JICA’s Grant Aid

Grant Aid(US$1 million)

TechnicalCooperation(US$1 million)

Loans(US$1 million)

Technical Cooperation Expenses(¥1 billion)

Type (¥1 thousand) Disbursements(FY2010)(¥1 billion)

(FY2010)(¥1 billion)*

Training Participants Experts Study Team Members Provision ofEquipment Other Expenses

JOCV Other VolunteersNew Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing

2-1 Asia (Continued)

HongKong 0.15 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 1.905

Persons 653 37 39Expense 1,157,472 313,236 46,373 386,594 1,725

Macao2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.001

Persons 1Expense 971

Mongolia 42.13 21.35 -10.14 2010 1.315

Persons 225 9 246 16 11 24 51 12 19

1.040 3.613 Expense 226,919 335,220 3,882 43,016 455,315 173,631 77,486

CumulativeTotal 33.113

Persons 3,111 1,333 2,705 371 121Expense 4,876,963 5,819,213 13,131,458 2,676,354 1,717,164 3,750,193 1,141,875

RepublicofKorea2010 0.003

Persons

Expense 2,933Cumulative

Total 24.440 Persons 6,178 1,635 1,074Expense 9,545,471 3,802,838 1,809,506 9,002,856 279,636

Afghanistan 700.20 44.90 2010 4.816

Persons 363 15 269 31 149 12

5.618 Expense 316,152 385,826 330,554 46,173 3,737,589

CumulativeTotal 27.600

Persons 2,203 1,116 1,465Expense 2,548,000 6,381,533 8,183,025 1,739,383 8,748,225

Bangladesh 29.53 39.37 -45.20 2010 2.411

Persons 267 16 210 22 198 13 39 59 2 1

8.600 0.115 Expense 199,995 736,420 210,883 6,363 974,629 272,645 9,671

CumulativeTotal 58.545

Persons 6,093 1,878 3,735 1,082 12Expense 11,410,549 11,417,285 15,137,901 5,350,907 4,747,255 10,384,355 96,543

Bhutan 11.18 8.76 23.02 2010 0.760

Persons 77 1 54 14 30 15 37 9 14

1.638 1.102 Expense 69,883 230,222 6,774 30,747 226,508 140,011 56,060

CumulativeTotal 14.177

Persons 1,383 221 726 351 104Expense 2,319,405 2,328,938 2,652,796 1,215,555 658,007 3,879,056 1,123,631

India 1.64 35.49 943.60 2010 1.681

Persons 298 2 158 33 164 6 7 12

123.842 0.979 Expense 217,263 482,053 163,335 37,443 723,401 57,804

CumulativeTotal 31.032

Persons 5,987 1,129 2,556 166Expense 8,192,940 6,887,109 9,769,706 3,272,627 2,205,762 703,729

Maldives 14.81 2.86 19.56 2010 0.193

Persons 29 10 1 13 19 2 3

1.303 Expense 34,298 11,620 44,736 93,362 8,683

CumulativeTotal 6.279

Persons 818 77 356 277 9Expense 1,353,769 138,807 1,363,885 216,670 249,552 2,908,191 47,664

Nepal 66.94 23.74 -10.04 2010 1.466

Persons 151 19 145 23 27 1 42 55 25 23

0.019 2.412 Expense 206,492 274,933 30,640 77 572,943 260,522 120,418

CumulativeTotal 59.738

Persons 4,848 1,891 3,341 1,038 133Expense 8,441,378 16,061,793 14,328,600 7,112,112 2,504,914 9,881,485 1,408,174

Pakistan 177.36 26.27 2.70 2010 2.434

Persons 172 11 156 19 268 6

12.759 2.853 Expense 205,216 850,622 91,697 67,528 1,218,382 193 321

CumulativeTotal 44.521

Persons 5,242 1,396 3,625 167 54Expense 9,880,010 10,236,574 14,554,264 3,872,698 3,655,448 1,750,358 572,017

SriLanka 31.30 31.41 91.88 2010 2.324

Persons 278 36 170 31 197 10 19 53 11

24.919 0.658 Expense 252,701 323,522 94,738 48,918 1,412,631 169,984 21,509

CumulativeTotal 67.611

Persons 11,335 1,894 4,371 807 57Expense 14,816,084 14,176,137 18,166,399 7,142,879 5,208,475 7,653,722 446,897

Armenia2010 0.263

Persons 40 2 3 1 25

3.861 Expense 70,703 23,372 11 48 168,769

CumulativeTotal 2.581

Persons 421 55 338Expense 708,867 214,935 1,423,025 34,992 199,070

Azerbaijan 0.86 1.97 -13.86 2010 0.071

Persons 24 30

7.659 Expense 26,551 7,548 37,128

CumulativeTotal 2.876

Persons 414 7 317Expense 593,661 145,531 2,033,541 1,160 101,986

Georgia 8.45 0.91 -2.92 2010 0.026

Persons 15 1

0.153 0.480 Expense 17,852 717 7,334

CumulativeTotal 1.781

Persons 349 11 178Expense 505,698 148,511 884,898 99,554 142,240

Kazakhstan 0.36 5.08 -7.43 2010 0.332

Persons 76 3 8 7 22 5

2.284 Expense 94,288 82,313 70,096 744 85,049

CumulativeTotal 12.308

Persons 1,112 288 1,138Expense 1,787,150 2,082,242 7,317,093 584,365 537,562

KyrgyzRepublic 13.87 9.45 -0.34 2010 0.767

Persons 86 5 43 16 13 14 27 6 5

1.085 Expense 118,214 161,813 32,044 51,795 258,037 114,071 31,387

CumulativeTotal 11.090

Persons 1,318 284 732 116 28Expense 2,172,138 1,601,187 4,002,106 748,261 1,495,093 952,124 118,799

Tajikistan 39.00 4.11 2010 0.391

Persons 109 4 9 4 14 2

0.297 Expense 166,649 58,215 4,017 70,449 86,838 4,389

CumulativeTotal 4.077

Persons 1,301 40 285 2Expense 2,100,602 317,565 954,417 400,083 299,595 4,389

Turkmenistan 1.47 -2.49 2010 0.060

Persons 28 2Expense 47,816 6,192 6,272

CumulativeTotal 0.787

Persons 389 38Expense 582,849 62 90,353 113,288

Uzbekistan 6.77 13.27 -13.39 2010 0.849

Persons 127 6 90 10 28 3 20 20 5 11

1.009 0.189 Expense 136,474 227,175 66,481 65,253 218,514 70,884 64,196

CumulativeTotal 12.960

Persons 1,621 771 1,016 131 48Expense 2,242,739 2,476,653 4,265,799 882,610 1,402,180 1,208,260 481,927

2-2 Pacific

Australia2010 0.002

Persons

Expense 2,039Cumulative

Total 0.224Persons 1 19 44Expense 31,795 21,425 68,583 3,954 71,972 934

CookIslands 0.07 2010 0.006

Persons 5Expense 6,048

CumulativeTotal 0.787

Persons 166 22 43Expense 271,928 80,190 398,671 29,861 6,417

177

Statistics on Program Results 2.GeographicalDistributionofJICAOperations

Country

Japan’s ODA (2010) JICA’s Technical Cooperation (FY2010) JICA’s ODA Loan

JICA’s Grant Aid

Grant Aid(US$1 million)

TechnicalCooperation(US$1 million)

Loans(US$1 million)

Technical Cooperation Expenses(¥1 billion)

Type (¥1 thousand) Disbursements(FY2010)(¥1 billion)

(FY2010)(¥1 billion)*

Training Participants Experts Study Team Members Provision ofEquipment Other Expenses

JOCV Other VolunteersNew Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing

2-2 Pacific (Continued)

Fiji 11.43 8.74 -1.38 2010 0.728

Persons 70 6 45 8 2 2 21 33 7 12Expense 89,142 169,758 10,061 37,208 210,403 151,516 59,447

CumulativeTotal 23.728

Persons 2,133 487 790 460 113Expense 4,581,343 5,267,114 4,610,923 2,270,131 733,733 4,822,732 1,441,817

Guam2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal

Persons 1Expense

Kiribati 1.59 1.83 2010 0.065

Persons 11 2 1 1 8 3Expense 12,237 9,858 1,573 13,874 27,171

CumulativeTotal 3.919

Persons 427 27 253 18Expense 804,099 682,549 2,164,957 137,859 46,355 82,702

MarshallIslands 10.19 2.34 2010 0.171

Persons 16 2 2 1 5 10 24 4 3Expense 18,579 13,485 29,600 93,616 15,538

CumulativeTotal 3.947

Persons 302 12 213 190 19Expense 376,164 186,898 1,011,298 134,379 84,690 1,988,469 165,395

Micronesia 13.24 3.05 2010 0.189

Persons 12 1 3 1 5 12 19 4 11Expense 15,151 23,263 13,145 8,056 76,327 53,497

CumulativeTotal 7.302

Persons 477 84 353 313 35Expense 797,905 885,294 1,287,329 431,742 140,605 3,447,483 311,587

Nauru 1.33 0.29 2010 0.006

Persons 5Expense 6,482

CumulativeTotal 0.202

Persons 134 2 11Expense 147,962 10,928 42,475 1,087

NewCaledonia2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.002

Persons

Expense 1,582

NewZealand2010 0.031

Persons 1 136Expense 176 30,990 266

CumulativeTotal 0.168

Persons 6 138 6Expense 1,517 56,779 3,471 106,223 208

Niue 0.04 2010 0.003

Persons 3Expense 2,944

CumulativeTotal 0.143

Persons 92Expense 139,820 555 2,844

NorthMarianaIslands

2010Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.002

Persons 1Expense 1,736

Palau 5.78 3.75 2010 0.315

Persons 17 6 3 3 9 11 2 10Expense 16,994 51,420 9,536 73,686 26,471 86,233 50,237

CumulativeTotal 5.400

Persons 279 113 388 156 46Expense 538,069 843,017 966,807 357,605 318,056 1,795,143 581,547

PapuaNewGuinea 31.02 10.15 -19.18 2010 0.859

Persons 71 2 51 2 36 5 18 38 5 11

0.005 1.330 Expense 62,183 148,862 30,024 6,307 349,657 188,286 74,151

CumulativeTotal 26.328

Persons 3,522 541 1,091 565 73Expense 5,519,210 4,684,679 4,971,078 1,866,027 1,415,264 6,707,726 1,164,417

Samoa 16.91 3.91 5.94 2010 0.319

Persons 40 8 22 3 18 11 12 8

0.566 Expense 72,467 54,625 44,827 83,678 63,829

CumulativeTotal 11.938

Persons 930 159 362 460 94Expense 1,939,286 1,686,884 1,231,957 845,886 553,532 4,542,077 1,138,414

SolomonIslands 11.48 4.68 2010 0.351

Persons 97 4 14 4 4 20 18 3

2.335 Expense 51,001 87,281 4,656 103,728 90,399 14,328

CumulativeTotal 9.000

Persons 820 170 519 321 3Expense 1,265,817 1,284,118 2,035,114 643,190 565,328 3,192,167 14,328

Tonga 19.75 3.84 2010 0.295

Persons 32 3 8 4 15 18 7 14

0.380 Expense 50,598 17,589 11,447 534 14,592 114,870 85,749

CumulativeTotal 9.442

Persons 683 117 286 371 58Expense 1,393,449 1,353,099 1,100,123 949,133 199,235 3,853,376 593,924

Tuvalu 1.73 2.76 2010 0.227

Persons 9 1 15 14 29 4

0.801 Expense 11,575 23,214 9,079 320 182,495

CumulativeTotal 1.783

Persons 190 32 143Expense 346,000 179,926 806,064 31,626 419,418

Vanuatu 11.80 3.70 2010 0.273

Persons 31 1 7 2 8 9 32 7 8Expense 44,807 36,968 1,976 2,171 13,884 115,528 57,940

CumulativeTotal 6.163

Persons 526 64 220 216 44Expense 857,005 937,663 918,606 314,032 230,629 2,422,977 482,429

2-3 North America and Latin America

AntiguaandBarbuda

6.28 0.46 2010 0.042

Persons 7 1 1Expense 16,327 21,737 4,294

CumulativeTotal 0.661

Persons 64 9 56Expense 157,805 200,346 244,933 36,959 20,484

Bahamas 2010

Persons Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.063

Persons 22 Expense 48,655 14,135

Barbados 1.19 2010 0.041

Persons 5 9Expense 7,618 33,571

CumulativeTotal 1.095

Persons 94 56 10Expense 206,158 550,147 42,970 138,292 157,028

Belize 5.92 1.47 2010 0.125

Persons 20 2 2 1 8 13 1 2Expense 24,428 19,554 12,502 53,933 14,880

CumulativeTotal 1.592

Persons 207 6 112 3Expense 337,971 36,398 20,317 92,850 43,185 1,037,989 23,077

178

Data and

Inform

ation

Statistics on Program Results 2.GeographicalDistributionofJICAOperations

Country

Japan’s ODA (2010) JICA’s Technical Cooperation (FY2010) JICA’s ODA Loan

JICA’s Grant Aid

Grant Aid(US$1 million)

TechnicalCooperation(US$1 million)

Loans(US$1 million)

Technical Cooperation Expenses(¥1 billion)

Type (¥1 thousand) Disbursements(FY2010)(¥1 billion)

(FY2010)(¥1 billion)*

Training Participants Experts Study Team Members Provision ofEquipment Other Expenses

JOCV Other VolunteersNew Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing

2-3 North America and Latin America (Continued)

CostaRica 19.06 6.14 38.35 2010 0.481

Persons 69 7 17 5 2 6 23 11 10

3.688 0.046 Expense 94,226 116,158 4,287 93,334 99,182 74,265

CumulativeTotal 20.340

Persons 1,693 463 833 506 69Expense 3,032,479 4,079,085 4,536,795 2,063,998 490,892 5,455,821 680,259

Cuba 0.87 4.37 2010 0.366

Persons 28 7 24 5 3Expense 54,742 80,685 2,668 104,011 124,190

CumulativeTotal 4.177

Persons 714 111 265Expense 1,734,547 605,772 1,139,335 276,138 421,515

Dominica 2.06 0.65 2010 0.062

Persons 4 1 1 5 7Expense 12,021 3,675 361 45,792

CumulativeTotal 1.385

Persons 108 7 89 35Expense 257,653 307,360 324,430 155,620 24,534 315,879

DominicanRepublic 1.59 10.05 -13.82 2010 0.770

Persons 86 2 37 3 11 9 35 19 31Expense 94,783 92,305 42,662 188,183 172,864 178,720

CumulativeTotal 29.649

Persons 1,597 559 1,181 530 237Expense 3,449,369 6,696,076 6,272,524 2,413,890 1,579,324 5,957,654 3,241,445

ElSalvador 18.76 11.83 -22.18 2010 1.046

Persons 99 12 48 16 30 9 49 6

0.004 Expense 125,882 252,564 4,101 19,538 428,186 189,642 26,438

CumulativeTotal 19.169

Persons 1,467 476 1,002 443 10Expense 2,412,267 3,960,095 5,073,101 1,545,607 1,666,796 4,424,743 86,495

Grenada 5.72 0.11 2010 0.010

Persons 5Expense 10,322

CumulativeTotal 1.105

Persons 105 5 95Expense 230,649 304,566 458,713 107,710 2,898

Guatemala 14.89 11.49 14.59 2010 0.776

Persons 111 7 61 12 5 23 32 4 4

1.492 Expense 131,006 231,207 15,283 6,611 196,245 169,169 26,529

CumulativeTotal 26.829

Persons 1,639 573 1,705 568 23Expense 2,841,793 4,924,513 9,084,317 1,563,608 1,614,827 6,594,138 205,340

Guyana 5.41 1.09 2010 0.111

Persons 7 1 2 3 9 7 2

0.289 Expense 20,229 31,197 5,452 36,558 17,911

CumulativeTotal 1.255

Persons 154 18 98 15Expense 398,764 286,876 400,410 59,098 61,666 10,468 37,502

Haiti 69.84 1.97 2010 0.433

Persons 62 1 41

1.048 Expense 57,204 54,580 300 321,376

CumulativeTotal 2.013

Persons 305 42 189Expense 676,608 405,282 458,482 115,590 357,023

Honduras 6.82 9.18 2010 0.754

Persons 44 1 39 14 13 16 52 2 14Expense 35,966 199,165 20,934 1,703 217,780 204,909 73,950

CumulativeTotal 38.788

Persons 2,522 848 1,696 1,081 139Expense 3,082,313 8,424,672 8,720,731 3,995,555 1,252,574 11,598,070 1,713,821

Jamaica 0.16 3.51 -5.98 2010 0.246

Persons 34 4 7 1 11 10 2 3

1.057 0.027 Expense 87,455 11,299 3,411 60,150 57,681 26,370

CumulativeTotal 8.364

Persons 480 133 216 286 28Expense 1,147,426 1,556,395 755,845 810,896 503,588 3,284,295 306,032

Mexico 13.40 -61.00 2010 0.826

Persons 121 45 77 3 29 1 7 1 16Expense 316,009 209,516 13,041 12,800 180,654 27,177 67,130

CumulativeTotal 70.168

Persons 6,200 2,041 2,572 230 146Expense 19,915,592 20,443,309 12,072,338 10,072,091 2,444,073 2,775,844 2,206,612

Montserrat2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.007

Persons 1Expense 529 6,144

NetherlandsAntillesCuracao

2010Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.006

Persons 1 1Expense 3,004 2,091 1,329

Nicaragua 24.26 9.89 2010 0.807

Persons 78 3 31 24 8 25 34 6 3

0.479 Expense 85,960 318,800 22,974 20,605 156,596 166,294 35,895

CumulativeTotal 19.559

Persons 1,358 416 1,063 494 35Expense 2,463,892 3,588,723 5,456,876 1,181,532 1,122,095 5,402,041 343,979

Panama 0.80 6.10 94.86 2010 0.476

Persons 36 2 25 4 3 22 18 8 15

9.397 Expense 32,930 52,474 9,983 142,244 146,167 92,484

CumulativeTotal 27.481

Persons 1,616 505 1,170 364 108Expense 3,197,804 7,125,568 6,492,187 3,950,046 1,168,581 4,268,741 1,278,153

PuertoRico2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.002

Persons 1 1Expense 982 934 115

SaintChristopherandNevis

0.11 0.58 2010 0.076

Persons 4 5Expense 11,386 95 64,381

CumulativeTotal 0.331

Persons 48 2 40Expense 109,531 6,262 130,009 18,710 66,923

SaintLucia 0.78 1.66 2010 0.161

Persons 14 3 2 2 12 14Expense 39,567 38,130 18,122 64,717

CumulativeTotal 2.430

Persons 139 15 89 120 9Expense 334,244 393,255 266,108 58,409 62,205 1,174,740 141,110

St.VincentandtheGrenadines

0.82 2010 0.074

Persons 5 2 9 6Expense 14,236 243 59,641

CumulativeTotal 1.523

Persons 119 11 78 46Expense 330,958 369,079 303,223 71,754 6,452 441,544

Suriname 0.01 2010 0.001

Persons 1Expense 1,164

CumulativeTotal 0.700

Persons 81 8 66Expense 225,820 214,831 250,224 4,225 4,404

TrinidadandTobago 0.07 2010 0.006

Persons 4Expense 6,100

CumulativeTotal 3.264

Persons 157 70 142Expense 374,466 1,829,002 633,859 413,255 12,937

179

Statistics on Program Results 2.GeographicalDistributionofJICAOperations

Country

Japan’s ODA (2010) JICA’s Technical Cooperation (FY2010) JICA’s ODA Loan

JICA’s Grant Aid

Grant Aid(US$1 million)

TechnicalCooperation(US$1 million)

Loans(US$1 million)

Technical Cooperation Expenses(¥1 billion)

Type (¥1 thousand) Disbursements(FY2010)(¥1 billion)

(FY2010)(¥1 billion)*

Training Participants Experts Study Team Members Provision ofEquipment Other Expenses

JOCV Other VolunteersNew Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing

2-3 North America and Latin America (Continued)

Argentina 0.45 11.38 61.89 2010 0.416

Persons 72 2 9 3 1 10 37

0.167 Expense 116,232 53,525 2,674 3,478 39,907 15,265 185,207

CumulativeTotal 46.319

Persons 3,429 1,187 1,686 21 228Expense 8,650,513 12,689,142 10,102,384 7,617,983 2,821,627 795,091 2,955,903

Bolivia 35.38 18.86 -0.42 2010 1.369

Persons 98 1 55 14 15 3 19 60 7 21

2.725 Expense 116,224 254,437 7,866 72,646 558,533 268,372 91,294

CumulativeTotal 66.062

Persons 5,483 1,165 2,523 837 139Expense 7,685,482 16,625,734 15,078,233 8,719,021 6,217,288 9,356,982 1,978,226

Brazil 5.32 32.93 -101.54 2010 1.988

Persons 226 16 100 7 52 7 37 63

19.175 Expense 366,557 251,716 106,595 79,991 725,187 27,337 430,866

CumulativeTotal 104.364

Persons 9,710 2,550 3,693 49 435Expense 27,478,580 25,503,994 16,673,751 15,331,719 9,454,593 1,366,086 6,319,838

Chile 8.29 8.64 -1.15 2010 0.413

Persons 89 4 11 3 8 7 23 3 10Expense 141,669 51,614 24,119 26 53,798 86,842 54,999

CumulativeTotal 41.291

Persons 3,040 1,188 1,817 186 64Expense 6,673,778 13,458,705 9,884,065 7,870,260 535,375 2,095,198 699,311

Colombia 3.67 8.83 -39.20 2010 0.751

Persons 194 11 21 12 5 5 6 20 13Expense 280,160 191,660 15,600 158 112,893 41,162 109,219

CumulativeTotal 28.607

Persons 3,811 464 1,572 218 61Expense 7,390,053 4,381,220 9,928,096 3,087,016 630,530 2,568,387 594,756

Ecuador 13.77 9.00 -28.22 2010 0.655

Persons 82 13 10 11 4 17 33 13 21

0.225 Expense 80,378 143,209 61,622 33,840 62,169 166,623 106,717

CumulativeTotal 21.398

Persons 1,581 336 1,206 451 48Expense 2,758,050 3,969,438 6,476,298 2,281,196 385,796 5,144,761 382,590

Paraguay 15.63 17.52 -37.32 2010 1.328

Persons 98 10 46 17 59 7 36 57 25 40

0.203 Expense 120,355 197,238 185,809 69,522 254,026 269,995 231,133

CumulativeTotal 81.137

Persons 3,439 1,620 2,516 1,051 291Expense 9,249,498 24,748,632 11,801,909 12,777,608 6,557,595 11,494,454 3,884,141

Peru 7.62 19.86 -739.64 2010 1.667

Persons 136 8 54 8 201 17 7 8 2 5

13.459 1.762 Expense 191,916 144,066 317,463 651 941,129 47,653 23,751

CumulativeTotal 49.103

Persons 6,435 1,044 2,439 231 16Expense 13,811,827 10,005,510 13,188,111 6,876,388 3,146,176 1,907,205 114,812

Uruguay 9.41 4.02 -2.21 2010 0.322

Persons 47 1 2 1 8 9 20Expense 61,044 14,939 4,288 7,374 97,508 1,403 135,529

CumulativeTotal 14.494

Persons 1,311 447 585 3 113Expense 2,834,068 4,480,233 2,330,489 2,925,322 347,603 104,649 1,471,407

Venezuela 0.65 2.26 2010 0.195

Persons 42 3 1 2 1 10 10Expense 76,925 35,945 20,701 60,980

CumulativeTotal 10.112

Persons 1,388 262 577 84Expense 2,533,326 2,591,908 3,359,279 764,240 115,444 744,526

Canada2010 0.006

Persons 6Expense 2,309 3,436

CumulativeTotal 0.533

Persons 110 13 25Expense 115,430 205,908 18,365 22,128 137,441

UnitedStatesofAmerica

2010 0.096 Persons 3 1Expense 20,244 793 75,223

CumulativeTotal 0.898

Persons 11 61 166Expense 1,295 238,629 127,934 136,945 392,823

2-4 Middle East

Algeria 1.65 13.68 2010 0.148

Persons 21 3 15 1 7

0.854 Expense 47,177 13,544 67,356 19,577

CumulativeTotal 6.639

Persons 662 321 393Expense 1,808,462 1,259,579 1,659,334 1,614,391 296,925

Bahrain 0.03 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 1.364

Persons 241 30 5Expense 530,070 770,516 4,084 52,558 6,817

Egypt 20.37 34.76 -73.07 2010 2.485

Persons 128 21 154 21 226 18 12 31 2 8

5.656 Expense 303,276 301,732 457,720 197,840 1,046,724 149,375 28,640

CumulativeTotal 62.218

Persons 9,895 2,083 4,272 193 31Expense 13,404,487 15,559,931 20,035,429 7,201,710 3,740,605 1,997,686 278,341

Iran 13.31 7.71 -28.27 2010 0.651

Persons 75 1 41 8 53Expense 100,334 118,656 111,658 508 319,586

CumulativeTotal 23.028

Persons 2,934 864 1,636Expense 5,764,464 5,373,198 8,071,765 2,831,193 976,955 10,923

Iraq 5.30 10.25 128.14 2010 0.976

Persons 681 40 1 2 42

14.907 Expense 434,331 36,242 83,726 421,722

CumulativeTotal 9.930

Persons 5,300 105 332Expense 5,165,051 746,988 1,974,459 1,080,749 962,294

Israel 0.26 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.045

Persons 27 2 33Expense 16,423 5,950 22,347

Jordan 43.63 12.74 -107.07 2010 1.093

Persons 120 9 32 17 46 22 45 12 16

0.208 Expense 130,408 190,349 17,244 44,093 431,231 190,901 88,494

CumulativeTotal 29.661

Persons 1,862 699 1,501 440 178Expense 3,200,967 6,651,594 6,827,940 4,112,576 1,995,565 4,605,334 2,266,552

Kuwait 0.03 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.935

Persons 205 35 1Expense 378,882 489,426 15,475 43,565 7,997

Lebanon 0.82 0.19 2.22 2010 0.009

Persons 7

0.445 Expense 7,456 1,230

CumulativeTotal 1.177

Persons 194 16 153Expense 334,886 48,703 782,028 8,414 2,834

Libya 0.12 2010 0.002

Persons 2Expense 1,623

CumulativeTotal 0.129

Persons 70 10 20Expense 94,385 10,764 22,092 130 2,124

180

Data and

Inform

ation

Statistics on Program Results 2.GeographicalDistributionofJICAOperations

Country

Japan’s ODA (2010) JICA’s Technical Cooperation (FY2010) JICA’s ODA Loan

JICA’s Grant Aid

Grant Aid(US$1 million)

TechnicalCooperation(US$1 million)

Loans(US$1 million)

Technical Cooperation Expenses(¥1 billion)

Type (¥1 thousand) Disbursements(FY2010)(¥1 billion)

(FY2010)(¥1 billion)*

Training Participants Experts Study Team Members Provision ofEquipment Other Expenses

JOCV Other VolunteersNew Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing

2-4 Middle East (Continued)

Morocco 7.71 10.62 102.78 2010 0.787

Persons 65 2 14 6 25 9 26 27 8 19

9.581 0.586 Expense 103,769 114,374 145,869 17,406 128,733 175,531 101,076

CumulativeTotal 32.424

Persons 1,271 417 1,783 876 89Expense 2,831,737 5,968,632 10,479,147 2,901,931 625,771 8,603,820 1,013,008

Oman 1.47 2010 0.027

Persons 12 1Expense 12,349 13,167 4 1,731

CumulativeTotal 14.005

Persons 568 158 1,250Expense 1,293,939 3,441,746 8,708,858 467,697 92,281

PalestinianAuthority 66.71 11.41 2010 0.808

Persons 168 6 41 13 15 1

2.650 Expense 89,243 159,796 17,857 125,452 416,077

CumulativeTotal 8.166

Persons 3,798 202 418Expense 2,618,402 745,996 2,091,942 458,693 2,250,587

Qatar 0.01 2010 0.000

Persons

Expense 31Cumulative

Total 1.077 Persons 116 37 33Expense 244,744 531,139 257,866 22,987 20,235

SaudiArabia 66.71 11.41 2010 0.808

Persons 168 6 41 13 15 1

2.650 Expense 89,243 159,796 17,857 125,452 416,077

CumulativeTotal 8.166

Persons 3,798 202 418Expense 2,618,402 745,996 2,091,942 458,693 2,250,587

SouthYemen 2.76 2010 0.117

Persons 11 4 5 3 5Expense 19,254 57,314 29,193 397 11,150

CumulativeTotal 20.832

Persons 2,034 813 1,118Expense 4,130,383 9,233,450 4,113,336 3,039,539 315,701

Syria2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.705

Persons 29 12 56Expense 67,114 333,704 279,004 17,197 6,059 2,266

Tunisia 10.45 16.57 -81.90 2010 1.484

Persons 200 15 111 14 34 6 10 37 2 30Expense 169,992 179,730 21,969 192,857 590,862 178,307 149,786

CumulativeTotal 28.823

Persons 2,267 661 1,385 567 109Expense 3,564,059 5,163,976 6,959,897 3,517,333 2,176,693 6,109,116 1,332,119

UnitedArabEmirates

11.39 10.18 14.37 2010 0.759

Persons 34 12 47 4 32 1 3 25 7 11

8.870 Expense 60,989 83,140 87,714 31,411 354,658 79,681 61,593

CumulativeTotal 22.093

Persons 1,142 366 1,096 333 145Expense 2,588,186 3,585,678 7,076,493 2,505,506 1,058,966 3,482,747 1,795,401

Yemen 22.44 5.80 -1.89 2010 0.486

Persons 144 12 26 10 7

0.960 Expense 95,601 146,533 34,118 206,511 2,855

CumulativeTotal 9.888

Persons 1,040 307 600 68Expense 1,421,733 2,778,049 2,701,622 1,668,706 766,617 551,718

2-5 Africa

Angola 34.30 3.15 2010 0.348

Persons 124 2 3 27 1

1.227 Expense 71,647 38,444 15,238 222,567

CumulativeTotal 3.974

Persons 1,293 14 458Expense 420,600 139,670 3,072,954 8,128 332,915

Benin 22.43 6.71 2010 0.664

Persons 145 19 6 4 5 36 53

1.109 Expense 70,508 105,017 1,826 200,216 286,140

CumulativeTotal 5.365

Persons 839 38 293 147Expense 1,116,285 723,269 1,777,980 138,333 344,605 1,264,176

Botswana 12.87 2.80 -5.14 2010 0.341

Persons 57 2 7 1 8 13 13 3 6Expense 54,322 37,217 1,871 11,951 92,723 104,413 38,639

CumulativeTotal 5.217

Persons 563 20 106 244 28Expense 787,300 162,656 768,036 182,992 156,316 2,829,328 330,706

BurkinaFaso 25.47 15.82 2010 1.454

Persons 110 4 78 17 23 6 43 71

1.271 Expense 177,096 295,352 7,708 33,546 588,731 351,173

CumulativeTotal 10.336

Persons 661 151 528 333Expense 1,177,355 1,199,003 3,435,681 337,808 1,265,429 2,920,410

Burundi 34.22 4.74 2010 0.368

Persons 29 3 29 2 4 1

0.112 Expense 30,176 120,381 5,775 532 211,493

CumulativeTotal 2.308

Persons 340 74 148 12Expense 429,636 458,052 732,099 113,986 526,750 47,960

Cameroon 31.33 4.48 6.06 2010 0.436

Persons 56 2 6 2 26 12 20 1 1

0.531 Expense 78,707 66,732 38,964 98,824 144,954 7,919

CumulativeTotal 4.862

Persons 675 31 363 49 4Expense 1,305,077 277,505 1,989,330 553,051 176,277 540,128 20,671

CapeVerde 7.35 3.25 6.73 2010 0.169

Persons 24 24

0.638 Expense 12,555 15,084 141,495

CumulativeTotal 2.196

Persons 235 7 264Expense 319,552 353,566 1,080,728 126,419 315,319

CentralAfricanRepublic

14.15 0.06 -6.12 2010 0.003

Persons 2

0.543 Expense 3,429

CumulativeTotal 2.779

Persons 239 9 223Expense 545,352 369,622 1,399,468 451,204 13,254

Chad 13.54 0.18 2010 0.022

Persons 11 1Expense 21,518

CumulativeTotal 0.781

Persons 173 5 43Expense 319,762 136,736 224,845 58,402 41,712

Comoros 0.41 0.25 2010 0.077

Persons 14 6 2Expense 12,501 8,967 55,765

CumulativeTotal 0.798

Persons 89 18 40Expense 224,062 266,623 190,703 47,238 69,733

Congo 5.56 0.49 2010 0.030

Persons 13 4

0.270 Expense 10,123 15,088 4,519

CumulativeTotal 0.330

Persons 92 3 24Expense 158,244 1,577 100,316 60,176 10,055

Coted’Ivoire 33.94 1.33 45.79 2010 0.085

Persons 41 4Expense 77,437 8,024

CumulativeTotal 10.605

Persons 948 131 509 173Expense 2,276,478 2,048,908 3,060,115 817,699 121,066 2,280,540

181

Statistics on Program Results 2.GeographicalDistributionofJICAOperations

Country

Japan’s ODA (2010) JICA’s Technical Cooperation (FY2010) JICA’s ODA Loan

JICA’s Grant Aid

Grant Aid(US$1 million)

TechnicalCooperation(US$1 million)

Loans(US$1 million)

Technical Cooperation Expenses(¥1 billion)

Type (¥1 thousand) Disbursements(FY2010)(¥1 billion)

(FY2010)(¥1 billion)*

Training Participants Experts Study Team Members Provision ofEquipment Other Expenses

JOCV Other VolunteersNew Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing

2-5 Africa (Continued)

DemocraticRepublicofCongo

66.15 14.10 -0.43 2010 0.826

Persons 2,308 2 12 6 40 3

2.092 Expense 413,787 41,687 65,739 10,475 294,560

CumulativeTotal 10.283

Persons 20,011 188 569Expense 1,931,758 3,606,472 3,257,469 715,218 772,308

Djibouti 34.42 3.52 2010 0.331

Persons 22 1 1 12 2 9 12

0.489 Expense 19,465 11,356 18,830 205,025 76,194

CumulativeTotal 3.188

Persons 291 18 292 87Expense 634,122 156,329 1,062,647 115,012 395,528 824,171

EquatorialGuinea 0.31 2010 0.003

Persons 3Expense 2,660

CumulativeTotal 0.310

Persons 74 1Expense 222,228 54,983 2,252 29,240 1,657

Eritrea 8.25 1.49 2010 0.140

Persons 31 9 1 2Expense 42,621 14,867 3,030 12,770 66,527

CumulativeTotal 1.887

Persons 226 39 168Expense 298,930 314,700 795,298 190,228 287,476

Ethiopia 64.03 29.26 2010 2.622

Persons 166 11 124 27 145 13 25 41 4 6

1.725 Expense 213,797 669,829 418,974 82,886 996,988 203,159 35,923

CumulativeTotal 26.918

Persons 1,918 609 1,111 533 20Expense 3,874,255 6,880,386 5,634,713 2,909,976 2,697,850 4,787,074 133,783

Gabon 21.92 4.71 -1.95 2010 0.321

Persons 35 1 10 3 12 27Expense 44,838 62,873 1,295 77,335 134,680

CumulativeTotal 2.569

Persons 365 39 80 64Expense 627,799 317,579 625,674 189,758 155,296 652,812

Gambia 16.25 0.92 2010 0.030

Persons 24Expense 29,726

CumulativeTotal 2.773

Persons 229 7 229Expense 482,840 358,543 1,217,644 488,164 226,246

Ghana 47.36 21.79 2010 1.963

Persons 231 17 90 14 58 35 81 1 4

2.319 Expense 373,631 262,556 152,294 66,134 665,959 423,803 18,887

CumulativeTotal 44.054

Persons 2,680 933 1,382 1,121 20Expense 7,243,707 10,072,064 7,289,767 4,477,699 3,313,706 11,472,611 184,613

Guinea 9.96 0.84 2010 0.069

Persons 4 6Expense 1,894 66,767 169

CumulativeTotal 6.212

Persons 582 30 586Expense 1,242,570 929,037 3,537,752 441,552 61,221

Guinea-Bissau 15.87 0.19 2010 0.033

Persons 11 7

1.896 Expense 10,731 22,288

CumulativeTotal 0.708

Persons 133 3 68Expense 261,195 142,311 249,071 29,330 26,000

Kenya 68.72 35.57 -68.29 2010 2.970

Persons 513 27 121 46 90 7 31 86 3 2

1.257 2.809 Expense 370,473 872,856 91,887 175,354 1,084,093 361,912 13,163

CumulativeTotal 96.414

Persons 7,160 2,295 3,560 1,439 26Expense 13,974,269 33,575,085 19,654,313 10,530,573 4,697,280 13,830,778 151,314

Lesotho 8.14 0.59 2010 0.064

Persons 73 3Expense 32,588 31,755

CumulativeTotal 1.019

Persons 492 72Expense 503,258 307 260,949 182,324 59,524 13,082

Liberia 10.85 4.27 119.03 2010 0.149

Persons 35 1 8 1 1 4

1.076 Expense 55,640 56,084 18,808 18,455

CumulativeTotal 4.773

Persons 352 43 180 170Expense 861,234 453,977 1,304,403 365,247 124,489 1,663,981

Madagascar 9.53 2010 0.774

Persons 20 3 35 14 16 4 36Expense 39,194 198,741 95,570 39,664 280,853 119,772

CumulativeTotal 15.831

Persons 881 278 1,098 125Expense 1,831,402 4,211,230 5,767,826 1,631,600 1,159,499 1,229,103

Malawi 49.59 19.28 2010 1.422

Persons 147 14 38 18 76 4 47 57 1 9

3.336 Expense 208,157 312,146 54,228 2,775 430,350 351,715 62,590

CumulativeTotal 34.526

Persons 2,113 404 1,141 1,510 34Expense 3,757,836 6,073,498 6,146,714 2,359,818 1,646,860 14,238,201 303,098

Mali 34.58 3.66 2010 0.428

Persons 34 4 4 33 9

2.048 Expense 38,128 85,115 107,128 153,687 43,666

CumulativeTotal 8.696

Persons 498 33 779 9Expense 1,007,065 322,034 6,884,433 147,205 289,847 44,503 837

Mauritania 12.53 1.98 2010 0.100

Persons 18 1 8 4Expense 14,146 17,193 68,726

CumulativeTotal 5.941

Persons 480 39 617Expense 811,840 801,758 4,069,568 239,088 18,655

Mauritius 0.19 0.45 -3.55 2010 0.083

Persons 21 1 2 5

0.001 Expense 23,900 10,582 10,129 38,302

CumulativeTotal 4.734

Persons 384 62 357Expense 645,130 1,383,204 2,226,451 353,203 125,749

Mozambique 48.91 13.28 0.38 2010 0.910

Persons 79 2 27 7 92 5 33 31 3

0.486 Expense 69,585 131,060 65,359 14,080 383,110 239,652 7,248

CumulativeTotal 10.546

Persons 15,014 130 909 161 3Expense 980,863 1,350,237 4,645,748 481,146 1,763,485 1,317,495 7,248

Namibia 0.17 3.89 36.39 2010 0.261

Persons 127 2 4 1 3 1 10 29

2.856 Expense 48,613 38,275 2,334 34,276 137,270

CumulativeTotal 3.123

Persons 607 23 166 70Expense 557,853 214,158 1,262,981 154,520 292,515 641,149

Niger 15.73 9.39 2010 0.717

Persons 21 1 21 12 1 43 63

0.381 Expense 4,699 179,640 4,494 8,453 158,928 360,871

CumulativeTotal 19.057

Persons 771 109 800 694Expense 1,470,618 2,336,047 5,478,147 1,174,133 815,403 7,782,190

Nigeria 16.94 6.59 2010 0.748

Persons 524 9 37 5 44

2.013 Expense 106,513 92,640 204,537 63,353 281,017

CumulativeTotal 13.186

Persons 3,087 298 717Expense 2,953,595 3,331,967 4,755,642 1,445,535 699,163

182

Data and

Inform

ation

Statistics on Program Results 2.GeographicalDistributionofJICAOperations

Country

Japan’s ODA (2010) JICA’s Technical Cooperation (FY2010) JICA’s ODA Loan

JICA’s Grant Aid

Grant Aid(US$1 million)

TechnicalCooperation(US$1 million)

Loans(US$1 million)

Technical Cooperation Expenses(¥1 billion)

Type (¥1 thousand) Disbursements(FY2010)(¥1 billion)

(FY2010)(¥1 billion)*

Training Participants Experts Study Team Members Provision ofEquipment Other Expenses

JOCV Other VolunteersNew Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing

2-5 Africa (Continued)

Rwanda 11.01 11.53 2010 1.000

Persons 71 8 79 11 25 2 29 28 1 1

2.644 Expense 79,531 139,953 99,819 32,441 504,489 137,989 6,215

CumulativeTotal 6.844

Persons 668 204 340 140 4Expense 1,037,335 1,017,668 1,791,626 292,728 1,415,411 1,273,745 15,970

SaoTomeandPrincipe

2.85 0.69 2010 0.016

Persons 19Expense 14,842 842

CumulativeTotal 0.708

Persons 153 6 48Expense 237,616 150,474 242,081 72,816 4,896

Senegal 30.82 21.45 2.80 2010 1.962

Persons 125 8 76 16 84 11 45 78

0.112 3.221 Expense 168,714 259,753 135,652 16,910 968,118 413,255

CumulativeTotal 34.386

Persons 3,413 481 1,641 846 6Expense 3,634,132 6,695,121 9,098,428 2,558,066 3,320,674 9,034,437 45,333

Seychelles 8.84 0.70 2010 0.071

Persons 5 7Expense 8,744 8,734 53,693

CumulativeTotal 1.444

Persons 302 14 79Expense 775,876 257,752 276,771 56,767 77,312

SierraLeone 6.04 6.09 2010 0.634

Persons 27 1 40 6 19

0.805 Expense 47,331 198,333 38,029 13,354 336,540

CumulativeTotal 3.590

Persons 328 146 160Expense 680,776 616,024 1,230,325 65,361 997,620

Somalia 29.05 0.02 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.871

Persons 95 21 45Expense 241,361 323,910 185,489 106,032 14,479

SouthAfrica 1.21 7.13 -1.07 2010 0.610

Persons 69 2 78 7 10 9 9

0.067 Expense 51,466 167,509 41,865 54,241 229,369 65,318

CumulativeTotal 8.672

Persons 1,229 301 606 68 1Expense 2,323,771 1,769,358 3,094,566 158,248 662,271 660,735 2,834

Sudan 92.92 25.94 2010 2.297

Persons 269 174 21 95 1 5

0.870 Expense 80,856 329,928 90,755 385,057 1,391,910 18,211

CumulativeTotal 12.261

Persons 1,551 423 706 17Expense 2,357,868 1,706,793 3,659,407 1,321,852 3,077,503 137,167

Swaziland 2.81 1.44 2010 0.074

Persons 93 10

1.143 Expense 38,901 35,427

CumulativeTotal 3.994

Persons 640 53 237Expense 866,031 808,228 1,809,947 251,145 258,388

Tanzania 65.87 27.45 10.50 2010 2.598

Persons 1,418 22 122 24 125 46 72

1.054 8.096 Expense 256,181 432,040 259,731 39,144 1,249,697 361,068

CumulativeTotal 69.945

Persons 9,436 1,106 2,893 1,365Expense 10,789,932 18,241,488 17,064,773 6,450,871 4,404,901 12,992,777

Togo 6.65 0.98 -0.12 2010 0.071

Persons 14 18Expense 13,075 8,648 49,197

CumulativeTotal 0.917

Persons 327 7 90Expense 478,246 70,782 305,375 5,657 55,733 1,465

Uganda 41.94 22.29 6.44 2010 2.240

Persons 151 16 28 21 99 15 55 111 3 5

0.373 0.590 Expense 172,726 357,395 704,134 51,203 490,793 440,411 22,922

CumulativeTotal 19.077

Persons 2,307 284 923 450 12Expense 3,079,676 4,235,397 5,636,117 1,347,827 1,861,039 2,853,040 63,707

Zambia 20.90 23.32 1.44 2010 2.080

Persons 138 12 76 27 84 7 39 70 5 12

0.161 1.252 Expense 210,982 491,742 196,517 30,312 735,071 360,892 54,547

CumulativeTotal 51.115

Persons 2,716 738 1,816 1,224 52Expense 5,990,806 14,167,294 9,776,371 5,587,342 2,607,846 12,420,669 564,998

Zimbabwe 17.13 1.46 2010 0.150

Persons 75 2 1 2 3

0.464 Expense 108,867 4,088 2,853 27,319 6,960

CumulativeTotal 16.363

Persons 1,231 80 759 484Expense 2,389,079 1,819,516 4,673,354 960,338 316,595 6,203,883

2-6 Europe

Albania 0.39 2.78 -0.78 2010 0.179

Persons 25 1 2 19 2

0.128 Expense 54,590 25,035 51,360 48,245

CumulativeTotal 2.016

Persons 320 8 202Expense 720,851 59,177 978,259 122,212 135,208

Austria2010 0.001

Persons

Expense 1,438Cumulative

Total 0.518 Persons 12 4Expense 475,498 5,682 30,756 6,347

Belarus 1.01 0.39 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal

Persons

Expense

Belgium2010 0.005

Persons

Expense 4,849Cumulative

Total 0.024 Persons 8 7Expense 9,395 6,191 8,023

BosniaandHerzegovina

0.98 2.62 -1.44 2010 0.179

Persons 32 7 4 4 1

0.008 0.044 Expense 60,628 56,300 3,359 58,770

CumulativeTotal 5.500

Persons 606 81 505Expense 1,224,677 536,659 2,820,211 170,887 747,774

Bulgaria 0.85 1.18 -6.72 2010 0.079

Persons 28

0.125 0.051 Expense 1,823 72,386 4,359

CumulativeTotal 11.261

Persons 842 243 617 253 2Expense 1,701,417 2,052,834 3,106,568 913,402 195,132 3,286,378 5,468

Croatia 1.14 0.71 2010 0.045

Persons 7 33 1 1Expense 15,425 13,192 479 16,225

CumulativeTotal 0.757

Persons 127 35 71Expense 302,394 32,267 397,052 1,677 23,898

Cyprus 0.02 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.093

Persons 30Expense 92,652

183

Statistics on Program Results 2.GeographicalDistributionofJICAOperations

Country

Japan’s ODA (2010) JICA’s Technical Cooperation (FY2010) JICA’s ODA Loan

JICA’s Grant Aid

Grant Aid(US$1 million)

TechnicalCooperation(US$1 million)

Loans(US$1 million)

Technical Cooperation Expenses(¥1 billion)

Type (¥1 thousand) Disbursements(FY2010)(¥1 billion)

(FY2010)(¥1 billion)*

Training Participants Experts Study Team Members Provision ofEquipment Other Expenses

JOCV Other VolunteersNew Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing

2-6 Europe (Continued)

Czechoslovakia2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.596

Persons 139 3 33Expense 438,033 8,169 149,334 684

CzechRepublic 0.51 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.579

Persons 185 11 1Expense 354,012 149,349 4,392 65,691 5,283

Denmark2010 0.000

Persons

Expense 329Cumulative

Total 0.025 Persons 6Expense 1,743 2,377 20,866

Estonia 0.11 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.129

Persons 75Expense 128,557

Finland2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.000

Persons 5Expense 405

France2010 0.088

Persons 1 1 7Expense 7,373 80,358

CumulativeTotal 0.824

Persons 1 30 263Expense 148,208 305,177 6,146 258,525 106,442

Germany2010 0.004

Persons

Expense 3,712Cumulative

Total 0.065 Persons 1 2 28Expense 23,941 22,493 18,909

Greece2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.345

Persons 27 8 41Expense 138,081 7,559 168,856 26,005 4,040

Hungary 1.28 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 7.691

Persons 800 103 375 138Expense 1,646,968 1,122,749 2,228,557 735,270 21,416 1,935,855

Iceland2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.003

Persons

Expense 2,861

Ireland2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.000

Persons 2Expense 1

Italy2010 0.001

Persons

Expense 948Cumulative

Total 0.088 Persons 1 8Expense 14,221 6,265 63,000 4,048

Kosovo 0.12 0.90 2010 0.092

Persons 21 1 7

0.543 Expense 39,975 16,332 4,859 31,328

CumulativeTotal 0.198

Persons 59 1 8Expense 122,335 21,839 6,465 47,357

Latvia 0.12 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.431

Persons 76 6 50Expense 137,998 21,952 270,103 1,299

Lithuania 0.15 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 1.112

Persons 114 10 105Expense 141,127 83,729 844,369 42,642

Luxembourg2010 0.001

Persons

Expense 925Cumulative

Total 0.001 Persons

Expense 925

Malta 0.01 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.399

Persons 77 18 16Expense 252,433 94,536 44,178 5,082 2,614

Moldova 0.24 0.62 2010 0.073

Persons 20 3 9Expense 38,066 6,926 27,536

CumulativeTotal 1.389

Persons 261 8 134Expense 466,106 100,008 542,641 217,309 62,912

Monaco2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.002

Persons 2Expense 2,430

Montenegro 0.22 0.62 2010 0.024

Persons 8 1 2 1

0.596 Expense 15,120 6,563 1,835

CumulativeTotal 0.689

Persons 39 3 33Expense 72,131 11,148 523,208 30,175 52,054

Netherlands2010 0.003

Persons

Expense 2,518Cumulative

Total 0.010 Persons 7 10Expense 4,513 5,226

Norway2010 0.002

Persons

Expense 2,072Cumulative

Total 0.008 Persons 5Expense 54 4,936 3,105

184

Data and

Inform

ation

Statistics on Program Results 2.GeographicalDistributionofJICAOperations

Country

Japan’s ODA (2010) JICA’s Technical Cooperation (FY2010) JICA’s ODA Loan

JICA’s Grant Aid

Grant Aid(US$1 million)

TechnicalCooperation(US$1 million)

Loans(US$1 million)

Technical Cooperation Expenses(¥1 billion)

Type (¥1 thousand) Disbursements(FY2010)(¥1 billion)

(FY2010)(¥1 billion)*

Training Participants Experts Study Team Members Provision ofEquipment Other Expenses

JOCV Other VolunteersNew Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing New Ongoing

2-6 Europe (Continued)

Poland 0.87 -13.18 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 8.972

Persons 830 287 593 106 1Expense 1,672,727 1,909,527 2,953,027 952,167 41,638 1,427,106 15,346

Portugal2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.201

Persons 9 41Expense 32,561 168,197

Romania 0.88 0.91 105.85 2010 0.045

Persons 1 6

9.609 Expense 1,995 40,881 1,806

CumulativeTotal 10.040

Persons 988 178 617 118Expense 2,164,301 1,631,228 3,463,904 1,055,305 265,404 1,460,286

Russia2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.125

Persons 2 2 8Expense 23 352 124,223

Serbia 1.18 4.72 -0.88 2010 0.383

Persons 44 6 26 3 33 4 1

0.632 Expense 86,686 163,140 86,412 2,135 35,342 9,695

CumulativeTotal 2.921

Persons 474 110 247 5Expense 1,007,418 610,962 732,959 390,824 168,004 11,297

Slovakia 0.10 -6.74 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 1.487

Persons 349 23 110Expense 629,676 101,547 720,011 35,681

Slovenia 0.13 2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.474

Persons 92 7 40Expense 157,844 158,342 149,460 8,533

SovietUnion2010

Persons

Expense

CumulativeTotal 0.133

Persons 34Expense 38,074 94,730

Spain2010 0.001

Persons

Expense 735Cumulative

Total 0.001 Persons 3 2Expense 25 117 735

Sweden2010 0.001

Persons

Expense 573Cumulative

Total 0.019 Persons 2 7Expense 7,150 6,574 5,032

Switzerland2010 0.036

Persons 1 1Expense 19,320 16,988

CumulativeTotal 0.194

Persons 35 44Expense 119,891 19,797 3,384 51,067

TheFormerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia

0.41 1.29 21.24 2010 0.114

Persons 26 4 3 2 1

2.034 Expense 55,763 44,604 3,668 10,077

CumulativeTotal 3.625

Persons 369 36 330Expense 828,873 257,185 2,288,240 51,477 199,402

Turkey 0.15 7.70 535.41 2010 0.534

Persons 150 12 21 1 48 2

54.043 Expense 158,439 71,355 193,177 6,756 95,108 8,790

CumulativeTotal 41.995

Persons 4,708 1,222 2,091 2 43Expense 8,851,814 12,263,291 12,187,520 6,816,305 1,276,212 80,664 519,341

Ukraine 1.06 3.25 48.73 2010 0.208

Persons 48 3 2 21

5.068 0.032 Expense 55,230 26,208 13,082 4,519 109,281

CumulativeTotal 1.237

Persons 458 25 112Expense 534,823 240,577 206,349 45,776 209,587

UnitedKingdom2010 0.009

Persons

Expense 8,662Cumulative

Total 0.316 Persons 2 5 67Expense 157,483 28,990 4,383 125,551

185

Type/Program Asia Pacific North America and Latin America Middle East Africa Europe Unclassifiable* Total

TrainingParticipants

TechnicalTraining 4,245 248 1,078 636 1,555 286 8,048Third-countryTraining 1,432 23 497 753 1,026 3 3,734LocalIn-countryTraining 4,302 56 80 4,629 9,067ODALoanTraining 2 2EmigrationProgram 64 64JapaneseEmigrantTrainingProgram 124 124TrainingCourseInitiatedbyLocalGovernment 195 1 10 4 6 216TrainingProgramforYoungLeaders 1,053 83 47 36 223 18 1,460CountryFocusedTraining(ODALoan) 178 66 68 56 46 414TrainingRelatedtoJapaneseODALoan 309 2 6 5 24 346ProgramFocusedTraining(ODALoan) 313 9 46 83 47 5 503Total 12,027 420 1,934 1,668 7,547 382 23,978

ExpertsDispatched

IndividualTechnicalCooperation(long-/short-term) 102 17 56 23 72 8 278Third-countryExperts(short-term) 2 48 2 52OverseasTechnicalTraining(short-term) 33 3 6 12 12 66ExpertsRelatedtoOperationSupport(long-term) 3 1 2 6DisasterReliefActivities(short-term) 49 136 185ExpertsRelatedtoLoanAid(ODALoan)(long-/short-term)

505 42 25 60 632

ExpertsRelatedtoLoanAid(Individual)(long-/short-term)

264 16 30 8 8 8 334

OverseasTechnicalTraining(ODALoan)(short-term) 14 14ProjectFormulationAdvisor(ProjectFormulation)(long-/short-term)

39 4 12 12 47 1 115

ProjectFormulationAdvisor(Finance)(long-term)

1 1 2

ProjectFormulationAdvisor(Volunteer)(long-/short-term)

32 17 30 11 51 1 142

TechnicalCooperationProjects(long-/short-term) 3,327 109 412 386 980 84 5,298JICAPartnershipProgram(long-/short-term) 935 35 61 9 132 1,172Total 5,303 337 700 487 1,365 104 8,296

MemberofStudyTeamsDispatched

AcceptanceofTechnicalParticipants 2 1 6 1 1 11TechnicalCooperationProjects 1,043 29 91 98 364 21 5 1,651DevelopmentStudy 197 75 80 169 521OverseasDevelopmentStudy 175 50 28 61 87 401GrantAidProjects 11 5 3 5 24JOCV 11 4 2 17DisasterReliefActivities 8 8ProgramFormulation 155 6 30 15 19 4 9 238Project/ProgramEvaluation 21 127 148PublicParticipation-BasedCooperation 12 2 4 18Follow-upStudyTeam 72 10 16 15 12 1 4 130StudyTeamforSupplementaryProgramming 3 1 1 1 6ResearchInvestigationTeam 7 6 5 18PreparatorySurvey 1,272 28 260 237 703 25 64 2,589StudyTeamRelatedtoJapaneseODALoan 1,041 23 50 19 45 41 47 1,266Total 4,022 101 576 492 1,397 181 277 7,046

JOCV 400 140 257 73 589 1,459OtherVolunteers

SeniorVolunteers 127 51 135 31 25 6 375SeniorVolunteersforOverseasJapaneseCommunities

13 13

UNVolunteers 6 6JapanOverseasDevelopmentYouthVolunteers 39 39Total 127 51 187 31 25 6 6 433

GrandTotal 21,879 1,049 3,654 2,751 10,923 673 283 41,212

３ Numbers of Persons Involved in Technical Cooperation by Type and Program (Newvolunteers/participants/trainees,Unit:Persons)

Statistics on Program Results 3.NumbersofPersonsInvolvedinTechnicalCooperationbyTypeandProgram

* Regions which cannot be classified include results from international organizations.

186

Data and

Inform

ation

Type of Cooperation

New/Ongoing

Total Number of

Persons

Planning/Administration Public Works/Utilities Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries Mining/Industry

EnergyBusiness/Tourism Human Resources Health/

MedicalCare

Welfare OthersDevelopment

Planning Administration PublicUtilities

Transport/Traffic

SocialInfrastructure

Communications/Broadcasting Agriculture Animal

Industry Forestry Forestry Mining Industry Business/Trade Tourism Human

ResourcesScience/Culture

４-1 AsiaTrainingParticipants

New 12,027 1,015 3,091 613 498 459 148 636 182 769 94 6 165 324 296 70 741 8 2,455 398 59Ongoing 546 22 66 4 14 26 11 65 8 43 5 2 33 20 8 190 2 26 1Total 12,573 1,037 3,157 617 512 485 159 701 190 812 99 8 198 344 304 70 931 10 2,481 398 60

ExpertsDispatched

New 5,303 348 916 328 462 351 48 351 64 252 27 7 73 253 221 34 576 43 595 256 98Ongoing 701 54 110 22 49 41 14 78 13 31 7 1 10 13 18 5 79 1 63 26 66Total 6,004 402 1,026 350 511 392 62 429 77 283 34 8 83 266 239 39 655 44 658 282 164

MembersofStudyTeamsDispatched

New 4,022 387 234 443 1,072 334 80 170 37 86 23 15 78 477 74 15 203 2 94 15 183Ongoing 230 19 3 35 52 34 4 23 3 10 15 17 2 2 6 2 3Total 4,252 406 237 478 1,124 368 84 193 37 89 33 15 93 494 76 15 205 2 100 17 186

GeneralVolunteersDispatched

New 400 31 1 8 67 2 14 2 135 16 87 30 7Ongoing 647 53 4 13 2 92 9 2 1 17 10 244 31 123 40 6Total 1,047 84 5 21 2 159 11 2 1 31 12 379 47 210 70 13

OtherVolunteersDispatched

New 127 16 4 3 8 5 5 2 1 17 4 6 9 22 12 6 5 2Ongoing 248 30 10 6 11 5 17 1 3 31 7 20 5 48 16 9 24 5Total 375 46 14 9 19 10 22 3 4 48 11 26 14 70 28 15 29 7

４-2 PacificTrainingParticipants

New 420 6 60 36 22 71 14 34 4 2 8 1 20 18 5 13 51 49 4 2Ongoing 28 3 7 1 8 1 3 1 2 2Total 448 6 63 43 23 71 14 42 5 2 11 1 21 18 5 13 53 51 4 2

ExpertsDispatched

New 337 6 48 24 13 7 15 8 2 5 3 3 39 136 28Ongoing 39 5 16 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 10Total 376 11 64 24 13 7 17 9 2 6 4 1 4 40 136 38

MembersofStudyTeamsDispatched

New 101 1 22 19 21 3 1 2 12 10 10Ongoing 13 4 2 6 1Total 114 1 26 21 27 3 1 1 2 12 10 10

GeneralVolunteersDispatched

New 140 15 1 1 10 1 1 1 8 2 69 4 22 5Ongoing 207 20 1 3 1 28 1 2 10 4 84 7 37 5 4Total 347 35 2 4 1 38 2 1 3 18 6 153 11 59 10 4

OtherVolunteersDispatched

New 51 7 3 1 2 4 2 3 5 2 13 2 6 1Ongoing 77 13 5 2 7 3 5 2 8 8 2 3 2 9 8Total 128 20 8 3 9 7 7 2 11 13 2 3 4 22 2 14 1

４-3 North America and Latin AmericaTrainingParticipants

New 1,934 123 350 140 50 110 36 214 11 48 44 2 36 62 175 47 210 4 182 40 50Ongoing 156 3 19 1 9 9 12 1 2 13 1 28 40 6 11 1Total 2,090 126 369 141 59 119 36 226 12 48 46 2 49 63 203 47 250 10 193 40 51

ExpertsDispatched

New 700 25 114 93 53 38 1 58 8 40 16 4 16 31 39 20 4 84 13 43Ongoing 171 21 8 5 1 4 4 37 6 3 5 1 4 1 10 1 12 18 7 23Total 871 46 122 98 54 42 5 95 14 43 21 1 8 17 41 40 32 4 102 20 66

MembersofStudyTeamsDispatched

New 576 34 24 84 60 73 61 1 15 30 22 17 44 9 54 1 26 1 20Ongoing 43 10 2 2 18 5 6Total 619 34 24 94 62 75 79 1 15 35 22 17 44 9 60 1 26 1 20

GeneralVolunteersDispatched

New 257 34 1 1 46 1 2 5 3 79 19 50 10 6Ongoing 497 1 47 3 5 86 5 1 9 7 140 32 130 25 6Total 754 1 81 4 6 132 6 3 14 10 219 51 180 35 12

OtherVolunteersDispatched

New 187 15 6 1 10 15 2 2 6 1 15 1 16 2 65 6 12 9 3Ongoing 336 21 12 2 8 4 30 3 2 2 38 38 2 99 21 17 28 9Total 523 36 18 3 18 4 45 5 4 8 1 53 1 54 4 164 27 29 37 12

４ Regional Distribution of Technical Cooperation

Statistics on Program Results 4.RegionalDistributionofTechnicalCooperation

187

Type of Cooperation

New/Ongoing

Total Number of

Persons

Planning/Administration Public Works/Utilities Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries Mining/Industry

EnergyBusiness/Tourism Human Resources Health/

MedicalCare

Welfare OthersDevelopment

Planning Administration PublicUtilities

Transport/Traffic

SocialInfrastructure

Communications/Broadcasting Agriculture Animal

Industry Forestry Forestry Mining Industry Business/Trade Tourism Human

ResourcesScience/Culture

４-4 Middle EastTrainingParticipants

New 1,668 19 285 154 59 59 59 343 10 5 17 52 281 46 31 81 6 111 49 1Ongoing 125 1 17 38 1 11 14 1 10 18 5 3 2 4Total 1,793 20 302 192 60 70 59 357 11 5 27 70 281 51 31 84 8 115 49 1

ExpertsDispatched

New 487 5 74 22 42 2 69 16 7 14 7 17 4 121 26 45 1 15Ongoing 100 5 11 6 1 3 10 1 3 2 5 15 5 13 3 17Total 587 10 85 28 1 45 2 79 16 8 17 7 19 9 136 31 58 4 32

MembersofStudyTeamsDispatched

New 492 13 22 18 162 37 10 88 1 95 9 13 8 4 12Ongoing 35 4 1 1 14 7 3 4 1Total 527 17 23 19 176 44 10 91 1 95 9 13 12 5 12

GeneralVolunteersDispatched

New 73 6 9 1 25 10 5 15 2Ongoing 165 6 3 10 2 7 57 22 29 27 2Total 238 12 3 19 2 8 82 32 34 42 4

OtherVolunteersDispatched

New 31 3 3 2 2 6 2 5 4 3 1Ongoing 84 5 2 4 4 2 1 1 16 9 1 21 7 2 9Total 115 8 2 7 6 4 1 1 22 11 1 26 11 5 10

４-5 AfricaTrainingParticipants

New 7,547 131 2,637 398 138 97 14 350 24 59 107 9 76 61 97 61 2,313 942 31 2Ongoing 178 5 29 4 77 11 2 8 5 1 25 10 1Total 7,725 136 2,666 398 138 101 14 427 35 61 115 9 81 61 97 62 2,338 952 31 3

ExpertsDispatched

New 1,365 30 147 112 69 94 237 3 53 42 2 3 57 22 196 221 13 64Ongoing 324 23 19 7 6 10 74 7 5 1 3 5 66 54 2 42Total 1,689 53 166 119 75 104 311 3 60 47 2 4 60 27 262 275 15 106

MembersofStudyTeamsDispatched

New 1,397 69 21 150 232 231 2 130 13 10 11 20 160 31 1 141 96 11 68Ongoing 109 4 5 28 18 23 6 6 5 5 3 6Total 1,506 73 21 155 260 249 2 153 19 16 11 20 165 31 1 146 99 17 68

GeneralVolunteersDispatched

New 589 2 48 1 12 1 132 6 2 2 27 1 2 210 24 90 27 2Ongoing 993 3 77 5 2 14 4 242 15 7 6 45 4 314 41 166 34 14Total 1,582 5 125 6 2 26 5 374 21 9 8 72 1 6 524 65 256 61 16

OtherVolunteersDispatched

New 25 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 8 1 1 1Ongoing 46 6 2 2 2 5 4 1 1 12 1 1 8 1Total 71 8 4 2 3 6 6 1 1 1 15 1 3 16 2 1 1

４-6 EuropeTrainingParticipants

New 382 9 71 33 39 10 6 47 2 23 3 2 5 26 14 16 52 22 2Ongoing 34 9 4 2 2 3 1 6 3 2 2Total 416 18 75 35 39 12 6 50 3 23 3 2 11 26 17 16 54 2 22 2

ExpertsDispatched

New 104 1 6 58 2 1 6 6 2 17 1 4Ongoing 17 3 4 2 2 3 3Total 121 3 1 6 62 4 1 6 8 2 20 1 7

MembersofStudyTeamsDispatched

New 181 2 10 50 7 1 1 1 12 1 75 7 1 5 8Ongoing 2 2Total 183 2 10 52 7 1 1 1 12 1 75 7 1 5 8

OtherVolunteersDispatched

New 6 1 2 2 1Ongoing 1 1Total 7 1 3 2 1

４-7 WorldwideMembersofStudyTeamsDispatched

New 277 21 3 4 2 4 49 4 21 8 161Ongoing 13 9 4Total 290 21 3 4 2 4 58 4 21 8 165

４-8 International OrganizationsOtherVolunteersDispatched

New 6 6Ongoing 22 6 1 1 1 1 2 1 9Total 28 6 1 1 1 1 2 1 15

Statistics on Program Results 4.RegionalDistributionofTechnicalCooperation

188

Data and

Inform

ation

6 Sectoral Distribution of Grant Aid Projects (Unit:¥100million,%)

SectorFY2010

Number Total * Share

Planning/Administration

Environment 3 10.06 1.0

PublicWorks/Utilities

WaterSupply 14 103.64 47.2Sewerage 2 38.73 UrbanHealth 1 37.00 GeneralTransportation 12 58.22 Roads 13 124.06 LandTransportation 1 13.30 Ports 1 11.75 Aviation/Airports 3 15.33 UrbanTransport 2 2.86 Infrastructure 1 11.37 RiversandSandErosionControl 1 5.86 WaterResourcesDevelopment 8 48.64 Broadcasting 2 13.05 Total 61 483.81

Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries

GeneralAgriculture 2 23.89 11.0AgricultureEngineering 2 13.17 AssistancetoIncreaseFoodProduction 9 27.75 ForestryPreservation 2 8.34 Fisheries 3 26.39 Total 18 99.54

Mining/Manufacturing 0 0 0.0Energy ElectricPower 3 79.54 9.2

New/RenewableEnergy 3 14.20 Total 6 93.74

HumanResources

Education 21 100.76 14.2BasicEducation 2 12.64 HigherEducation 6 6.29 VocationalTraining 2 19.18 Culture 12 6.13 Total 43 145.00

Health/MedicalCare

HealthandMedicalCare 18 111.97 10.9

SocialWelfare SocialWelfare 1 16.82 4.3FoodAid 4 26.90 Total 5 43.72

Others Others 9 36.31 3.5Total 163 1024.15 100.0

５ Sectoral Distribution of Technical Cooperation Projects (Unit:¥100million,%)

Type of CooperationSector

New Ongoing TotalNumber Amount Rate Number Amount Rate Number Amount Rate

Planning/Administration

DevelopmentPlanning 2 1.70 4 16 21.57 6 18 23.27 6Administration 22 5.80 15 109 54.17 16 131 59.97 15

PublicWorks/Utilities

PublicUtilities 5 2.13 5 27 16.22 5 32 18.35 5Transport/Traffic 5 1.40 4 32 17.35 5 37 18.76 5SocialInfrastructure 11 2.45 6 32 26.78 8 43 29.23 8Communications/Broadcasting 2 0.03 8 4.27 1 10 4.30 1

Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries

Agriculture 20 4.98 13 87 48.11 14 107 53.09 14AnimalIndustry 2 0.12 12 5.44 2 14 5.56 1Forestry 9 1.46 4 22 14.20 4 31 15.67 4Fisheries 5 1.93 5 16 6.34 2 21 8.28 2

Mining/Industry

Mining

Industry 2 0.95 2 11 3.54 1 13 4.48 1Energy 5 2.24 6 6 3.90 1 11 6.14 2Business/Tourism

Business/Trade 4 1.71 4 25 9.54 3 29 11.25 3Tourism 5 2.49 1 5 2.49 1

HumanResources 15 6.92 17 77 63.66 18 92 70.58 18Health/MedicalCare 23 5.65 14 91 44.05 13 114 49.70 13SocialWelfare 3 0.08 20 6.61 2 23 6.69 2Others 1 0.42 1 0.42Total 135 39.55 100 597 348.66 100 732 388.22 100

Statistics on Program Results 5.SectoralDistributionofTechnicalCooperationProjects/6.SectoralDistributionofGrantAidProjects

Note: Projects for which contracts for Record of Discussions (RD) were concluded in FY2010 are classified as New and projects for which contracts for RD were concluded in or before FY2009 are classified as Ongoing.

Technical Cooperation Projects only (excluding science and technology projects, development plan survey-type Technological Cooperation, and development plan survey-type Technological Cooperation carried out through commissioned expenditures).

Disbursement results: Amount disbursed in FY2010 (includes budget for the current year and amount carried forward). In some cases numbers do not correspond to the sum total figures because of rounding.

Note: Ongoing projects implemented and managed by JICA.* Grant ceilings of projects for which a Grant Agreement (G/A) was signed. For multi-fiscal-year projects, the fiscal year the G/A was signed denotes the first year of the project, and grant ceilings by fiscal year for the subsequent fiscal years are listed.

189

7 Overview of Loan Aid (Data from the Previous Five Years) (Unit:¥100million,%)

8 Sectoral Distribution of ODA Loan (Unit:¥100million,%)

FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010Number Total Share Number Total Share Number Total Share Number Total Share Number Total Share

ODALoan

Comm

itments

Asia 61 6,440 84.3 40 6,259 69.5 37 7,025 75.6 43 6,472 66.9 26 4,087 75.8 Pacific 1 46 0.5 1 83 0.9 NorthandLatinAmerica 1 60 0.8 1 194 2.1 4 166 1.8 3 293 3.0 3 302 5.6 MiddleEast 9 743 9.7 12 2,147 23.8 7 1,181 12.7 7 1,552 16.0 Africa 5 279 3.6 4 367 4.1 3 121 1.3 5 463 4.8 7 579 10.7 Europe 2 481 5.2 3 813 8.4 421 7.8 InternationalOrganizations,etc. 1 115 1.5 1 321 3.5 Others

Total 77 7,637 100.0 58 9,012 100.0 54 9,294 100.0 62 9,676 100.0 36 5,389 100.0 Disbursements 6,067 6,839 7,143 7,450 6,777 Repayments 6,186 6,601 6,798 6,417 6,803 Outstanding 113,748 113,837 113,828 114,809 114,792

Private-SectorInvestmentFinance

Commitments − − − − − − − − −Disbursements 1 0 3 1 Recovered 88 200 8 327 6 Outstanding 1,437 1,380 1,372 1,279 1,272

SectorFY2009 FY2010 Accumulated

Number Total Share Number Total Share Number Total Share

ElectricPowerandGas MultipurposeDams 61 2,738 1.0 PowerPlants 8 1,551 16.0 3 842 15.6 373 42,274 15.6 TransmissionLinesandDistributionSystems 3 419 4.3 5 598 11.1 154 11,934 4.4 Gas 16 2,648 1.0 Others 13 608 0.2 Subtotal 11 1,970 20.4 8 1,441 26.7 617 60,202 22.3

Transportation Roads 9 685 7.1 8 1,269 23.5 278 24,607 9.1 Bridges 2 57 0.6 2 340 6.3 67 4,643 1.7 Railways 7 2,562 26.5 2 603 11.2 220 29,190 10.8 Airports 1 126 1.3 71 8,821 3.3 Ports 1 72 0.7 136 9,749 3.6 MarineTransportation 47 2,211 0.8 Others 1 304 3.1 18 1,354 0.5 Subtotal 21 3,805 39.3 12 2,213 41.1 837 80,576 29.8

Telecommunications Telecommunications 175 9,092 3.4 Broadcasting 24 1,009 0.4 Others 1 19 0.0 Subtotal 200 10,119 3.7

IrrigationandFloodControl Subtotal 1 31 0.3 1 132 2.4 237 13,885 5.1 Agriculture,ForestryandFisheriesIndustry

Agriculture 1 146 1.5 1 50 0.9 93 6,190 2.3 Forestry 1 54 0.6 1 88 1.6 37 3,124 1.2 Fisheries 19 454 0.2 Farming

Subtotal 2 200 2.1 2 138 2.6 149 9,769 3.6 MiningandManufacturing Mining 55 1,921 0.7

Manufacturing 3 231 2.4 1 50 0.9 174 16,153 6.0 Others 3 70 0.0 Subtotal 3 231 2.4 1 50 0.9 232 18,144 6.7

SocialServices WaterSupply,SewerageandSanitation 12 1,810 18.7 5 693 12.9 260 24,642 9.1 Education 77 4,756 1.8 PublicHealthandMedicine 29 1,178 0.4 Tourism 17 1,214 0.4 Urban/RuralCommunityInfrastructure 2 322 3.3 49 4,214 1.6 StrengtheningofAdministrativeManagement 16 660 0.2 EnvironmentalConservationinMultisector 43 2,810 1.0 Others 5 801 0.3 Subtotal 14 2,132 22.0 5 693 12.9 496 40,275 14.9

CommodityLoans Subtotal 10 1,308 13.5 6 624 11.6 272 36,262 13.4 Others Subtotal 1 99 1.8 15 1,282 0.5 GrandTotal 62 9,676 100.0 36 5,389 100.0 3,055 270,514 100.0 Rescheduling 2 45 3 219 208 21,101

Statistics on Program Results 7.OverviewofLoanAid(DatafromthePreviousFiveYears)/8.SectoralDistributionofODALoan

Note: On a geographical regional classification basis and with regard to ODA Loan data prior to FY2007 in this Annual Report, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia have been included in figures for Africa (North of Sahara), while Turkey has been included in figures for the Middle East. Therefore, some figures do not correspond to figures by region prior to FY2007 shown in this table.

The total number of loan commitments in FY2007, FY2008 and FY2010 does not include the commitments to provide additional loans to one project while the total amount includes this total loan commitment of ¥17,100 million in FY2007, ¥10,500 million in FY2008 and ¥42,100 million in FY2010.

Advanced redemptions (the amount redeemed during the relevant fiscal year out of the amount originally scheduled for redemption in the following fiscal year or thereafter) for each year were as follows: FY2006: ¥70,500 million; FY2007: ¥74,600 million; FY2008: ¥67,200 million; FY2009: ¥3,600 million; FY2010: ¥71,500 million.

Data for FY2008 and after shows the managed credits and was calculated using a different method than figures calculated based on the Accounting Standards for Incorporated Administrative Agency.

Note: There were no commitments for Private-Sector Investment Finance in FY2009 and FY2010. The total number of loan commitments in FY2010 does not include the commitments to provide additional loans to one project while the total amount includes this total loan commitment of ¥42,100

million.

190

Data and

Inform

ation

9 Geographical Distribution of ODA Loan (FY2010) (Unit:Cases,¥1billion)

Region/CountryCommitments Disbursements Repayments Outstanding Accumulated

Number Total Total Total Total Number Total

Asia SoutheastAsia Cambodia 1.5 0.2 10.8 11 31.1Indonesia 5 107.8 121.0 125.7 2,170.5 668 4,548.7Laos 1.3 0.2 12.6 8 18.9Malaysia 10.0 17.1 276.8 74 917.1Myanmar 273.5 67 410.0Philippines 2 50.8 24.0 68.4 965.2 274 2,199.2Singapore 2 1.2Thailand 2 23.9 13.9 32.1 492.3 242 2,164.4VietNam 6 86.6 92.1 26.6 833.7 147 1,592.7Subtotal 15 269.1 263.8 270.2 5,035.4 1,493 11,883.2

EastAsia China 56.8 106.4 1,782.9 369 3,359.7Mongolia 1 5.0 1.0 1.6 33.3 12 75.8Others 5 12.5RepublicofKorea 3.4 6.2 92 596.2Subtotal 1 5.0 57.8 111.4 1,822.3 478 4,044.3

SouthAsia Afghanistan 1 0.7Bangladesh 8.6 9.8 162.1 84 714.1Bhutan 1.6 2.6 1 3.6India 4 48.0 123.8 64.7 1,366.6 221 3,164.8Maldives 1.3 2.5 1 2.7Nepal 0.0 0.9 13.8 9 63.5Pakistan 2 19.7 12.8 3.5 562.0 82 793.5SriLanka 2 33.1 24.9 19.1 353.7 117 798.4Subtotal 8 100.8 173.1 98.0 2,463.2 516 5,541.4

CentralAsiaandtheCaucasus

Armenia 3.9 0.3 30.9 2 31.8Azerbaijan 7.7 1.3 43.9 4 101.2Georgia 0.2 0.3 4.8 2 23.1Kazakhstan 1 6.4 2.3 2.8 76.5 6 95.1KyrgyzRepublic 0.0 27.8 6 25.7Turkmenistan 0.2 3.7 1 4.5Uzbekistan 1 27.4 1.0 2.5 60.6 9 125.0Subtotal 2 33.8 15.0 7.4 248.2 30 406.3

Total 26 408.7 509.7 486.9 9,569.2 2,517 21,875.3Pacific Fiji 0.1 1.5 1 2.3

PapuaNewGuinea 0.0 1.8 20.8 15 70.4Samoa 0.6 0.7 1 4.6Total 0.6 1.9 23.0 17 77.3

NorthAmericaandLatinAmerica

CentralAmericaandtheCaribbean

CostaRica 3.7 1.4 17.8 5 59.4DominicanRepublic 1.2 9.5 4 31.6ElSalvador 0.0 1.8 26.2 5 39.2Guatemala 1.5 0.9 17.0 5 26.8Honduras 6 34.8Jamaica 1.1 2.0 14.5 9 53.4Mexico 5.1 36.7 9 205.4Nicaragua 3 21.1Panama 9.4 0.7 17.7 2 32.3Subtotal 15.6 13.1 139.4 48 504.0

SouthAmerica Argentina 4.7 1 8.2Bolivia 7 47.0Brazil 2 25.4 19.2 8.2 113.7 18 281.3Chile 3 24.4Colombia 3.4 0.7 4 46.6Ecuador 2.1 13.7 7 63.8Paraguay 1 4.8 0.2 4.0 36.0 16 136.9Peru 13.5 82.4 116.1 39 373.4Uruguay 0.2 0.8 1 7.2Subtotal 3 30.2 32.8 100.3 285.7 96 988.7

Total 3 30.2 48.5 113.4 425.1 144 1492.7MiddleEast Algeria 0.9 1.5 8 13.9

Egypt 5.7 16.4 292.5 49 501.6Iran 2.5 21.6 2 46.1Iraq 14.9 19.3 15 364.6Jordan 0.2 9.6 113.4 17 190.5Lebanon 0.4 0.7 5.3 1 13.0Morocco 9.6 4.8 111.8 31 246.8Syria 7.0 51.6 4 138.6Tunisia 8.9 7.4 82.5 36 224.0Yemen 0.2 24.1 5 49.3Total 40.5 48.6 723.5 168 1,788.5

Statistics on Program Results 9.GeographicalDistributionofODALoan(FY2010)

191

Region/CountryCommitments Disbursements Repayments Outstanding Accumulated

Number Total Total Total Total Number Total

Africa Benin 1 3.8Botswana 0.5 3.9 4 13.2Burundi 2 3.3Cameroon 1 2.9 0.5 0.5 4 17.1CapeVerde 0.6 0.8 1 4.5CentralAfricanRepublic 1 0.6Coted’Ivoire 0.3 20.2 2 12.2DemocraticRepublicofCongo 0.0 82.0 2 35.6Ethiopia 2 3.7Ghana 17 125.1Guinea 5.1 4 16.0Kenya 2 25.6 1.3 6.5 101.3 35 266.1Liberia 1 4.0Madagascar 5 10.7Malawi 8 33.1Mali 2 8.7Mauritania 3 11.1Mauritius 1 7.0 0.0 0.3 3.6 4 16.1Mozambique 0.5 0.5 2 9.3Namibia 2.9 7.7 1 10.1Niger 1 3.2Nigeria 3 55.1Rwanda 3 4.6Senegal 0.1 0.9 4 15.5SierraLeone 1 2.0Somalia 6.5 2 6.5SouthAfrica 0.1 1.0 3 14.1Sudan 8.1 4 10.5Swaziland 0.1 4.3 1 4.4Tanzania 2 13.2 1.1 10.6 15 46.6Togo 9.6 3 9.3Uganda 1 9.2 0.4 1.7 5 27.7Zambia 0.2 0.2 7 43.6Zimbabwe 19.8 6 38.1Total 7 57.9 7.5 7.9 288.4 159 885.5

Europe Albania 0.1 0.3 5.3 4 18.1BosniaandHerzegovina 0.0 0.1 3.8 2 16.7Bulgaria 0.1 1.0 29.5 6 77.0Hungary 1 4.9Poland 1.2 4.6 1 21.4Romania 9.6 1.5 55.2 5 118.2Slovakia 0.6 7.9 1 11.1TheFormerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia 2.0 0.3 8.5 1 9.7Turkey 42.1 54.0 16.7 280.3 26 592.2Ukraine 5.1 11.2 1 19.1Total 42.1 71.0 21.6 406.3 48 888.5

InternationalOrganizations,etc.Total 43.6 2 43.6GrandTotal 36 538.9 677.7 680.3 11,479.2 3,055 27,051.4

10-1 Debt Rescheduling Based on Paris Club Agreements (FY2010) (Unit:¥1million)

10-2 Debt Cancellation (FY2010) (Unit:¥1million)

Country Date of Paris Club Agreement Date JICA Signed Rescheduling Agreement Rescheduled Amount

Coted’Ivoire 2009.5.15 2010.6.9 11,496Liberia 2008.4.17 2010.7.1 10,410Total 21,907

Country Debt Cancellation Amount

Liberia 10,410Total 10,410

Statistics on Program Results 9.GeographicalDistributionofODALoan(FY2010)/10-1.DebtReschedulingBasedonParisClubAgreements(FY2010)/10-2.DebtCancellation(FY2010)

Note: The total number of loan commitments in FY2010 does not include the commitments to provide additional loans to one project while the total amount includes this total loan commitment of ¥42.1 billion.

Outstanding data show the managed credits and are calculated using a different method than figures calculated based on the Accounting Standards for Incorporated Administrative Agency.

Note: In some cases numbers do not correspond to the sum total figures because of rounding.

192

Data and

Inform

ation

11-1 Principal Contractors under ODA Loan (FY2010/Goods and Services/Contract Amount: over ¥1 billion)

Country Project Name Date of Loan Agreement

Contract Amount

(¥1 million)Contractors

CambodiaGREATERMEKONGPOWERNETWORKDEVELOPMENTPROJECT

2007.03.26 1,719 DOOSANHEAVYINDUSTRIES&CONSTRUCTIONCO.,LTD.(RepublicofKorea)/DOOSANENGINEERING&CONSTRUCTIONCO.,LTD.(RepublicofKorea)

Cambodia NIROTHWATERSUPPLYPROJECT 2009.03.25 3,269 MOYADAYENLIMITED(Singapore)

IndonesiaTANJUNGPRIOKACCESSROADCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT(II)

2006.03.29 6,526 SUMITOMOMITSUICONSTRUCTIONCO.,LTD.(Japan)/PT.HUTAMAKARYA(Indonesia)

IndonesiaPEUSANGANHYDROELECTRICPOWERPLANTCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT

2007.03.29 12,954 HYUNDAIENGINEERING&CONSTRUCTIONCO.,LTD.(RepublicofKorea)/PT.PEMBANGUNANPERUMAHAN(Indonesia)

IndonesiaNATIONALGEO-SPATIALDATAINFRASTRUCTUREDEVELOPMENTPROJECT

2007.03.29 2,155 NTTDATACORPORATION(Japan)/ITOCHUCORPORATION(Japan)

IndonesiaNATIONALGEO-SPATIALDATAINFRASTRUCTUREDEVELOPMENTPROJECT

2007.03.29 2,454 PASCOCORPORATION(Japan)

IndonesiaPARTICIPATORYIRRIGATIONREHABILITATIONANDIMPROVEMENTMANAGEMENTPROJECT

2008.03.28 1,082 PT.PEMBANGUNANPERUMAHAN(Indonesia)/PT.WIJAYAKARYA(Indonesia)

IndonesiaPARTICIPATORYIRRIGATIONREHABILITATIONANDIMPROVEMENTMANAGEMENTPROJECT

2008.03.28 1,080 PT.ADHIKARYA(Indonesia)/PT.WASKITAKARYA(Indonesia)

MalaysiaPAHANG-SELANGORRAWWATERTRANSFERPROJECT

2005.03.31 8,539 LOH&LOHCONSTRUCTIONSSDN.BHD(Malaysia)/GEORGEKENT(MALAYSIA)BERHAD(Malaysia)/HAZAMACORPORATION(Japan)

MalaysiaPAHANG-SELANGORRAWWATERTRANSFERPROJECT

2005.03.31 7,005 IJMCONSTRUCTIONSDN.BHD(Malaysia)/JAKSSDN.BHD.(Malaysia)

PhilippinesNEWCNS/ATMSYSTEMSDEVELOPMENTPROJECT

2002.03.28 8,689 SUMITOMOCORPORATION(Japan)/THALESAUSTRALIALTD.(Australia)

PhilippinesPINATUBOHAZARDURGENTMITIGATIONPROJECT(PHASEIII)

2007.12.18 3,270 CHINAINTERNATIONALWATERANDELECTRICCORPORATION(China)

ThailandSEVENTHBANGKOKWATERSUPPLYIMPROVEMENTPROJECT(II)

2000.09.22 2,054 ITALIAN-THAIDEVELOPMENTPUBLICCOMPANYLIMITED(Thailand)

VietNam VIETNAMTELEVISIONCENTERPROJECT 2000.03.29 2,651 HITACHIPLANTTECHNOLOGIES,LTD.(Japan)

VietNamOMONTHERMALP/P&MEKONGDELTAT/MNETWORKPROJECT(I)

2001.03.30 1,284 TBEAHENGYANGTRANSFORMERCO.LTD(China)

VietNamTHIRDNATIONALHIGHWAYNO.1BRIDGEREHABILITATIONPROJECT

2003.03.31 2,047DATPHUONGJOINT-STOCKCOMPANY(VietNam)/TRANSPORTATIONIMPORTEXPORTANDCONSTRUCTIONJOINT-STOCKCO(VietNam)/CHAUTHOICONCRETEJOINT-STOCKCOMPANYNO.620(VietNam)

VietNamHANOI-HCMCRAILWAYLINEBRIDGESSAFETYIMPROVEMENTPROJECT

2004.03.31 1,994MITSUIENGINEERING&SHIPBUILDINGCO.,LTD.(Japan)/NISSANRINKAICONSTRACTIONCO.,LTD.(Japan)/CIVILENGINEERINGCONSTRUCTIONCORPORATIONNO.1(VietNam)

VietNamNGHISONTHERMALPOWERPLANTCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT(I)

2007.03.30 91,898 MARUBENICORPORATION(Japan)

VietNamSOUTHERNBINHDUONGPROVINCEWATERENVIRONMENTIMPROVEMENTPROJECT

2007.03.30 6,882 KOLONENGINEERING&CONSTRUCTIONCO.,LTD(RepublicofKorea)

VietNamHANOICITYRINGROADNO.3CONSTRUCTIONPROJECT

2008.03.31 6,876THANGLONGCONSTRUCTIONCORPORATION(VietNam)/CIVILENGINEERINGCONSTRUCTIONCORPORATIONNO.8(VietNam)/CIVILENGINEERINGCONSTRUCTIONCORPORATIONNO.4(VietNam)

VietNamHANOICITYRINGROADNO.3CONSTRUCTIONPROJECT

2008.03.31 6,941 SAMWHANCORPORATION(RepublicofKorea)/CIVILENGINEERINGCONSTRUCTIONCORPORATIONNO.4(VietNam)

VietNam2NDHANOIDRAINAGEPROJECTFORENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENT(I)

2009.03.31 1,284THANGLONGCONSTRUCTIONCORPORATION(VietNam)/CIVILENGINEERINGCONSTRUCTIONCORPORATIONNO.8(VietNam)/CONSTRUCTIONCOMPANY319(VietNam)/68TRADINGCONSTRUCTIONANDSERVICEJSC(VietNam)

VietNam2NDHANOIDRAINAGEPROJECTFORENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENT(II)

2009.03.31 2,269 SONGHONGJOINTSTOCKCORPORATION(VietNam)

VietNam2NDHANOIDRAINAGEPROJECTFORENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENT(II)

2009.03.31 1,034 KANEMATSUCORPORATION(Japan)

China HUNANURBANFLOODCONTROLPROJECT 2000.03.28 1,957 TIANJINMACHINERY&ELECTRICEQUIPMENTIMPORT&EXPORTCO.,LTD.(China)

ChinaBAOTOUATOMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENTPROJECT

2005.03.30 1,805 BEIJINGBRILSANYOUTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTCO.,LTD.(China)

ChinaNANYANGCITYENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENTPROJECT

2007.12.21 1,096 HENANHAORUIGENERALENGINEERINGCO.,LTD.(China)

ChinaLANZHOUCITYATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENTPROJECT

2007.12.21 1,230 JIANGSUSAINTYMACHINERYIMPORT&EXPORTCORP.LTD.(China)

Bangladesh KARNAPHULIWATERSUPPLYPROJECT 2006.06.29 1,810 KOLONENGINEERING&CONSTRUCTIONCO.,LTD(RepublicofKorea)

BangladeshNEWHARIPURPOWERPLANTDEVELOMENTPROJECT

2007.12.11 31,358 MARUBENICORPORATION(Japan)

IndiaBANGALOREWATERSUPPLYANDSEWERAGEPROJECT(II-1)

2005.03.31 4,969 DEGREMONTSA(France)/DEGREMONTLTD.(India)

IndiaBANGALOREWATERSUPPLYANDSEWERAGEPROJECT(II-1)

2005.03.31 4,690 SAISUDHIRINFRASTRUCTURESLTD.(India)/IVRCLINFRASTRUCTURESANDPROJECTSLTD.(India)

IndiaBANGALOREWATERSUPPLYANDSEWERAGEPROJECT(II-1)

2005.03.31 8,811 KIRLOSKARBROTHERSLTD.(India)/SUBHASHPROJECTSANDMARKETINGLTD.(India)

IndiaKOLKATASOLIDWASTEMANAGEMENTIMPROVEMENTPROJECT

2006.03.31 1,251 SMSINFRASTRUCTURELTD.(India)

India AGRAWATERSUPPLYPROJECT 2007.03.30 1,369 NAGARJUNACONSTRUCTIONCO.LTD.(India)

India AGRAWATERSUPPLYPROJECT 2007.03.30 2,949 TRIVENIENGINEERING&INDUSTRIESLTD.(India)

IndiaHOGENAKKALWATERSUPPLYANDFLUOROSISMITIGATIONPROJECT

2008.03.10 5,749 IVRCLINFRASTRUCTURESANDPROJECTSLTD.(India)

IndiaHOGENAKKALWATERSUPPLYANDFLUOROSISMITIGATIONPROJECT

2008.03.10 2,971 LARSEN&TOUBROLTD.(India)

IndiaHOGENAKKALWATERSUPPLYANDFLUOROSISMITIGATIONPROJECT

2008.03.10 6,643 LARSEN&TOUBROLTD.(India)

India CHENNAIMETROPROJECT 2008.11.21 27,390 ALSTOMTRANSPORTS.A.(France)/ALSTOMPROJECTSINDIALTD.(India)

India CHENNAIMETROPROJECT 2008.11.21 16,691 LARSEN&TOUBROLTD.(India)/SHANGHAIURBANCONSTRUCTION(GROUP)CORPORATION(China)

Statistics on Program Results 11-1.PrincipalContractorsunderODALoan(FY2010/GoodsandServices/ContractAmount:over¥1billion)

193

Country Project Name Date of Loan Agreement

Contract Amount

(¥1 million)Contractors

India CHENNAIMETROPROJECT 2008.11.21 18,603 TRANSTONNELSTROYLTD.(Russia)/AFCONSINFRASTRUCTURELTD.(India)

India CHENNAIMETROPROJECT 2008.11.21 28,272 TRANSTONNELSTROYLTD.(Russia)/AFCONSINFRASTRUCTURELTD.(India)

India CHENNAIMETROPROJECT 2008.11.21 8,261 ALSTOMTRANSPORTSA(France)/LARSEN&TOUBROLTD.(India)/ALSTOMPROJECTSINDIALTD.(India)

India CHENNAIMETROPROJECT 2008.11.21 16,429 GAMMONINDIALTD.(India)/OJSCMOSMETROSTROY(Russia)

India CHENNAIMETROPROJECT 2008.11.21 17,847 GAMMONINDIALTD.(India)/OJSCMOSMETROSTROY(Russia)

IndiaHYDERABADOUTERRINGROADPROJECT(PHASE2)

2008.11.21 4,141 UNITEDGULFCONSTRUCTIONCO.W.L.L(Kuwait)

India GUWAHATIWATERSUPPLYPROJECT 2009.03.31 1,634 JINDALSAWLTD.(India)

India GUWAHATIWATERSUPPLYPROJECT 2009.03.31 1,669 ELECTROSTEELCASTINGSLTD.(India)

India GUWAHATIWATERSUPPLYPROJECT 2009.03.31 3,214 GAMMONINDIALTD.(India)

IndiaHOGENAKKALWATERSUPPLY&FLUOROSISMITIGATIONPROJECT(PHASE2)

2009.03.31 7,134 NAGARJUNACONSTRUCTIONCO.LTD.(India)/PRATIBHAINDUSTRIESLTD.(India)/SMCINFRASTRUCTURESPVT.LTD.(India)/ELECTROSTEELCASTINGSLTD.(India)

India CHENNAIMETROPROJECT(II) 2010.03.31 5,591 SIEMENSAG(Germany)/SIEMENSLTD.(India)

India CHENNAIMETROPROJECT(II) 2010.03.31 3,618 JOHNSONLIFTSPVT.LTD.(India)/SJECCORPORATION(China)

India CHENNAIMETROPROJECT(II) 2010.03.31 11,549 SIEMENSAG(Germany)/SIEMENSLTD.(India)

India CHENNAIMETROPROJECT(II) 2010.03.31 2,010 THENIPPONSIGNALCO.LTD.(Japan)

India CHENNAIMETROPROJECT(II) 2010.03.31 3,556 VOLTASLIMITED(India)

India CHENNAIMETROPROJECT(II) 2010.03.31 4,403 EMIRATESTRADINGAGENCYL.L.C.(UnitedArabEmirates)/ETAENGINEERINGPVT.LTD.(India)

IndiaDELHIMASSRAPIDTRANSPORTSYSTEMPROJECTPHASE2(V)

2010.03.31 14,296 BOMBARDIERTRANSPORTATIONGMBH.(Germany)/BOMBARDIERTRANSPORTATIONINDIALTD.(India)

Pakistan LOADDISPATCHSYSTEMUPGRADEPROJECT 2005.08.10 2,586 AREVAT&DSAS(France)/VISCASCORPORATION(Japan)/AREVAT&DPAKISTANLTD.(Pakistan)

Pakistan INDUSHIGHWAYCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT(III) 2006.12.15 14,121 FRONTIERWORKSORGANIZATION(Pakistan)

PakistanPUNJABTRANSMISSIONLINESANDGRIDSTATIONSPROJECT(I)

2008.05.03 4,299 NORTHEASTCHINAINTERNATIONALELECTRICPOWERCORPORATION(China)/TEBIANELECTRICAPPARATUSSTOCKCO.,LTD.(China)

PakistanPUNJABTRANSMISSIONLINESANDGRIDSTATIONSPROJECT(I)

2008.05.03 1,974 GAMARAKIND.CO.(Iran)

SriLankaVAVUNIYA-KILINOCHCHITRANSMISSIONLINEPROJECT

2005.06.09 1,369 MITSUBISHICORPORATION(Japan)/LTLPROJECTS(PVT)LTD.(SriLanka)

SriLanka WATERSECTORDEVELOPMENTPROJECT 2007.03.28 2,123 CHINAGEOENGINEERINGCORPORATION(China)

SriLanka WATERSECTORDEVELOPMENTPROJECT(II) 2008.07.29 1,765 NAGARJUNACONSTRUCTIONCOMPANYLTD.(India)

AzerbaijanSHIMALGASCOMBINEDCYCLEPOWERPLANTPROJECT(SECONDUNIT)

2005.05.13 9,901 TOYOENGINEERINGCORPORATION(Japan)

AzerbaijanSHIMALGASCOMBINEDCYCLEPOWERPLANTPROJECT(SECONDUNIT)

2005.05.13 21,359 AZENCOJOINTSTOCKCOMPANY(Azerbaijan)

PeruLIMAMARGINALAREASSANITARYIMPROVEMENTPROJECT

2000.09.04 5,156 GALVAOENGENHARIAS.A.SUCURSALDELPERÚ(Brazil)

PeruPROVINCIALCITIESWATERSUPPLYANDSEWERAGESYSTEMIMPROVEMENTANDEXPANSIONPROJECT(II)

2000.09.04 1,655 CHINAINTERNATIONALWATER&ELECTRICCORP.(PERU)(China)

PeruIQUITOSSEWERAGEIMPROVEMENTANDEXPANSIONPROJECT

2008.12.04 8,260 CHINAINTERNATIONALWATER&ELECTRICCORP.(PERU)(China)

PeruIQUITOSSEWERAGEIMPROVEMENTANDEXPANSIONPROJECT

2008.12.04 8,634 CHINAINTERNATIONALWATER&ELECTRICCORP.(PERU)(China)

PeruCAJAMARCAWATERSUPPLYANDSEWERAGEIMPROVEMENTANDEXPANSIONPROJECT

2009.03.26 3,770 BM3OBRASYSERVICIOSS.A.(Spain)

PeruCAJAMARCAWATERSUPPLYANDSEWERAGEIMPROVEMENTANDEXPANSIONPROJECT

2009.03.26 2,991 COBRAINSTALACIONESYSERVICIOSS.A.(Spain)

PeruCAJAMARCAWATERSUPPLYANDSEWERAGEIMPROVEMENTANDEXPANSIONPROJECT

2009.03.26 4,381 HVCONTRATISTASS.A.(Peru)/OBRASDEINGENIERÍAS.A.(Peru)

PeruELECTRICFRONTIEREXPANSIONPROJECT(III)-DEPARTMENTOFCAJAMARCA

2009.03.26 1,039 POSTESS.A.C.(Peru)

Iraq PORTSECTORREHABILITATIONPROJECT 2008.01.25 9,770 TOYOTATSUSHOCORPORATION(Japan)

Iraq PORTSECTORREHABILITATIONPROJECT 2008.01.25 1,179 KSDENIZCILIKLTD.STI.(Turkey)

IraqELECTRICITYSECTORRECONSTRUCTIONPROJECT

2008.01.25 2,561 TOYOTATSUSHOCORPORATION(Japan)/MEIDENSHACORPORATION(Japan)

Turkey ANKARAWATERSUPPLYPROJECT 2009.12.28 12,176 KOLININSAATTURIZMSANAYIVETICARETA.S.(Turkey)

11-2 Principal Contractors under ODA Loan (FY2010/Consulting Services/Contract Amount: over ¥100 million)

Country Project Name Date of Loan Agreement

Contract Amount

(¥1 million)Contractors

IndonesiaMARITIMEEDUCATIONANDTRAININGIMPROVEMENTPROJECT

2001.12.13 449 PT.PPACONSULTANTS(Indonesia)/PT.SUCOFINDOAPPRAISALUTAMA(Indonesia)/MATSUSHITAGOBELFOUNDATION(Indonesia)

IndonesiaTANJUNGPRIOKACCESSROADCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT(II)

2006.03.29 986KATAHIRA&ENGINEERSINTERNATIONAL(Japan)/JAPANBRIDGEANDSTRUCTUREINSTITUTE,INC.(Japan)/PT.VIRAMAKARYA(Indonesia)/PT.INDECINTERNUSA(Indonesia)/PT.POLAAGUNGCONSULTING(Indonesia)/PT.GUTEGHARINDO(Indonesia)/PT.BINAASIHCONSULTANTS(Indonesia)

IndonesiaASAHANNO.3HYDROELECTRICPOWERPLANTCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT

2006.03.29 2,883NIPPONKOEICO.,LTD.(Japan)/PT.CONNUSAENERGINDO(Indonesia)/PT.KWARSAHEXAGON(Indonesia)/PT.ARKONINENGINEERINGMANGGALAPRATAMA(Indonesia)/PT.TATAGUNAPATRIA(Indonesia)/PT.JAYACMMANGGALAPRATAMA(Indonesia)

Statistics on Program Results 11-1.PrincipalContractorsunderODALoan(FY2010/GoodsandServices/ContractAmount:over¥1billion)/11-2.PrincipalContractorsunderODALoan(FY2010/ConsultingServices/ContractAmount:over¥100million)

194

Data and

Inform

ation

Country Project Name Date of Loan Agreement

Contract Amount

(¥1 million)Contractors

IndonesiaJAKARTAMASSRAPIDTRANSITSYSTEMPROJECT(E/S)

2006.11.28 192ORIENTALCONSULTANTSCO.,LTD.(Japan)/PADECOCO.,LTD.(Japan)/PT.INTIERACIPTA(Indonesia)/PT.IRECREKAYASA(Indonesia)/PT.KUTAMIMANAJEMENTEKNOLOGI(Indonesia)

IndonesiaPLNOPERATIONIMPROVEMENTSYSTEMPROJECT

2007.03.29 487 NIPPONKOEICO.,LTD.(Japan)/PT.MULTIPOLARTECHNOLOGY(Indonesia)

IndonesiaRAILWAYDOUBLETRACKINGONJAVASOUTHLINEPROJECT(III)(E/S)

2007.03.29 301JAPANTRANSPORTATIONCONSULTANTS,INC.(Japan)/ORIENTALCONSULTANTSCO.,LTD.(Japan)/PT.DARDELAYASAGUNA(Indonesia)/PT.INTIERACIPTA(Indonesia)/PT.RAYAKONSULT(Indonesia)/PT.JAYACMMANGGALAPRATAMA(Indonesia)

IndonesiaPARTICIPATORYIRRIGATIONREHABILITATIONANDIMPROVEMENTMANAGEMENTPROJECT

2008.03.28 161 PT.PPACONSULTANTS(Indonesia)

IndonesiaDECENTRALIZEDIRRIGATIONSYSTEMIMPROVEMENTPROJECT(II)

2008.03.28 127 PT.AMURWAINTERNATIONAL(Indonesia)/PT.PUSERBUMI(Indonesia)

IndonesiaRAILWAYDOUBLETRACKINGONJAVASOUTHLINEPROJECT(III)

2008.03.28 814JAPANTRANSPORTATIONCONSULTANTS,INC.(Japan)/ORIENTALCONSULTANTSCO.,LTD.(Japan)/PT.INTIERACIPTA(Indonesia)/PT.DARDELAYASAGUNA(Indonesia)/PT.RAYAKONSULT(Indonesia)/PT.JAYACMMANGGALAPRATAMA(Indonesia)

IndonesiaENGINEERINGSERVICESFORJAVA–SUMATRAINTERCONNECTIONTRANSMISSIONLINEPROJECT

2009.03.31 3,653 NEWJECINC.(Japan)/ELECTRICPOWERDEVELOPMENTCO.,LTD.(J-POWER)(Japan)/PT.CONNUSAENERGINDO(Indonesia)/PT.KWARSAHEXAGON(Indonesia)

Philippines ENVIRONMENTALDEVELOPMENTPROJECT 2008.09.30 246 GHDPTYLTD.(Australia)

Philippines AGRICULTURALCREDITSUPPORTPROJECT 2009.11.25 354 NIPPONKOEICO.,LTD.(Japan)/PHILKOEIINTERNATIONAL,INC.(Philippines)

PhilippinesLOGISTICSINFRASTRUCTUREDEVELOPMENTPROJECT

2009.11.09 233 BERKMANINTERNATIONAL,INC.(Philippines)

ThailandEIGHTHBANGKOKWATERSUPPLYIMPROVEMENTPROJECT

2009.12.03 251 TEAMCONSULTINGENGINEERINGANDMANAGEMENTCO.,LTD.(Thailand)

VietNamCAIMEPTHIVAIINTERNATIONALPORTCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT

2005.03.31 293 THEOVERSEASCOASTALAREADEVELOPMENTINSTITUTEOFJAPAN(Japan)

VietNamHUECITYWATERENVIRONMENTIMPROVEMENTPROJECT

2008.03.31 2,652BLACK&VEATCHINTERNATIONAL(UnitedStatesofAmerica)/NIHONSUIKOSEKKEICO.,LTD.(Japan)/VIETNAMWATERSANITATIONANDENVIRONMENTJOINTSTOCKCOMPANY(VietNam)

VietNamHANOICITYURBANRAILWAYCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT(NAMTHANGLONG–TRANHUNGDAOSECTION(LINE2))(I)

2009.03.31 8,936

ALMECCORPORATION(Japan)/KATAHIRA&ENGINEERSINTERNATIONAL(Japan)/PADECOCO.,LTD.(Japan)/TONICHIENGINEERINGCONSULTANTS,INC.(Japan)/ORIENTALCONSULTANTSCO.,LTD.(Japan)/TRANSPORTENGINEERINGDESIGNINCORPORATION(VietNam)/TRANSPORTINVESTMENTANDCONSTRUCTIONCONSULTANT(VietNam)

VietNamTHAIBINHTHERMALPOWERPLANTANDTRANSMISSIONLINESCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT(I)

2009.11.10 914 FICHTNERGMBH&CO.KG.(Germany)

BangladeshTELECOMMUNICATIONNETWORKDEVELOPMENTPROJECT

2006.06.29 262DEVELOPMENTDESIGNCONSULTANTSLIMITED(Bangladesh)/ENGINEERINGCONSULTANTSANDASSOCIATESLIMIITED(Bangladesh)/ISINTERNATIONAL,INC.(Japan)/JAPANTELECOMMUNICATIONSENGINEERINGANDCONSULTINGSERVICE(Japan)

BangladeshBHERAMARACOMBINEDCYCLEPOWERPLANTDEVELOPMENTPROJECT(ES)

2010.03.24 1,736 FICHTNERGMBH&CO.KG.(Germany)/TOKYOELECTRICPOWERSERVICESCO.,LTD.(Japan)

BangladeshSOUTHWESTERNBANGLADESHRURALDEVELOPMENTPROJECT

2010.03.24 347RESOURCEPLANNINGANDMANAGEMENTCONSULTANTS(PVT)LTD.(Bangladesh)/BCLASSOCIATESLTD.(Bangladesh)/KRANTIASSOCIATESLTD.(Bangladesh)/ICNETLIMITED(Japan)/HIFABINTERNATIONALAB(Sweden)

IndiaHYDERABADOUTERRINGROADPROJECT(PHASE2)

2008.11.21 818 NIPPONKOEICO.,LTD.(Japan)/AARVEEASSOCIATESARCHITECTSENGINEERS&CONSULTANTSPVT.LTD.(India)/NIPPONKOEIINDIAPVT.LTD.(India)

IndiaDEDICATEDFREIGHTCORRIDORPROJECT(PHASE1)

2009.10.27 2,558 NIPPONKOEICO.,LTD.(Japan)/JAPANRAILWAYTECHNICALSERVICE(Japan)/PBJAPANCO.,LTD.(Japan)/NIPPONKOEIINDIAPVT.LTD.(India)

India KOLKATAEAST-WESTMETROPROJECT(II) 2010.03.31 3,931CONSULTINGENGINEERINGSERVICES(INDIA)PRIVATELIMITED(India)/MAUNSELLCONSULTANTSASIALTD.(HongKong)/EGISRAILS.A.(France)/YACHIYOENGINEERINGCO.,LTD.(Japan)/LEEHARRISPOMEROYARCHITECTSP.C.(UnitedStatesofAmerica)

PakistanEAST-WESTROADIMPROVEMENTPROJECT(N70)(I)

2008.05.03 1,183 CTIENGINEERINGINTERNATIONALCO.,LTD.(Japan)/ORIENTALCONSULTANTSCO.,LTD.(Japan)

SriLankaVAVUNIYA-KILINOCHCHITRANSMISSIONLINEPROJECT

2005.06.09 107 NIPPONKOEICO.,LTD.(Japan)

AzerbaijanSHIMALGASCOMBINEDCYCLEPOWERPLANTPROJECT(SECONDUNIT)

2005.05.13 537 TOKYOELECTRICPOWERSERVICESCO.,LTD.(Japan)

AzerbaijanPROVINCIALCITIESWATERSUPPLYANDSEWERAGEPROJECT

2009.05.29 1,536 TOKYOENGINEERINGCONSULTANTSCO.,LTD.(Japan)

GeorgiaEAST-WESTHIGHWAYIMPROVEMENTPROJECT

2009.12.16 1,764PADECOCO.,LTD.(Japan)/TRANSPROJECTLTD.(Georgia)/ROADSREHABILITATIONANDMODERNIZATIONSUPERVISIONDIRECTIONLTD.(Georgia)/PADECOGEORGIAHIGHWAYLTD.(Georgia)/ORIENTALCONSULTANTSCO.,LTD.(Japan)

EgyptENERGYCONTROLSYSTEMUPGRADINGPROJECTINUPPEREGYPT

2008.12.24 472 ELECTRICPOWERSYSTEMSENG.CO.(EPS)(Egypt)/TOKYOELECTRICPOWERCO.INC.(Japan)/TOKYOELECTRICPOWERSERVICESCO.,LTD.(Japan)

Iraq IRRIGATIONSECTORLOAN 2008.01.25 432 NIPPONKOEICO.,LTD.(Japan)/DARALHANDASAHCONSULTANTS(Lebanon)

IraqBASRAHWATERSUPPLYIMPROVEMENTPROJECT

2008.06.11 3,799 NJSCONSULTANTSCO.,LTD.(Japan)

IraqBAGHDADSEWERAGEFACILITIESIMPROVEMENTPROJECT(E/S)

2009.03.17 1,510 NIPPONKOEICO.,LTD.(Japan)/TOKYOENGINEERINGCONSULTANTSCO.,LTD.(Japan)

IraqWATERSUPPLYSECTORLOANPROJECTINMID-WESTERNIRAQ

2010.03.31 1,524 PELLFRISCHMANNCONSULTANTSLIMITED(UnitedKingdom)

IraqWATERSUPPLYSECTORLOANPROJECTINMID-WESTERNIRAQ

2010.03.31 2,279 PELLFRISCHMANNCONSULTANTSLIMITED(UnitedKingdom)

Morocco RURALWATERSUPPLYPROJECT(III) 2008.03.28 752NIPPONKOEICO.,LTD.(Japan)/FICHTNERWATER&TRANSPORTATIONGMBH(Germany)/CONSEIL,INGENIERIEETDEVELOPPEMENT(C.I.D.S.A)(Morocco)/TEAMMAROC,S.A.(Morocco)

TunsiaWATERSAVINGAGRICULTUREPROJECTINSOUTHERNOASISAREA

2007.03.30 224 STUDI(Tunsia)

Statistics on Program Results 11-2.PrincipalContractorsunderODALoan(FY2010/ConsultingServices/ContractAmount:over¥100million)

195

12-1 Terms and Conditions of ODA Loans (Excluding “Climate Change ODA Loan,” Effective from April 1, 2011)

Category GNI Per Capita (2009) Terms Standard/Option Interest Rate (%) Repaiment Period (Years)

Grace Period (Years)

Conditions for Procurement

Low-IncomeCountries MinimalInterestRate“MIRAI” 0.01 40 10 Untied

LeastDevelopedCountries(LDC)

GeneralTerms

Standard 0.70 30 10

UntiedOption1 0.65 25 7Option2 0.60 20 6Option3 0.55 15 5

PreferentialTerms

Standard 0.55 40 10

UntiedOption1 0.45 30 10Option2 0.40 20 6Option3 0.30 15 5

Low-IncomeCountries –US$995

GeneralTerms

Standard 1.20 30 10

UntiedOption1 0.90 25 7Option2 0.75 20 6Option3 0.65 15 5

PreferentialTerms

Standard 0.55 40 10

UntiedOption1 0.45 30 10Option2 0.40 20 6Option3 0.30 15 5

STEPStandard 0.20 40 10

TiedOption 0.10 30 10

Lower-Middle-IncomeCountries

US$996–US$1,905

GeneralTermsStandard 1.40 30 10

UntiedOption1 0.80 20 6Option2 0.70 15 5

PreferentialTerms

Standard 0.65 40 10

UntiedOption1 0.55 30 10Option2 0.50 20 6Option3 0.40 15 5

STEPStandard 0.20 40 10

TiedOption 0.10 30 10

Middle-IncomeCountries

US$1,906–US$3,945

GeneralTermsStandard 1.40 25 7

UntiedOption1 0.95 20 6Option2 0.80 15 5

PreferentialTerms

Standard 0.65 40 10

UntiedOption1 0.55 30 10Option2 0.50 20 6Option3 0.40 15 5

STEPStandard 0.20 40 10

TiedOption 0.10 30 10

Upper-Middle-IncomeCountries

US$3,946–US$6,885

GeneralTermsStandard 1.70 25 7

UntiedOption1 1.60 20 6Option2 1.50 15 5

PreferentialTermsStandard 1.20 25 7

UntiedOption1 1.00 20 6Option2 0.60 15 5

ConsultingServicesForconsultingservices,theinterestratewillbe0.01%andtherepayment,graceperiodsandconditionsforprocurementwillbethesameasthoseformaincomponents.

OptionsforProgramTypeODALoanIncaseofco-financing,itispossibletoapplythesamerepaymenttermsasco-financer’slendingwhilemaintainingtheconcessionalityofODAloans.ForcountriescomplyingwithongoingIMF-supportedprogramsorreceivinggrantsfromIDA,itispossibletomodifythetermsandconditionsoftheJapaneseODALoansoastomeettheIMF’sconcessionalitycriteria.

Country Project Name Date of Loan Agreement

Contract Amount

(¥1 million)Contractors

TunsiaWATERSAVINGAGRICULTUREPROJECTINSOUTHERNOASISAREA

2007.03.30 236 SCET-TUNISIE(Tunsia)

TunsiaWATERSAVINGAGRICULTUREPROJECTINSOUTHERNOASISAREA

2007.03.30 228 SCET-TUNISIE(Tunsia)

Kenya MOMBASAPORTDEVELOPMENTPROJECT 2007.11.20 607ORIENTALCONSULTANTSCO.,LTD(Japan)/THEOVERSEASCOASTALAREADEVELOPMENTINSTITUTEOFJAPAN(Japan)/NIPPONKOEICO.,LTD(Japan)/M.A.CONSULTINGGROUP(Kenya)

Kenya MWEAIRRGATIONDEVELOPMENTPROJECT 2010.08.16 1,707 NIPPONKOEICO.,LTD.(Japan)/GIBBAFRICALIMITED(Kenya)

ZambiaINCREASEDACCESSTOELECTRICITYSERVICESPROJECT

2009.03.26 477 NIPPONKOEICO.,LTD.(Japan)/ZULUBURROWDEVELOPMENTCONSULTANTSLIMITED(Zambia)

Turkey ISTANBULWATERSUPPLYPROJECT 1993.11.12 386ICCONSULENTENZIVILTECHNIKERGESMBH(Austria)/COYNEVEBELLIERMUH.VEMUSLTD.STI.(Turkey)/SIALYERBILIMLERIMUSAVIRLIKVEMUHENDISLIKLTD.STI.(Turkey)

Statistics on Program Results 11-2.PrincipalContractorsunderODALoan(FY2010/ConsultingServices/ContractAmount:over¥100million)/12-1.TermsandConditionsofODALoans(Excluding“ClimateChangeODALoan,”EffectivefromApril1,2011)

Notes: Special Terms for Economic Partnership (STEP) is set and reconsidered on January 15 each year. This is to ensure tied aid eligibility. The concessionality level of optional terms does not exceed that of standard terms. Under the EPSA initiative, loans for projects co-financed with the AfDB are extended using “Preferential Terms,” determined for each income category; in the case of low-income LDCs, the terms

are MIRAI. A two-step loan extended to the AfDB to cover its sub-loans to private enterprises under the EPSA initiative is extended using such terms and conditions as an interest rate of 0.55% and a repayment

period of 40 years with a 10-year grace period. Irrespective of the country category, the terms applied for disaster recovery assistance projects are MIRAI. Emergency financial assistance in the form of ODA Loan requires a floating rate (6-month LIBOR for yen) with a fixed term of 15 years (three years).

196

Data and

Inform

ation

Terms and Conditions of “Climate Change ODA Loan” (Cool Earth Loan) (Effective from April 1, 2011)

Category GNI Per Capita (2009) Terms Standard/Option Interest Rate (%) Repaiment Period (Years)

Grace Period (Years)

Conditions for Procurement

Low-IncomeCountries MinimalInterestRate“MIRAI” 0.01 40 10 Untied

LeastDevelopedCountries(LDC) UntiedStandard 0.20 40 10 UntiedOption1 0.15 30 10 UntiedOption2 0.10 20 6 Untied

Low-IncomeCountries –US$995Untied

Standard 0.25 40 10 UntiedOption1 0.20 30 10 UntiedOption2 0.15 20 6 UntiedOption3 0.10 15 5 Untied

STEP Standard 0.10 40 10 Tied

Lower-Middle-IncomeCountries

US$996–US$1,905Untied

Standard 0.30 40 10 UntiedOption1 0.25 30 10 UntiedOption2 0.20 20 6 UntiedOption3 0.15 15 5 Untied

STEP Standard 0.10 40 10 Tied

Middle-IncomeCountries

US$1,906–US$3,945Untied

Standard 0.30 40 10 UntiedOption1 0.25 30 10 UntiedOption2 0.20 20 6 UntiedOption3 0.15 15 5 Untied

STEP Standard 0.10 40 10 Tied

Upper-Middle-IncomeCountries

US$3,946–US$6,885 Untied

Standard 0.60 40 10 UntiedOption1 0.50 30 10 UntiedOption2 0.40 20 6 UntiedOption3 0.30 15 5 Untied

ConsultingServicesForconsultingservices,theinterestratewillbe0.01%andtherepayment,graceperiodsandconditionsforprocurementwillbethesameasthoseformaincomponents.

[Reference] Major Economies Classified by Income Category (Classified by the DAC and the World Bank)

Income Category 2009 GNI per Capita

Low-IncomeCountries

Afghanistan,Bangladesh,Benin,BurkinaFaso,Burundi,Cambodia,CentralAfricanRepublic,Chad,Comoros,DemocraticRepublicofCongo,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Gambia,Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Haiti,Laos,Liberia,Madagascar,Malawi,Mali,Mauritania,Mozambique,Myanmar,Nepal,Niger,Rwanda,SierraLeone,SolomonIslands,Somalia,Tanzania,Togo,Tuvalu,Uganda,Zambia

LeastDevelopedCountries(LDC)Angola,Bhutan,EquatorialGuinea,Djibouti,Kiribati,Lesotho,Samoa,SaoTomeandPrincipe,Senegal,Sudan,Timor-Leste,Vanuatu,Yemen

Low-IncomeCountries –US$995 Ghana,Kenya,KyrgyzRepublic,Tajikistan,Zimbabwe

Lower-Middle-IncomeCountries

US$996–US$1,905Bolivia,Cameroon,Congo,Coted’Ivoire,Guyana,Honduras,India,Moldova,Mongolia,Nicaragua,Nigeria,Pakistan,PapuaNewGuinea,Philippines,Uzbekistan,VietNam

Middle-IncomeCountries

US$1,906–US$3,945Armenia,Belize,CapeVerde,China,Ecuador,Egypt,ElSalvador,Georgia,Guatemala,Indonesia,Iraq,Jordan,Kosovo,MarshallIslands,Maldives,Micronesia,Morocco,Paraguay,SriLanka,Syria,Swaziland,Thailand,Tonga,Tunisia,Turkmenistan,Ukraine

Upper-Middle-IncomeCountries

US$3,946–US$6,885Albania,Algeria,Azerbaijan,Belarus,BosniaandHerzegovina,Botswana,Colombia,CostaRica,Dominica,DominicanRepublic,Fiji,Grenada,Iran,Jamaica,Kazakhstan,Macedonia,Montenegro,Namibia,Panama,Peru,SaintLucia,Serbia,SouthAfrica,St.VincentandtheGrenadines,Suriname

Statistics on Program Results 12-1.TermsandConditionsofODALoans(Excluding“ClimateChangeODALoan,”EffectivefromApril1,2011)

•Treatmentfacilitiesforpreventingwaterpollutioninharborsetc.•Sewagetreatmentfacilities

(c)WastetreatmentExample:Collection,processing,disposalofsolidwaste

(3)EnergysavingandresourceconservationExamples:

•Installationofenergysavingfacilitiesandequipment•Powerplantsandtransmissionanddistributionlinesforenergy

savingandresourceconservation•Centralizedcityheatingsystem•Co-generation

(4)Conservationofthenaturalenvironment(a)Protectionofwildlife(b)Marineresourceresearch(c)Geneticresourceresearch(d)Conservationofsoil(e)Others(research,monitoring)

(5)NewandrenewableenergysourcesExamples:

•Photovoltaicpowergeneration,Utilizationofsolarthermalenergy

1 Sectors and Fields Eligible for Preferential TermsThe Global Environment(1)Forestconservation,forestation

(a)Forestconservationandmanagement(b)Afforestationandreforestation(c)Researchforforestresources(d)Others(monitoringsystemetc.)

(2)Preventionofpollution(a)Preventionofairpollution

Examples:•Installationofequipmentforthepreventionofairpollution•Rehabilitationofexistingpowerplantscontributingtothereduction

ofairpollution•Upgradeandrehabilitationoffactoriesetc.•Coalqualityselectionforthepreventionofairpollution

(b)PreventionofwaterpollutionExamples:

•Effluenttreatment,recyclingofwater•Sludgetreatment,residuetreatment•Relocationoffactoriesforwaterpollutionprevention

197

IncomeCountriestowhichtiedaidcanbeextendedunderOECDrules(excludingtheLeastDevelopedamongLessDevelopedCountriesandUpper-Middle-IncomeCountries)

STEP-Eligible Projects(1)Outline:ProjectseligibleforSTEPwillbelimitedtothosethatareinthefollowingsectorsandfields;(2),andatthesametime,forwhichJapanesetechnologiesandequipmentaresubstantiallyutilized.

SectorsandFields•BridgesandTunnels•Ports•Airports•Urbanmasstransitsystem•Oil/Gastransmissionandstoragefacilities•Urbanfloodcontrolprojects•Communications/Broadcasting/Publicinformationsystems•Powerstations/Powertransmissionanddistributionlines•Trunkroads/Dams(limitedtoprojectsthatsubstantiallyutilize

Japan’santi-earthquaketechniques,groundtreatmenttechniquesandfastimplementationtechniques)

•EnvironmentalProjects(limitedtoprojectsthatsubstantiallyutilizeJapan’sair-pollutionpreventiontechniques,water-pollutionpreventiontechniques,wastetreatmentandrecyclingtechniquesandwasteheatrecyclingandutilizationtechniques)

Interest Rates and Repayment Period InterestratesandrepaymentperiodsaresetsoastoenabletheextensionoftiedaidunderOECDrules,andrevisedannuallyon15January.

Procurement Conditions PrimarycontractsaretiedtoJapanesefirms,whilesubcontractsaregenerallyuntied.Jointventureswithrecipientcountriesareacceptedforprimarycontracts,onconditionthattheJapanesefirmistheleadingpartner.

Coverage Ratio ODAloansmaybeusedtofinanceupto100%ofthetotalprojectcost.

Country of Origin Rule Notlessthan30%ofthetotalamountoftheprincipalcontractfinancedwithODAloansmustbeaccountedforbyeither(a)goodsoriginatingfromJapantogetherwithservicesprovidedbyJapanesefirms,or(b)goodsprocuredfromJapan.Seechartbelow.

Category Examples

Inthecaseofprojectsforwhichadvancedtechnologiesand/orknowhowofJapanesefirmscanbeidentifiedinservices(e.g.constructionmethods),notonlygoodsbutalsoservicesmustbeincludedintheratiomentioned.

Tunnels,ports,concretebridges,trunkroads,dams,seweragesystems,urbanundergroundheadracetunnels,publicinformationsystems,hydroelectricpower,andgeothermalpower,etc.

Inthecaseofprojects,whichmainlyconsistoftheinstallationofgoodsorplantsandtheircoretechnologiesthatcanbeidentifiedingoodsorplants,onlygoodsshallbeincludedintheratiomentioned.

Communications/broadcastingfacilities,wind/solar/thermalpowergeneration,oil/gastransmissionandstoragefacilities,wastetreatmentsites,wasteincinerationplants,steelbridges,urbanmasstransitsystems,urbanfloodcontrolprojects,powertransmissionanddistributionline,etc.

Procurement Audits Theprocurementprocessisauditedbyathirdpartyafterbiddingtoensurefairness,utilizingloanfundsorJICAresearchexpenses.

Note: Please refer to page 197 for the classification of principal country income levels.

•Windpowergeneration•Utilizationofheatandpowergenerationthroughwastetreatment•Geothermalpowergeneration•Biomassenergy•Utilizationofurbanwasteheat•Fuelcells•Utilizationofexhaustgas

(6)ProtectionoftheozonelayerExamples:

•EmissioncontrolorcollectionofCFCetc.•Treatmentofmaterialsdamagingtheozonelayer•Monitoring

(7)MarinepollutionExamples:

•Machinesorvesselsforthepreventionofmarinepollution•Measuresforpreventingmarinedisposalofwastes•Monitoring

(8)DesertificationprotectionExamples:

•Afforestation,protectionofforests•Agriculturedesertificationprotection

(9)Watersupplyforthepreventionofinfectiousdiseaseandpovertyreduction

Human Resource Development Support(1)ForeignstudyortrainingtoJapan(2)ExpertdispatchfromJapan(3)LendingtoprivateforeignstudentsinJapan

Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Low-interestloanfacilitiesforsmallandmediumsizedenterprisesfocusingparticularlyonsmallersizedbusinesses

Support for Peacebuilding Projectsandprogramsforhumanitarianimprovement,restorationandreconstructioninpeacebuildingcountriesandtheirneighboringnations

[Note] 1 In cases where a part of the project is eligible for preferential terms, preferential terms can be applied to that part.

2 Hydro-electric power generation with no significant impact on the environment can be categorized as a new and renewable energy only in those cases where it can be confirmed that the project will not create problems as a result of deliberate environmental aspect investigation.

2 In order to assist upper-middle income countries to reduce regional income disparities, projects to develop specified economic and social infrastructure in low-income regions will be funded through ODA Loans. This will be in areas where ODA Loans have been hitherto limited in-principle to environmental, human resource development, and anti-seismic measure projects. Regarding “ODA Loan Activities for Supporting Africa” announced in May 2010, in view of Japan’s commitments made at TICAD IV, as a time-limited measure up to the end of fiscal 2012, the categories of Agriculture and Rural Development Projects and Regional Infrastructure that contribute to poverty through economic growth have been added as eligible fields for ODA Loan in Africa in addition to the above-mentioned four fields.

3 Special Term for Economic Partnership (STEP)Overview TheGovernmentofJapandecidedtointroduceanewODAloanschemefromJuly2002,nowcalledtheSpecialTermforEconomicPartnership(STEP),inanefforttoraisethevisibilityofJapan’sODAamongthecitizensofrecipientcountriesaswellasJapan.Theseschemesutilizeandtransferthecutting-edgetechnologiesandknow-howofJapanesefirms.

STEP Recipient Countries Low-IncomeCountries,Lower-Middle-IncomeCountriesandMiddle-

Statistics on Program Results 12-1.TermsandConditionsofODALoans(Excluding“ClimateChangeODALoan,”EffectivefromApril1,2011)

198

Data and

Inform

ation

12-2 Tying Status (Commitment Basis) (Unit:%)

12-3 Nationalities of Contractors (Including Procurement in Local Currency) (Unit:%)

12-5 Nationalities of Contractors (Including Procurement in Local Currency, Including Commodity Loans) (Unit:%)

12-4 Nationalities of Contractors (Foreign Currency Only) (Unit:%)

12-6 Nationalities of Contractors (Foreign Currency Only, Excluding Commodity Loans) (Unit:%)

FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010

GeneralUntied 91.5 93.2 87.4 87.3 75.1PartiallyUntied 1.3* 1.4* 0.0 0.0 13.4**BilateralTied 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6Tied 7.1 5.3 12.6 12.7 10.8Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010

Japan 30.3 17.0 18.6 20.6 11.6 23.1 DevelopedCountries 8.7 6.5 18.1 7.8 14.0 7.7 DevelopingCountries 32.9 37.6 23.6 31.5 31.3 29.0 DevelopingCountries(LocalCurrencies) 28.1 38.8 39.7 40.2 43.1 40.2 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010

Japan 31.3 18.0 19.9 22.6 13.5 24.5 DevelopedCountries 8.0 6.9 14.4 2.5 7.7 6.0 DevelopingCountries(ForeignCurrency) 31.3 34.2 23.2 30.8 27.2 26.9 DevelopingCountries(LocalCurrencies) 29.4 40.9 42.5 44.1 51.6 42.6 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010

Japan 42.1 27.8 30.8 34.4 20.5 38.7 DevelopedCountries 12.1 10.7 30.0 13.0 24.5 12.8 DevelopingCountries 45.8 61.5 39.2 52.6 55.0 48.4 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010

Japan 44.3 30.4 34.6 40.4 27.9 42.8 DevelopedCountries 11.4 11.7 25.0 4.5 15.9 10.4 DevelopingCountries(ForeignCurrency) 44.4 57.9 40.4 55.1 56.2 46.9 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Statistics on Program Results 12-2.TyingStatus/12-3.NationalitiesofContractors/12-4.NationalitiesofContractors/12-5.NationalitiesofContractors/12-6.NationalitiesofContractors

General untied: Procurement conditions with no time limitations for borrowers.Partially untied: Procurement conditions stipulating that Japan and all countries on the DAC assistance recipient country list (all those listed in Part I and Part II) are eligible source countries.Bilateral tied: Procurement conditions stipulating that only Japan and borrowing countries are eligible source countries.Tied: Procurement conditions stipulating that only Japan is a procurement-eligible source country.Note: AfDB Private-Sector Support Assistance Finance does not include procurement and is therefore excluded.* International competitive bidding by participating countries and member countries as stipulated in the Agreement for the establishment of the African Development Fund (AfDF) and by member countriesas stipulated in the Agreement for the establishment of the Asian Development Bank (ADB).** Includes the partially untied component of the project whose L/A amount was increased (compound project).

Note: Data for developed countries excludes Japan. Figures represent rounded numerical data.

Note: Data for developed countries excludes Japan. Figures represent rounded numerical data.

Note: Data for developed countries excludes Japan. Figures represent rounded numerical data.

Note: Data for developed countries excludes Japan. Figures represent rounded numerical data.

199

13-1 Technical Cooperation Projects (Record of Discussion Newly Signed in FY2010)

Country Project Name Signing Date of Record of Discussion

Project Commencement Date

Project Completion Date

AsiaCambodia ProjectonGenderMainstreamingPhase2 2010. 5. 12 2010. 9. 15 2015. 9. 14

ProjectonImprovingOfficialStatisticsinCambodia(Phase3) 2010. 6. 10 2010. 10. 1 2015. 3. 31AgriculturalProductivityPromotionProjectinWestTonleSap 2010. 8. 2 2010. 10. 1 2015. 3. 31FreshwaterAquacultureImprovementandExtensionProjectPhase2(FAIEX-II) 2011. 1. 7 2011. 3. 1 2015. 2. 28

Indonesia ProjectforCapacityDevelopmentofWastewaterSectorthroughreviewingtheWastewaterManagementMasterPlaninDKIJakarta

2010. 6. 18 2010. 7. 1 2012. 6. 30

EducationforComputerbasedIndustrialAutomation 2010. 7. 1 2010. 4. 1 2012. 3. 31TrainingCourseofArtificialInseminationonDairyCattleforDevelopingCountries 2010. 8. 5 2010. 9. 17 2012. 9. 16ProjectforImprovementofDistrictHealthManagementCapacityinSouthSulawesiProvince(Phase2) 2010. 11. 11 2010. 11. 11 2014. 3. 31TheThirdCountryTraining(TheInternationalTrainingProgramonDocumentaryTVProgramProductionforAsianandAfricanCountries)

2011. 2. 28 2011. 3. 1 2016. 2. 28

TheProjectonMangroveEcosystemConservationandSustainableUseintheASEANRegion 2011. 3. 25 2011. 6. 19 2014. 6. 18Laos ProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentintheLegalSector 2010. 5. 31 2010. 7. 11 2014. 7. 10

ProjectfortheCapacityDevelopmentofBusinessPersonsthroughLaos-JapanHumanResourceDevelopmentInstitute 2010. 6. 24 2010. 9. 1 2014. 8. 31ProjectforImprovementofPowerSectorManagement 2010. 7. 16 2010. 8. 1 2013. 2. 28CapacityDevelopmentforSector-wideCoordinationinHealthPhase2 2010. 7. 29 2010. 12. 17 2015. 12. 16ProjectforRiverbankProtectionPhase2 2010. 7. 30 2010. 10. 20 2014. 10. 19ForestrySectorCapacityDevelopmentProject 2010. 8. 31 2010. 10. 1 2014. 9. 30LivelihoodImprovementProjectforSouthernMoutainousandPlateauArea 2010. 9. 14 2010. 11. 20 2015. 11. 19LaosPilotProgramforNarrowingtheDevelopmentGaptowardsASEANIntegration(LPP) 2010. 9. 15 2010. 10. 29 2015. 10. 28ParticipatoryIrrigatedAgricultureDevelopmentProjectinSouthernAreasalongtheMekong 2010. 11. 1 2010. 11. 29 2015. 11. 28

Malaysia HumanResourceDevelopmentandImprovementinTaxAdministration 2010. 6. 18 2010. 7. 29 2013. 7. 28ProjectforEnhancementofTrainingCapacityofEiMASonEnvironmentalManagement 2010. 12. 17 2011. 1. 1 2013. 1. 1

Myanmar DevelopmentofParticipatoryMultiplicationandDistributionSystemforQualityRiceSeeds 2010. 11. 8 2011. 3. 25 2016. 3. 24ProjectforSupportingSocialWelfareAdministration-PromotionofSocialParticipationoftheDeafCommunity-Phase2 2011. 3. 25 2011. 7. 1 2014. 6. 30

Philippines ProjectonEnhancingtheCapacityforCollectionandApplicationofFingerprints 2010. 6. 18 2010. 7. 14 2013. 7. 13TheProjectonSystemLossReductionforPhilippineElectricCooperatives(EC's) 2010. 9. 14 2010. 11. 1 2013. 3. 30

Thailand TheProjectforSelf-SustainabilityandDisseminationofLandReadjustmentSystem 2010. 5. 31 2010. 7. 5 2014. 3. 21TheDevelopmentofBasicSchemesforPRTRSysteminKingdomofThailand 2010. 7. 8 2011. 3. 6 2015. 3. 5

Timor-Leste IrrigationandRiceCultivationProjectinManatuto-Phase2 2010. 8. 10 2010. 11. 23 2015. 11. 22ProjectforCommunity-basedSustainableNaturalResourceManagement 2010. 8. 23 2010. 12. 20 2015. 10. 31CapacityDevelopmentoftheFacultyofEngineering,ScienceandTechnology,theNationalUniversityofTimor-Lorosa’e 2011. 1. 31 2011. 2. 1 2015. 1. 31

VietNam StrengtheningtheCapacitiesfortheFieldofManagementofVietnam'sCropProductionSectorforImprovingtheProductivityandQualityofCrop'sProducts

2010. 5. 21 2010. 7. 1 2013. 12. 31

ProjectforSustainableForestManagementintheNorthwestWatershedArea 2010. 5. 28 2010. 8. 15 2015. 8. 14ProjectforImprovementoftheQualityofHumanResourcesintheMedicalServiceSystem 2010. 5. 30 2010. 7. 25 2015. 7. 24ProjectforCapacityDevelopmentofBusinessPersonsthroughVietnam-JapanHumanResourcesCooperationCenter 2010. 6. 14 2010. 9. 1 2014. 8. 31ProjectforCapacityBuildingforNationalGreenhouseGasInventory 2010. 6. 18 2010. 9. 20 2013. 9. 19ProjectforNorthwestRegionRuralDevelopment 2010. 6. 24 2010. 8. 1 2015. 7. 31ProjectforStrengtheningFunctionofCentralBank 2010. 8. 2 2010. 8. 25 2011. 8. 24ProjectforStrengtheningFunctionofBankingSupervision 2010. 8. 31 2010. 9. 29 2012. 9. 28ProjectforCapacityDevelopmentforLaboratoryNetworkinVietnamofBiosafetyandExaminationofHighlyHazardousInfectiousPathogens

2010. 11. 2 2011. 2. 21 2016. 2. 20

ProjectfortheCapacityDevelopmentforTransitiontotheNewCNS/ATMSystemsinCambodia,LaoPDRandVietnam 2010. 11. 26 2011. 1. 17 2016. 1. 16ProjectforImplementingMaternalandChildHealthHandbookforScalingUpNationwide 2010. 12. 27 2011. 2. 14 2014. 2. 13TechnicalAssistancefortheLegalandJudicialSystemReform(Phase2) 2011. 2. 25 2011. 4. 1 2015. 3. 31

China ProjectforStrengtheningofHealthEducationforPreventionofInfectiousDiseasesthroughFamilyHealth 2010. 9. 29 2011. 1. 17 2016. 1. 16Theprojectforpromotionofmunicipalsolidwasterecycling 2010. 10. 15 2010. 10. 15 2015. 1. 14ProjectonCapacityBuildingforOccupationalHealth 2011. 1. 31 2011. 3. 31 2016. 3. 30

Mongolia CapacityDevelopmentforPromotingForeignDirectInvestment 2010. 8. 5 2010. 11. 1 2013. 5. 30Afghanistan ReproductiveHealthProjectinAfghanistanPhase2 2010. 4. 13 2010. 5. 16 2015. 5. 15

ProjectfortrainingonPowerDistributionSectorinAfghanistan 2010. 7. 22 2010. 7. 22 2013. 3. 31ProjectforStrengtheningofTeacherEducationProgramPhase3(STEP3) 2010. 12. 12 2011. 2. 1 2015. 1. 31StrengtheningCommunity-ledRuralDevelopmentSupportSystem 2011. 1. 9 2011. 3. 1 2015. 2. 28ProjectforthePromotionandEnhancementoftheAfghanCapacityforEffectiveDevelopment(PEACE) 2011. 2. 14 2011. 2. 14 2019. 4. 30

Bangladesh StrengtheningthecapacityofteachertraininginPTIstoimproveclassroomteaching 2010. 8. 25 2010. 12. 1 2016. 11. 30ProjectforCapacityDevelopmentonNaturalDisaster-ResistantTechniquesofConstructionandRetrofittingforPublicBuildings

2010. 12. 12 2011. 3. 4 2015. 3. 3

Bhutan LocalGovernanceandDecentralizationProjectPhase3 2010. 12. 16 2011. 2. 21 2014. 8. 23

Statistics on Program Results 13-1.TechnicalCooperationProjects(RecordofDiscussionNewlySignedinFY2010)

200

Data and

Inform

ation

Country Project Name Signing Date of Record of Discussion

Project Commencement Date

Project Completion Date

Asia (Continued)

India ProjectforMaximisationofSoybeanProductioninMadhyaPradesh 2010. 10. 22 2011. 3. 22 2016. 3. 21Nepal ProjectforPromotingPeaceBuildingandDemocratizationthroughtheCapacityDevelopmentoftheMediaSectorinNepal 2010. 6. 30 2010. 11. 1 2013. 10. 30SriLanka PromotionofIntegratedPlantNutritionPracticeamongFarmersforSustainable 2010. 9. 21 2010. 9. 21 2010. 9. 21

In-CountryTrainingProgramonAnimalHusbandryinNorth&EastProvinces 2010. 12. 23 2011. 1. 1 2013. 3. 31Kazakhstan ProjectforEnterpriseDevelopmentthroughKazakhstan-JapanCenterforHumanDevelopment 2010. 6. 16 2010. 10. 1 2012. 9. 30Uzbekistan ImprovementofadministrativeproceduresfortheDevelopmentofPrivateSectorActivities 2010. 4. 1 2010. 4. 1 2012. 3. 31

ProjectonPreventiveCareMeasuresforNon-CommunicableDiseases 2010. 7. 30 2010. 10. 1 2013. 10. 1TheProjectforCapacityDevelopmentofBusinessPersonsthroughUzbekistan-JapanCenterforHumanDevelopment 2010. 8. 20 2010. 12. 1 2015. 11. 30

PacificPaific JapaneseTechnicalCooperationProjectforPromotionofRegionalInitiativeonSolidWasteManagement 2010. 12. 15 2011. 2. 3 2016. 2. 2Fiji TheProjectforStrengtheningTheNeed-BasedIn-ServiceTrainingforCommunityHealthNurses 2010. 5. 13 2010. 10. 1 2014. 5. 31

TheStrengtheningCommunityDisasterRiskManagementProjectinthePacificRegion 2010. 8. 13 2010. 10. 1 2013. 9. 30SystemImprovementofExpandedProgrammeonImmunizationinthePacificRegion 2010. 12. 2 2011. 2. 1 2014. 1. 31

PapuaNewGuinea CapacityDevelopmentonForestResourceMonitoringforAddressingClimateChangeinPapuaNewGuinea 2010. 11. 26 2011. 3. 20 2014. 3. 19SolomonIslands ProjectforStrengtheningofMalariaControlSystemPhaseII 2010. 11. 24 2011. 2. 17 2014. 1. 31

North America and Latin AmericaGuatemala IntegratedWasteWaterManagementProjectforProgressiveImprovementoftheWaterQualityintheMetropolitanArea 2010. 4. 2 2011. 7. 18 2011. 8. 6

TheProjectonUrbanPlanningCapacityDevelopmentinGuatemalaCity 2010. 5. 14 2010. 5. 17 2011. 3. 31ProjectforMaternalandChildHealthinQuetzaltenango,Totonicapan,andSololaintheRepublicofGuatemala 2011. 1. 19 2011. 3. 1 2015. 3. 31

Haiti ProjectonTechnicalTraininginAgriculturalProductionSysteminMountainousAreastoTechniciansoftheRepublicofHaiti 2010. 8. 19 2010. 10. 20 2013. 10.19Mexico ProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentinthetechnologyofPlasticTransformation 2010. 7. 20 2010. 10. 1 2014. 9. 30

ProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentfortheElectronicsIndustryinMaquiladoraZoneinBajaCalifornia 2010. 10. 1 2010. 11. 28 2012. 4. 28Argentina TrainingforRangersofNaturalProtectedAreainLatinAmerica 2010. 8. 30 2010. 10. 1 2013. 3. 31

SustainableUseandDevelopmentofNaturalPlantsResourcesinLatinAmerica 2011. 3. 28 2011. 9. 1 2014. 10. 31Bolivia ProjectforstrengtheninghealthnetworkinRuralregionfocusingonmotherandchildrenhealth 2010. 8. 13 2010. 8. 16 2014. 8. 15Brazil InternationalTrainingCourseonUrbanRailwayTransportSystem 2010. 4. 1 2010. 4. 1 2011. 3. 31

InternationalCourseonBestPracticesinNonrevenuewaterpreventionandcontrol 2010. 4 .1 2010. 4. 1 2015. 3. 31InternationalCourseforGreatRiversDischargeMeasurementTechniques 2010. 4. 1 2010. 4. 1 2015. 3. 31InternationalCourseonRainforestMonitoring 2010. 7. 1 2010. 7. 1 2014. 3. 31TrainingCourseonTuberculosisManagingforPALOPSs 2010. 7. 30 2010. 10. 13 2015. 3. 31TrainingCourseonHumanizedCareforMotherandNewborn 2010. 8. 2 2010. 8. 2 2015. 3. 31

Chile ProjectonCapacitybuildingtoseismiceventsandtsunamis 2010. 10. 22 2010. 11. 20 2011. 3. 31IntegralManagementofWatershedwithEmphasisinSustainableDevelopmentofRuralTerritoryandEnvironment 2010. 12. 22 2010. 12. 22 2013. 3. 31

Middle EastEgypt WarmWaterFishProductionforAfricaPhase3 2010. 5. 2 2010. 9. 14 2013. 3. 31

OnFarmWaterManagement;IrrigationandDrainageforAfricaPhase3 2010. 5. 2 2010. 9. 19 2013. 3. 31Woman’sHealthacrossLifeSpanforAfricanNurseLeadersPhase2 2010. 5. 2 2010. 9. 11 2013. 3. 21TheProjectforImprovementofManagementCapacityofOperationandMaintenanceforWaterSupplyFacilitiesinNileDeltaArea

2010. 8. 19 2011. 4. 1 2014. 3. 31

PalestinianAuthority TheprojectforinstitutionalstrengtheningofPIEFZAfortheagro-industrialparkinJericho 2010. 6. 7 2010. 7. 1 2012. 3. 31Yemen ProjectofCapacityBuildingfortheYemenCoastGuardforMaritimeSafetyandSecurity 2010. 8. 3 2011. 3. 1 2014. 2. 28

AfricaAngola CapacityBuildingforHumanResourceDevelopmentinJosinaMachelHospital 2010. 6. 18 2010. 10. 1 2013. 12. 20Botswana ProjectfortheEstablishmentoftheOneStopBorderPost(OSBP)betweenBotswanaand

NamibiaatMamuno/TransKalahariBorderPost 2010. 9. 3 2010. 10. 21 2013. 10. 20

Cameroon UplandRiceDevelopmentofthetropicalForestzoneinCameroon 2011. 2. 28 2010. 6. 13 2014. 5. 14Comoros ProjectforCapacityDevelopmentoftheNationalSchoolofFisheries 2010. 12. 4 2011. 4. 13 2014. 10. 12DemocraticRepublicofCongo

SupporttoHumanResourceDevelopmentinhealthsectorofDRC 2010. 10. 22 2010. 11. 15 2013. 11. 14ProjectondevelopmentofcapacityofinstructorsatINPP 2010. 11. 12 2011. 1. 1 2013. 12. 31

Ethiopia TheProjectonStrengtheningMultiSectoralPlanningandBudgetingCapacityinOromiaRegion 2010. 8. 6 2010. 12. 1 2013. 11. 30NationalPilotProjectforStrengtheningMathematicsandScienceEducation 2011. 2. 15 2011. 3. 4 2014. 3. 3

Ghana ProjectforInstitutionalCapacityDevelopmentoftheCivilServiceTrainingCentre 2010. 10. 8 2011. 3. 1 2014. 2. 28CapacityDevelopmentforElectricEngineersinWestAfricanCoutnries 2010. 11. 1 2010. 11. 1 2014. 3. 31ImprovementofMaternalandNeonatalHealthServicesUtilisingCHPSsystemintheUpperWestRegion 2010. 12. 13 2010. 8. 16 2016. 8. 31

Kenya ProjectfortheSecondPhaseofTradeTrainingforSMEExporters 2010. 6. 4 2010. 8. 2 2012. 11. 29WaterSupplyandHygieneImprovementProjectinHostCommunitiesofDadaabRefugeeCamps 2010. 11. 15 2010. 11. 15 2012. 2. 15ProjectforStrengtheningCommunityHealthStrategy 2010. 12. 9 2011. 10. 1 2014. 9. 30CapacityDevelopmentforEffectiveFloodManagementinFloodProneArea 2011. 2. 7 2011. 7. 1 2014. 6. 30

Statistics on Program Results 13-1.TechnicalCooperationProjects(RecordofDiscussionNewlySignedinFY2010)

201

13-2 Grant Aid (FY2010 Projects) (Unit:¥1million)

Country Project Name Signing Date of Grant Agreement Amount*

AsiaAsia TheProjectforTransboundaryBiodiversityConservationofMekongProtectedForestArea 2010. 11. 2 174Cambodia TheProjectforImprovementofRoleangChreyHeadworks 2009. 6. 25 619

TheProjectfortheImprovementoftheNationalRoadNo.1 2009. 7. 31 1,153TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2010. 6. 23 148TheProjectforConstructionofNeakLoeungBridge 2010. 6. 23 728TheProjectforimprovementofEquipmentforDeminingActivities(PhaseVI) 2011. 3. 16 1,298TheProjectforReplacementandExpansionofWaterDistributionSystemsinProvincialCapitals 2011. 3. 16 2,760TheProjectforFloodProtectionandDrainagelmprovementinthePhnomPenhCapitalCity(PhaseIII) 2011. 3. 16 3,700

Indonesia TheProjectForConstructionOfBridgesInTheProvinceOfNusaTenggaraBarat(phaseII) 2010. 1. 12 328TheProjectForImprovementOfBridgesInNiasIsland 2010. 1. 12 1,061TheProjectforAirportSecuritySystemImprovement 2010. 11. 8 621TheProjectforSafeSchoolReconstructioninDevastatedAreasofEarthquakeinOffshoreofPadanginWestSumatraRegion 2010. 6. 7 549TheFoodSecurityProjectforUnderprivilegedFarmers 2010. 6. 7 520

Country Project Name Signing Date of Record of Discussion

Project Commencement Date

Project Completion Date

Africa (Continued)

Madagascar RuralDevelopmentProjectthroughtheDiffusionofAcuacultureofTylapiaintheRegionofBoeny,Mahajanga 2010. 12. 2 2011. 3. 7 2014. 9. 6Malawi EnhancementofOperationandMaintenanceforRuralWaterSupply 2011. 2. 18 2011. 7. 1 2015. 6. 30

StrengthningtheCapacityofOVOPProgrammeforDeliveringServicestoOVOPGroupinMalawi 2011. 3. 11 2011. 4. 7 2016. 4. 6ProjectforDevelopmentofMediumScaleIrrigationSchemes 2011. 3. 28 2011. 6. 1 2014. 5. 31

Mozambique ProjectforRiceProductivityImprovementinChokweIrrigationScheme 2010. 10. 5 2011. 2. 26 2014. 10. 14ProjectforImprovementoftechniquesforincreasingricecultivationproductivityinNante,MaganjadaCostaDistrict,ZambeziaProvince

2010. 11. 2 2011. 1. 15 2015. 1. 14

ProjectforimprovingresearchcapacityforNacalaCorridoragriculturedevelopment 2011. 2. 21 2011. 5. 7 2016. 5. 6Nigeria ProjectonActivationofWomenDevelopmentCentres(WDCs)toImproveWomen'sLivelihoodPhase2 2010. 10. 7 2011. 2. 7 2015. 2. 6

RicePost-HarvestandMarketingPilotProjectinNasarawaandNigerStates 2011. 3. 16 2011. 8. 30 2015. 8. 30Rwanda ProjectforIncreasingCropProductionwithQualityExtensionServicesintheEasternProvince 2010. 7. 2 2010. 11. 1 2013. 10. 31

TheSkillsTrainingandJobObtainmentSupportforSocialParticipationofEx-CombatantsandOtherPeoplewithDisabilities 2010. 12. 23 2011. 3. 11 2014. 3. 10Senegal ProjectontheImprovementofEducationalEnvironmentPhase2 2010. 6. 18 2010. 9. 1 2014. 8. 31

ProjectforPromotionofArtisanalActivitiesthroughOneVillageOneProductProgramme 2010. 11. 29 2011. 3. 8 2014. 2. 28ProjectofCapacityBuildingfortheRestorationandthePromotionofEffectiveUseofDegradedSoilintheAreasofSoilDegradation

2010. 12. 1 2011. 2. 1 2016. 1. 31

EnforcementofManagementofHealthSysteminTambacoundaandKedougou 2010. 12. 24 2011. 3. 1 2014. 2. 28SierraLeone SustainableRiceDevelopmentProject 2010. 7. 19 2010. 10. 1 2014. 9. 30

TheProjectforCapacityDevelopmentforMaintainingPowerSupplyFacilities 2010. 11. 18 2010. 3. 10 2014. 3. 30Sudan TheProjectforManagementCapacityEnhancementofSouthernSudanUrbanWaterCorporation 2010. 7. 8 2010. 11. 14 2013. 11. 13

ProjectforStrengtheningVocationalTraining 2010. 7. 28 2011. 1. 1 2013. 12. 31TheProjectforEnhancementofOperationandManagementCapacityofInlandWaterwayinSouthernSudan 2010. 12. 1 2011. 3. 1 2014. 2. 28CapacityDevelopmentProjectfortheProvisionofServicesforBasicHumanNeedsinKassala 2011. 2. 23 2011. 2. 23 2014. 4. 30

Tanzania HealthSystemsStrengtheningforHIVandAIDSServicesProject 2010. 7. 22 2010. 10. 28 2014. 10. 29TechnicalCooperationforCapacityBuildingProjectfortheImprovementofDarEsSalaamTransport 2010. 8. 1 2010. 11. 15 2012. 11. 15StrengtheningDevelopmentofHumanResourceforHealth 2010. 8. 12 2010. 11. 18 2014. 11. 17TechnicalCooperationforCapacityDevelopmentforthePromotionofIrrigationSchemeDevelopmentUndertheDistrictAgricultureDevelopmentPlans(DADPs)

2010. 10. 22 2010. 11. 20 2013. 11. 19

EuropeBosniaandHerzegovina ProjectforInformaticsCurriculaModernizationPhase2 2010. 7. 20 2010. 8. 1 2013. 8. 31

Serbia CapacityDevelopmentProjectonNationallyAppropriateMitigationActions(NAMAs) 2010. 8. 20 2010. 11. 1 2013. 2. 28TheFormerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia ProjectonDevelopmentofIntegratedSystemforPreventionandEarlyWarningofForestFires 2011. 1. 27 2011. 5. 12 2014. 5. 11

Turkey School-basedDisasterEducationProject 2010. 10. 18 2011. 1. 4 2014. 1. 3

Total135projects(53CountriesandRegions)

Statistics on Program Results 13-1.TechnicalCooperationProjects(RecordofDiscussionNewlySignedinFY2010)/13-2.GrantAid(FY2010Projects)

202

Data and

Inform

ation

Country Project Name Signing Date of Grant Agreement Amount*

Asia (Continued)

Laos TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2009. 5. 25 97TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2010. 5. 14 127TtheProjectfortheImprovementofSchoolEnvironmentsinChampasackandSavannakhetProvinces 2010. 6. 15 1,018TheProjectfortheImprovementofTVProgramsofLaoNationalTelevision 2011. 3. 18 76TheProjectforImprovementofTransportationCapacityofPublicBusinVientianeCapital 2011. 3. 18 500

Myanmar TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2009. 10. 30 157TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2010. 9. 3 33TheFoodAid 2010. 4. 9 510TheProjectforEquipmentProvisionfortheNationalTuberculosisProgramme 2010. 6. 10 308

Philippines TheProjectfortheBridgeConstructionforExpandedAgrarianReformCommunitiesDevelopment 2009. 5. 27 369TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2009. 5. 27 135TheProjectforImprovementoftheMeteorologicalRadarSystem 2009. 11. 13 1,137

Timor-Leste OecussePortUrgentRehabilitationProject 2010. 12. 14 1,175TheProjectforUrgentImprovementofWaterSupplySysteminBemos-DiliPhase2 2011. 1. 31 272TheProjectforIntroductionofCleanEnergybySolarElectricityGenerationSystem 2010. 7. 8 500

VietNam TheProjectforAfforestationontheCoastalSandyAreainSouthernCentralVietNam(PhaseII) 2009. 7. 6 179TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2010. 7. 12 168TheProjectforRehabilitationofSmall-ScaleReservoirsinQuangNgaiProvince 2010. 8. 11 698

China TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2009. 7. 23 280TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2010. 8. 25 42

Mongolia TtheProjectforConstructionofRailwayFly-overinUlaanbaatarCity 2009. 5. 27 1,143TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2009. 5. 27 88TheProjectforImprovementofWaterSupplyFacilitiesinDarkhanCity 2009. 7. 22 687TheProjectforImprovementofPrimaryEducationFacilities(PhaseIV) 2009. 8. 18 721TheProjectforFreshwaterResourcesandNatureConservation 2010. 5. 4 756TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2010. 5. 4 117TheProjectfortheImprovementofEducationalEquipmentofSchoolofRadioandTelevision 2010. 9. 3 101

Afghanistan TheProgrammeforIncreaseofAgriculturalProductionbytheImprovementofProductivityinAfghanistan 2010. 6. 5 1,033TheProjectforRehabilitationofAirfieldPavementsatKabulInternationalAirport 2010. 10. 12 134TheProjectforConstructionofHospitalforCommunicableDisease 2011. 2. 21 2,643TheProgrammeforImprovementofIrrigationSystemsandConstructionofMicro-hydroPowerFacilitiesinKabulandBamyanProvinces 2010. 11. 10 1,356TheProjectfortheEradicationofPoliomyelitis 2011. 1. 29 452

Bangladesh TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2010. 6. 13 115Bhutan TheProjectforReconstructionofBridges(PhaseIII) 2009. 6. 19 811

TheProjectforReplacementofAmbulances 2011. 1. 25 161TheFoodSecurityProjectforUnderprivilegedFarmers 2011. 3. 21 130

India TheProjectforStrengtheningofElectronicMediaProductionCentreinIndiraGandhiNationalOpenUniversity 2010. 7. 26 787TheProjectfortheEradicationofPoliomyelitis 2011. 1. 21 192

Nepal TheProjectforConstructionofSindhuliRoad(SectionIII) 2009. 6. 23 1,922TheFoodSecurityProjectforUnderprivilegedFarmers 2010. 4. 8 490

Pakistan TheProjectfortheImprovementofWaterSupplySysteminAbbottabad 2010. 9. 14 436UrgentRehabilitationProjectforSewerageandDrainageSysteminLahore 2010. 9. 27 1,223TheProjectforExpansionofWaterSupplySysteminFaisalabad 2010. 9. 27 799TheProjectfortheEradicationofPoliomyelitis 2010. 12. 14 395

SriLanka TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2010. 5. 25 114TheProjectforReconstructionof5BridgesinEasternProvince 2010. 11. 25 142TheProjectfortheImprovementofTVProductionEquipmentofSriLankaRupavahiniCorporation 2011. 2. 10 42TheFoodSecurityProjectforUnderprivilegedFarmers 2011. 3. 31 360

Georgia TheProjectforIntroductionofCleanEnergybySolarElectricityGenerationSystem 2010. 6. 16 480KyrgyzRepublic TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2009. 6. 18 111

TheProjectforImprovementoftheEquipmentforRoadMaintenanceinIssyk-KulandChuiOblasts 2010. 8. 12 974Tajikistan TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2009. 6. 5 41

TheFoodSecurityProjectforUnderprivilegedFarmers 2010. 4. 15 190TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2010. 5. 17 66

Uzbekistan TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2009. 7. 29 79TheProjectforHumanResourceDevelopmentScholarship 2010. 7. 15 110

Statistics on Program Results 13-2.GrantAid(FY2010Projects)

203

Country Project Name Signing Date of Grant Agreement Amount*

PacificPapuaNewGuinea TheProjectforConstructionofBridgesonBougainvilleCoastalTrunkRoad 2009. 6. 25 1,330SolomonIslands TheProjectforImprovementofWaterSupplySysteminHoniaraandAuki 2009. 6. 17 659

TheProjectforReconstructionofGizoHospital 2009. 6. 17 1,172TheProjectfortheImprovementofRadioBroadcastingNetworkforAdministrationofDisasterPrevention 2011. 3. 24 504

Tonga TheProjectforUpgradingandRefurbishmentofVaiolaHospital(PhaseII) 2010. 5. 11 380Tuvalu TtheProjectforImprovementofMediumWaveRadioBroadcastingNetworkandDisasterPrevention 2010. 6. 16 801

North America and Latin AmericaCostaRica TheProjectforImprovementofJapaneseLanguageLearningEquipmentoftheUniversityofCostaRica*** 2011. 3. 28 46Haiti TheProjectforRehabilitationofUrbanRoads(RoadsandDrainage)inLéogane*** 2010. 11. 24 1,048Jamaica TheProjectfortheImprovementofJapaneseLanguageLearningEquipmentoftheUniversityoftheWestIndies 2011. 3. 14 27Nicaragua TheProjectforConstructionoftheSantaFeBridgeintheRepublicofNicaragua 2010. 5. 26 479Argentina TheProjectfortheImprovementofTVProgramsandProductionEquipmentofNationalPublicBroadcastingSystem 2010. 9. 16 167Bolivia TheProjecttoImprovetheWaterSupplySystemintheSoutheastZoneoftheCityofCochabamba*** 2009. 5. 28 868

TheProjectforDevelopmentoftheWaterSupplySystemofSanJuanRiverinPotosiCity*** 2009. 10. 21 1,097TheFoodSecurityProjectforUnprivilegedFarmers*** 2010. 12. 3 320TheProjectforIntroductionofCleanEnergybySolarElectricityGenerationSystems*** 2010. 8. 31 440

Ecuador TheProjectforConstructionoftheNewMacaraInternationalBridge*** 2010. 3. 17 129TheProjectforImprovementofSoundandLightingEquipmentoftheNationalTheateroftheHouseofEcuadorianCulture“BenjaminCarrion”***

2010. 4. 5 96

Guiana TheProjectfortheRehabilitationoftheEastDemeraraWaterConservancy 2011. 3. 25 289Peru TheProjectforConstructionoftheNewMacaraInternationalBridge*** 2010. 4. 19 10

TheProjectforConstructionoftheNewNationalRehabilitationInstitute“Dr.RebazaAdrianaFlores”*** 2010. 2. 5 1,682TheProjectforImprovementofResearchEquipmentoftheNationalAgrarianUniversity-LaMolina*** 2010. 4. 30 70

Middle EastMorocco TheProjectforFloodForecastingandWarningSysteminHighAtlasArea 2011. 3. 23 586PalestinianAuthority JerichoWastewaterCollection,TreatmentSystemandReuseProject 2011. 2. 28 2,650Yemen TheProjectforUpgradingandRevitalizationofRoadConstructionMachineryWorkshopatNukum 2010. 4. 28 707

TheProjectforRuralWaterSupply 2010. 5. 17 253

AfricaAngola TheProjectforRenovationofVianaTrainingCenter 2010. 8. 30 844

TheProjectfortheEradicationofPoliomyelitis 2011. 2. 22 383Benin TheProjectforProvisionofDrinkingWaterintheRuralArea(PhaseVI)*** 2009. 7. 7 674

TheProgrammeforSupporttoVillageEnvironmentthroughCommunityParticipation 2011. 1. 21 406TheProjectforImprovementoftheProgramsTelevisedbytheRadioBroadcastingandTelevisionOfficeofBenin*** 2011. 3. 29 29

BurukinaFaso TheProjectforProvisionofDrinkingWaterintheCentralPlateauandCentral-SouthernRegions*** 2009. 6. 26 616TheProjectforCapacityBuildinginTeachingandTrainingoftheNationalSchoolofWaterandForests*** 2010. 12. 2 655

Burundi TheProjectforRehabilitationofRoadsandInfrastructuresforBujumburaCity 2010. 6. 7 112CentralAfricanRepublic TheProjectforConstructionofPrimarySchools***

2009. 7. 10 543

Congo TheFoodAid 2010. 6. 25 270DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

TheProjectforSupporttoChild-friendlyEnvironmentthroughCommunityParticipationinEquateur,KasaiOrientalandKasaiOccidental 2010. 4. 29 601TheProjectforProvisionofEquipmenttoUniversityClinicsofKinshasa*** 2010. 6. 14 728TheProjectforRehabilitationandModernizationofAvenuedesPoidsLourdsinKinshasa,DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(PhaseII)*** 2010. 6. 4 409TheProjectforExpansionofNgaliemaWaterTreatmentPlantinKinshasaCity*** 2010. 6. 4 354

Djibouti TheProjectforRuralWaterSupplyinSouthernDjibouti 2011. 3. 28 489Ethiopia TheProjectforRuralWaterSupplyinOromiaRegion 2009. 7. 16 563

TheProjectforRuralWaterSupplyinTigrayRegion 2010. 5. 14 202TheProjectforOperationandMaintenanceofTrunkRoad:GohaTshion-DejenacrossAbayGorge(EquipmentSupply) 2010. 6. 25 960

Ghana TheProjectforRehabilitationofNationalTrunkRoadN8 2009. 7. 7 1,779ThePovertyReductionEfforts 2011. 2. 4 340ThePovertyReductionEfforts 2011. 3. 2 200

Guinea-Bissau TheUnitedNationsChildren’sFund 2010. 4. 28 865TheProjectforConstructionofPlantforSmallFisheriesinTombaliRegion 2010. 6. 9 856TheFoodSecurityProjectforUnderprivilegedFarmers 2011. 3. 12 175

Statistics on Program Results 13-2.GrantAid(FY2010Projects)

204

Data and

Inform

ation

Country Project Name Signing Date of Grant Agreement Amount*

Africa (Continued)

Kenya TheProjectforAugmentationofWaterSupplySysteminKapsabetTown 2009. 7. 6 1,289TheFoodAid 2010. 11. 16 940TheProjectforImprovementoftheWaterSupplySysteminEmbuandtheSurroundingArea 2010. 7. 26 550TheProjectfortheConstructionofNairobiWesternRingRoad 2010. 11. 16 30

Liberia TheProjectforSupporttoChild-FriendlySchoolsDevelopment 2010. 7. 2 772TheProjectforInfectiousDiseasesPreventionforChildren 2011. 3. 8 304

Malawi TheProjectforImprovementofBlantyreCityRoads(PhaseII) 2010. 6. 2 899TheProjectfortheImprovementofMusicalInstrumentsoftheMalawiPoliceService 2010. 6. 25 35TheProjectforRe-ConstructionandExpansionofSelectedCommunityDaySecondarySchools 2010. 8. 31 1,198TheProjectfortheReplacementofAirNavigationSystematKamuzuInternationalAirport 2011. 1. 26 778TheProjectforGroundwaterDevelopmentinMwanzaandNeno 2011. 1. 26 426

Mali TheProjectforConstructionofBridgesovertheSouthernCorridorofRepublicofMaliandRepublicofSenegal(PhaseII) 2009. 5. 22 292TheProjectforConstructionofBridgesovertheSouthernCorridorofRepublicofMaliandRepublicofSenegal(PhaseIII) 2009. 7 .7 729TheProjectforConstructionofaCentralFishMarketinBamako 2010. 6. 23 1,027

Niger TheProjectforProvisionofDrinkingWaterwithaViewtowardGuineaWormEradicationintheTillaberiRegion 2009. 6. 11 381Nigeria TheProjectforConstructionofAdditionalClassroomsforPrimarySchools(PhaseII) 2010. 6. 28 1,132

TheProjectforInfectiousDiseasesPreventionforChildren 2010. 12. 10 881Rwanda TheProjectforImprovementofSubstationsandDistributionNetwork 2011. 3. 22 2,454

TheFoodSecurityProjectforUnderprivilegedFarmers 2011. 3. 22 190Senegal TheProjectforProvisionofSanitationInfrastructureintheTambacoundaandKedougouRegions 2009. 5. 29 642

TheProjectforConstructionofBridgesovertheSouthernCorridorofRepublicofMaliandRepublicofSenegal(PhaseII) 2009. 5. 29 292TheProjectforStrengtheningoftheSenegal-JapanTechnicalVocationalTrainingCenter 2011. 3. 8 1,074TheProjectforConstructionofClassroomsforElementaryandMiddleSchoolTeachingintheDakarandThiesRegions 2011. 3. 8 1,213

SierraLeone TheProjectforEstablishmentofRuralWaterSupplySysteminKambiaTown 2011. 1. 20 805SouthAfrica TheProjectfortheImprovementofJudoEquipmentofJudoSouthAfrica 2011. 3. 18 67Sudan TheProjectforInfectiousDiseasesPreventionforChildren 2010. 11. 10 870Swaziland TheProjectfortheImprovementofSecondaryEducation 2011. 3. 24 1,143Tanzania TheProjectforRuralWaterSupplyinMwanzaandMaraRegions 2009. 5. 27 452

TheFoodAid 2010. 5. 20 970TheProjectforWideningofNewBagamoyoRoad 2010. 5. 31 256TheProjectfortheImprovementofDisplayandAudiovisualEquipmentforVisitorCentreofNgorongoroConservationArea 2010. 10. 18 48ThePovertyReductionEfforts 2010. 11. 18 470TheFoodSecurityProjectforUnderprivilegedFarmers 2011. 2. 24 400TheProjectforRehabilitationofSubstationandTransmissionLineinKilimanjaroRegion 2011. 3. 24 2,500TheProjectforReinforcementofPowerDistributioninZanzibarIsland 2011. 3. 29 3,000

Uganda TheProjectfortheImprovementofUgandaNationalExpandedProgrammeonImmunization 2010. 4. 12 451TheProjectfortheRehabilitationofHospitalsandSupplyofMedicalEquipmentintheCentralRegioninUganda 2010. 6. 17 139

Zambia TheProjectforImprovementofNdolaandKitweCityRoads 2009. 8. 28 1,252Zimbabwe TheProjectforInfectiousDiseasesPreventionforChildren 2011. 3. 29 464

EuropeBosniaandHerzegovina TheProjectfortheImprovementofMusicalInstrumentsoftheSarajevoPhilharmonicOrchestra

2010. 10. 26 44

Bulgaria TheProjectfortheImprovementofSoundEquipmentof“KonstantinKisimov”MusicalandDramaTheatre-VelikoTarnovo 2011. 1. 25 51Kosovo TheProjectforImprovementofSolidWasteManagement 2011. 3. 30 543Montenegro TheProjectforUrgentRehabilitationofWaterSupplySystemintheCapitalCityPodgorica 2010. 5. 13 596Serbia TheProjectforBreastCancerScreeningandPreventionCapacityImprovement 2010. 6. 30 632Ukraine TheProjectfortheImprovementofMusicalInstrumentsoftheKyivMusicInstitutenamedafterR.M.Glier 2011. 3. 11 32

Total163Projects(70CountriesandRegions**) 102,415

Statistics on Program Results 13-2.GrantAid(FY2010Projects)

Note: Projects implemented and managed by JICA.* Grant ceilings of projects for which a Grant Agreement (G/A) was signed. For multi-fiscal-year projects, the fiscal year the G/A was signed denotes the first year of the project, and grant ceilings by fiscal year for the subsequent fiscal years are listed.** The Project for Transboundary Biodiversity Conservation of Mekong Protected Forest Area is implemented in Thailand and Cambodia. The country count includes only Thailand to prevent double-counting. *** Project names are translated from Spanish or French.

205

Country Project Name Loan Signing/Amendment Date

Loan/Additional Loan Amendment Amount

AsiaIndonesia JAVA–SUMATRAINTERCONNECTIONTRANSMISSIONLINEPROJECT(I) 2010. 4. 30 36,994

CLIMATECHANGEPROGRAMLOAN(III) 2010. 6. 23 27,195DEVELOPMENTPOLICYLOAN(VII) 2010. 12. 10 8,391INFRASTRUCTUREREFORMSECTORDEVELOPMENTPROGRAM(III) 2011. 3. 11 8,291LUMUTBALAIGEOTHERMALPOWERPLANTPROJECT 2011. 3. 29 26,966

Philippines POSTONDOYANDPEPENGSHORT-TERMINFRASTRUCTUREREHABILITATIONPROJECT 2010. 5. 26 9,912ROADUPGRADINGANDPRESERVATIONPROJECT 2011. 3. 31 40,847

Thailand CHAOPHRAYARIVERCROSSINGBRIDGEATNONTHABURI1ROADCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT 2010. 9. 28 7,307MASSTRANSITSYSTEMPROJECTINBANGKOK(PURPLELINE)(II) 2010. 9. 28 16,639

VietNam SAIGONEAST-WESTHIGHWAYCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT(V) 2010. 5. 27 14,061HOCHIMINHCITYWATERENVIRONMENTIMPROVEMENTPROJECT(III) 2010. 5. 27 4,327SUPPORTPROGRAMTORESPONDTOCLIMATECHANGE(I) 2010. 6. 18 10,000NINTHPOVERTYREDUCTIONSUPPORTCREDIT 2011. 1. 24 3,500NHATTANBRIDGE(VIETNAM-JAPANFRIENDSHIPBRIDGE)CONSTRUCTIONPROJECT(II) 2011. 1. 24 24,828NGHISONTHERMALPOWERPLANTCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT(II) 2011. 1. 24 29,852

Mongolia TWO-STEP-LOANPROJECTFORSMALLANDMEDIUM-SCALEDENTERPRISESDEVELOPMENTANDENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONPHASEII 2010. 11. 19 5,000India DEDICATEDFREIGHTCORRIDORPROJECT(PHASE2) 2010. 7. 26 1,616

HIMACHALPRADESHCROPDIVERSIFICATIONPROMOTIONPROJECT 2011. 2. 17 5,001TAMILNADUBIODIVERSITYCONSERVATIONANDGREENINGPROJECT 2011. 2. 17 8,829YAMUNAACTIONPLANPROJECT(III) 2011. 2. 17 32,571

Pakistan EMERGENCYIMPORTSUPPORTLOAN 2011. 1. 21 5,000KHYBERPAKHTUNKHWAEMERGENCYRURALROADREHABILITATIONPROJECT 2011. 2. 22 14,700

SriLanka GREATERCOLOMBOURBANTRANSPORTDEVELOPMENTPROJECTPHASE2(II) 2011. 3. 22 31,688VAVUNIYA-KILINOCHCHITRANSMISSIONLINEPROJECT(II) 2011. 3. 22 1,422

Kazakhstan CARECTRANSPORTCORRIDOR(ZHAMBYLOBLAST)IMPROVEMENTPROJECT 2010. 8. 23 6,361Uzbekistan TALIMARJANTHERMALPOWERSTATIONEXTENSIONPROJECT 2010. 5. 1 27,423

North America and Latin AmericaBrazil ENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENTPROJECTINTHEBASINOFLAKEBILLINGS 2010. 10. 14 6,208

SANITATIONIMPROVEMENTPROJECTFORBAIXADASANTISTAMETROPOLITANREGION(II) 2011. 2. 15 19,169Paraguay RURALROADSIMPROVEMENTPROJECT 2010. 9. 9 4,822

AfricaCameroon THEPROJECTTOSTRENGTHENANDEXTENDTHEELECTRICITYTRANSMISSIONANDDISTRIBUTIONNETWORKS 2011. 3. 4 2,939Kenya MWEAIRRIGATIONDEVELOPMENTPROJECT 2010. 8. 16 13,178

OLKARIA–LESSOS–KISUMUTRANSMISSIONLINESCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT 2010. 12. 10 12,410Mauritius GRANDBAIESEWERAGEPROJECT 2010. 7. 8 7,012Tanzania ROADSECTORSUPPORTPROJECT 2010. 5. 31 7,119

IRINGA–SHINYANGABACKBONETRANSMISSIONINVESTMENTPROJECT 2010. 12. 13 6,048Uganda CONSTRUCTIONOFANEWBRIDGEACROSSRIVERNILEATJINJAPROJECT 2010. 11. 1 9,198

EuropeTurkey BOSPHORUSRAILTUBECROSSINGPROJECT(II)(Follow-upODALoan)* 2010. 11. 22 42,078

Total36Projects(17Countries) 538,902

13-3 List of Principal ODA Loan Commitments (FY2010 New and Approved L/A) (Unit:¥1million)

Statistics on Program Results 13-3.ListofPrincipalODALoanCommitments(FY2010NewandApprovedL/A)

* The total project number does not include commitment to provide additional loan for Turkey while the total amount includes this additional loan commitment.

206

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ation

13-4 Major Projects of Equity Investments (As of March 31, 2011)

Project Name Investment Company Outline of Project Initial Investment Share Capital (currency unit)

Invested by JICA (%) Country

AsahanHydroelectricandAluminumProject

NipponAsahanAluminumCo.,Ltd.

ElectricpowergenerationutilizingwaterresourcesofAsahanRiverinNorthSumatra,andaluminumsmelting(about225,000tonsayear)

1975.12 99,985(¥1million)

50.0 Indonesia

SingaporePetrochemicalsProject

Japan-SingaporePetrochemicalsCo.,Ltd.

Productionofethyleneandotherpetrochemicalproducts(about1milliontonsofethyleneayear)ontheislandofMerbaw

1977.08 23,877(¥1million)

20.0 Singapore

AmazonAluminiumProject NipponAmazonAluminumCo.,Ltd.

Productionofalumina(about4.4milliontonsayear)andsmeltingofaluminium(about450,000tonsayear)intheAmazonregion

1978.08 57,350(¥1million)

44.9 Brazil

SaudiArabiaMethanolProject JapanSaudiArabiaMethanolCo.,Inc.

Productionofmethanol(about4.7milliontonsayear)intheAlJubailIndustrialArea

1979.12 2,310(¥1million)

30.0 SaudiArabia

SaudiArabiaPetrochemicalsProject

SPDCLtd. Productionofethyleneglycol(about1.35milliontonsayear)andpolyethylene(about750,000tonsayear)intheAlJubailIndustrialArea

1981.06 56,800(¥1million)

37.1 SaudiArabia

BangladeshKAFCOFertilizerProject

KAFCOJapanInvestmentCo.,Ltd.

Productionofurea(about700,000tonsayear)andammonia(about500,000tonsayear)inChittagong

1990.07 5,024(¥1million)

46.4 Bangladexh

NorthAmericaEnvironmentFund

NorthAmericanEnvironmentalFund,L.P.

Investmentinthesmall-scaleenvironmentalprojectsinitiatedbytheprivatesectorthrough(ManagementCompany)theFund

1993.09 24,865(US$1thousand)

28.6 Mexico

MusiPulpProductionProject SumatraPulpCo.,Ltd. Productionofpulp(about450,000tonsayear)intheSouthSumatraBilimbingregion

1995.04 13,351(¥1million)

42.7 Indonesia

SouthAsianRegionalApexFund SARAFundTrusteeCo.,Ltd.

Establishmentoffundstoprovideinvestmentcapitalforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesatthestatelevel(co-investedbytheADBandIFC)

1996.04 192,500(INR1thousand)

22.7 India

ThaiRecoveryFund ThaiRecoveryFundLLC Equityfundforrestructuringandpromotingsmallandmedium-sizedcompaniesinThailand

2001.07 50(US$1thousand)

25.0 Thailand

UNUFinancialAssistanceProgrammeforStudentsfromDevelopingCountriesStudyinginJapan

UnitedNationsUniversity(UNU)TrustFund

ProjecttosupportprivatelyfinancedstudentsfromdevelopingcountriesstudyinginJapan,throughthecontributiontoatrustfundestablishedbyUNU

2003.08 151(¥1million)

100.0 Japan

Statistics on Program Results 13-4.MajorProjectsofEquityInvestments(AsofMarch31,2011)

Note: Major projects of equity participation are those with an investment ratio of 20% or more.

207

Financial Statements

Assets

Ⅰ CurrentassetsCashandbankdeposits 121,419,899,271Inventories

Storedgoods 448,220,780 448,220,780Advancepayments 7,711,764,657Prepaidexpenses 188,222,505Accruedincome 27,950,702Accruedrevenues 1,838,308,612Short-termloansofdevelopmentinvestmentandfinancing 509,010,810

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses （10,068,724） 498,942,086Short-termloansofmigrationinvestmentandfinancing 209,678,261

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses （1,754,058） 207,924,203Consignmentgoods 10,593,192Suspensepayments 31,909,947Advancespaid 5,136,348

Totalcurrentassets 132,388,872,303

Ⅱ Fixedassets１ Tangiblefixedassets

Buildings 45,669,494,446Accumulateddepreciation （12,725,706,168）Accumulatedimpairmentloss （128,417,030） 32,815,371,248

Structures 1,576,032,193Accumulateddepreciation （817,556,485） 758,475,708

Machinesandequipment 199,779,680Accumulateddepreciation （130,933,158） 68,846,522

Vehiclesandothertransportationdevices 1,860,900,940Accumulateddepreciation （1,054,631,587） 806,269,353

Tools,instruments,andfixtures 2,091,496,265Accumulateddepreciation （1,131,570,588） 959,925,677

Land 18,391,420,253Accumulatedimpairmentloss （36,383,117） 18,355,037,136

Constructioninprocess 24,013,178Totalfixedassets 53,787,938,822

２ IntangiblefixedassetsTrademarks 2,478,021Telephonesubscriptionrights 4,296,350

Totalintangiblefixedassets 6,774,371３ Investmentandotherassets

Long-termdeposit 323,000,000Long-termloansofdevelopmentinvestmentandfinancing 2,379,191,484

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses （151,597,820） 2,227,593,664Long-termloansofmigrationinvestmentandfinancing 1,761,865,769

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses （1,087,972,719） 673,893,050Long-terminstallmentprincipalonsalesofsettlement 30,763,144

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses （30,763,144） 0Long-termprepaidexpenses 604,173Guaranteemoneypaid 1,494,945,723

Totalinvestmentandotherassets 4,720,036,610Totalfixedassets 58,514,749,803

Totalassets 190,903,622,106

１ General Account

Balance Sheet (as of March 31, 2011) (Unit:Yen)

208

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ation

Liabilities

Ⅰ CurrentliabilitiesManagementgrantliabilities 30,905,694,383Fundsforgrantaidprojects 66,918,207,326Donationsreceived 391,706,839Accruedpayments 18,501,946,755Accruedexpense 214,076,468Leaseliabilities 95,482,968Depositreceived 249,916,551Deferredrevenue 178,793

Totalcurrentliabilities 117,277,210,083

Ⅱ FixedliabilitiesPropertyliabilities

Propertymanagementgrants 2,035,558,835Propertygrants,etc 70,249,348 2,105,808,183

Long-termleaseliabilities 118,526,789Assetretirementobligation 271,316,889

Totalfixedliabilities 2,495,651,861Totalliabilities 119,772,861,944

Net assetsⅠ Capital

Governmentalinvestment 83,332,866,850Totalcapital 83,332,866,850

Ⅱ CapitalsurplusCapitalsurplus （2,609,913,679）Accumulateddepreciationnotincludedinexpenses （14,334,479,594）Accumulatedimpairmentlossnotincludedinexpenses （172,693,247）Accumulatedinterestexpensenotincludedinexpenses （2,380,076）

Totalcapitalsurplus （17,119,466,596）Ⅲ Retainedearnings

Carryoverreserveinthemidtermperiod 2,092,107,465Reserve 1,696,045,073Unappropriatedincomeforthecurrentyear 1,129,207,370

［Totalincomeforthecurrentyear］ ［1,129,207,370］Totalretainedearnings 4,917,359,908

Totalnetassets 71,130,760,162

Totalofliabilitiesandnetassets 190,903,622,106

Balance Sheet (as of March 31, 2011) (Unit:Yen)

Financial Statements 1.GeneralAccount

209

Ordinary expenses

OperatingexpensesExpensesforprogramformulation 6,699,843,124Expensesfortechnicalcooperationprojects 70,635,546,965Expensesforgrantaidprojects 148,856,580Expensesforpublicparticipationbasedcooperation 19,619,043,969Expensesforemigrationprogram 341,770,971Expensesfordisasterreliefactivities 917,442,311Expensesforaidpersonnelrecruitmentandtraining 708,443,103Expensesforfollow-upcooperation 1,199,361,913Expensesforproject/programevaluation 326,119,700Research-relatedexpenses 501,003,713Expensesforoperationsupport 7,426,755,860Expensesforaccountingsupport 27,735,052,560Expensesforgrantaidprograms 90,586,982,624Contractedprogramexpenses 1,881,325,163Expensesfordonationprojects 11,750,440Depreciationexpenses 447,597,886 229,186,896,882

Generaladministrativeexpenses 8,788,407,742Financialexpenses

Interestexpense 341,365Foreignexchangeloss 657,943,656 658,285,021

Miscellaneousloss 18,576,436Totalordinaryexpenses 238,652,166,081

Ordinary revenuesRevenuesfrommanagementgrants 144,253,857,752Revenuesfromgrantaidprograms 90,586,982,624Revenuesfromcontractedprograms

RevenuesfromcontractedprogramsfromJapanesegovernmentandthelocalgovernmentagencies

1,880,922,042

Revenuesfromcontractedprogramsfromtheotherparties 580,000 1,881,502,042Revenuesfromdevelopmentinvestmentandfinancing 72,718,434Revenuesfromsettlementaffairs 3,723,579Revenuesfrommigrationinvestmentandfinancing 54,294,550Donationrevenues 11,750,440Transferfromallowanceforpossibleloanlosses 79,363,198Transferfromliabilitiesforpropertymanagementgrants 484,825,560Transferfromliabilitiesforpropertygrants 21,528,410Financialrevenues

Interestincome 82,902,317 82,902,317Miscellaneousprofits 2,271,741,520

Totalordinaryrevenues 239,805,190,426Ordinaryprofits 1,153,024,345

Extraordinary lossLossonretirementoffixedassets 22,312,620Lossonsalesoffixedassets 15,498,486 37,811,106

Extraordinary profitsProfitsonsalesoffixedassets 2,200,531 2,200,531

Net income 1,117,413,770

Reversal of surplus deposits from the previous mid-term period 11,793,600

Total income for the current year 1,129,207,370

Statement of Income (April 1, 2010–March 31, 2011) (Unit:Yen)

Financial Statements 1.GeneralAccount

210

Data and

Inform

ation

Ⅰ Cash flow from operating activities

　　　Paymentofoperatingexpenses （133,721,926,977）　　　Paymentsforgrantaidprojects （89,376,945,948）　　　Paymentofcontractedprogramexpenses （1,974,538,677）　　　Paymentofpersonnelcosts （14,628,454,760）　　　Otheroperationpayments （1,399,926,249）　　　Proceedsfrommanagementgrants 151,725,902,000　　　Proceedsfromgrantaidprograms 99,680,411,183　　　Proceedsfromcontractedprograms 2,010,952,634　　　Loaninterestincome 137,510,317　　　Proceedsfromsettlementaffairs 12,997,699　　　　　Interestrevenues 6,164,667　　　　　Installmentprincipal 6,833,032　　　Donationrevenues 40,901,981　　　Otheroperationproceeds 2,632,180,353　　　　　Subtotal 15,139,063,556　　　Interestreceived 93,063,279　　　Interestpaid （341,365）　　Cashflowfromoperatingactivities 15,231,785,470

Ⅱ Cash flow from investing activities　　　Paymentsforpurchaseoffixedassets （598,190,100）　　　Proceedsfromsalesoffixedassets 1,242,482,887　　　Proceedsfromloansreceivable 1,136,255,642　　　Puttingmoneyfortimedeposits （511,000,000,000）　　　Proceedsfromtimedepositrefund 448,500,000,000　　Cashflowfrominvestingactivities （60,719,451,571）

Ⅲ Cash flow from financing activities　　　Repaymentofleaseliabilities （109,944,417）　　Cashflowfromfinancingactivities （109,944,417）

Ⅳ Effect of exchange rate fluctuation on funds （426,337,997）

Ⅴ Net decrease in funds （46,023,948,515）

Ⅵ Funds at the beginning of year 63,943,847,786 

Ⅶ Funds at the end of year 17,919,899,271 

Statement of Cash Flows (April 1, 2010–March 31, 2011) (Unit:Yen)

Financial Statements 1.GeneralAccount

211

Ⅰ Business expenses

　　　(1)Expensesonincomestatement　　　　Operatingexpenses 229,186,896,882　　　　Generaladministrativeexpenses 8,788,407,742　　　　Financialexpenses 658,285,021　　　　Miscellaneousloss 18,576,436　　　　Lossonretirementoffixedassets 22,312,620　　　　Lossonsalesoffixedassets 15,498,486 238,689,977,187

　　　(2)(Deduction)Selfrevenues,etc.　　　　Revenuesfromcontractedprograms （1,881,502,042）　　　　Revenuesfromdevelopmentinvestmentandfinancing （72,718,434）　　　　Revenuesfromsettlementaffairs （3,723,579）　　　　Revenuesfrommigrationinvestmentandfinancing （54,294,550）　　　　Donationrevenues （11,750,440）　　　　Transferfromallowanceforpossibleloanlosses （79,363,198）　　　　Financialrevenues （82,902,317）　　　　Miscellaneousprofits （2,271,741,520）　　　　Profitsonsalesoffixedassets （2,200,531） （4,460,196,611）　　　Totalbusinessexpenses 234,229,780,576

Ⅱ Accumulated depreciation not included in expenses 1,734,774,078

Ⅲ Accumulated impairment loss not included in expenses 164,887,047

Ⅳ Accumulated interest expense not included in expenses 2,380,076

Ⅴ Accumulated sale differential not included in expenses （113,550,728）

Ⅵ Estimated bonus payment not included in allowance （19,465,821）

Ⅶ Estimated increase in retirement benefit not included in allowance 869,640,496

Ⅷ Opportunity cost　　　Governmentalinvestmentsandotheropportunitycosts 842,100,028 

Ⅸ Administrative service operation cost 237,710,545,752 

Statement of Administrative Service Operation Costs (April 1, 2010–March 31, 2011) (Unit:Yen)

Financial Statements 1.GeneralAccount

212

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ation

Significant Accounting Policies

Financial Statements 1.GeneralAccount

8 Standards for computing opportunity costs in the Administrative Service Operation Cost Statement Theinterestrateusedtocomputeopportunitycostsconcerningcentralandlocalgovernments’investments,etc. 1.255%takingintoconsiderationtheyieldof10-yearfixed-rateJGBsasofMarch31,2011.

9 Accounting for lease transactions Thesameaccountingmethodapplicabletoordinarytransactionsisappliedtofinanceleasetransactionswithtotalleasefeesof¥3millionormore. Thesameaccountingmethodapplicabletoordinaryrentaltransactionsisappliedtofinanceleasetransactionswithtotalleasefeesoflessthan¥3million.

10 Accounting for consumption taxes Consumptiontaxesareincludedinfinancialstatementamounts.

11 Change in principal accounting policies The“AccountingStandardsforIncorporatedAdministrativeAgencyandGuidanceNotesfortheAccountingStandardsforIncorporatedAdministrativeAgency”(February16,2000[AmendedOctober25,2010])and“Q&AconcerningtheAccountingStandardsfor IncorporatedAdministrativeAgencyandGuidanceNotesfortheAccountingStandardsforIncorporatedAdministrativeAgency”(August2000[FinalAmendment,November2010])havebeenadoptedstartinginthecurrentoperatingyear.(1)Accountingstandardsconcerningassetretirementobligation Inadditiontotheaboverevisions,“AccountingStandardsforAssetRetirementObligations”(AccountingStandardsBoardofJapan[ASBJ]StatementNo.18,March31,2008)and“GuidanceonAccountingStandardsforAssetRetirementObligations”(ASBJGuidanceNo.21,March31,2008)wereappliedfromthecurrentoperatingyear. Thechangeinassetretirementobligationsduetothestartof theapplicationoftheaccountingstandards,etc.was¥269,889,175. Removalcosts,etc.associatedwiththeassetretirementobligations(thecostallocationrelatedtoremovalcostsassociatedwithassetretirementobligationsandtheadjustmentamountoftheassetretirementobligationsduetopassageoftimesetforthinthe“AccountingforAssetRetirementObligations,”AccountingStandardforIncorporatedAdministrativeAgencyNo.39)werenotexpectedtoyieldrevenueswhichneededtobeaccountedfor.Therefore,AccountingStandardforIncorporatedAdministrativeAgencyNo.91wasapplied.Thecostswerenotrecordedinthecostsforcalculatingprofitandlossandweredeductedfromthecapitalsurplus.Thischangehadnoeffectonprofitorloss.

(2)Accountingfortransfertransactionsassociatedwithpaymenttothenationaltreasury,etc.concerningunnecessaryproperty The“AccountingforTransferTransactionsAssociatedwithPaymenttotheNationalTreasury,Etc.ConcerningUnnecessaryProperty,”AccountingStandardforIncorporatedAdministrativeAgencyNo.99hasbeenadoptedstartinginthecurrentoperatingyear. Amongthetransfertransactionsforunnecessarypropertyconductedinthecurrentoperatingyear,thetransferbalanceofthetransactionswhichweredesignatedas“transfertransactionswhosetransferbalanceshallnotberecordedintheprofitandlossforcalculatingprofitsandlosses”ofArticle13-2oftheMinisterialOrdinancefortheOperationsandFinancesandAccountingoftheJapanInternationalCooperationAgency(MinistryofForeignAffairsOrdinanceNo.22ofSeptember30,2003[FinalAmendment,November26,2010])andthecostsrequiredforthetransferwerenotrecordedinthecostsforcalculatingprofitsandlossesandweredeductedfromthecapitalsurplus. Asaresult,ordinaryprofitsincreasedby¥29,263,704.Netincomeandtotalincomeforthecurrentyearincreasedby¥1,177,897,498,respectively.

1 Standards for reporting revenues from the management grants TheRevenueRecognitionStandardbasedonAccruedExpenseisapplied.Thisisattributabletothedifficultiesassociatedwiththeapplicationofachievementandtime-periodstandards,specifically,thesignificantamountoftimerequiredtoevaluateoperatingresultsaswellasothercomplexities.

2 Depreciation methods(1)Tangiblefixedassets Straight-linemethod. Theusefullivesofmajorassetsareasfollows:

Buildings: 1–50yearsStructures: 1–42yearsMachinesandequipment: 1–20yearsVehiclesandothertransportationdevices: 1–6yearsTools,instruments,andfixtures: 1–18years

Theestimateddepreciationcosts forspecificdepreciableassets(AccountingStandardforIncorporatedAdministrativeAgencyNo.87)andspecificremovalcosts,etc.associatedwithassetretirementobligations(AccountingStandardforIncorporatedAdministrativeAgencyNo.91)aredirectlydeductedfromthecapitalsurplusandreportedasaccumulateddepreciationnotincludedinexpenses.

(2)Intangiblefixedassets Straight-linemethod.

3 Standard for appropriation of allowances and estimation in relation to bonus payments Anallowanceforbonuspaymentsisnotappropriated,sincethefinancialsourceissecuredbythemanagementgrants. Theestimatedbonuspaymentnotincludedintheallowance,asshownintheAdministrativeServiceOperationCostStatement,isreportedascurrentfiscalyearestimateofallowancesinrelationtobonuspaymentswhichhasbeencalculatedaccordingtoAccountingStandardNo.88.

4 Standard for appropriation of allowances and estimation in relation to retirement benefits Anallowanceforretirementbenefitsisnotappropriatedsincethefinancialsourceissecuredbythemanagementgrants. AnallowanceforretirementbenefitsisnotprovidedforpensionbenefitsfromEmployees’PensionFunds,sincethefinancialsourceforEPF’sinsurancefeesandreserveshortfallissecuredbythemanagementgrants. Theestimated increase inretirementbenefitsnot included intheallowance,asshownintheAdministrativeServiceOperationCostStatement,isreportedascurrentfiscalyearallowanceforretirementbenefitswhichhasbeencalculatedaccordingtoAccountingStandardNo.38.

5 Basis and standard for appropriation of allowances, etc.Allowance for possible loan losses Toprovideforloanlosses,JICArecordstheestimatedamountofdefault,takingintoaccounttheactuallossrateforordinaryloansandspecificcollectabilityofdoubtfulloans,etc.

6 Standards and methods for the valuation of inventories Stored goods CostmethodasdeterminedbytheFIFOmethod

7 Translation standard of foreign currency assets and liabilities into yen Foreigncurrencymoneyclaimsandliabilitiesaretranslatedintoyenutilizingthespotexchangerateasof thefiscalyear-end.Exchangedifferencesarerecognizedasprofitorloss.

213

Notes

Financial Statements 1.GeneralAccount

capitalsurplusdeductionintheaccumulatedimpairmentlossnotincludedinexpenses. Withregardtoanincreaseinthenumberofdormanttelephonelinesintheoperatingyear,thebookvalueoftelephonesubscriptionrightswasreducedtotherecoverableserviceamount.Thisreductionhasbeenrecordedasacapitalsurplusdeductionintheaccumulatedimpairmentlossnotincludedinexpenses.C.Breakdownofeachprincipalfixedassetnotappearingontheincomestatementbutwhichisincludedinimpairmentlossandtheoverviewofthecalculationmethodforrecoverableserviceamount (Unit:Yen)

Name of Asset Type Impairment LossCalculation Method for Recoverable Service

Amount

ShimuraMitsugi-koenHaydens107and25units

Building 128,417,030 *1

Land 36,383,117 *1

Telephonesubscriptionrights Telephonesubscriptionrights 86,900 *2

*1. The recoverable service amount is determined by the net sales price, which is calculated by deducting the expected cost of disposal from the appraised value by a third party.*2. The recoverable service amount of dormant telephone subscription rights is determined by the net sales price, which is calculated based on Asset Evaluation Standards released by the National Tax Agency. The recoverable service amount of in-use telephone subscription rights is determined by the equivalent in-use value, which is calculated based on the official set price announced by NTT.

(2)FixedassetsindicatingimpairmentlossesA.Outlineoftheusage,type,andlocationoffixedassetsthatindicateanimpairmentloss Thefollowingassetshaveanindicationofimpairmentlosses. (Unit:Yen)

Name of Asset Usage Location Type Book Value

HirooCenter Programfacility Shibuya-ku,Tokyo

Building 1,161,019,521

Structures 1,825,565

Land 1,652,251,000

OsakaInternationalCenter Accommodationfacilitiesfortraining

IbarakiCity,OsakaPrefecture

Building 3,384,154,111

Structures 23,869,693

Land 780,478,000

HeightsSunrise607and111units Employeehousing NagoyaCity,Aichi

Prefecture,etc.Building 686,955,992

Land 714,124,060

B.Backgroundrelatingthedeterminationofanindicationofimpairmentloss WithregardtotheHirooCenter,paymenttothenationaltreasuryfromFY2012andbeyondwasdecidedpursuanttotheCabinetdecisioneffectiveDecember7,2010,anditwasrecognizedthatthisassethasanindicationofimpairment.Attheendoftheoperatingyear,however,thetimingofthedisposalofthisassethadyettobedetermined.Theassetwillcontinuetobeusedforprogramsandsoimpairmenthasnotbeenrecognized. WithregardtotheOsakaInternationalCenter,integrationwiththeHyogoInternationalCenterfromFY2011andbeyondwasdecidedpursuanttotheCabinetdecisioneffectiveDecember7,2010,anditwasrecognizedthatthisassethasanindicationofimpairment.Attheendoftheoperatingyear,however,thetimingofthedisposalofthisassethadyettobedetermined.Theassetwillcontinuetobeusedforprogramsandsoimpairmenthasnotbeenrecognized. 112unitsofemployeehousing,includingHeightsSunrise607,aresetfordisposalinlinewiththeSecondMid-TermPlanduringtheJICAMid-termObjectivePeriodstartingfromFY2007andtheCabinetdecisioneffectiveDecember7,2010,anditwasrecognizedthattheseassetshaveanindicationofimpairment.Attheendoftheoperatingyear,however,thetimingofthedisposaloftheseassetshadyettobedetermined.Theseassetswillcontinuetobeusedasemployeehousingandsoimpairmenthasnotbeenrecognized.

4 Donated funds for grant aid GrantaidisreceivedintheformoffundsfromtheJapanesegovernment.JICAadministers thisgrantaidbasedonapresentationcontractwiththerecipientcountry'sgovernment.At theendofFY2010, theoutstandingbalanceofunexecuteddonationpresentationcontractsstoodat¥156,564,963,971.

Notes to the balance sheet 1 Estimated retirement benefits to be provided from the management grants

¥30,240,708,396(1)Breakdownofretirementbenefitliabilities (Unit:Yen)

FY2010

1)Retirementbenefitliabilities (40,898,713,243)2)Planassets 10,658,004,8473)Not-accumulatedretirementbenefitliabilities1)+2) (30,240,708,396)4)Differenceatthechangeofaccountingstandards 05)Unrecognizedactuarialdifferences 06)Unrecognizedpastserviceliabilities(decreaseinliabilities) 07)NetreportedamountonBalanceSheet3)+4)+5)+6) (30,240,708,396)8)Prepaidpensionexpenses 09)Allowanceforretirementbenefits7)-8) (30,240,708,396)

(2)Breakdownofpensionexpenses (Unit:Yen)FY2010

1)Workingcost 1,869,179,2402)Interestcost 547,247,1683)Expectedreturnoninvestment 04)Amortizationofpastworkingliabilities 05)Amortizationofactuarialdifferences 388,238,0716)Others(premiumscollectedforEmployees’PensionFund) (325,333,612)

(3)Computationbasisforretirementbenefitobligation,etc. (Unit:Yen)FY2010

1)Discountrate:Retirementpension 2.0%

2)Periodicallocationmethodforexpectedretirementbenefits Periodicfixed-amountbenefitsmethod

3)Processingperiodforactuarialdifferences 1year4)Others(Processingperiodofdifferencesuponchangeof

accountingstandards;actualreturnrate,etc.) 1year

2 Estimated bonus to be provided from the management grants¥745,906,690

3 Impaired loss on fixed assets(1)ThefixedassetsforwhichtheimpairmentlosswasrecognizedA.Outlineoftheusage,type,location,bookvalueImpairmentlosseswererecognizedinthefollowingassets. (Unit:Yen)

Name of Asset Usage Location TypeBook Value

before Impairment Loss

Impairment Loss Not Included in

Current Year Expenses

Accumulated Impairment Loss Not Included in

Current Year Expenses

FormerThailandOffice

Office Bangkok,Thailand

Building 74,727,187 － －Structures 3,995,938 － －Land 183,294,939 － －

ShimuraMitsugi-koenHaydens107and25units

Employeehousing

Itabashi-ku,Tokyo,etc.

Building 245,648,329 128,417,030 128,417,030

Land 145,403,326 36,383,117 36,383,117

Telephonesubscriptionrights

Telephonesubscriptionrights

―Telephonesubscriptionrights

4,383,250 86,900 7,893,100

B.Backgroundrelatingtotherecognitionofimpairmentlosses TheformerThailandOfficeissetfordisposalinlinewiththeSecondMid-TermPlanduringtheJICAMid-termObjectivePeriodstartingfromFY2007,anditwasrecognizedthisassethasanindicationofimpairment.InFY2009,animpairmentwasrecognizedbecauseofthediscontinueduseofthisfacility.However,becausethebookvalueexceededtherecoverableserviceamountattheendoftheoperatingyear,animpairmentlosswasnotincurred. Withregardtoemployeehousing,basedontheSecondMid-TermPlanduringtheJICAMid-termObjectivePeriodstartingfromFY2007,itwasdeterminedthat38unitswouldnotbeinuseinthecurrentoperatingyear.Also,itwasdeterminedthattheseunitswouldbedisposedbysaleinFY2011.Amongtheseunits,andexcluding12oftheunitsthatcontinuetobeusedforemployeehousing,impairmentswererecognizedfor26units.Excluding11unitsforwhichthebookvalueexceededtherecoverableserviceamountattheendoftheoperatingyear,thebookvalueof15unitswasreducedtotherecoverableserviceamount.Thisreductionhasbeenrecordedasa

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Financial Statements 1.GeneralAccount

Theestimatefortheassetretirementobligationhasusedthefive-yearleaseperiodfortheprojectedperiodofuseandadiscountrateof0.529%. Inthecurrentoperatingyear,inlinewiththeapplicationofaccountingstandards,theamountrecordedforassetretirementobligationswas¥269,889,175.Theassetretirementobligationbalanceattheendoftheoperatingyearwas¥271,316,889–thesumoftheabove¥269,889,175andthe¥1,427,714adjustmentamountoftheassetretirementobligationsduetopassageoftime.

Matters concerning the to payment to the national treasury, etc. for unnecessary property Transfertransactionsconcerningunnecessarypropertyconductedinthecurrentoperatingyearareasfollows. Amongthetransfertransactions,thetransferbalanceofthetransactionswhichweredesignatedas“transfertransactionswhosetransferbalanceshallnotberecordedintheprofitandlossforcalculatingprofitsandlosses”ofArticle13-2oftheMinisterialOrdinancefortheOperationsandFinancesandAccountingoftheJapanInternationalCooperationAgency(MinistryofForeignAffairsOrdinanceNo.22ofSeptember30,2003[FinalAmendment,November26,2010])andthecostsrequiredforthetransferwerenotrecordedintheprofitandlossforcalculatingprofitsandlossesandweredeductedfromthecapitalsurplusbyapplyingASBJStatementNo.99.(1)Outlineofthetype,bookvalue,etc.ofassetswhichweretransferred,etc.asunnecessaryproperty (Unit:Yen)

Name of Asset Type Book Value at Time of Transfer

TokyoInternationalCenterAnnex(Hachioji)

Building 0Structures 0Tools,instruments,andfixtures 492,797Land 145,212,000

HakoneTrainingCenter

Building 183,551,889Structures 8,534,276Machinesandequipment 634,528Land 36,896,097

Employeehousing(51units)andrecreationalfacility(3units)withsectionalownership

Building 80,740,043Land 213,829,337

(2)Reasonforunnecessaryproperty BasedontheMid-TermPlan,etc.,itwasdecidedthatunnecessarypropertywillbedisposedbysale,aheadoftheenforcementoftheActforthePartialAmendmentoftheActonGeneralRulesforIndependentAdministrativeAgency(ActNo.37of2010).TheActsetsforthprovisionsonpaymentstothenationaltreasury,etc.fortheunnecessarypropertyofincorporatedadministrativeagencies.

(3)Methodofpaymenttonationaltreasury Accordingtotransferincomepursuanttoparagraph2,Article46-2oftheActonGeneralRulesforIndependentAdministrativeAgency.

(4)Transferincomefromunnecessaryproperty ¥785,355,819(excludingtax)

(5)Costsdeductedfromtransferincome ¥27,870,198(excludingtax)

(6)Nationaltreasurypaymentamountandpaymentdate ¥757,485,621;June10,2011

(7)Capitalreduction ¥2,705,068,809

Significant debt burdenN/A

Significant subsequent eventsN/A

Notes to Cash Flow Statement Thefundsshowninthecashflowstatementsarecash,depositaccounts,andcheckingaccounts.(1)Breakdownofbalancesheetitemsandendingbalanceoffunds(asofMarch31,2011)

Cashanddeposit ¥121,419,899,271Timedeposit ¥-103,500,000,000Endingbalanceoffunds ¥17,919,899,271

(2)Descriptionofsignificantnon-financialtransactionsA.Assetsunderthefinancelease

Machinesandequipment ¥3,858,750Vehiclesandothertransportationdevices ¥4,046,500Tools,instruments,andfixtures ¥57,240,888

B.“AccountingStandardsforAssetRetirementObligations”(ASBJStatementNo.18,March31,2008)and“GuidanceonAccountingStandardsforAssetRetirementObligations”(ASBJGuidanceNo.21,March31,2008)wereappliedfromthecurrentoperatingyear.Theresultingincreaseamountofassetsandliabilitiesisasfollows:

Buildings ¥232,899,280Assetretirementobligations ¥271,316,889

Notes to Administrative Service Operation Cost Statement Numberoftheloanemployeesfromgovernmentswhoarecountedasopportunitycosts Oftheestimatedincreaseinretirementbonusnot includedintheallowance,¥21,929,807wasrecognizedasthecurrentfiscalyearincreaseofallowanceforretirementandseverancefor33loanemployeesaccordingtoJICA’sinternalregulations.

Matters concerning the state of financial instruments TheGeneralAccount’sfundmanagementislimitedtoshort-termdepositsandpublicandcorporatebondswhilefundraisingconsistsmainlyofmanagementgrantsapprovedbythestateministersincharge.TheGeneralAccountdoesnotborrowfromthegovernmentfundforFiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram,borrowfundsfromfinancialinstitutionsorissueFILPagencybonds.

Matters concerning the fair value of financial instruments Balancesheetamounts,fairvalueanddifferentialsattheendoftheoperatingyearareasfollows. (Unit:Yen)

Balance sheet amount Fair value Differential

(1)Cashandbankdeposits 121,419,899,271 121,419,899,271 0(2)Accruedpayments (18,501,946,755) (18,501,946,755) 0

Note: Those recorded under liabilities are shown in parentheses.

Note1:Calculationmethodforfairvalueoffinancialinstrumentsandmattersconcerningmarketablesecurities(1)Cashandbankdeposits Cashandbankdepositsareshorttermandfairvalueapproximatesbookvalue.Thusfairvalueforcashandbankdepositsiscalculatedatbookvalue.(2)Accruedpayments Accruedpaymentsareshorttermandfairvalueapproximatesbookvalue.Thusfairvalueforaccruedpaymentsiscalculatedatbookvalue.

Finance lease transactions Theamountofthefinanceleasetransactionswhichinfluencesthecurrentyear’sprofitsandlosseswas¥89,838.Thecurrentyear’snetprofitafterthedeductionofthisamountwas¥1,129,117,532.

Matters concerning asset retirement obligation JICAhasabuildingleaseagreementforitsheadofficebuilding,andhasanobligationtorestorethebuildingtoitsoriginalstateattheterminationofthelease.Therefore,thisassetretirementobligationhasbeenrecorded.

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Assets

Ⅰ CurrentassetsCashandbankdeposits 51,393,164,655Loans 11,051,139,214,728

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses （96,053,968,326） 10,955,085,246,402Advancepayments 4,567,508,844Prepaidexpenses 73,661,043Accruedincome

Accruedinterestonloansreceivable 47,652,444,381Accruedcommitmentcharges 672,738,881Accruedinterestreceivable 1,562,171 48,326,745,433

Accruedrevenues 432,264,875Consignmentgoods 2,699,808Suspensepayments 3,729,895Advancespaid 94,750Emissionreductionassets 174,139,738Derivatives 4,022,340,050

Totalcurrentassets 11,064,081,595,493Ⅱ Fixedassets

１ TangiblefixedassetsBuildings 3,298,498,956

Accumulateddepreciation （390,829,334）Accumulatedimpairmentloss （675,214,797） 2,232,454,825

Structures 59,484,145Accumulateddepreciation （10,673,183）Accumulatedimpairmentloss （11,670,468） 37,140,494

Machinesandequipment 193,505,050Accumulateddepreciation （41,360,515）Accumulatedimpairmentloss （102,287,680） 49,856,855

Vehiclesandothertransportationdevices 248,523,827Accumulateddepreciation （83,821,519） 164,702,308

Tools,instruments,andfixtures 725,541,398Accumulateddepreciation （417,048,521） 308,492,877

Land 13,873,270,000Accumulatedimpairmentloss （6,091,196,973） 7,782,073,027

Constructioninprocess 157,985Totalfixedassets 10,574,878,371

２ IntangiblefixedassetsTrademarks 150,107

Totalintangiblefixedassets 150,107３ Investmentandotherassets

Investmentsecurities 5,989,825,631Affiliatedcompaniesstock 112,034,352,794Claimsinbankruptcy,rehabilitation,reorganizationorotherequivalentclaims 25,088,735,101

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses （24,802,756,856） 285,978,245Guaranteemoneypaid 832,260,785

Totalinvestmentandotherassets 119,142,417,455Totalfixedassets 129,717,445,933

Totalassets 11,193,799,041,426

２ Finance and Investment Account

Balance Sheet (as of March 31, 2011) (Unit:Yen)

Financial Statements 2.FinanceandInvestmentAccount

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Liabilities

Ⅰ CurrentliabilitiesBorrowingsfromgovernmentfundfor

FiscalInvestmentandLoanProgramduewithinoneyear 318,066,664,000Accruedpayments 4,844,958,516Accruedexpense 11,419,872,925Leaseliabilities 160,777,094Depositreceived 441,393,374Allowanceforbonuses 200,937,579Suspensereceipt 16,463,346

Totalcurrentliabilities 335,151,066,834

Ⅱ FixedliabilitiesBonds 140,000,000,000Borrowingsfromgovernmentfundfor

FiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram 2,141,774,654,000Long-termleaseliabilities 29,082,028Allowanceforretirementbenefits 7,707,225,341Assetretirementobligation 69,148,526

Totalfixedliabilities 2,289,580,109,895Totalliabilities 2,624,731,176,729

Net assetsⅠ Capital

Governmentalinvestment 7,622,555,785,510Totalcapital 7,622,555,785,510

Ⅱ RetainedearningsReserve 779,251,583,517Unappropriatedincomeforthecurrentyear 162,971,726,121

［Totalincomeforthecurrentyear］ ［162,971,726,121］Totalretainedearnings 942,223,309,638

Ⅲ ValuationandtranslationadjustmentsNetunrealizedgainsonothersecurities （131,562,152）Deferredgainsorlossesonhedges 4,420,331,701

Totalvaluationandtranslationadjustments 4,288,769,549Totalnetassets 8,569,067,864,697

Totalofliabilitiesandnetassets 11,193,799,041,426

Balance Sheet (as of March 31, 2011) (Unit:Yen)

Financial Statements 2.FinanceandInvestmentAccount

217

Ordinary expenses

ExpensesrelatedtooperationsofcooperationthroughfinanceandinvestmentInterestonbondsandnotes 2,523,284,990Interestonborrowings 42,818,995,849Interestoninterestswaps 2,029,168,733Outsourcingexpenses 15,875,842,336Bondissuanceexpenses 296,953,873Foreignexchangeloss 29,655,889Personnelexpenses 3,324,947,651Provisionforallowanceforbonuses 1,451,073Retirementbenefitexpenses 736,643,669Propertyexpenses 13,217,922,111Depreciationexpenses 402,332,158Taxes 109,813,688Lossonvaluationofinvestmentsecurities 30,157,638Lossonvaluationofaffiliatedcompaniesstock 487,068,467Interestexpenses 363,871Otherordinaryexpenses 249,990,425 82,134,592,421

Totalordinaryexpenses 82,134,592,421

Ordinary revenuesRevenuesfromoperationsofcooperationthroughfinanceandinvestment

Interestonloans 206,369,587,561Interestongovernmentbonds,etc. 15,669,327Dividendsoninvestments 7,604,404,000Commissions 1,821,281,202Transferfromallowanceforpossibleloanlosses 35,361,114,463 251,172,056,553

FinancialrevenuesInterestincome 10,181,547 10,181,547

Miscellaneousprofits 495,590,480Recoveriesofwritten-offclaims 371,570,104

Totalordinaryrevenues 252,049,398,684Ordinaryprofits 169,914,806,263

Extraordinary lossLossonretirementoffixedassets 2,460,207Lossonsalesoffixedassets 1,560,286Impairmentloss 6,929,933,328Impactofapplicationofaccountingstandardsforassetretirementobligations 9,427,341 6,943,381,162

Extraordinary profitsProfitsonsalesoffixedassets 301,020 301,020

Net income 162,971,726,121

Total income for the current year 162,971,726,121

Statement of Income (April 1, 2010–March 31, 2011) (Unit:Yen)

Financial Statements 2.FinanceandInvestmentAccount

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Ⅰ Cash flow from operating activities

　　　Paymentsforloans （677,747,559,298）　　　Repaymentofborrowingsfromtheprivatesector （40,800,000,000）　　　RepaymentofborrowingsfromgovernmentfundforFiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram （462,529,164,000）　　　Interestpaid （47,534,690,369）　　　Paymentofpersonnelcosts （3,727,898,974）　　　Otheroperationpayments （30,575,319,379）　　　Proceedsfromcollectionofloansreceivable 680,388,871,884　　　Proceedsfromborrowingsfromtheprivatesector 40,800,000,000　　　ProceedsfromborrowingsfromgovernmentfundforFiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram 192,200,000,000　　　Proceedsfromissuanceofbonds 59,703,046,127　　　Loaninterestincome 209,986,564,884　　　Otheroperationproceeds 4,452,133,140　　　　　Subtotal （75,384,015,985）　　　Interestanddividendincome 7,630,381,691　　Cashflowfromoperatingactivities （67,753,634,294）

Ⅱ Cash flow from investing activities　　　Paymentsforpurchaseoffixedassets （118,740,360）　　　Proceedsfromsalesoffixedassets 213,086,316　　　Proceedsfromthecollectionofinvestmentsecurities 127,279,960　　　Paymentsforpurchaseofnegotiablecertificatesofdeposit （368,300,000,000）　　　Proceedsfromnegotiablecertificatesofdepositrefunds 368,300,000,000　　Cashflowfrominvestingactivities 221,625,916

Ⅲ Cash flow from financing activities　　　Repaymentofleaseliabilities （166,072,841）　　　Proceedsfromgovernmentinvestment 104,400,000,000　　Cashflowfromfinancingactivities 104,233,927,159

Ⅳ Net increase in funds 36,701,918,781 

Ⅴ Funds at the beginning of year 14,691,245,874 

Ⅵ Funds at the end of year 51,393,164,655 

Statement of Cash Flows (April 1, 2010–March 31, 2011) (Unit:Yen)

Ⅰ Business expenses

　　　(1)Expensesonincomestatement　　　　Operatingexpenses 82,134,592,421　　　　Lossonretirementoffixedassets 2,460,207　　　　Lossonsalesoffixedassets 1,560,286　　　　Impairmentloss 6,929,933,328　　　　Impactofapplicationofaccountingstandardsforassetretirementobligations 9,427,341 89,077,973,583

　　　(2)(Deduction)Selfrevenues,etc.　　　　Operationalrevenues （251,172,056,553）　　　　Financialrevenues （10,181,547）　　　　Miscellaneousprofits （495,590,480）　　　　Recoveriesofwritten-offclaims （371,570,104）　　　　Profitsonsalesoffixedassets （301,020） （252,049,699,704）　　　Totalbusinessexpenses （162,971,726,121）

Ⅱ Estimated increase in retirement benefit not included in allowance 5,589,083

Ⅲ Opportunity cost　　　Governmentalinvestmentsandotheropportunitycosts 95,007,965,108 

Ⅳ Administrative service operation cost （67,958,171,930）

Statement of Administrative Service Operation Costs (April 1, 2010–March 31, 2011) (Unit:Yen)

Financial Statements 2.FinanceandInvestmentAccount

219

Financial Statements 2.FinanceandInvestmentAccount

Significant Accounting Policies

(2)Otherinvestmentsecurities(non-marketable) Costmethodasdeterminedbythemovingaveragemethod.

6 Standards and methods for the valuation of derivative transactions Marketvaluemethod.

7 Translation standard of foreign currency assets and liabilities into yen Foreigncurrencymoneyclaimsandliabilitiesaretranslatedintoyenusingthespotexchangerateasofthefiscalyear-end,withexchangedifferencesrecognizedasprofitorloss.

8 Standards for computing opportunity costs in the Administrative Service Operation Cost Statement Theinterestrateusedtocomputeopportunitycostsconcerningcentralandlocalgovernments’investments,etc.: 1.255%withreferencetoyieldsapplicableto10-yearfixed-rateJGBsasofMarch31,2011.

9 Accounting for lease transactions Thesameaccountingmethodasordinarytransactionsisappliedtothefinanceleasetransactionswithatotalleasefeeof¥3millionormore. Thesameaccountingmethodasordinaryrentaltransactionsisappliedtothefinanceleasetransactionswithatotalleasefeeoflessthan¥3million.

10 Method of hedge accounting Deferralhedgeaccountingisusedforthemethodofhedgeaccounting.Hedgeeffectivenessisassessedfirstbyidentifyinghedgedloansandhedginginstrumentswhichoffsetmarketfluctuations.Thenitisexaminedtoseeifthereareanydiscrepanciesofmaturityandnotionalprincipalbetweenthetwo.

11 Accounting for consumption taxes Consumption taxesare included in theamountson the financialstatements.

12 Change in principal accounting policies The“AccountingStandardsforIncorporatedAdministrativeAgencyandGuidanceNotesfortheAccountingStandardsforIncorporatedAdministrativeAgency”(February16,2000[AmendedOctober25,2010])and“Q&AconcerningtheAccountingStandardsfor IncorporatedAdministrativeAgencyandGuidanceNotesfortheAccountingStandardsforIncorporatedAdministrativeAgency”(August2000[FinalAmendment,November2010])havebeenadoptedstartinginthecurrentoperatingyear.(1)Accountingstandardsconcerningequity Inadditiontotheaboverevisions,“AccountingStandardforEquityMethod”(ASBJStatementNo.16,March10,2008)and“ProvisionalAccountingPoliciesAppliedtoAffiliatedCompaniesAccountedforUsingtheEquityMethod”(PracticalIssueTaskForceNo.24,March10,2008)wereappliedfromthecurrentoperatingyear.Thishadnoeffectonprofitorloss.

(2)Accountingstandardsconcerningassetretirementobligation Inadditiontotheaboverevisions,“AccountingStandardsforAssetRetirementObligations”(ASBJStatementNo.18,March31,2008)and“GuidanceonAccountingStandardsforAssetRetirementObligations”(ASBJGuidanceNo.21,March31,2008)wereappliedfromthecurrentoperatingyear. Asaresult,ordinaryprofitsandnetincomedecreasedby¥14,072,258and¥23,499,599,respectively.Thechangeinassetretirementobligationduetothestartoftheapplicationoftheaccountingstandards,etc.was¥68,784,655.

1 Depreciation methods(1)Tangiblefixedassets Straight-linemethodisadopted. Theusefullivesofmajorassetsareasfollows:

Buildings: 2–50yearsStructures: 2–46yearsMachinesandequipment: 2–17yearsVehiclesandothertransportationdevices:2–6yearsTools,instrumentsandfixtures: 2–15years

(2)Intangiblefixedassets Straight-linemethodisadopted.

2 Standard for appropriation of allowances and estimation in relation to bonus payments Theallowanceforbonuspaymentsiscalculatedandprovidedforbasedonestimatedamountsoffuturepaymentsattributabletotheservicesthathavebeenrenderedbyexecutivedirectorsandemployeesapplicabletothefiscalyearunderreview.

3 Standard for appropriation of allowances and estimation in relation to retirement benefits Theallowanceforretirementbenefitsiscalculatedandprovidedforbasedonestimatedamountsoffuturepaymentsattributabletotheretirementofexecutivedirectorsandemployees,andisaccruedinlinewiththeprojectedbenefitobligationsandestimatedpensionplanassetsapplicabletothefiscalyearunderreview.Theprofitandlossappropriationmethodforactuarialdifferencesispresentedasfollows. Actuarialdifferencesarerecognizedasalump-sumgainorlossinthefiscalyearinwhichtheyoccur. Theestimatedincreaseinretirementbenefitsnotincludedinallowance,asshownintheAdministrativeServiceOperationCostStatement,isreportedascurrent-yearallowanceforretirementbenefitswhichhasbeencalculatedaccordingtoAccountingStandardNo.38.

4 Basis and standard for appropriation of allowances, etc.Allowance for possible loan losses Theallowanceforclaimsondebtorswhoarelegallybankrupt(“Bankruptborrowers”)orsubstantiallybankrupt(“Substantiallybankruptborrowers”)isprovidedbasedontheoutstandingbalanceandthedeductionsoftheamountexpectedtobecollectedthroughthedisposalofcollateralandexecutionofguarantees.Theallowanceforclaimsondebtorswhoarenotlegallybankruptbutarelikelytobecomebankrupt(“Potentiallybankruptborrowers”)isprovidedbasedonanassessmentoftheoverallsolvencyorthedebtorsafterdeductingtheamountexpectedtobecollectedthroughthedisposalofcollateralandtheexecutionofguarantees.TheallowanceforclaimsondebtorsotherthanBankruptborrowers,SubstantiallybankruptborrowersandPotentiallybankruptborrowersisprovidedprimarilybasedonthedefaultrate,whichiscalculatedbasedontheactualdefaultsduringacertainperiodinthepast. Allclaimsareassessedinitiallybytheoperationaldepartmentsandsecondlybyriskevaluationdepartmentsbasedon internalrulesforself-assessmentofassetquality.Theinternalauditdepartment,whichisindependentfromtheoperationaldepartments,reviewstheseself-assessments,andtheallowanceisprovidedbasedontheresultsoftheassessments.

5 Standards and methods for the evaluation of securities(1)Affiliatedcompanies Costmethodasdeterminedbythemovingaveragemethod. However,whentheequityequivalenthasfallenbelowthecostatacquisition,theequityequivalentpriceisused.

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Notes

thefulfillmentofconditionsprescribedundertheloancontract,JICApromisestoloanacertainamountoffundswithinacertainrangeoftheamountrequiredbythecustomers,withtheoutstandingbalanceuptothelimitoftheagreedamount.Theoutstandingbalanceofundrawnloansrelatedtothesecontractsis¥3,851,283,550,535.

Notes to the cash flow statement Thefundsshowninthecashflowstatementsareordinaryaccountsandcheckingaccounts.(1)Breakdownofbalancesheetitemsandendingbalanceoffunds (asofMarch31,2011)

Cashanddeposits ¥51,393,164,655Endingbalanceoffunds ¥51,393,164,655

(2)Descriptionofsignificantnon-financialtransactionsA.Assetsgrantedunderfinancelease

Vehiclesandothertransportationdevices ¥1,031,300Tools,instrumentsandfixtures ¥14,588,562

B.“AccountingStandardsforAssetRetirementObligations”(ASBJStatementNo.18,March31,2008)and“GuidanceonAccountingStandardsforAssetRetirementObligations”(ASBJGuidanceNo.21,March31,2008)wereappliedfromthecurrentoperatingyear.Theresultingincreaseamountofassetsandliabilitiesisasfollows:

Buildings ¥59,357,314Assetretirementobligations ¥69,148,526

Notes to the administrative service operation cost statement Loanemployeesfromgovernmentswhoarecountedforopportunitycosts Oftheestimatedincreaseinretirementbonusnot includedintheallowance,¥5,589,083wasrecognizedasthecurrent-yearincreaseofallowanceforretirementandseverancefor33loanemployeesaccordingtoJICA’sinternalregulations.

Matters concerning the state of financial instruments 1 Policy regarding financial instruments TheFinanceandInvestmentAccountundertakesfinancialcooperationoperationsbyprovidingdebtandequityfinancing.Toundertaketheseoperations,itraisesfundsbyborrowingfromtheJapanesegovernmentundertheFiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram,borrowingfromfinancialinstitutions,issuingFILPagencybonds,andreceivingcapitalinvestmentfromtheJapanesegovernment.Fromtheperspectiveofassetliabilitymanagement(ALM),derivativetransactionsareconductedforthepurposeofmitigatingadverseimpactcausedbyinterestratefluctuations.

2 Details of financial instruments and related risks ThefinancialassetsheldintheFinanceandInvestmentAccountareloanstodevelopingregionsandareexposedtocreditriskattributedtodefaultsbyitsborrowers.Marketablesecurities,investmentsecuritiesandaffiliatedcompanies’stocksalsoheldintheAccountareprimarilybondsandstockswhichareheldtomaturityorheldforpolicy-orientedpurposes.Theseareexposedtocreditriskofissuers,interestrateriskandmarketpricevolatilityrisk. BorrowingsandFILPagencybondsareexposedtoliquidityriskinthewaythattheirpayments/repaymentscannotbedulyservicedinsuchasituationwheretheAccountisunabletohaveaccesstomarketsforcertainreasons.

3 Risk management system for financial instruments(1)Creditriskmanagement TheFinanceandInvestmentAccounthasestablishedandoperatesasystemforcreditmanagement.Thissystemencompassescreditappraisal,credit limitsetting,credit informationmonitoring,internalrating,andguaranteeandcollateralsetting,problemloanmanagement,etc., in

Notes to the balance sheet 1 Joint obligations JICAisajointdebtorinconnectionwithexistingbondsissuedbyJapanBankforInternationalCooperationwhichweresucceededbytheJapanFinanceCorporation. FILP(FiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram)AgencyBonds ¥950,000,000,000 GovernmentGuaranteedForeignDebt 5,900,000,000 USD 1,250,000,000 Euro

2 Impairment loss on fixed assets(1)ThefixedassetsforwhichtheimpairmentlosswasrecognizedA.Outlineoftheusage,type,location,bookvalue Impairmentlosseswererecognizedinthefollowingassetsinthefirsthalfofthisoperatingyear. (Unit:Yen)

Name of Asset Usage Location Type Book Value before Impairment Loss

Accumulated Impairment Loss in

Current Year Expenses

TakebashiGodoBuilding Office Chiyoda-ku,

Tokyo

Building 849,195,195 675,214,797

Structures 14,677,560 11,670,468

Machinesandequipment 128,643,813 102,287,680

Land 10,671,270,000 6,091,196,973

Constructioninprocess 49,563,410 49,563,410

Total 11,713,349,978 6,929,933,328

B.Backgroundrelatingtotherecognitionofimpairmentlosses TheTakebashiGodoBuildingwasrecognizedashavinganindicationofimpairmentasitsuseasan“regularoffice”shiftedto“provisionalusageacompanyingrelocation”inFY2009.However,impairmentwasnotrecognizedasthebuildingcontinuedtobeusedforthelatteruseattheendofFY2009.Duetotheterminationofthebuilding’s“provisionaluseforrelocation”inthefirsthalfofthefiscalyear,thebookvalueofthebuilding,structures,machinesandequipment,land,andconstructioninprocesswasreducedtotherecoverableserviceamount.Thisreductionhasbeenrecordedasimpairmentloss.

C.Overviewofthecalculationmethodforrecoverableserviceamount Therecoverableserviceamountisdeterminedbythenetsalesprice,whichiscalculatedbydeductingtheexpectedcostofdisposalfromtheappraisedvaluebyathirdparty.

(2)FixedassetsindicatingimpairmentlossesA.Outlineoftheusage,type,andlocationoffixedassetsindicatinganimpairmentloss Thefollowingassetshaveanindicationofimpairmentlosses. (Unit:Yen)

Name of Asset Usage Location Type Book Value

AzabuInstitute TrainingCenter Minato-ku,Tokyo

Building 142,303,743

Structures 8,746,155

Land 1,170,000,000

B.Backgroundandreasonfordeterminingtheindicationofimpairmentloss TheAzabuInstituteissetforsaleinFY2011pursuanttotheCabinetdecisioneffectiveDecember7,2010,anditwasrecognizedthatthisassethasanindicationofimpairment.Attheendoftheoperatingyear,however,theofficewillcontinuetobeusedasatrainingcenterandsoimpairmenthasnotbeenrecognized.

3 Collateral financial assets Thefairvalueofcollateralfinancialassetswiththerightoffreedisposalattheendoftheoperatingyearwas¥840,017,580.

4 Outstanding balance of undrawn loans AlargeportionofJICAloanscoveralongterm.Ordinarily,whenreceivingaloandraw-downproposalfromacustomer,whichcorrespondstotheintendeduseoffundsasstipulatedbytheloanagreement,uponconfirming

221

Financial Statements 2.FinanceandInvestmentAccount

2)Claimsinbankruptcy,rehabilitation,reorganizationorotherequivalentclaims Regardingclaimsinbankruptcy,rehabilitation,reorganizationorotherequivalentclaims,theestimateduncollectibleamountiscalculatedbasedontheexpectedrecoverableamountthroughcollateralandguarantees.Therefore,fairvalueapproximatesanamountlistedonthebalancesheetatthesettlementdate,lessthecurrentestimateduncollectibleamountandhenceiscalculatedaccordingly.3)BorrowingsfromthegovernmentundertheFiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram(includingborrowingsduewithinoneyear) FairvalueofborrowingsfromthegovernmentundertheFiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram(includingborrowingsduewithinoneyear)iscalculatedbydiscountingthetotalamountofprincipalandinterestusinginterestratesexpectedtobeappliedtonewborrowingforthesametotalamount.4)Derivativetransactions Derivativetransactionsareinterest-relatedtransactions(interestswaps),andfairvalueapproximatesthepresentdiscountedvalue.

Note2:Thefollowingarefinancialinstrumentsforwhichthecalculationoffairvaluesisdeemedextremelydifficult.Theyarenotincludedinthefinancialinstruments’fairvalueinformation. (Unit:Yen)

Balance sheet amount

Investmentsecurities 5,989,825,631Affiliatedcompaniesstock 112,034,352,794

Thesefinancialinstrumentshavenomarketprices,andthecalculationoftheirfairvaluesisdeemedextremelydifficult.

Notes to retirement benefits(1)Breakdownofretirementbenefitliabilities (Unit:Yen)

FY2010

1)Retirementbenefitliabilities (10,423,552,088)2)Planassets 2,716,326,7473)Non-accumulatedretirementbenefitcosts1)+2) (7,707,225,341)4)Differenceatthechangeofaccountingstandards 05)Unrecognizedactuarialdifferences 06)Unrecognizedpastserviceliabilities(decreaseinliabilities) 07)Netreportedamountonbalancesheet3)+4)+5)+6) (7,707,225,341)8)Prepaidpensionexpenses 09)Allowanceforretirementbenefits7)-8) (7,707,225,341)

(2)Breakdownofretirementbenefitexpenses (Unit:Yen)FY2010

1)Workingcost 528,874,2022)Interestcost 139,472,8323)Expectedreturnoninvestments 04)Amortizationofpastworkingliabilities 05)Amortizationofactuarialdifferences 144,992,7816)Others(premiumscollectedforemployees’pensionfund) (76,696,146)

(3)Computationbasisforretirementbenefitobligation,etc.FY2010

1)Discountrate:Retirementpension 2.0%

2)Periodicallocationmethodforexpectedretirementbenefits Periodicfixed-amountbenefitsmethod

3)Processingperiodforactuarialdifferences 1year4)Others(Processingperiodofdifferencesuponchangeof

accountingstandards;actualreturnrate,etc.) 1year

Matters concerning asset retirement obligation JICAhasabuildingleaseagreementforitsheadofficebuilding,andhasanobligationtorestorethebuildingtoitsoriginalstateattheterminationofthelease.Therefore,thisassetretirementobligationhasbeenrecorded.Theestimatefortheassetretirementobligationhasusedthefive-yearleaseperiodfortheprojectedperiodofuseandadiscountrateof0.529%. Inthecurrentoperatingyear,inlinewiththeapplicationofaccountingstandards,theamountrecordedforassetretirementobligationswas¥68,784,655.Theassetretirementobligationbalanceattheendoftheoperatingyearwas¥69,148,526–thesumoftheabove¥68,784,655andthe¥363,871adjustmentamountoftheassetretirementobligationsduetopassageoftime.

accordancewithintegratedriskmanagementregulationsandvariouscredit-riskmonitoringregulations.ThiscreditmanagementiscarriedoutbytherespectivedepartmentresponsibleforeachregioninadditiontotheCreditRiskAnalysisandEnvironmentalReviewDepartmentandInformationPolicyDepartment.Additionally,theRiskManagementCommitteeandboardofdirectorsareconvenedonaregularbasisforthepurposeofdeliberatingorreporting.Moreover,theOfficeofAuditchecksonthestateofcreditmanagement. Creditriskofissuersofinvestmentsecuritiesandaffiliatedcompanies’stocksaremonitoredbytheOfficeforPrivateSectorPartnershipwhichregularlyconfirmstheircreditinformationandfairvalues. Counterpartyriskinderivativetransactionsismonitoredbyregularlyconfirmingtheexposureandcreditstandingofcounterpartiesandbysecuringcollateralasnecessary.

(2)Marketriskmanagement(i)Interestrateriskmanagement Interestratesaredeterminedinaccordancewiththosemethodsprescribedbylawsorbusinessandservicedocuments.Interestswaptransactionsareconductedtohedgeagainsttheriskofinterestratefluctuationsinlightoftheirpossibleadverseimpact.(ii)Pricevolatilityriskmanagement Stocksareheldforpolicy-orientedpurposes,andthemarketenvironmentandfinancialconditionsoftheinvesteesaremonitored.ThisinformationisreportedonaregularbasisattheboardofdirectorsbytheInformationPolicyDepartment.

(3)Liquidityriskmanagementrelatedtofundraising TheFinanceandInvestmentAccountpreparesafundingplanandexecutesfundraisingbasedonthegovernment-affiliatedagencies’budgetsasresolvedbytheNationalDiet.

(4)Derivativetransactionsmanagement Pursuanttoregulationsconcerningswaps,interestswaptransactionsareimplementedandmanagedbyseparatingthesectionsrelatedtotransactionsenforcement,assessmentofhedgeeffectiveness,andlogisticsmanagement,respectively,basedonamechanismwithanestablishedinternalcheck-and-balancesystem.

Matters concerning fair value of financial instruments ThefollowingtablesummarizestheamountstatedinthebalancesheetandthefairvalueoffinancialinstrumentsasofMarch31,2011togetherwiththeirdifferences. (Unit:Yen)

Balance sheet amount Fair value Differential

(1)Loans 11,051,139,214,728

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses -96,053,968,326

10,955,085,246,402 10,689,648,688,947 -265,436,557,455

(2)Claimsinbankruptcy,rehabilitation,reorganizationorotherequivalentclaims 25,088,735,101

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses -24,802,756,856

285,978,245 285,978,245 0

(3)BorrowingsfromgovernmentfundforFiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram(includingborrowingsduewithinoneyear) (2,459,841,318,000) (2,529,685,913,187) (69,844,595,187)

(4)Derivativetransactions 4,022,340,050 4,022,340,050 0

Note: Those recorded under liabilities are shown in parentheses.

Note1:Methodforcalculatingfairvaluesoffinancialinstruments1)Loans Fairvaluesofloanswithfloatinginterestratesarecalculatedattheirbookvalues,aspolicyinterestrates(bankrates)areimmediatelyreflectedintheirfloatinginterestratesandthereforefairvalueapproximatesbookvalue.Ontheotherhand,fairvaluesofloanswithfixedinterestratesarecalculatedbydiscountingthetotalamountoftheprincipalandinterestusingaratethatcombinesarisk-freeratewithrespectiveborrowers’creditrisk.

222

Data and

Inform

ation

Details of Loans (Unit:Millionsofyen)

Details of Borrowings (Unit:Millionsofyen)

Details of Bonds (Unit:Millionsofyen)

ClassificationBalance as of

the Beginning of the Period

Current Term Increase

Current Term Decrease Balance as of the End of the Period Remarks

Collection Write-off

Loans 11,054,312 677,216 680,389 0 11,051,139 　Claimsinbankruptcy,rehabilitation,reorganizationorotherequivalentclaims

24,557 531 0 0 25,089 　

Total 11,078,869 677,748 680,389 0 11,076,228 　

ClassificationBalance as of

the Beginning of the Period

Current Term Increase Current Term Decrease

Balance as of the End of the Period

Average Rate (%) Repayment Remarks

BorrowingsfromgovernmentfundforFiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram

2,730,170 192,200 462,529 2,459,841（318,067）

1.544 Dec.2012-Feb.2036

　

Name of BondsBalance as of

the Beginning of the Period

Current Term Increase Current Term Decrease

Balance as of the End of the Period

Rate (%) Redemption Remarks

JICABonds 80,000 60,000 0 140,000（0）

1.918-2.470

Sep.2028-Dec.2030

　

Financial Statements 2.FinanceandInvestmentAccount

Significant debt burdenN/A

Significant subsequent eventsN/A

Profit and loss under the equity method JICAdoesnotmaintainanyspecificaffiliatedcompanies,andsodoesnotprepareconsolidatedfinancialstatements.However,profitandlossundertheequitymethodasitrelatestoaffiliatedcompaniesisasfollows:(1)Investmentamountinaffiliatedcompanies ¥113,313,206,157(2)Investmentamountwhenapplyingtheequitymethod ¥115,255,321,104(3)Capitalgainsamountfrominvestmentswhenapplyingtheequitymethod ¥9,164,252,086

* Figure in parenthesis indicates the amount of borrowings repayable within one year.

* Figure in parenthesis indicates the amount of bonds redeemable within one year.

223

Financial Conditions１ Two-Year Financial Statements

１-1 General Account

Balance Sheet (Unit:Millionsofyen)

As of March 31, 2010

As of March 31, 2011

AssetsⅠ Currentassets

Cashandbankdeposits 104,944 121,420Inventories

Storedgoods 539 448Advancepayments 8,204 7,712Prepaidexpenses 247 188Accruedincome 48 28Accruedrevenues 1,674 1,838Short-termloansofdevelopmentinvestmentandfinancing 702 509

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses （1） （10）Short-termloansofmigrationinvestmentandfinancing 235 210

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses （4） （2）Consignmentgoods 11Suspensepayments 61 32Advancespaid 2 5

Totalcurrentassets 116,649 132,389

Ⅱ Fixedassets１ Tangiblefixedassets

Buildings 47,047 45,669Accumulateddepreciation （11,529） （12,726）Accumulatedimpairmentloss （1,014） （128）

Structures 1,590 1,576Accumulateddepreciation （788） （818）Accumulatedimpairmentloss （22）

Machinesandequipment 201 200Accumulateddepreciation （133） （131）

Vehiclesandothertransportationdevices 1,792 1,861Accumulateddepreciation （1,013） （1,055）

Tools,instruments,andfixtures 2,137 2,091Accumulateddepreciation （1,097） （1,132）

Land 19,283 18,391Accumulatedimpairmentloss （495） （36）

Constructioninprocess 5 24Totalfixedassets 55,962 53,788

２ IntangiblefixedassetsTrademarks 3 2Telephonesubscriptionrights 4 4Righttousepowerplantsandothersupplyfacilities 3

Totalintangiblefixedassets 10 7３ Investmentandotherassets

Long-termdeposit 323 323Long-termloansofdevelopmentinvestmentandfinancing 2,916 2,379

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses （3） （152）Long-termloansofmigrationinvestmentandfinancing 2,406 1,762

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses （1,331） （1,088）Long-terminstallmentprincipalonsalesofsettlement 39 31

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses （39） （31）Long-termprepaidexpenses 11 1Guaranteemoneypaid 1,917 1,495

Totalinvestmentandotherassets 6,239 4,720Totalfixedassets 62,212 58,515

Totalassets 178,861 190,904

As of March 31, 2010

As of March 31, 2011

Liabilities and Net assetsLiabilitiesⅠ Currentliabilities

Managementgrantliabilities 23,976 30,906Fundsforgrantaidprojects 57,826 66,918Donationsreceived 362 392Accruedpayments 21,924 18,502Accruedexpense 208 214Leaseliabilities 96 95Depositreceived 424 250Deferredrevenue 0

Totalcurrentliabilities 104,816 117,277

Ⅱ FixedliabilitiesPropertyliabilities

Propertymanagementgrants 1,998 2,036Propertygrants,etc 76 70

Long-termleaseliabilities 185 119Assetretirementobligation 271

Totalfixedliabilities 2,259 2,496

Totalliabilities 107,075 119,773

Net assetsⅠ Capital

Governmentalinvestment 83,333 83,333Totalcapital 83,333 83,333

Ⅱ CapitalsurplusCapitalsurplus （506） （2,610）Accumulateddepreciationnotincludedinexpenses （13,301） （14,334）Accumulatedimpairmentlossnotincludedinexpenses （1,540） （173）Accumulatedinterestexpensenotincludedinexpenses （2）

Totalcapitalsurplus （15,347） （17,119）

Ⅲ RetainedearningsCarryoverreserveinthemidtermperiod 2,104 2,092Reserve 391 1,696Unappropriatedincomeforthecurrentyear 1,305 1,129

［Totalincomeforthecurrentyear］ 1,305 1,129Totalretainedearnings 3,800 4,917

Totalnetassets 71,786 71,131

Totalofliabilitiesandnetassets 178,861 190,904

224

Data and

Inform

ation

Statement of Income (Unit:Millionsofyen) Statement of Cash Flows (Unit:Millionsofyen)

April 1, 2009–March 31, 2010

April 1, 2010–March 31, 2011

Ordinary expenses

Operatingexpenses

Expensesforprogramformulation 7,322 6,700Expensesfortechnicalcooperationprojects 75,131 70,636Expensesforgrantaidprojects 367 149Expensesforpublicparticipationbasedcooperation 21,279 19,619Expensesforemigrationprogram 409 342Expensesfordisasterreliefactivities 965 917Expensesforaidpersonnelrecruitmentandtraining 869 708Expensesforfollow-upcooperation 1,440 1,199Expensesforproject/programevaluation 237 326Research-relatedexpenses 728 501Expensesforoperationsupport 7,459 7,427Expensesforaccountingsupport 27,003 27,735Expensesforgrantaidprograms 62,044 90,587Contractedprogramexpenses 2,360 1,881Expensesfordonationprojects 62 12Depreciationexpenses 443 448

Generaladministrativeexpenses 10,126 8,788Financialexpenses

Interestexpense 1 0Foreignexchangeloss 568 658

Miscellaneousloss 9 19Totalordinaryexpenses 218,824 238,652

Ordinary revenues

Revenuesfrommanagementgrants 152,460 144,254Revenuesfromgrantaidprograms 62,044 90,587Revenuesfromcontractedprograms

RevenuesfromcontractedprogramsfromJapanesegovernmentandthelocalgovernmentagencies

2,309 1,881

Revenuesfromcontractedprogramsfromtheotherparties 50 1Revenuesfromdevelopmentinvestmentandfinancing 92 73Revenuesfromsettlementaffairs 11 4Revenuesfrommigrationinvestmentandfinancing 73 54Donationrevenues 62 12Transferfromallowanceforpossibleloanlosses 253 79Transferfromliabilitiesforpropertymanagementgrants 781 485Transferfromliabilitiesforpropertygrants 23 22Financialrevenues

Interestincome 98 83Miscellaneousprofits 2,192 2,272

Totalordinaryrevenues 220,448 239,805Ordinaryprofits 1,624 1,153

Extraordinary loss

Lossonretirementoffixedassets 499 22Lossonsalesoffixedassets 11 15Extraordinary profits

Profitsonsalesoffixedassets 0 2Net income 1,114 1,117Reversal of surplus deposits from the previous mid-term period

190 12

Total income for the current year 1,305 1,129

April 1, 2009–March 31, 2010

April 1, 2010–March 31, 2011

Ⅰ Cash flow from operating activities

　　　Paymentofoperatingexpenses （136,161）（133,722）　　　Paymentsforgrantaidprojects （61,590） （89,377）　　　Paymentofcontractedprogramexpenses （2,316） （1,975）　　　Paymentofpersonnelcosts （14,875） （14,628）　　　Otheroperationpayments （1,497） （1,400）　　　Proceedsfrommanagementgrants 161,652 151,726　　　Proceedsfromgrantaidprograms 88,983 99,680　　　Proceedsfromcontractedprograms 2,602 2,011　　　Loaninterestincome 166 138　　　Proceedsfromsettlementaffairs 22 13　　　　　Interestrevenues 9 6　　　　　Installmentprincipal 14 7　　　Donationrevenues 46 41　　　Otheroperationproceeds 1,794 2,632

Subtotal 38,825 15,139　　　Interestreceived 115 93　　　Interestpaid （1） （0）　　Cashflowfromoperatingactivities 38,939 15,232Ⅱ Cash flow from investing activities　　　Paymentsforpurchaseoffixedassets （1,955） （598）　　　Proceedsfromsalesoffixedassets 941 1,242　　　Paymentsforloansreceivable （40）　　　Proceedsfromloansreceivable 977 1,136　　　Puttingmoneyfortimedeposits （248,723）（511,000）　　　Proceedsfromtimedepositrefund 239,800 448,500　　　Paymentsforpurchaseofnegotiablecertificatesofdeposit （16,400）　　　Proceedsfromnegotiablecertificatesofdepositrefunds 16,400　　Cashflowfrominvestingactivities （9,001） （60,719）Ⅲ Cash flow from financing activities　　　Repaymentofleaseliabilities （98） （110）　　Cashflowfromfinancingactivities （98） （110）Ⅳ Effect of exchange rate fluctuation on funds （365） （426）Ⅴ Net increase in funds 29,476 （46,024）Ⅵ Funds at the beginning of year 34,468 63,944Ⅶ Funds at the end of year 63,944 17,920

Financial Conditions 1.Two-YearFinancialStatements

225

１-2 Finance and Investment Account

Balance Sheet (Unit:Millionsofyen)

As of March 31, 2010

As of March 31, 2011

AssetsⅠ Currentassets

Cashandbankdeposits 14,691 51,393Loans 11,054,312 11,051,139

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses （131,415） （96,054）Advancepayments 4,606 4,568Prepaidexpenses 96 74Accruedincome

Accruedinterestonloansreceivable 51,269 47,652Accruedcommitmentcharges 1,417 673Accruedinterestreceivable 2 2

Accruedrevenues 353 432Consignmentgoods − 3Suspensepayments 9 4Advancespaid 0 0Emissionreductionassets 151 174Derivatives − 4,022

Totalcurrentassets 10,995,490 11,064,082

Ⅱ Fixedassets１ Tangiblefixedassets

Buildings 3,198 3,298Accumulateddepreciation （228） （391）Accumulatedimpairmentloss − （675）

Structures 59 59Accumulateddepreciation （7） （11）Accumulatedimpairmentloss − （12）

Machinesandequipment 192 194Accumulateddepreciation （28） （41）Accumulatedimpairmentloss − （102）

Vehiclesandothertransportationdevices 200 249Accumulateddepreciation （47） （84）

Tools,instruments,andfixtures 691 726Accumulateddepreciation （235） （417）

Land 13,873 13,873Accumulatedimpairmentloss − （6,091）

Constructioninprocess 50 0Totalfixedassets 17,719 10,575

２ IntangiblefixedassetsTrademarks 0 0

Totalintangiblefixedassets 0 0３ Investmentandotherassets

Investmentsecurities 6,226 5,990Affiliatedcompaniesstock 112,521 112,034Claimsinbankruptcy,rehabilitation,reorganizationorotherequivalentclaims 24,557 25,089

Allowanceforpossibleloanlosses （24,557） （24,803）Long-termprepaidexpenses 1 −Guaranteemoneypaid 1,067 832

Totalinvestmentandotherassets 119,816 119,142Totalfixedassets 137,534 129,717

Totalassets 11,133,025 11,193,799

As of March 31, 2010

As of March 31, 2011

LiabilitiesⅠ Currentliabilities

BorrowingsfromgovernmentfundforFiscalInvestmentandLoanProgramduewithinoneyear 394,775 318,067Accruedpayments 5,467 4,845Accruedexpense 11,980 11,420Leaseliabilities 163 161Depositreceived 31 441Allowanceforbonuses 199 201Suspensereceipt 128 16

Totalcurrentliabilities 412,744 335,151

Ⅱ FixedliabilitiesBonds 80,000 140,000BorrowingsfromgovernmentfundforFiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram 2,335,395 2,141,775Long-termleaseliabilities 183 29Allowanceforretirementbenefits 7,371 7,707Assetretirementobligation − 69

Totalfixedliabilities 2,422,950 2,289,580Totalliabilities 2,835,694 2,624,731

Net assetsⅠ Capital

Governmentalinvestment 7,518,156 7,622,556Totalcapital 7,518,156 7,622,556

Ⅱ RetainedearningsReserve 590,585 779,252Unappropriatedincomeforthecurrentyear 188,666 162,972

［Totalincomeforthecurrentyear］ 188,666 162,972Totalretainedearnings 779,252 942,223

Ⅲ ValuationandtranslationadjustmentsNetunrealizedgainsonothersecurities （76） （132）Deferredgainsorlossesonhedges − 4,420

Totalvaluationandtranslationadjustments （76） 4,289

Totalnetassets 8,297,331 8,569,068

Totalofliabilitiesandnetassets 11,133,025 11,193,799

Financial Conditions 1.Two-YearFinancialStatements

226

Data and

Inform

ation

Statement of Income (Unit:Millionsofyen) Statement of Cash Flows (Unit:Millionsofyen)

April 1, 2009–March 31, 2010

April 1, 2010–March 31, 2011

Ordinary expenses

Expensesrelatedtooperationsofcooperationthroughfinanceandinvestment

Interestonbondsandnotes 1,412 2,523 Interestonborrowings 46,871 42,819 Interestoninterestswaps − 2,029 Outsourcingexpenses 13,665 15,876 Bondissuanceexpenses 248 297 Foreignexchangeloss − 30 Personnelexpenses 3,640 3,325 Provisionforallowanceforbonuses − 1 Retirementbenefitexpenses − 737 Propertyexpenses 10,813 13,218 Depreciationexpenses 387 402 Taxes 31 110 Lossonvaluationofinvestmentsecurities 40 30 Lossonvaluationofaffiliatedcompaniesstock 782 487 Interestexpenses − 0 Otherordinaryexpenses − 250

Totalordinaryexpenses 77,888 82,135Ordinary revenues

Revenuesfromoperationsofcooperationthroughfinanceandinvestment

Interestonloans 214,547 206,370 Interestongovernmentbonds,etc. 45 16 Dividendsoninvestments 9,691 7,604 Commissions 1,441 1,821 Foreignexchangegain 11 −Gainonvaluationofaffiliatedcompaniesstock 17,113 −Transferfromallowanceforpossibleloanlosses 16,353 35,361

Financialrevenues

Interestincome 3 10 Miscellaneousprofits 457 496 Recoveriesofwritten-offclaims − 372 Grantsfromgovernmentgeneralaccount 7,000 −

Totalordinaryrevenues 266,660 252,049Ordinaryprofits 188,772 169,915

Extraordinary loss

Lossonretirementoffixedassets 130 2 Lossonsalesoffixedassets − 2 Impairmentloss − 6,930 Impactofapplicationofaccountingstandardsforassetretirementobligations − 9

Totalextraordinaryloss 130 6,943 Extraordinary profits

Profitsonsalesoffixedassets 0 0 Reversalofallowanceforbonuses 24 −

Totalextraordinaryprofits 24 0 Net income 188,666 162,972Total income for the current year 188,666 162,972

April 1, 2009–March 31, 2010

April 1, 2010–March 31, 2011

Ⅰ Cash flow from operating activities

　　　Paymentsforloans （744,975） （677,748）　　　Repaymentofborrowingsfrom　　　theprivatesector （6,000） （40,800）　　　Repaymentofborrowingsfromgovernment　　　fundforFiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram （403,029） （462,529）　　　Interestpaid （49,158） （47,535）　　　Paymentofpersonnelcosts （3,723） （3,728）　　　Otheroperationpayments （22,528） （30,575）　　　Proceedsfromcollectionofloansreceivable 642,146 680,389　　　Proceedsfromborrowingsfrom　　　theprivatesector 6,000 40,800　　　Proceedsfromborrowingsfromgovernment　　　fundforFiscalInvestmentandLoanProgram 129,800 192,200　　　Proceedsfromissuanceofbonds 49,752 59,703　　　Grantsfromgovernmentgeneralaccount 7,000　　　Loaninterestincome 217,467 209,987　　　Otheroperationproceeds 808 4,452

　　Subtotal （176,439） （75,384）　　　Interestanddividendincome 9,737 7,630　　Cashflowfromoperatingactivities （166,702） （67,754）Ⅱ Cash flow from investing activities

　　　Paymentsforpurchaseoffixedassets （1,161） （119）　　　Proceedsfromsalesoffixedassets 168 213　　　Paymentsforpurchaseofinvestmentsecurities （117） −　　　Proceedsfromthecollectionandliquidation　　　ofinvestmentsecurities 83 −　　　Proceedsfromthecollectionof　　　investmentsecurities − 127　　　Proceedsfromsalesandliquidationof　　　affiliatedcompaniesstock 32,065 −　　　Paymentsforpurchaseof　　　negotiablecertificatesofdeposit （1,057,540） （368,300）　　　Proceedsfromnegotiablecertificatesof　　　depositrefunds 1,057,540 368,300　　Cashflowfrominvestingactivities 31,038 222Ⅲ Cash flow from financing activities

　　　Repaymentofleaseliabilities （148） （166）　　　Proceedsfromgovernmentinvestment 127,300 104,400　　Cashflowfromfinancingactivities 127,152 104,234Ⅳ Net increase in funds − 36,702Ⅴ Net decrease in funds （8,512） −Ⅵ Funds at the beginning of year 23,203 14,691Ⅶ Funds at the end of year 14,691 51,393

Financial Conditions 1.Two-YearFinancialStatements

227

2 Disclosure of Financial Conditions of Finance and Investment Account

Average Balance of Interest-Earning Assets and Interest-Bearing Liabilities, Interest and Earning Yields (Units:Millionsofyen,%)

Balance of Deposits and Securities–Application of Surplus Funds (Unit:Millionsofyen)

Breakdown of Allowance for Possible Loan Losses (Unit:Millionsofyen)

Principal Assets in Foreign Currency (Units:ThousandsofUS$,ThousandsofINR)

Yield/Interest rate (Unit:%)

FY2009 FY2010Average Balance Interest* Yield Average Balance Interest* Yield

Interest-earningassets 11,096,377 242,018 2.18 11,213,983 215,304 1.92 Loans 10,926,587 215,987 1.98 11,041,044 208,191 1.89 Investments 123,704 25,982 21.00 119,487 7,087 5.93 Deposits+Securities 46,086 48 0.10 53,452 26 0.05

Interest-bearingliabilities 2,901,796 48,283 1.66 2,708,565 45,342 1.67 Borrowings 2,842,481 46,871 1.65 2,596,126 42,819 1.65 Bonds 59,315 1,412 2.38 112,438 2,523 2.24

End of FY2009 End of FY2010

Deposits+Securities 14,691 51,393

End of FY2009 End of FY2010

Loans 131,415 96,054 Claimsinbankruptcy,rehabilitation,reorganizationorotherequivalentclaims

24,557 24,803

Total 155,972 120,857

End of FY2009 End of FY2010

Affiliatedcompaniesstock(US$) 12 12 Investmentsecurities(US$) 6,049 5,814 Investmentsecurities(INR) 118,283 47,044

FY2009 FY2010

Totalaverageinterestratespread （0.47） （1.08）Yieldsoninterest-earningassets 2.18 1.92Costsofinterest-bearingliabilities 2.65 3.00

Financial Conditions 2.DisclosureofFinancialConditionsofFinanceandInvestmentAccount

* Investments include investment securities and affiliated companies stock. Dividends received, profit and loss associated with the valuation of investment securities, and profit and loss associated with the valuation of affiliated companies stock are recorded as interest items.

Note: Yields on Interest-Earning Assets = Interest / Average Balance of Interest-Earning Assets Costs of Interest-Bearing Liabilities = (Interest Expenses + Bonds and Notes Expenses + Other

Expenses) / Average Balance of Interest-Bearing Liabilitiescf. Interest-Earning Assets = Interest on Loans + Interest on Government Bonds, etc. + Dividends on Investments + Interest Income + Commissions + Profit and Loss Associated with the Valuation of Investment Securities / Affiliated Companies StockAverage Balance of Interest-Earning Assets = Loans + Investments + Bank Deposits (excluding

Checking Accounts)Interest Expenses = Interest on Borrowings + Interest on Bonds and NotesBonds and Notes Expenses = Bonds and Notes Issuance CostsOther Expenses = Outsourcing Expenses + Personnel Expenses (including Provisions to Allowance

for Retirement Benefits/Bonuses) + Property Expenses + Depreciation Costs + TaxAverage Balance of Interest-Bearing Liabilities = Borrowings + Bonds and Notes

Note: The allowance for claims on debtors who are legally bankrupt (“Bankrupt borrowers”) or substantially bankrupt (“Substantially bankrupt borrowers”) is provided based on the outstanding balance and the deductions of the amount expected to be collected through the disposal of collateral and execution of guarantees. The allowance for claims on debtors who are not legally bankrupt but are likely to become bankrupt (“Potentially bankrupt borrowers”) is provided based on an assessment of the overall solvency or the debtors after deducting the amount expected to be collected through the disposal of collateral and the execution of guarantees. The allowance for claims on debtors other than Bankrupt borrowers, Substantially bankrupt borrowers and Potentially bankrupt borrowers is provided primarily based on the default rate, which is calculated based on the actual defaults during a certain period in the past.All claims are assessed initially by the operational departments and secondly by risk evaluation departments based on internal rules for self-assessment of asset quality. The internal audit department, which is independent from the operational departments, reviews these self-assessments, and the allowance is provided based on the results of the assessments.

228

Data and

Inform

ation

Maturity Structure of Loans as of March 31, 2011 (Unit:Billionsofyen)

Maturity Structure of Long-Term Borrowings as of March 31, 2011 (Unit:Billionsofyen)

Maturity Structure of Bonds as of March 31, 2011 (Unit:Billionsofyen)

Maturity Collection from Loans

1yearorless 622.2over1year,upto2years 619.4over2years,upto3years 641.4over3years,upto4years 659.5over4years,upto5years 662.5over5years,upto10years 3,162.6over10years,upto15years 2,215.5over15years,upto20years 1,147.3over20years,upto25years 726.9over25years,upto30years 461.5over30years,upto35years 127.9over35years,upto40years 17.0over40years 0Total 11,063.7

Maturity Repayment of Borrowings

1yearorless 318.1 over1year,upto2years 323.2 over2years,upto3years 317.1 over3years,upto4years 275.4 over4years,upto5years 241.1 over5years,upto10years 728.4 over10years,upto15years 167.5 over15years,upto20years 49.4 over20years,upto25years 39.7 over25years 0 Total 2,459.8

Maturity Redemption

over15years,upto20years 140.0 Total 140.0

Information on the Quality of Assets of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Finance and Investment Account

Financial Conditions 2.DisclosureofFinancialConditionsofFinanceandInvestmentAccount

Note: The figures exclude principal in arrears for over three months as of the end of March 2011 from the total projected collection from “Loans” and “Claims in bankruptcy, rehabilitation, reorganization or other equivalent claims.”

acquiresustainabledebtservicecapacity. TheloansrescheduledundertheagreementintheParisClubhaveahighprobabilityofrepayment,because,unlikeloansprovidedbyprivatefinancialinstitutions,theirnatureasofficialcreditprovidesanasset-securingmechanismundertheaboveinternationalframework.Nonetheless,tofacilitatecomparisonwithprivatefinancialinstitutions,JICA,inprinciple,disclosestheloansrescheduledintheParisClubandwhosedebtorcountriesarecategorizedas“needsattention”initsself-assessmentsofassetquality,asloanassetsrequiretobedisclosedclassifyingthemeitheras“RestructuredLoans”(undertheBankingAct)or“SpecialAttentionAssets”(undertheFinancialRevitalizationAct).

1 Risk Monitored Loans ThefollowingtableshowstheclassificationofRiskMonitoredLoansbasedontheself-assessmentsofassetqualityinaccordancewiththedisclosurestandardofRiskMonitoredLoansappliedtocommercialfinancialinstitutions

AlthoughtheBankingActandActonEmergencyMeasuresfortheRevitalizationoftheFinancialFunctionsof1998(the“FinancialRevitalizationAct”)donotapplytoJICA,JICAhasmadeself-assessmentsofthequalityofitsassetssincethefiscalyearendedMarch31,2001,inaccordancewiththestandardssetforthintheInspectionManualforDeposit-TakingInstitutionsoftheFinancialServicesAgencyofJapan.Thiswasaimedatincreasingdisclosureonitsassetqualityandimprovingtheinternalmanagementofcreditrisks. OnecharacteristicofJICA’soperationisthataconsiderableportionofitsloansisofficialcreditforthegovernmentsofdevelopingcountries.Thus,whenanindebtedcountryistemporarilyunabletoservicedebtduetoeconomicdifficulties,debtreschedulingwillsometimestakeplace,basedonaninternationalagreementamongthecreditorcountriesintheParisClub,inordertoensuresustainabledebtservice.AdebtorcountryreceivingsuchtemporarysupportforovercomingtheliquidityproblemwillimplementeconomicrestructuringprogramsagreeduponwiththeIMFto

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(Unit:Millionsofyen)

March 2011 Reporting Period

LoansPayable*1(%oftotalcredittransactions)

BankruptorDeFactoBankruptAssets − （−）DoubtfulAssets 25,089 （0.23）SpecialAttentionAssets 593,826 （5.34）SubTotal 618,915 （5.56）NormallyPerformingAssets 10,505,638 （94.44）

Loan-lossReserve*1 BankruptorDeFactoBankruptAssets −DoubtfulAssets 24,803SpecialAttentionAssets 71,911SubTotal 96,714GeneralLoan-lossReserveforloansnotrequiringclosemonitoring 24,143SpecialAllowanceforForeignDebt −Total 120,857

Collateral/Guarantees BankruptorDeFactoBankruptAssets −DoubtfulAssets −SpecialAttentionAssets −SubTotal −

CoverageAmount*2(CoverageRatio,%)

BankruptorDeFactoBankruptAssets − （−）DoubtfulAssets 24,803 （98.86）SpecialAttentionAssets 71,911 （12.11）SubTotal 96,714 （15.63）

EachcategoryofLoanAssetstobedisclosedundertheFinancialRevitalizationActisdefinedasfollows.

(1)BankruptorDeFactoBankruptAssets “BankruptorDeFactoBankruptAssets”areloansandothercreditstodebtorswhohavebegunproceedingsundertheBankruptcyAct,theCorporateReorganizationAct,theFinancialRevitalizationActandothersimilarlawsofJapanandhavefinanciallyfailed.Intheassetqualityself-assessments,theseloansareloanstodebtorswhoarelegallyorsubstantiallybankrupt.

(2)DoubtfulAssets “DoubtfulAssets”areloansandothercreditstodebtorswhosefinancialandoperationalconditionshavedeterioratedandwhohaveapossibilitythatpaymentofprincipaland/orinterestwillnotbemadeonacontractualbasis.Intheassetqualityself-assessments,theseloansareloanstothedebtorswhoarelikelytobecomebankrupt.

(3)SpecialAttentionAssets “SpecialAttentionAssets”areloanstodebtorswhoarecategorizedas“needsattentionborrower”intheassetqualityself-assessments,and(i)loanswhoseprincipaland/orinterestisoverdueforthreemonthsormorefromthedatefollowingthescheduledpaymentdatebutwhicharenotcategorizedas“BankruptorDeFactoBankruptAssets”and“DoubtfulAssets”(“Pastdueloans(threemonthsormore)”);(ii)restructuredloansonwhichJICAgrantedconcessionstoborrowersinfinancialdifficultiesthroughamendingtermsandconditionsoftheloanstoassistthemtorecoverandeventuallybeabletopaytocreditors,butwhicharenotcategorizedas“BankruptorDeFactoBankruptAssets”,”DoubtfulAssets”or“Overdueloans(threemonthsormore)”.(Note2)

(4)NormallyPerformingAssets “NormallyPerformingAssets”areloanstoborrowerswithnoparticularproblemintheirfinancialconditions,categorizedintheassetqualityself-assessmentseitheras“loanstonormalborrowers”or“loanstoneedsattentionborrowers(excludingSpecialAttentionAssets)”,butwhicharenotcategorizedas“BankruptorDeFactoBankruptAssets”,“DoubtfulAssets”and“SpecialAttentionAssets”.

(Note1) AccordingtotheOrdinanceforEnforcementofBankingLaw19,2-1-5,whichestablishesthedisclosurestandardsofrisk-managementloansheldbyprivatefinancialinstitutions,debtowedbyforeigndebtorsmustbedisclosedasbankruptdebtordebtforalldebtorsfulfillingeachofthefollowingconditions:1)nonpaymentofinterestorprincipalwithinthemostrecent

(undertheBankingAct).EachcategoryofRiskMonitoredLoansisdefinedasfollows:

(1)LoanstoDebtorinLegalBankruptcy Amongloansthatareplacedinnon-accrualstatus(excepttheportiondeducedasallowanceforloanlosses),whencollectionofeitherprincipalorinterestbecomesdoubtfulforthereasonthatprincipalorinterestispastdueforaconsiderableperiodoftimeorforotherreasons,thoseloanswhichthereisfilingofreorganizationproceduresundertheCorporateReorganizationActorbankruptcyproceduresundertheBankruptcyActorspecialliquidationproceduresundertheCompaniesActorotherrelevantlaws,orthereissuspensionoftransactionsinpromissorynotesissuedbytheborrowersintheclearinghouse.(Note1)

(2)PastDueLoans Loansthatareplacedinnon-accrualstatusexceptthoseclassifiedas“LoanstoDebtorinLegalBankruptcy”orthosewhoseinterestpaymentsaredeferredinordertoexpeditetheborrowers’businessrestructuringorsupporttheirbusinessoperations

(3)LoansinArrearsby3MonthsorMore Loanswhoseprincipalorinterestispastduethreemonthsormorefromthedatefollowingthecontractuallyscheduledpaymentdateandnotclassifiedas“LoanstoDebtorinLegalBankruptcy”or“PastDueLoans”

(4)RestructuredLoans Loanswhosetermsandconditionsaremodifiedinfavoroftheborrowersinordertoexpeditetheborrowers’businessrestructuringorsupporttheirbusinessoperationsby,amongothers,reducingthestatedinterestrate,deferringinterestpaymentsorwrite-downs,andthatarenotclassifiedas“LoanstoDebtorinLegalBankruptcy,”“PastDueLoans”and“LoansinArrearsby3MonthsorMore”(Note2)

(Unit:Millionsofyen)

March 2011 Reporting Period

LoanstoDebtorinLegalBankruptcy –PastDueLoans 25,089LoansinArrearsby3MonthsorMore –RestructuredLoans 593,826Total(1) 618,915BalanceofLoansReceivable(2) 11,076,228(1)/(2) 5.59%

2 Loan Assets Required to Be Disclosed under the Financial Revitalization Act Thebelowtableshowstheclassificationofloansbasedontheself-assessmentsofassetqualityinaccordancewiththedisclosurestandardoftheFinancialRevitalizationAct.

*1 Based on JICA’s self-assessments of assets, the difference between the debt exposure to bankrupt debtors and debtors in bankruptcy and the amount recognized as recoverable by means of collateral or guarantees is considered as the projected amount that cannot be collected on, and so is subtracted directly from the total debt exposure. As such, this figure is not included in the above chart under “Loans Payable” or “Loan-loss Reserve”.*2 Coverage amount refers to the combined total of the loan-loss reserve set aside for each debt and the value of collateral and guarantees, while the coverage ratio represents the ratio of the coverage amount as a percentage of total loans payable.

Financial Conditions 2.DisclosureofFinancialConditionsofFinanceandInvestmentAccount

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previousthree-yearperiodfromtheendoftheterm;2)nocontractsignedregardingtheextensionoftheredemptiondeadlinewithinthemostrecentpreviousthree-yearperiodfromtheendoftheterm;and3)nospecificplanstosignacontractregardingtheextensionoftheredemptionattheendoftheterm.Inmakingdisclosuresbasedontheabove,JICA,inlinewithitsassetself-assessmentsandtakingintoconsiderationtheinternationalframeworkforcooperation,hasclassifiedtheaforementionedforeigngovernmentdebtasdebtwithbankruptcyconcern,whileinthedisclosureofRiskMonitoredLoans,thisdebtisincludedas“PastDueLoans”.

(Note2) Aninternationalconsensuswasreachedatthecreditornationconference(ParisClubMeeting)onreschedulingforeigngovernmentdebt(wherethedebtorisacountry,anddebtoriginatesfromsuchgovernmententitiesastradeinsuranceorexportcreditagencies)ofdebtornationstemporarilyunabletomakepaymentsduetoadeterioration in theirbalanceofpayments.Asaresult,atemporaryliquiditysupportprogramfordebtornationgovernments(balanceofpaymentsassistanceundertheframeworkofinternationalcooperation)willbeshortlyexecuted.Inconjunctionwiththistemporaryliquidityassistance,debtornationswillimplementaneconomicreformprogramagreeduponwiththeInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),makingitpossibleforthecountrytocontinuetoserviceitsdebtobligations. ThetotalforeigngovernmentdebtprincipalapplicabletothedebtreschedulingagreementattheParisClubMeetingheldinJICA’sFinanceandInvestmentAccountwas¥1,130,262millionasoftheendofFY2010.Debtfromdebtornationsclassifiedasdebtornationofconcernthatreceivedapprovalforreschedulingmeasures,inprinciple,classifiedas“RestructuredLoans”,excludingdebtclassifiedas“LoansinArrearsby3MonthsorMore”.Thesedebtsaccountfor¥593,826million(ofthisamountthedeferredprincipaltotals¥517,230million)underthecategory“RestructuredLoans”intheabovechart.

Financial Conditions 2.DisclosureofFinancialConditionsofFinanceandInvestmentAccount

231

Domestic and Overseas OfficesDomestic Offices

JICA SapporoTEL:+81-11-866-83334-25,Minami,Hondori16-chome,Shiroishi-ku,SapporoCity,Hokkaido003-0026

JICA ObihiroTEL:+81-155-35-12101-2,Nishi20-joMinami6-chome,ObihiroCity,Hokkaido080-2470

JICA TohokuTEL:+81-22-223-515115thFloor,SendaiDaiichiSeimeiTowerBldg.,6-1,Ichiban-cho4-chome,Aoba-ku,SendaiCity,Miyagi980-0811

JICA NihonmatsuTEL:+81-243-24-32004-2,AzaNagasaka,Nagata,NihonmatsuCity,Fukushima964-8558

JICA TsukubaTEL:+81-29-838-11113-6,Koyadai,TsukubaCity,Ibaraki305-0074

JICA TokyoTEL:+81-3-3485-705149-5,Nishihara2-chome,Shibuya-ku,Tokyo151-0066

JICA Hiroo/JICA Global PlazaTEL:+81-3-3400-77172-24,Hiroo4-chome,Shibuya-ku,Tokyo150-0012http://www.jica.go.jp/hiroba/english

JICA YokohamaTEL:+81-45-663-32513-1,Shinko2-chome,Naka-ku,YokohamaCity,Kanagawa231-0001

JICA KomaganeTEL:+81-265-82-615115,Akaho,KomaganeCity,Nagano399-4117

JICA HokurikuTEL:+81-76-233-59314thFloor,Rifare(OfficeTower),5-2,Honmachi1-chome,KanazawaCity,Ishikawa920-0853

JICA Chubu/Nagoya Global PlazaTEL:+81-52-533-022060-7,Hiraike-cho4-chome,Nakamura-ku,NagoyaCity,Aichi453-0872

JICA OsakaTEL:+81-72-641-690025-1,Nishitoyokawa-cho,IbarakiCity,Osaka567-0058

JICA HyogoTEL:+81-78-261-03415-2,WakinohamaKaigandori1-chome,Chuo-ku,KobeCity,Hyogo651-0073

JICA ChugokuTEL:+81-82-421-63003-1,Kagamiyama3-chome,HigashiHiroshimaCity,Hiroshima739-0046

JICA ShikokuTEL:+81-87-821-88247thFloor,NisseiTakamatsuBldg.,1-5,Ban-cho1-chome,TakamatsuCity,Kagawa760-0017

JICA KyushuTEL:+81-93-671-63112-1,Hirano2-chome,YahataHigashi-ku,KitakyushuCity,Fukuoka805-8505

JICA OkinawaTEL:+81-98-876-60001143-1,AzaMaeda,UrasoeCity,Okinawa901-2552

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(AsofSeptember1,2011)

Overseas Offices (Alphabetical order)

Please refer to the JICA website for contact information regarding each overseas office.

Home ＞＞ ContactUs ＞＞ OverseasOffices http://www.jica.go.jp/english/contact/overseas

AsiaAfghanistanOfficeBangladeshOfficeBhutanOfficeCambodiaOfficeChinaOfficeIndiaOfficeIndonesiaOfficeKyrgyzOfficeLaosOfficeMalaysiaOfficeMaldivesOfficeMongoliaOfficeMyanmarOfficeNepalOfficePakistanOfficePhilippinesOfficeSriLankaOfficeTajikistanOfficeThailandOfficeTimor-LesteOfficeUzbekistanOfficeVietNamOffice

PacificFijiOfficeMarshallIslandsOfficeMicronesiaOfficePalauOfficePapuaNewGuineaOfficeSamoaOfficeSolomonIslandsOfficeTongaOfficeVanuatuOffice

North & Latin AmericaArgentineOfficeBelizeOfficeBoliviaOfficeBrazilOfficeChileOfficeColombiaOfficeCostaRicaOfficeDominicanRepublicOfficeEcuadorOfficeElSalvadorOfficeGuatemalaOfficeHondurasOfficeJamaicaOfficeMexicoOfficeNicaraguaOfficePanamaOfficeParaguayOfficePeruOfficeSaintLuciaOfficeUruguayOfficeU.S.A.OfficeVenezuelaOffice

AfricaBeninOfficeBotswanaOfficeBurkinaFasoOfficeCameroonOfficeCoted’IvoireOfficeDemocraticRepublicofCongoOfficeDjiboutiOfficeEthiopiaOfficeGabonOffice

GhanaOfficeKenyaOfficeMadagascarOfficeMalawiOfficeMozambiqueOfficeNamibiaOfficeNigerOfficeNigeriaOfficeRwandaOfficeSenegalOfficeSouthAfricaOfficeSouthSudanOfficeSudanOfficeTanzaniaOfficeUgandaOfficeZambiaOfficeZimbabweOffice

Middle EastEgyptOfficeIranOfficeIraqOfficeJordanOfficeMoroccoOfficeSyriaOfficeTunisiaOfficeOfficeinGazaYemenOffice

EuropeBalkanOfficeFranceOfficeTurkeyOfficeU.K.Office

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Glossary

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Cool Earth PartnershipAt theWorldEconomicForum’sannualmeetingheld inDavos,Switzerland, inJanuary2008,thenPrimeMinisterYasuoFukudaannouncedtheCoolEarthPartnershipfundofapproximatelyUS$10billiontobeimplementedoverafive-yearperiod.Thefundwillbeused tosupportefforts fortacklingclimatechange.

CounterpartReferstogovernmentofficialsandtechniciansfrompartnercountries in internationalcooperationprojectswhoreceivepolicyadviceandtechnologytransferthroughsuchprojects.

Developing CountriesCount r ies whose leve l o f economicdevelopmentislowcomparedwithdevelopedcountries.Althoughthistermiscommonlyusedinreferencetodevelopingcountries,JICAgenerallyusesitinreferencetocountriesandregionsinPartIoftheDACListofODARecipients.

Development Assistance Committee (DAC)Aninternationalcommitteecomprisedofaiddonorcountriestodiscussissuessurroundingaid,developmentandpovertyreductionindevelopingcountries.ItisoneofthethreemajorcommitteesoftheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD).Japanbecameamemberin1964atthesametimeitbecameamemberoftheOECD.

Education for All (EFA)Aninternational initiativecommencedin1990withtheaimofprovidingeducationopportunitiestopeoplearoundtheworld.Specifically,thecurrentEFAhasestablishedsixgoalstobeachievedbyallcountriesandregionsby2015, includingensuringaccesstoandcompletefreeandcompulsoryprimaryeducation,eliminatinggenderdisparities ineducation,andachievinga50%improvementinlevelsofadultliteracy(TheDakarFrameworkforAction).Toachievethesegoals,theinternationalcommunityisworkingtogetheronavarietyofinitiatives.ThesegoalsarealsoidentifiedinGoals2and3oftheMDGs.

Emerging CountriesDevelopingcountrieswhichachievedrapideconomicgrowthinrecentyearsinsuchregionsasCentralandSouthAmerica,SoutheastAsiaandEasternEurope.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)AspecializedagencyoftheUnitedNations.FAO’smission isstatedas:“achievingfoodsecurityforallisattheheartofFAO’sefforts—tomakesurepeoplehaveregularaccesstoenoughhigh-qualityfoodtoleadactive,healthylives.”

GovernanceThisreferstothebuildingandmanagementofacountry’soverallframeworkofinstitutionstofacilitatestabilityanddevelopment.Goodgovernanceshouldenable theefficientmobilization,allocationandmanagementofacountry’sresourceswhilealsoreflectingthewillofitscitizens.Governancealsoreferstoagovernment’ssystemsforcooperationbetweengovernmentagencies,civilsocietyandtheprivatesectoraswellasmechanismsf o r d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g . G o v e r n a n c eencompassesthreemaindimensions—thenationalpoliticalsystem,thecapabilityofthegovernmenttoformulateandimplementpolicy,andsystemsrelatingtotheinteractionbetweenthegovernmentandcivilsocietyandtheprivatesector.

Gross National Income (GNI)Thetotalvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythecitizensofacountrydomesticallyandoverseasduringaspecifiedperiod.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)AUnitedNationsspecializedagencywhosepurposeistoprovidecomparativelyshort-termfundingfacilitiestomembercountriesnecessarytoensuretradepaymentsandothernormalfinancialflowsaremaintained.

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)Establishedin1960.Atrainingandresearchorganizationfocusingonricegrowing.

Master PlanAmasterplanisformulatedasthebasicplanfortheimplementationofmanytypesoflong-termdevelopmentprojects.

African Union (AU)Theworld’s largestregionalorganizationcomprisedof53membercountriesandregionsinAfrica.HeadquartersinEthiopia’scapitalcityofAddisAbaba.InauguratedwiththereorganizationandenhancementoftheOrganizationofAfricanUnity(OAU)inJuly2002.InJanuary2010,theNewPartnershipforAfrica’sDevelopment (NEPAD)wasintegratedintotheAU.Theorganizationhassinceincreaseditsroleindevelopment.AUCisthecommissionoftheAU.

Asian Development Bank (ADB)AninternationalfinancialinstitutionwhosepurposeisthepromotionofeconomicandsocialdevelopmentinAsiancountries.ADBcarriesoutlendingonasemi-commercialbasis.

Base of the Pyramid (BOP)PeoplelivinginpovertywithincomesbelowUS$3,000ayear.ApproximatelyfourbillionpeoplearoundtheworldareestimatedtoformtheBOP.“BOPbusiness”refers tobusinesswhichhasthepotentialtoimproveavarietyofissuesthatfacepeopleinpovertyindevelopingcountriesaswellaspeoplewhoareexcludedfromsocietyanddevelopmentprocesses.

Capacity Development (CD)The process by which a developingcountrystrengthens itsowncapacityforsolvingdevelopmentissues.Incontrasttocapacitybuilding,whichisdrivenfromtheoutside,capacitydevelopmentrefers totheendogenousprocessofadevelopingcountryimprovingthecapacityofindividuals,institutions,systemsandsocietyasawhole.JICA’scooperationplaysaroleinsupportingdevelopingcountries’effortsatcapacitydevelopmentasafacilitatorforsuchefforts.

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)OneoftheKyotoMechanisms—specifiedintheKyotoProtocol—forreducinggreenhousegasemissions.Thismechanismenablesadevelopedcountry toprovidefundsortechnologyforaprojectthatcontributestothereductionofgreenhousegasemissionsinadevelopingcountry.Inreturn,thedevelopedcountrycanuseallorapartofthecertifiedemissionsreductionsachievedbytheprojecttomeetit'semissionstargets.

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ODA Review Final ReportAsetof recommendationspresentedbytheMinistryofForeignAffairsinJune2010regardingthewayforwardforODAinviewofthechangesinthedomesticandinternationalenvironments.Thereportdiscusses,amongotheritems,theODAphilosophy,priorities,strengthenedcooperationwiththeprivatesectorandNGOs,strategicandeffectiveaid,informationdisclosure,andwiderpublicparticipationinODAactivities.

Public Private Partnership (PPP)Utilizingtheprivatesectorfortheprovisionof publ ic serv ices, PPP is a methodof implementingprograms through thecoordinationofthepublicandprivatesectors.Itincludesawiderangeofschemeswhichare tailored to the levelofparticipationof theprivatebusiness, ranging fromasimpleconsignmentofaprojecttobuild-operate-transfer(BOT)andfullprivatization.“PPP infrastructure project” refers toinfrastructureprojectsimplementedthroughthecoordinationofthepublicandprivatesectorsbyutilizingtheprivatesectorfortheprovisionofpublicservices.

Sound Material-Cycle SocietyAsocietythatdecreasesconsumptionofnaturalresourcesandreducesenvironmentalbu rden . The Japanese governmentestablishedtheBasicActonEstablishingaSoundMaterial-CycleSociety in2000toserveasavisionforthesociety’swayforwardinplaceofthetraditionalconceptofthemassproduction,massconsumptionandmassdisposalsociety.Thepracticalactionguidelineforrealizingthissoundmaterial-cyclesocietycalledforthe3Rsofreduce,reuseandrecycle.

South-South CooperationTheimplementationofcooperationprogramsforleastdevelopedcountrieslaggingbehindindevelopmentbymiddle-incomedevelopingcountrieswhicharerelativelymoredevelopedthroughtheuseoftheirowndevelopmentexperienceandhumanresources.

Special Terms for Economic Partnership (STEP)TermsforODALoansintroducedin2002toraisethevisibilityofJapan’sODAthroughtechnicaltransfersfordevelopingcountriesbyutilizingJapan’sadvancedtechnologiesandknow-how.MoreconcessionaltermsareappliedcomparedwithJapan’s tiedprocurementandotherloanterms.

Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD)AninternationalforumfocusingonAfricandevelopment.Since1993,TICADhasbeenco-hostedby theGovernmentofJapantogetherwiththeUnitedNations,theUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),theWorldBankandotheragencies.TICADhasbeenheldeveryfiveyearssince1993,withTICADIVbeingheldinYokohamain2008.

Triangular CooperationTheimplementationofcooperationprogramsbyJapan, jointlywithotherdonorsandinternationalorganizations,aimedatthefurtherdevelopmentofdevelopingcountries.

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)AUnitedNationsorganizationwhichprovidesassistance tochildrenwitha focusonhealth indevelopingcountries, throughimprovingnutrition,supplyingdrinkingwater,promotingthewelfareofmothersandchildren,andprovidingeducation,amongotherapproaches.

World BankTheworld’slargestdevelopmentassistanceagency.Carriesout lendingtomember-countrycentralgovernmentsandagenciesthathavereceiveddebtguaranteesbythosegovernments.

World Food Programme (WFP)TheUnitedNations’foodaidagency,whichstrivestoeradicatehungerandmalnutrition.

World Health Organization (WHO)AUnitedNationsspecializedagencywhosepurposeistocombatdiseaseonaworldwidescaleandenhancehealthandnutritionalstandardsthroughinternationalcooperation.

World Trade Organization (WTO)Aninternationalorganizationestablishedin1995topromotenon-discriminatoryfreetrade.AsofSeptember2009,WTOhad153membercountriesandregions.

Medium-developed CountriesReferstocountrieswhoseGNPpercapitaexceeds US$3,035 (1995 World Bankestimate).

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)Theseserveasthegoalsoftheinternationalcommunityforthe21stcentury.Theydrawtogether theUnitedNationsMillenniumDeclarat ion and earl ier internat ionaldevelopment targets agreed at majorinternationalsummitsduringthe1990s,formingaunifiedcommonframework.ThereareeightMDGs,whichthe internationalcommunityhasagreedtoachieveby2015.

NERICA Rice AcronymfortheNewRiceforAfricaProject.Itmainlyrefers tonewupland(dry)ricecultivarsbut researchanddevelopmentisalsobeingconductedintowetlandricevarieties.TheNERICAprojecthasdevelopedhybridricevarietiesbycrossinghigh-yieldingAsianvarietieswithAfricanvarieties,whichareresistanttodrought,diseaseandpests.ThenewvarietiesareexpectedtocontributesignificantlytotheadvancementofriceasanimportantstapleinAfrica.

New Growth StrategyA policy for promoting the growth oftheJapaneseeconomy.TheJapanesegovernmentannouncedthebasicpoliciesinDecember2009.Thesixstrategicareasare:Strategyforbecominganenvironmentandenergypowerthroughgreeninnovation;Healthpowerstrategythroughlifeinnovation;Asianeconomicstrategy;Strategies forpromotingatourism-orientednationandlocalrevitalization;Science-and-technology-orientednationstrategy;andEmploymentandhumanresourcesstrategies.

ODA Graduate CountryTheListofODARecipientscreatedbytheOECDDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee(DAC)consistsoftwoparts.PartIliststhecountriesincludedintheUnitedNationstargetforaidof0.7%ofGrossNationalProduct(GNP),andPartIIliststheremainingrecipientcountriesofaid.CountrieswhichdevelopedfurtherandprogressedfromPartItoPartIIarereferredtoasODAgraduatecountries.

235

Index of Case StudiesAfghanistan

ImprovementofRice-basedAgricultureinNangarharProvince

［Implementation System］127

Africa CoalitionforAfricanRiceDevelopment(CARD)Initiative ［Concrete Initiatives］ 112Armenia

YerevanCombinedCycleCogenerationPowerPlantProject［Concrete Initiatives］ 46ASEAN

ASEANUniversityNetwork/SoutheastAsiaEngineeringEducationDevelopmentNetworkProject(Phase2)

［Concrete Initiatives］ 100

Asia-Pacific

Asia-PacificDevelopmentCenteronDisability(APCD)(Phase2)

［Concrete Initiatives］ 103

Bangladesh

ResponsefromBangladeshRegardingHumanSecurityinPractice

［Concrete Initiatives］ 51

Brazil

DisseminationofFarmManagement ［Implementation System］145Burkina Faso

ProgramforImprovementofWaterandSanitationEnvironment

［Concrete Initiatives］ 107

Cambodia

HealthSystemStrengtheningProgram ［Concrete Initiatives］ 101PromotingInvestment(ProjectonEnhancingtheInvestment-relatedServicesofCouncilfortheDevelopmentofCambodia)

［Concrete Initiatives］ 117

Cambodia, Laos, Viet Nam

TheProjectfortheCapacityDevelopmentforTransitiontotheNewCNS/ATMSystemsinCambodia,LaoPDRandVietnam

［Special Feature］ 10

Caribbean

FormulationofaMasterPlanonSustainableUseofFisheriesResourcesforCoastalCommunityDevelopmentintheCaribbean

［Concrete Initiatives］ 115

Central America and the Caribbean

ProjectforStrengtheningNursingEducationandIn-serviceTraininginElSalvador,Guatemala,Honduras,NicaraguaandtheDominicanRepublic

［Concrete Initiatives］ 64

Chile

ProjectonCapacityBuildingtoSeismicEventsandTsunamis［Concrete Initiatives］ 68China

MunicipalWasteRecyclingPromotionProject ［Concrete Initiatives］ 42Ethiopia

IndustrialPolicyDialogue ［Concrete Initiatives］ 119Ghana

ProjectforInstitutionalCapacityDevelopmentoftheCivilServiceTrainingCentre

［Concrete Initiatives］ 59

Haiti

AssistancefortheReconstructionandDisasterPreventionfollowingtheHaitiEarthquake

［Concrete Initiatives］ 65

Honduras

PromotionofSelf-managementEnterprisesofWomeninRuralAreasinHonduras

［Concrete Initiatives］ 93

India

TheProjectforVisionaryLeadersforManufacturing(VLFM)Program

［Special Feature］ 22

Indonesia

TheProjectofCapacityDevelopmentforClimateChangeStrategies

［Special Feature］ 14

PlanningandBudgetingReformforthePerformance-BasedBudgeting(PBB)SystemImplementation

［Concrete Initiatives］ 91

ReconstructionofSchoolsConsideringQuake-ResistantandCommunityBasedDisasterReduction/ProjectforSafeSchoolReconstructioninDevastatedAreasofEarthquakeinOffshoreofPadanginWestSumatraRegion

［Concrete Initiatives］ 109

MasterPlanforEstablishingMetropolitanPriorityArea(MPA)forInvestmentandIndustryinJabodetabekArea

［Special Feature］ 11

IraqPowerSectorSupport ［Concrete Initiatives］ 94Kenya

MweaIrrigationDevelopmentProject ［Concrete Initiatives］ 61Kosovo

TheProjectforEnhancementoftheCapacityforWasteManagementtowardSoundMaterial-cycleSociety

［Concrete Initiatives］ 76

Laos

LaosPilotProgramforNarrowingtheDevelopmentGaptowardsASEANIntegration(LPP)

［Concrete Initiatives］ 38

Latin America and the Caribbean

TowardEstablishmentofaFrameworkforJICA-IDBCo-financing

［Special Feature］ 20

Middle EastSupportforEarlyChildhoodEducation ［Concrete Initiatives］ 54MongoliaTwo-StepLoansProjectforSmallandMedium-ScaleEnterpriseDevelopmentandEnvironmentalProtection(I)(II)

［Concrete Initiatives］ 43

NepalDemocratizationProcessSupportProgram ［Concrete Initiatives］ 95New ZealandEarthquakeDisasterinSouthIsland,NewZealand(EmergencyDisasterRelief)

［Implementation System］151

Pacific

TheProgramforDistanceEducationandICT ［Concrete Initiatives］ 72TheProgramforDisasterManagementandCoastalProtection

［Concrete Initiatives］ 73

ProjectforPromotionofRegionalInitiativeonSolidWasteManagement

［Concrete Initiatives］ 106

Pakistan

TheEmergencyImportSupportLoan/TheKhyberPakhtunkhwaEmergencyRuralRoadRehabilitationProject

［Concrete Initiatives］ 50

Palestine

ImprovementinLocalGovernanceSystem ［Concrete Initiatives］ 89PeruElectricFrontierExpansionProject(I)(II)(III) ［Concrete Initiatives］ 69Philippines

MindanaoContainerTerminalProject/DavaoIndustryClusterCapacityEnhancementProject

［Concrete Initiatives］ 35

RecoveryProjectforDrugAddictsinPovertyGroupinManila

［Implementation System］141

Sierra Leone

TheProjectforEstablishmentofWaterSupplyManagementSysteminKambiaDistrict/TheProjectforEstablishmentofaRuralWaterSupplySysteminKambiaTown

［Concrete Initiatives］ 60

South Sudan

TheProjectforImprovementofJubaRiverPort/TheProjectforEnhancementofOperationandManagementCapacityofInlandWaterwayinSouthernSudan

［Concrete Initiatives］ 85

Sudan

AHealthandMedicalCarePrograminSudan(FrontlineMotherandChildHealthEmpowermentProject)

［Special Feature］ 17

Thailand

ProjectontheDevelopmentofaCommunityBasedIntegratedHealthCareandSocialWelfareServicesModelforOlderPersons

［Concrete Initiatives］ 37

Timor-Leste

CoordinationProjectforCommunityBasedRoadImplementation

［Concrete Initiatives］ 97

Turkey

ProgramforImprovingDisasterPreparedness ［Concrete Initiatives］ 77Uzbekistan

ProjectfortheInstallationofX-RayScanningEquipmentatCheckPointsonUzbekistan’sBorderswiththeNeighboringCountries

［Concrete Initiatives］ 47

UzbekistanJapanCenterforHumanDevelopment ［Implementation System］149Viet Nam

UrbanRailwayProgram ［Concrete Initiatives］ 83CapacityDevelopmentfortheOfficeoftheNationalAssembly

［Concrete Initiatives］ 87

ProjectforImprovementofProductiveTechnologyinSmallandMediumScaleDairyFarmsinVietNam

［Concrete Initiatives］ 113

TheCuuLong(CanTho)BridgeConstructionProject ［Implementation System］129Yemen

ImprovementofEnrollmentRateandQualityofBasicEducationProgram(BroadeningRegionalInitiativeforDevelopingGirls’Education(BRIDGE)Project)

［Concrete Initiatives］ 55

Zambia

ProjectforSaferPregnancy/DeliverybytheLocalCommunityinChibomboDistrict

［Implementation System］141

Others

ReducingEmissionsfromDeforestationandForestDegradation(REDD-plus)

［Special Feature］ 13

JICA-WorldBankForum ［Concrete Initiatives］ 123TheTenthMeetingoftheConferenceofthePartiestotheConventiononBiologicalDiversity(COP10)

［Special Feature］ 21

236

Inclusive and Dynamic Development

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Japan International Cooperation Agency Annual Report 2011

Published in November 2011

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

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ISBN978-4-86357-040-5

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2 0 1 1JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY ANNUAL REPORT

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Inclusive and Dynamic Development

A navigation beacon for a lighthouse that was installed by JICA in Yangon Port, after the area was hit by Cyclone Nargis. Training related to maritime safety was also implemented (Myanmar)