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9/1/2017 1 Pain Stewardship: Implementing an Institutional Approach to Pain Management Randall W. Knoebel, PharmD, BCOP Clinical Pharmacy Manager Pharmacy Director, Pain Stewardship Department of Pharmacy University of Chicago Medicine Speaker has nothing do disclose Learning Objectives 1. Describe contributors to current opioid epidemic 2. Discuss regulatory oversight efforts related to opioids 3. List three goals of a pain stewardship program 4. Explain an approach for garnering institutional support Outline Pain (and it’s management) is confusing Opioid guidelines are cumbersome Modern pain care is much more than opioid management Outline an approach to garner institutional approach Understand different methods to improve current institutional memory Pain care is central to surgical and hospital‐ based medicine Relevant to hospitalized patient outcomes Perioperative surgical home Public health crisis (pain, opioids, costs of care) Bundled reimbursement models (risk of decreased value) V value Q Quality A Access C Cost Patients First O Outcomes Institutional Culture Patient Factors Breadth of pain care available Injury Mechanism (pain diagnosis) Outcomes in Pain Care

Pain Stewardship: Implementing an Institutional Approach ... · Pain care is central to surgical and hospital‐ based medicine •Relevant to hospitalized patient outcomes •Perioperative

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Page 1: Pain Stewardship: Implementing an Institutional Approach ... · Pain care is central to surgical and hospital‐ based medicine •Relevant to hospitalized patient outcomes •Perioperative

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1

Pain Stewardship: Implementing an Institutional Approach to 

Pain ManagementRandall W. Knoebel, PharmD, BCOP

Clinical Pharmacy Manager

Pharmacy Director, Pain Stewardship 

Department of Pharmacy

University of Chicago Medicine

Speaker has nothing do disclose

Learning Objectives

1.       Describe contributors to current opioid epidemic

2.       Discuss regulatory oversight efforts related to opioids

3.       List three goals of a pain stewardship program

4.       Explain an approach for garnering institutional support

Outline

• Pain (and it’s management) is confusing

• Opioid guidelines are cumbersome

• Modern pain care is much more than opioid management

• Outline an approach to garner institutional approach

• Understand different methods to improve current institutional memory

Pain care is central to surgical and hospital‐based medicine

• Relevant to hospitalized patient outcomes

• Perioperative surgical home

• Public health crisis (pain, opioids, costs of care)

• Bundled reimbursement models (risk of decreased value)

Vvalue

QQuality

AAccess

CCost

Patients First

OOutcomes

Institutional Culture

Patient Factors

Breadth of pain care available

Injury Mechanism(pain diagnosis)

Outcomes in Pain Care

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How did we get here?

Pain

Historical Assumptions About Pain

• Cartesian model (Descartes, 1664) of pain is responsible for many misconceptions about pain

• Assumes all pain is caused by injury & direct relationship between damage and harm

• Results in incorrect & overly simplistic treatment options

Perceptions1. Cut the wire?2. Remove the foot 

from the fire and avoid all fires in the future?

3. Douse the fire with water?

Realities1. Phantom limb pain2. Protective in acute 

setting, but develop fear avoidance in chronic pain

3. Chronic pain is rarely cured by drugs alone

Pain impairs global function

Pain induces changes in the central nervous system

Pain may beginas an isolated issue

Pain affects the whole person...

...the mind and the body

What is Pain?

“An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.” 

– International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)

pain behavior

suffering

pain

nociception[tissue injury]

Pain is a biopsychosocial phenomenon 

Local blocksNSAIDsSurgeryPhysical modalities

OpioidsAdjuvantsNSAIDsTylenolNerve AblationNeural Augmentation

Antidepressants/ PsychotropicsRelaxationSpiritual

Cognitive behavioral therapyFunctional restoration

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https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/prescribing.html

Illinois: 52‐71 opioid prescriptions per 100 people

Gular P. Pain Research and Treatment 2015

Opioid Orders (by service) at UCM 2010‐2015

Knoebel RW, Malec M, Miller MK, Dickerson DM. UCM 11th Annual Quality Fair (Abstract). May 12, 2016

Opioid Orders at UCM 2010‐2015Intravenous hydromorphone (HM) and morphine (MS) administrations

• 21% of all doses were > 5 mg of MS equivalents (opioid tolerant doses)

• 1% of all MS doses and 30% of all HM doses were > 5 mg of IV morphine equivalents

• 9% increase in MS doses and 30% increase in HM doses administered that were > 5 mg of IV morphine equivalents since FY2010

Average IV Morphine Equivalents Based

Opioid Consumption Since FY2010

HM IV 70% +33%

MS IV 30% ‐8%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

HM 6.8 mg 6.3 mg 7.1 mg 5.7 mg 5.5 mg 5.3 mg

MS 2.1 mg 2.2 mg 2.2 mg 2.0 mg 2.1 mg 2.1 mg

Change in Opioid Consumption

Knoebel RW, Malec M, Miller MK, Dickerson DM. UCM 11th Annual Quality Fair (Abstract). May 12, 2016

Trends in Opioid Orders at UCM 2010 – 2015 

+33% since FY2010 

‐8% since FY2010 

Number of Opioid Orders > 5mg of IV 

Morphine Equivalen

ts by Opioid Prescribed

Knoebel RW, Malec M, Miller MK, Dickerson DM. UCM 11th Annual Quality Fair (Abstract). May 12, 2016

A Tale of Two Epidemics…

Infectious Diseases Pain CareUbiquitous to all service lines Ubiquitous to all service lines

Specialist leaders Specialist leaders

Defined epidemic Defined epidemic

Multidrug resistance Opioid epidemic/chronic pain epidemic

Bacterial culture data Neurologic and pain workup

Influence of patient risk factors Influence of patient risk factors

Treatment related risk to individual Treatment related risk to individual

Treatment related risk to public health Treatment related risk to public health

Treatment related costs Treatment related costs

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Treating sepsisMaximal antibiotic 

therapy

Sepsis likelihood

Treating painPain therapy

Pain care need

Living with the CDC opioid guidelines

Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain — United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Reports. 2016;65(1):1‐49. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1er. 

Comprehensive approach

Risks and benefit, responsibilities

Functional goals

Don’t start what you can’t stop

Don’t start with LA agents

Lowest necessary doses, avoid > 90 MME/Day

Acute pain = 3 days of meds rarely > 7 days

Reassess in 1 to 4 weeks

Assess risk for overdose, give naloxone

Review PDMP

UTOX

Avoid benzos

MAT for opioid use disorders

Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain — United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Reports. 2016;65(1):1‐49. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1er. 

Opioid guidelines are cumbersome

… and they are here to stay

The risk and benefit of analgesics

Relief Side effects

Injury

Impairment

Better quality of recovery

Reduced risk of chronic pain, etc.

Hyperalgesia

Behavioral issues

Bowel dysfxn

Opioids

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Opioid mgmt ‐‐> Comprehensive pain care

Opioid MGMT

Comprehensive pain care

Advanced MMA

P a t i e n t   e d u c a t i o n

Non‐pharmacologic 

therapy

Advanced multimodal analgesia

TCA’s

SNRI’s

Gabapentinoids

Sodium channel blockers

Alpha‐2 agonists

Muscle relaxants

Topical lidocaine, capsaicin

Interventions

TAP Blocks

Celiac plexus blocks

Splanchnic blocks

Epidural blockade

Infusion therapy

DRG stimulation

Spinal cord stimulation

Non‐pharmacologic therapy: 

Addiction medicine

Interventional medicine Pain care is far more than just  

opioid management 

Change = Pain

Value

ForcedPain

Activation Trinity

Wantto change

HEADAnalyze  Think  Change

Convincedto change

Capableto change

HANDExperience  Try  Change

HEARTSee  Feel  Change

Assemble the Team

• Anesthesia

• Pharmacy

• Surgery

• Nursing

• Analytics/Informatics

Mission of the Team

Individualized Approach:

Patient‐Centered Care

• Tailored to patient’s risk and pain need

• Accounts for bio‐psycho‐social model of 

pain

Systems Approach:

Standardized Care

• Reduce variation in pain treatment across 

providers

• Implement evidence‐based practice

Develop an institutional approach to individualized pain care through continuous quality improvement identifying opportunities for reduction in care variation and incorporation of evidence-based practices

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Identify

• Patterns of:

• Inadequate assessment

• High risk practice

• Increased patient need

Implement

• Sustainable, standard work via electronic health record

• Therapy tracking

• Criteria for escalation

• Education/Awareness

Intervene

• Escalate when therapy mismatch occurs or if patients underserved

Practical approach to pain management: The three “I’s”

Institution‐level

P a i n   s t e w a r d s h i p

What is the best way to make in intervention Sustainable?

A. Education Initiatives

B. Accountable Justification

C. Peer Comparison

D. Offering Suggestions at Time of Prescribing

Behavioral Interventions Work

JAMA 2016; 315(6):562‐570. 

The UCM Pain Stewardship ExperienceSince 2016

Assessment

High Pain Care Need

Low Pain Care Need

Chronic PainOver the last four weeks, would you say that you have experienced pain most days?

Opioid ToleranceOver the last week have you been taking a narcotic or opioid pain medicine on most days? Such as morphine, Norco, hydrocodone, Tylenol #3, Tramadol, or something else

Why?1. Allows for better therapy matching2. Joint Commission PC.01.02.07 ‐ ”the hospital 

conducts an assessment of clinical and psychosocial risk factors that may affect pain assessment, pain management, and the risk of treatment with opioids”

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Implementation of Multimodal Analgesia

Pre‐Incision Surgery Post Operative

Incision: Noxious Stimuli

GOALS: 1. Prevent central sensitization & hyperalgesia2. Prevent acute pain3. Prevent chronic pain from poorly managed acute pain4. Reduce opioid consumption

Local AnestheticAcetaminophen

NSAIDGabapentinoid

Local AnestheticKetamine

Non‐Opioid Analgesics +/‐Opioid Analgesic 

Pilot Intervention in Outpatient OrthopedicsGAP:

• Pre‐operative analgesics not routinely ordered

INTERVENTION:

• Provider Education +

• Pre‐Operative Multi‐Modal Analgesia Orderset• APAP, diclofenac, and gabapentin

RESULTS:

• Significant increase in pre‐operative multi‐modal analgesia orders

NEXT STEPS:

• Expand to other surgical services & post‐operative phase 

• Determine impact on opioid consumption

Education

OrdersetLive

Number of Patients Receiving Pre‐Operative Multimodal Analgesia

226

% In

crease

Development of Outpatient Opioid Prescribing Benchmarking Data

1. Share Data On Current Opioid Prescribing Amounts

2. Provide Procedure Specific Guidelines

3. Encourage Non‐Opioid Analgesics

4. Educate About Disposal Options After Surgery

GOAL

Outpatient opioid prescriptions by provider

100MME daily

50 MME x 30 days

Education Intervention to Reduce Post‐Operative Opioid Prescribing

Persistence of Opioid Use After Surgery• Persistent opioid use (90d) post‐operatively is 5.9%‐6.5%

• Control group 0.4%

• Predicted by:• Substance abuse & mood disorders

• Pre‐operative pain disorders

• Pre‐operative opioid use

• > 300 mg of OME during surgical window

Brummett CM, et al. JAMA Surgery, 2017

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Limited Disposal Options leads to Improper Disposal Solutions

• 12.4 million Non‐Medical Users of Pain Relievers Last Year

• 70% of users obtained from friend or relative…

UCM Patients Drug Disposal Options• GAP: 

• March 2016 ‐ Only 7 approved disposal locations within 20 miles of hospital 

• SOLUTION:• Registered to become DEA authorized collector

• Installed 38 gallon MedSafe® medication disposal system at our hospital retail pharmacy

• RESULTS:• Greater than one ton of unused prescription medications returned

1 1 1

2

3

4

6

8

Jan‐16 Feb‐16 Mar‐16 Apr‐16 May‐16 Jun‐16 Jul‐16 Aug‐16

Cumulative Number of MedSafe® Liner Changes 

Since Install (Jan 2016)

Stewarding Comprehensive, Modern Pain Care

Key Takeaways

• Pain is complex 

• Comprehensive pain care is more than opioid management

• Pharmacy plays a key role in the fight against the opioid crisis

• Institutional support is critical to successfully improving outcomes

• Stewardship is a excellent model for sustained cultural change

Acknowledgements

• David M. Dickerson, MD• Director of Acute Pain Service

• UCM Pain Stewardship Committee

Pain Stewardship: Implementing an Institutional Approach to 

Pain Management

Randall W. Knoebel, PharmD, BCOPClinical Pharmacy Manager

Pharmacy Director, Pain Stewardship 

Department of Pharmacy

University of Chicago Medicine