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9/1/2017
1
Pain Stewardship: Implementing an Institutional Approach to
Pain ManagementRandall W. Knoebel, PharmD, BCOP
Clinical Pharmacy Manager
Pharmacy Director, Pain Stewardship
Department of Pharmacy
University of Chicago Medicine
Speaker has nothing do disclose
Learning Objectives
1. Describe contributors to current opioid epidemic
2. Discuss regulatory oversight efforts related to opioids
3. List three goals of a pain stewardship program
4. Explain an approach for garnering institutional support
Outline
• Pain (and it’s management) is confusing
• Opioid guidelines are cumbersome
• Modern pain care is much more than opioid management
• Outline an approach to garner institutional approach
• Understand different methods to improve current institutional memory
Pain care is central to surgical and hospital‐based medicine
• Relevant to hospitalized patient outcomes
• Perioperative surgical home
• Public health crisis (pain, opioids, costs of care)
• Bundled reimbursement models (risk of decreased value)
Vvalue
QQuality
AAccess
CCost
Patients First
OOutcomes
Institutional Culture
Patient Factors
Breadth of pain care available
Injury Mechanism(pain diagnosis)
Outcomes in Pain Care
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How did we get here?
Pain
Historical Assumptions About Pain
• Cartesian model (Descartes, 1664) of pain is responsible for many misconceptions about pain
• Assumes all pain is caused by injury & direct relationship between damage and harm
• Results in incorrect & overly simplistic treatment options
Perceptions1. Cut the wire?2. Remove the foot
from the fire and avoid all fires in the future?
3. Douse the fire with water?
Realities1. Phantom limb pain2. Protective in acute
setting, but develop fear avoidance in chronic pain
3. Chronic pain is rarely cured by drugs alone
Pain impairs global function
Pain induces changes in the central nervous system
Pain may beginas an isolated issue
Pain affects the whole person...
...the mind and the body
What is Pain?
“An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.”
– International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)
pain behavior
suffering
pain
nociception[tissue injury]
Pain is a biopsychosocial phenomenon
Local blocksNSAIDsSurgeryPhysical modalities
OpioidsAdjuvantsNSAIDsTylenolNerve AblationNeural Augmentation
Antidepressants/ PsychotropicsRelaxationSpiritual
Cognitive behavioral therapyFunctional restoration
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https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/prescribing.html
Illinois: 52‐71 opioid prescriptions per 100 people
Gular P. Pain Research and Treatment 2015
Opioid Orders (by service) at UCM 2010‐2015
Knoebel RW, Malec M, Miller MK, Dickerson DM. UCM 11th Annual Quality Fair (Abstract). May 12, 2016
Opioid Orders at UCM 2010‐2015Intravenous hydromorphone (HM) and morphine (MS) administrations
• 21% of all doses were > 5 mg of MS equivalents (opioid tolerant doses)
• 1% of all MS doses and 30% of all HM doses were > 5 mg of IV morphine equivalents
• 9% increase in MS doses and 30% increase in HM doses administered that were > 5 mg of IV morphine equivalents since FY2010
Average IV Morphine Equivalents Based
Opioid Consumption Since FY2010
HM IV 70% +33%
MS IV 30% ‐8%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
HM 6.8 mg 6.3 mg 7.1 mg 5.7 mg 5.5 mg 5.3 mg
MS 2.1 mg 2.2 mg 2.2 mg 2.0 mg 2.1 mg 2.1 mg
Change in Opioid Consumption
Knoebel RW, Malec M, Miller MK, Dickerson DM. UCM 11th Annual Quality Fair (Abstract). May 12, 2016
Trends in Opioid Orders at UCM 2010 – 2015
+33% since FY2010
‐8% since FY2010
Number of Opioid Orders > 5mg of IV
Morphine Equivalen
ts by Opioid Prescribed
Knoebel RW, Malec M, Miller MK, Dickerson DM. UCM 11th Annual Quality Fair (Abstract). May 12, 2016
A Tale of Two Epidemics…
Infectious Diseases Pain CareUbiquitous to all service lines Ubiquitous to all service lines
Specialist leaders Specialist leaders
Defined epidemic Defined epidemic
Multidrug resistance Opioid epidemic/chronic pain epidemic
Bacterial culture data Neurologic and pain workup
Influence of patient risk factors Influence of patient risk factors
Treatment related risk to individual Treatment related risk to individual
Treatment related risk to public health Treatment related risk to public health
Treatment related costs Treatment related costs
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Treating sepsisMaximal antibiotic
therapy
Sepsis likelihood
Treating painPain therapy
Pain care need
Living with the CDC opioid guidelines
Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain — United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Reports. 2016;65(1):1‐49. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1er.
Comprehensive approach
Risks and benefit, responsibilities
Functional goals
Don’t start what you can’t stop
Don’t start with LA agents
Lowest necessary doses, avoid > 90 MME/Day
Acute pain = 3 days of meds rarely > 7 days
Reassess in 1 to 4 weeks
Assess risk for overdose, give naloxone
Review PDMP
UTOX
Avoid benzos
MAT for opioid use disorders
Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain — United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Reports. 2016;65(1):1‐49. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1er.
Opioid guidelines are cumbersome
… and they are here to stay
The risk and benefit of analgesics
Relief Side effects
Injury
Impairment
Better quality of recovery
Reduced risk of chronic pain, etc.
Hyperalgesia
Behavioral issues
Bowel dysfxn
Opioids
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Opioid mgmt ‐‐> Comprehensive pain care
Opioid MGMT
Comprehensive pain care
Advanced MMA
P a t i e n t e d u c a t i o n
Non‐pharmacologic
therapy
Advanced multimodal analgesia
TCA’s
SNRI’s
Gabapentinoids
Sodium channel blockers
Alpha‐2 agonists
Muscle relaxants
Topical lidocaine, capsaicin
Interventions
TAP Blocks
Celiac plexus blocks
Splanchnic blocks
Epidural blockade
Infusion therapy
DRG stimulation
Spinal cord stimulation
Non‐pharmacologic therapy:
Addiction medicine
Interventional medicine Pain care is far more than just
opioid management
Change = Pain
Value
ForcedPain
Activation Trinity
Wantto change
HEADAnalyze Think Change
Convincedto change
Capableto change
HANDExperience Try Change
HEARTSee Feel Change
Assemble the Team
• Anesthesia
• Pharmacy
• Surgery
• Nursing
• Analytics/Informatics
Mission of the Team
Individualized Approach:
Patient‐Centered Care
• Tailored to patient’s risk and pain need
• Accounts for bio‐psycho‐social model of
pain
Systems Approach:
Standardized Care
• Reduce variation in pain treatment across
providers
• Implement evidence‐based practice
Develop an institutional approach to individualized pain care through continuous quality improvement identifying opportunities for reduction in care variation and incorporation of evidence-based practices
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Identify
• Patterns of:
• Inadequate assessment
• High risk practice
• Increased patient need
Implement
• Sustainable, standard work via electronic health record
• Therapy tracking
• Criteria for escalation
• Education/Awareness
Intervene
• Escalate when therapy mismatch occurs or if patients underserved
Practical approach to pain management: The three “I’s”
Institution‐level
P a i n s t e w a r d s h i p
What is the best way to make in intervention Sustainable?
A. Education Initiatives
B. Accountable Justification
C. Peer Comparison
D. Offering Suggestions at Time of Prescribing
Behavioral Interventions Work
JAMA 2016; 315(6):562‐570.
The UCM Pain Stewardship ExperienceSince 2016
Assessment
High Pain Care Need
Low Pain Care Need
Chronic PainOver the last four weeks, would you say that you have experienced pain most days?
Opioid ToleranceOver the last week have you been taking a narcotic or opioid pain medicine on most days? Such as morphine, Norco, hydrocodone, Tylenol #3, Tramadol, or something else
Why?1. Allows for better therapy matching2. Joint Commission PC.01.02.07 ‐ ”the hospital
conducts an assessment of clinical and psychosocial risk factors that may affect pain assessment, pain management, and the risk of treatment with opioids”
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Implementation of Multimodal Analgesia
Pre‐Incision Surgery Post Operative
Incision: Noxious Stimuli
GOALS: 1. Prevent central sensitization & hyperalgesia2. Prevent acute pain3. Prevent chronic pain from poorly managed acute pain4. Reduce opioid consumption
Local AnestheticAcetaminophen
NSAIDGabapentinoid
Local AnestheticKetamine
Non‐Opioid Analgesics +/‐Opioid Analgesic
Pilot Intervention in Outpatient OrthopedicsGAP:
• Pre‐operative analgesics not routinely ordered
INTERVENTION:
• Provider Education +
• Pre‐Operative Multi‐Modal Analgesia Orderset• APAP, diclofenac, and gabapentin
RESULTS:
• Significant increase in pre‐operative multi‐modal analgesia orders
NEXT STEPS:
• Expand to other surgical services & post‐operative phase
• Determine impact on opioid consumption
Education
OrdersetLive
Number of Patients Receiving Pre‐Operative Multimodal Analgesia
226
% In
crease
Development of Outpatient Opioid Prescribing Benchmarking Data
1. Share Data On Current Opioid Prescribing Amounts
2. Provide Procedure Specific Guidelines
3. Encourage Non‐Opioid Analgesics
4. Educate About Disposal Options After Surgery
GOAL
Outpatient opioid prescriptions by provider
100MME daily
50 MME x 30 days
Education Intervention to Reduce Post‐Operative Opioid Prescribing
Persistence of Opioid Use After Surgery• Persistent opioid use (90d) post‐operatively is 5.9%‐6.5%
• Control group 0.4%
• Predicted by:• Substance abuse & mood disorders
• Pre‐operative pain disorders
• Pre‐operative opioid use
• > 300 mg of OME during surgical window
Brummett CM, et al. JAMA Surgery, 2017
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Limited Disposal Options leads to Improper Disposal Solutions
• 12.4 million Non‐Medical Users of Pain Relievers Last Year
• 70% of users obtained from friend or relative…
UCM Patients Drug Disposal Options• GAP:
• March 2016 ‐ Only 7 approved disposal locations within 20 miles of hospital
• SOLUTION:• Registered to become DEA authorized collector
• Installed 38 gallon MedSafe® medication disposal system at our hospital retail pharmacy
• RESULTS:• Greater than one ton of unused prescription medications returned
1 1 1
2
3
4
6
8
Jan‐16 Feb‐16 Mar‐16 Apr‐16 May‐16 Jun‐16 Jul‐16 Aug‐16
Cumulative Number of MedSafe® Liner Changes
Since Install (Jan 2016)
Stewarding Comprehensive, Modern Pain Care
Key Takeaways
• Pain is complex
• Comprehensive pain care is more than opioid management
• Pharmacy plays a key role in the fight against the opioid crisis
• Institutional support is critical to successfully improving outcomes
• Stewardship is a excellent model for sustained cultural change
Acknowledgements
• David M. Dickerson, MD• Director of Acute Pain Service
• UCM Pain Stewardship Committee
Pain Stewardship: Implementing an Institutional Approach to
Pain Management
Randall W. Knoebel, PharmD, BCOPClinical Pharmacy Manager
Pharmacy Director, Pain Stewardship
Department of Pharmacy
University of Chicago Medicine