Pakistan’s Potential to Disrupt - Arcana Info · GII 2015: Pakistan’s Potential to Disrupt Introduction This year, the Global Innovation Index for 2015 was released ranking Pakistan

GII 2015:Pakistan’s Potentialto Disrupt

GII 2015: Pakistan’s Potential to Disrupt

IntroductionThis year, the Global Innovation Index for 2015 was released ranking Pakistan at the 131st spot. A total of 141 countries were surveyed for their capacity to innovate. This accounted for important factors such as the ICT technology and use, infrastructure, energy consumption, ability to research, ability to enhance educational standards and much more.

Out of this region, Pakistan was ranked in the bottom tier while next door neighbors India stayed ahead in all major factors accounting for innovative success. However low the rankings, Pakistan’s economy is full of potential to disrupt digitally.

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Identifying key problemsThe problems lie in the political stability, human development and infrastructure primarily. According to GII 2015, Pakistan is the least politically stable country. With a score of -2.59, it ranks last, critically impacting the country’s overall standings for innovation. Political instability is just the tip of the iceberg.

Resulting consequences are deteriorated investor trust, lack of human development and an outflow of human and financial resources.

Our political instability also roots problems for key infrastructure such as energy output. With just 536.5 kWh/cap, Pakistan has a lot more work to do. Compare Pakistan’s output (population: 185.1 million) to Turkey’s output (population: 75.1 million) of 3179.4 kWh/cap or even UAE’s output (population: 9.4 million) of a staggering 10958.4 kWh/cap.

While Pakistan has no shortage of renewable means of producing electricity, it merely lacks initiative and leadership to achieve satisfactory output.

GII 2015: Pakistan’s Potential to Disrupt02

With political instability chaining infrastructure problems, the consequences go further and impact our attempts to work at the heart of innovation – research. Our global rank for #70 worldwide does not display our potential to host researchers. If provided the right technologies, human capital and infrastructure, Pakistan could play a critical part in far more research.

It also placed 79th in GERD and spent only 2.49% of our USD 250 billion GDP on education.

Illiteracy also plays a major role in hindering Pakistan’s attempts at innovation. With a moderate score for ICT access (30.3), the country’s ICT use stood at a minute 4.2 (which has grown just 16.7% since 2011), ranking at the 125th spot.

That is low, considering our broadband infrastructure which is one of the fastest growing in the region. 13.2% of households have access to the Internet, and mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 capita are just above 5 according to the Broadband Annual Report for 2015 (the highest being in China at 322.2 per 100 capita).


Capitalizing where the potential lies

There are a number of possibilities for Pakistan to secure a healthier ranking and play a more integral part for global innovation. Firstly, our rank for communications, computers and information services stood at #34 worldwide, according to data available from 2013. Although economies such as Guatemala, Mauritius and Kenya secured healthier ranks, Pakistan holds potential for the future as it adopts a more entrepreneur-centric approach for business.

Startups are now blossoming across the nation and they open gateways to increased international business for information services. According to the 2014 online work report by Upwork[1], Pakistan is among the top 10 most successful economies at freelancing.

Pakistan also scored 19.6 for creative outputs. We were left behind by stronger economies such as India (25.9) and Philippines (24.8), but the government’s attempts at providing sounder connectivity to students[2] and the general public[3] offer promising results in the time to come.

GII also highlighted Pakistan’s efficient usage of energy. With our ranking in the top 50 for GDP/unit of energy use, we are on the right track to sustainable energy consumption for maximum potential. Not just consumption, our potential to harness our wind and solar power generation capabilities[4] can easily position Pakistan as a global supplier of clean and renewable energy resources.


Pakistan’s chances at healthier GII rankingsCurrently, a number of developments are in progress that can help the country attain better GII rankings over time.

The free Wi-Fi scheme in Punjab means the general public gets access to the Internet free of charge, increasing opportunities and round-the-clock availability.

The Cyber Crime Bill[5] could be an important piece of regulation towards promoting Intellectual Property Rights and streamlining the protection of ideas, patents and copyrights. This is if the Parliament and the government play a sincere attempt at formalizing a Cyber Crime Bill to international standards and implementing the terms of consensus nationwide.

Regulations recently introduced might also help improve ICT use and ICT infrastructure. For example, PTA’s regulations for telecom operators[6] to have disaster recovery sites and the State Bank’s regulations[7] on biometric verification and 2-factor authentication are sincere attempts at better ICT management.

Power generation is also going to improve as the government continues to work on the 8 ongoing and 12 future hydro-power projects[8]. For wind turbines, AEDB is working on 18,000 acres of land to install windmills. Gharo and Keti Bandar form a corridor[9] which is laced with potential for power. Experts say it can alone generate nearly 50,000 MW of electricity if used to its potential.

Establishment of IT Parks was announced earlier this year that plan on providing organizations of all sizes the necessary infrastructure and digital capabilities to compete at a global scale. The Pak-China International Science, Technology, Commercial & Logistic Park[10] will be spread across 10,000 kanals while another 1 million sq. feet IT park[11] was announced in cooperation with South Korea.

Both these establishments will welcome SMEs and are to provide them the necessary facilities to compete globally.


Conclusion

Pakistan has always been at a geo-political advantage. The Gwadar port[12], Pakistan’s agricultural front[13] providing year-round crops, increasing focus on services, the shift to entrepreneurship and recent introduction of 4G/LTE spectrums can enable the economy to disrupt digitally and keep steady pace.

That is if efforts are made in order to stabilize political leadership, adapt to the latest technologies and introduce digitalization on an individual level. While we are on track to becoming a self-sustainable economy with growing access of ICT across businesses, homes and industries, I also firmly believe our ability to innovate and produce intangible assets is not at par.

If provided the right resources to the right people, Pakistan could badge creative intangible assets and goods capable of completely shifting present circumstances.


Sources

1. Online Work Report, Upwork http://elance-odesk.com/online-work-report-global

2. HEC Pakistan Laptop Scheme http://www.hec.gov.pk/INSIDEHEC/DIVISIONS/EREFORMS/PHASEII/Pages/Introduction.aspx

3. Free WiFi Announced For Cities Across Punjab, Again! ProPakistani http://propakistani.pk/2016/04/04/free-wifi-announced-for-cities-across-punjab-again/

4. The Feasibility of Renewable Energy in Pakistan, TBL http://www.tbl.com.pk/the-feasibility-of-renewable-energy-in-pakistan/

5. The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2015, na.gov http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1421399434_340.pdf

6. Workshop on Regulatory Framework for Disaster Management using ICTs held, PTA http://www.pta.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2191&catid=92&Itemid=739

7. State Bank of Pakistan Regulations on AML/CFT http://www.sbp.org.pk/l_frame/AML-CFT-Regulations.pdf

8. WAPDA’s ongoing and future hydro-power projects www.wapda.gov.pk

9. Alternative energy: In Jhimpir lies the future of wind farming, Express Tribune http://tribune.com.pk/story/483543/alternative-energy-in-jhimpir-lies-the-future-of-wind-farming/

10. $1.5 Billion Pak-China IT Park in Islamabad Moves to Execution Phase, ProPakistani http://propakistani.pk/2016/03/15/1-5-billion-pak-china-it-park-in-islamabad-moves-to-execution-phase/

11. ‘IT park to improve trade between Pakistan, S. Korea’ DAWN News http://www.dawn.com/news/1240330

12. Gwadar Port ‘almost ready’, Geo News https://www.geo.tv/latest/103866-Gwadar-Port-almost-ready

13. Agriculture Statistics, PBS http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/agriculture-statistics

Images obtained from:1. www.wikipedia.org2. Usman Nadeem Photography3. www.destinationpak.com4. www.commons.wikimedia.org

GII Rankings

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Country/Economy Score (0–100) Rank Income Rank Region Rank Efficiency Ratio Rank Median: 0.71

Switzerland 68.30 1 HI 1 EUR 1 1.01 2 United Kingdom 62.42 2 HI 2 EUR 2 0.86 18 Sweden 62.40 3 HI 3 EUR 3 0.86 16 Netherlands 61.58 4 HI 4 EUR 4 0.92 8 United States of America 60.10 5 HI 5 NAC 1 0.79 33 Finland 59.97 6 HI 6 EUR 5 0.77 41 Singapore 59.36 7 HI 7 SEAO 1 0.65 100 Ireland 59.13 8 HI 8 EUR 6 0.88 12 Luxembourg 59.02 9 HI 9 EUR 7 1.00 3 Denmark 57.70 10 HI 10 EUR 8 0.75 49 Hong Kong (China) 57.23 11 HI 11 SEAO 2 0.69 76 Germany 57.05 12 HI 12 EUR 9 0.87 13 Iceland 57.02 13 HI 13 EUR 10 0.98 4 Korea, Republic of 56.26 14 HI 14 SEAO 3 0.80 27 New Zealand 55.92 15 HI 15 SEAO 4 0.77 40 Canada 55.73 16 HI 16 NAC 2 0.71 70 Australia 55.22 17 HI 17 SEAO 5 0.70 72 Austria 54.07 18 HI 18 EUR 11 0.77 37 Japan 53.97 19 HI 19 SEAO 6 0.69 78 Norway 53.80 20 HI 20 EUR 12 0.73 63 France 53.59 21 HI 21 EUR 13 0.75 51 Israel 53.54 22 HI 22 NAWA 1 0.83 20 Estonia 52.81 23 HI 23 EUR 14 0.86 17 Czech Republic 51.32 24 HI 24 EUR 15 0.89 11 Belgium 50.91 25 HI 25 EUR 16 0.74 59 Malta 50.48 26 HI 26 EUR 17 0.95 7 Spain 49.07 27 HI 27 EUR 18 0.72 67 Slovenia 48.49 28 HI 28 EUR 19 0.82 22 China 47.47 29 UM 1 SEAO 7 0.96 6 Portugal 46.61 30 HI 29 EUR 20 0.73 62 Italy 46.40 31 HI 30 EUR 21 0.74 57 Malaysia 45.98 32 UM 2 SEAO 8 0.74 56 Latvia 45.51 33 HI 31 EUR 22 0.81 26 Cyprus 43.51 34 HI 32 NAWA 2 0.66 90 Hungary 43.00 35 UM 3 EUR 23 0.78 35 Slovakia 42.99 36 HI 33 EUR 24 0.76 48 Barbados 42.47 37 HI 34 LCN 1 0.81 25 Lithuania 42.26 38 HI 35 EUR 25 0.70 74 Bulgaria 42.16 39 UM 4 EUR 26 0.83 21 Croatia 41.70 40 HI 36 EUR 27 0.75 50 Montenegro 41.23 41 UM 5 EUR 28 0.79 29 Chile 41.20 42 HI 37 LCN 2 0.68 82 Saudi Arabia 40.65 43 HI 38 NAWA 3 0.72 69 Moldova, Republic of 40.53 44 LM 1 EUR 29 0.98 5 Greece 40.28 45 HI 39 EUR 30 0.65 98 Poland 40.16 46 HI 40 EUR 31 0.66 93 United Arab Emirates 40.06 47 HI 41 NAWA 4 0.41 133 Russian Federation 39.32 48 HI 42 EUR 32 0.74 60 Mauritius 39.23 49 UM 6 SSF 1 0.65 96 Qatar 39.01 50 HI 43 NAWA 5 0.61 110 Costa Rica 38.59 51 UM 7 LCN 3 0.79 32 Viet Nam 38.35 52 LM 2 SEAO 9 0.92 9 Belarus 38.23 53 UM 8 EUR 33 0.70 73 Romania 38.20 54 UM 9 EUR 34 0.74 58 Thailand 38.10 55 UM 10 SEAO 10 0.76 43 TFYR of Macedonia 38.03 56 UM 11 EUR 35 0.73 64 Mexico 38.03 57 UM 12 LCN 4 0.73 61 Turkey 37.81 58 UM 13 NAWA 6 0.81 23 Bahrain 37.67 59 HI 44 NAWA 7 0.63 105 South Africa 37.45 60 UM 14 SSF 2 0.66 94 Armenia 37.31 61 LM 3 NAWA 8 0.79 34 Panama 36.80 62 UM 15 LCN 5 0.78 36 Serbia 36.47 63 UM 16 EUR 36 0.75 55 Ukraine 36.45 64 LM 4 EUR 37 0.87 15 Seychelles 36.44 65 UM 17 SSF 3 0.67 88 Mongolia 36.41 66 LM 5 SEAO 11 0.61 111 Colombia 36.41 67 UM 18 LCN 6 0.60 114 Uruguay 35.76 68 HI 45 LCN 7 0.66 91 Oman 35.00 69 HI 46 NAWA 9 0.67 86 Brazil 34.95 70 UM 19 LCN 8 0.65 99 Peru 34.87 71 UM 20 LCN 9 0.60 113

Table 1: Global Innovation Index rankings

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Argentina 34.30 72 UM 21 LCN 10 0.75 52 Georgia 33.83 73 LM 6 NAWA 10 0.62 107 Lebanon 33.82 74 UM 22 NAWA 11 0.67 87 Jordan 33.78 75 UM 23 NAWA 12 0.72 68 Tunisia 33.48 76 UM 24 NAWA 13 0.71 71 Kuwait 33.20 77 HI 47 NAWA 14 0.73 65 Morocco 33.19 78 LM 7 NAWA 15 0.64 102 Bosnia and Herzegovina 32.31 79 UM 25 EUR 38 0.39 135 Trinidad and Tobago 32.18 80 HI 48 LCN 11 0.66 92 India 31.74 81 LM 8 CSA 1 0.79 31 Kazakhstan 31.25 82 UM 26 CSA 2 0.53 124 Philippines 31.05 83 LM 9 SEAO 12 0.76 44 Senegal 30.95 84 LM 10 SSF 4 0.81 24 Sri Lanka 30.79 85 LM 11 CSA 3 0.76 46 Guyana 30.75 86 LM 12 LCN 12 0.65 95 Albania 30.74 87 UM 27 EUR 39 0.49 129 Paraguay 30.69 88 LM 13 LCN 13 0.75 54 Dominican Republic 30.60 89 UM 28 LCN 14 0.61 108 Botswana 30.49 90 UM 29 SSF 5 0.54 120 Cambodia 30.35 91 LI 1 SEAO 13 0.69 80 Kenya 30.19 92 LI 2 SSF 6 0.79 30 Azerbaijan 30.10 93 UM 30 NAWA 16 0.60 115 Rwanda 30.09 94 LI 3 SSF 7 0.42 131 Mozambique 30.07 95 LI 4 SSF 8 0.63 104 Jamaica 29.95 96 UM 31 LCN 15 0.54 121 Indonesia 29.79 97 LM 14 SEAO 14 0.77 42 Malawi 29.71 98 LI 5 SSF 9 0.75 53 El Salvador 29.31 99 LM 15 LCN 16 0.62 106 Egypt 28.91 100 LM 16 NAWA 17 0.68 83 Guatemala 28.84 101 LM 17 LCN 17 0.67 89 Burkina Faso 28.68 102 LI 6 SSF 10 0.68 85 Cabo Verde 28.59 103 LM 18 SSF 11 0.54 119 Bolivia, Plurinational State of 28.58 104 LM 19 LCN 18 0.76 45 Mali 28.37 105 LI 7 SSF 12 0.87 14 Iran, Islamic Republic of 28.37 106 UM 32 CSA 4 0.63 103 Namibia 28.15 107 UM 33 SSF 13 0.51 126 Ghana 28.04 108 LM 20 SSF 14 0.69 79 Kyrgyzstan 27.96 109 LM 21 CSA 5 0.53 122 Cameroon 27.80 110 LM 22 SSF 15 0.84 19 Uganda 27.65 111 LI 8 SSF 16 0.57 118 Gambia 27.49 112 LI 9 SSF 17 0.77 39 Honduras 27.48 113 LM 23 LCN 19 0.57 117 Tajikistan 27.46 114 LI 10 CSA 6 0.65 101 Fiji 27.31 115 UM 34 SEAO 15 0.28 140 Côte d'Ivoire 27.16 116 LM 24 SSF 18 0.90 10 Tanzania, United Republic of 27.00 117 LI 11 SSF 19 0.77 38 Lesotho 26.97 118 LM 25 SSF 20 0.50 128 Ecuador 26.87 119 UM 35 LCN 20 0.51 127 Angola 26.20 120 UM 36 SSF 21 1.02 1 Bhutan 26.06 121 LM 26 CSA 7 0.33 138 Uzbekistan 25.89 122 LM 27 CSA 8 0.53 123 Swaziland 25.37 123 LM 28 SSF 22 0.42 132 Zambia 24.64 124 LM 29 SSF 23 0.68 81 Madagascar 24.42 125 LI 12 SSF 24 0.59 116 Algeria 24.38 126 UM 37 NAWA 18 0.52 125 Ethiopia 24.17 127 LI 13 SSF 25 0.72 66 Nigeria 23.72 128 LM 30 SSF 26 0.80 28 Bangladesh 23.71 129 LI 14 CSA 9 0.61 112 Nicaragua 23.47 130 LM 31 LCN 21 0.47 130 Pakistan 23.07 131 LM 32 CSA 10 0.76 47 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 22.77 132 UM 38 LCN 22 0.68 84 Zimbabwe 22.52 133 LI 15 SSF 27 0.69 77 Niger 21.22 134 LI 16 SSF 28 0.29 139 Nepal 21.08 135 LI 17 CSA 11 0.40 134 Burundi 21.04 136 LI 18 SSF 29 0.36 137 Yemen 20.80 137 LM 33 NAWA 19 0.65 97 Myanmar 20.27 138 LI 19 SEAO 16 0.69 75 Guinea 18.49 139 LI 20 SSF 30 0.61 109 Togo 18.43 140 LI 21 SSF 31 0.24 141 Sudan 14.95 141 LM 34 SSF 32 0.37 136

Note: World Bank Income Group Classification (July 2013): LI = low income; LM = lower-middle income; UM = upper-middle income; and HI = high income. Regions are based on the United Nations Classification: EUR = Europe; NAC = Northern America; LCN = Latin America and the Caribbean; CSA = Central and Southern Asia; SEAO = South East Asia and Oceania; NAWA = Northern Africa and Western Asia; SSF = Sub-Saharan Africa.

Table 1: Global Innovation Index rankings (continued)

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NOTES: l indicates a strength; a weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates that the country’s data are older than the base year; see Appendix II for details, including the year of the data.

Key indicatorsPopulation (millions) ......................................................................................................... 185.1GDP (US$ billions) .............................................................................................................. 250.1GDP per capita, PPP$ ...................................................................................................... 3,231.2Income group ........................................................................................... Lower-middle incomeRegion................................................................................................ Central and Southern Asia

Score 0–100 or value (hard data) Rank

Global Innovation Index (out of 141) ................................. 23.1 131 Innovation Output Sub-Index ..................................................................................19.9 117Innovation Input Sub-Index .....................................................................................26.2 136 Innovation Efficiency Ratio.........................................................................................0.8 47 l

Global Innovation Index 2014 (out of 143) ..............................................................24.0 134

1 Institutions ....................................................37.1 134 1.1 Political environment .............................................................................9.9 139 1.1.1 Political stability*.......................................................................................0.0 141 1.1.2 Government effectiveness* ............................................................19.8 117

1.2 Regulatory environment ..................................................................44.3 1221.2.1 Regulatory quality* ..............................................................................28.8 1181.2.2 Rule of law* ...............................................................................................24.2 1181.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary weeks ........................27.2 116

1.3 Business environment ........................................................................57.2 1111.3.1 Ease of starting a business* ............................................................80.9 951.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency* ........................................................46.2 731.3.3 Ease of paying taxes* ..........................................................................44.5 130

2 Human capital & research ..........................12.8 134 2.1 Education ...................................................................................................20.4 136 2.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP ...............................................2.5 1182.1.2 Gov’t expenditure/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap .............10.4 992.1.3 School life expectancy, years ............................................................7.8 128 2.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science ..................................n/a n/a2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ......................................................21.0 87

2.2 Tertiary education ....................................................................................7.8 128 2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ...............................................................9.8 1132.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ....................................n/a n/a2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, % ............................................................n/a n/a

2.3 Research & development (R&D)...................................................10.2 68 l

2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop. ............................................................166.0 702.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...............................................0.3 792.3.3 QS university ranking, average score top 3* ........................22.1 51 l

3 Infrastructure................................................23.1 1233.1 Information & communication technologies (ICTs) ........25.0 1143.1.1 ICT access* .................................................................................................30.3 1163.1.2 ICT use* ..........................................................................................................4.2 1253.1.3 Government’s online service* .......................................................32.3 953.1.4 E-participation*.......................................................................................33.3 92

3.2 General infrastructure .........................................................................15.5 131 3.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap .........................................................536.5 1063.2.2 Logistics performance* .....................................................................33.9 693.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................14.0 130

3.3 Ecological sustainability ....................................................................28.8 993.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use, 2005 PPP$/kg oil eq .......................8.1 50 l

3.3.2 Environmental performance*........................................................34.6 1233.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP ........0.3 99

4 Market sophistication .................................35.8 1294.1 Credit .............................................................................................................11.9 1294.1.1 Ease of getting credit* .......................................................................30.0 1134.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP .............................16.0 1254.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP ..................................................0.1 61

4.2 Investment ................................................................................................29.9 974.2.1 Ease of protecting investors* .........................................................66.7 21 l

4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................19.5 714.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP .............................................5.3 48 l

4.2.4 Venture capital deals/tr PPP$ GDP ................................................0.0 73

4.3 Trade & competition ...........................................................................65.5 1164.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean, % ....................................9.5 1174.3.2 Intensity of local competition†.....................................................64.5 81

5 Business sophistication ..............................22.5 131 5.1 Knowledge workers .............................................................................18.2 1255.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ................................19.5 745.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ....................................6.7 107 5.1.3 GERD performed by business, % of GDP .................................n/a n/a5.1.4 GERD financed by business, % .......................................................n/a n/a5.1.5 Females employed w/advanced degrees, % total .............n/a n/a

5.2 Innovation linkages .............................................................................20.2 1235.2.1 University/industry research collaboration† ........................36.9 955.2.2 State of cluster development† .....................................................49.0 55 l

5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % ............................................................1.3 865.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ....................................0.0 795.2.5 Patent families 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP ................................0.0 104

5.3 Knowledge absorption ......................................................................28.9 975.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments, % total trade .....................0.3 715.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % total trade ................7.3 60 l

5.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services imp., % total trade .....1.0 605.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .........................................................................0.6 121

6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........20.2 1016.1 Knowledge creation ...............................................................................8.4 826.1.1 Domestic resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP .......................0.2 916.1.2 PCT resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ...................................n/a n/a6.1.3 Domestic res utility model app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................n/a n/a6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP ............................7.8 756.1.5 Citable documents H index .........................................................130.0 55 l

6.2 Knowledge impact ...............................................................................29.0 1076.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, % ...........................................0.9 756.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 .......................................................0.0 104 6.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP ........................................0.3 516.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP .............................2.8 866.2.5 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, % .................23.7 49 l

6.3 Knowledge diffusion ...........................................................................23.1 1006.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts, % total trade .........................0.0 886.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, % total trade .................0.9 676.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services exp., % total trade ......2.3 34 l

6.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP .....................................................................0.1 90

7 Creative outputs ..........................................19.6 1217.1 Intangible assets ....................................................................................34.3 1187.1.1 Domestic res trademark app./bn PPP$ GDP ........................18.8 847.1.2 Madrid trademark app. holders/bn PPP$ GDP .....................n/a n/a7.1.3 ICTs & business model creation† .................................................50.3 917.1.4 ICTs & organizational model creation† ....................................43.3 101

7.2 Creative goods & services ...................................................................9.0 1007.2.1 Cultural & creative services exports, % total trade ..............0.0 777.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69 ....................................0.3 102 7.2.3 Global ent. & media output/th pop. 15–69 .............................0.0 59 7.2.4 Printing & publishing output manufactures, % .................0.3 96 7.2.5 Creative goods exports, % total trade.........................................1.1 37 l

7.3 Online creativity ........................................................................................0.9 1147.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69 ...............0.7 1117.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69 ...............................................0.2 1157.3.3 Wikipedia edits/pop. 15–69 .........................................................244.8 1047.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69 ...................................n/a n/a

Pakistan

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Key indicatorsPopulation (millions) ........................................................................................................... 35.5GDP (US$ billions) ........................................................................................................... 1,788.7GDP per capita, PPP$ .................................................................................................... 44,655.7Income group .......................................................................................................... High incomeRegion.............................................................................................................Northern America


Global Innovation Index (out of 141) ................................. 55.7 16Innovation Output Sub-Index ..................................................................................46.4 22Innovation Input Sub-Index .....................................................................................65.1 9Innovation Efficiency Ratio.........................................................................................0.7 70 Global Innovation Index 2014 (out of 143) ..............................................................56.1 12

1 Institutions ....................................................92.7 6 l

1.1 Political environment ..........................................................................89.5 111.1.1 Political stability*....................................................................................89.6 161.1.2 Government effectiveness* ............................................................89.3 7


1.3 Business environment ........................................................................93.7 1 l

1.3.1 Ease of starting a business* ............................................................98.8 2 l

1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency* ........................................................89.2 6 l

1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes* ..........................................................................93.0 9

2 Human capital & research ..........................49.0 222.1 Education ...................................................................................................37.5 92 2.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP ...............................................5.3 452.1.2 Gov’t expenditure/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap .............18.3 65 2.1.3 School life expectancy, years ...........................................................n/a n/a2.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science .............................522.2 82.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ........................................................n/a n/a

2.2 Tertiary education ...................................................................................n/a n/a2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ..............................................................n/a n/a2.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ....................................n/a n/a2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, % ............................................................n/a n/a

2.3 Research & development (R&D)...................................................60.4 142.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop. ..................................................... 4,493.7 132.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...............................................1.6 242.3.3 QS university ranking, average score top 3* ........................88.8 4 l

3 Infrastructure................................................60.9 113.1 Information & communication technologies (ICTs) ........80.0 113.1.1 ICT access* .................................................................................................80.1 223.1.2 ICT use* .......................................................................................................66.3 203.1.3 Government’s online service* .......................................................91.3 103.1.4 E-participation*.......................................................................................82.4 14

3.2 General infrastructure .........................................................................62.6 5 l

3.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap .................................................. 18,511.8 5 l

3.2.2 Logistics performance* .....................................................................86.4 123.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................23.8 51

3.3 Ecological sustainability ....................................................................40.1 583.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use, 2005 PPP$/kg oil eq .......................5.2 94 3.3.2 Environmental performance*........................................................73.1 243.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP ........1.2 60

4 Market sophistication .................................73.5 4 l

4.1 Credit .............................................................................................................62.8 94.1.1 Ease of getting credit* .......................................................................85.0 74.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP .......................124.9 214.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP .................................................n/a n/a

4.2 Investment ................................................................................................71.5 5 l

4.2.1 Ease of protecting investors* .........................................................72.5 74.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP......................................................110.7 104.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP ..........................................66.3 124.2.4 Venture capital deals/tr PPP$ GDP ................................................0.7 4 l

4.3 Trade & competition ...........................................................................86.1 204.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean, % ........................................0.8 5 l

4.3.2 Intensity of local competition†.....................................................75.0 31

5 Business sophistication ..............................49.3 185.1 Knowledge workers .............................................................................56.0 285.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ....................................44.2 145.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ......................................n/a n/a5.1.3 GERD performed by business, % of GDP ..................................0.8 255.1.4 GERD financed by business, % .....................................................46.4 255.1.5 Females employed w/advanced degrees, % total ...........15.6 35

5.2 Innovation linkages .............................................................................50.1 155.2.1 University/industry research collaboration† ........................65.0 185.2.2 State of cluster development† .....................................................62.9 185.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % ............................................................6.0 61 5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ....................................0.1 4 l

5.2.5 Patent families 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP ...................................1.0 16

5.3 Knowledge absorption ......................................................................41.6 355.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments, % total trade .....................1.9 95.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % total trade .............10.2 305.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services imp., % total trade .....1.0 58 5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .........................................................................3.7 44

6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........41.9 216.1 Knowledge creation ............................................................................45.0 186.1.1 Domestic resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP .......................3.0 326.1.2 PCT resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................................1.9 246.1.3 Domestic res utility model app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................n/a n/a6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP .........................37.4 176.1.5 Citable documents H index .........................................................725.0 5 l

6.2 Knowledge impact ...............................................................................39.7 566.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, % ...........................................0.1 97 6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 .......................................................1.1 66 6.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP ........................................0.8 3 l

6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP .............................5.5 596.2.5 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, % ....................28.5 39

6.3 Knowledge diffusion ...........................................................................41.0 336.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts, % total trade .........................0.7 196.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, % total trade .................5.7 296.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services exp., % total trade ......1.7 52 6.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP .....................................................................2.5 26

7 Creative outputs ..........................................50.9 187.1 Intangible assets ....................................................................................55.9 237.1.1 Domestic res trademark app./bn PPP$ GDP ........................51.4 47 7.1.2 Madrid trademark app. holders/bn PPP$ GDP .....................n/a n/a7.1.3 ICTs & business model creation† .................................................68.9 207.1.4 ICTs & organizational model creation† ....................................70.8 12

7.2 Creative goods & services ................................................................23.3 557.2.1 Cultural & creative services exports, % total trade ..............0.7 287.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69........................................3.6 46 7.2.3 Global ent. & media output/th pop. 15–69 ..........................49.5 137.2.4 Printing & publishing output manufactures, % ....................0.4 93 7.2.5 Creative goods exports, % total trade.........................................1.0 39

7.3 Online creativity .....................................................................................68.5 117.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69 ............89.9 6 l

7.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69 ............................................37.7 207.3.3 Wikipedia edits/pop. 15–69 ..................................................... 7,167.2 167.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69 .................................93.5 6

Canada

NOTES: l indicates a strength; a weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates that the country’s data are older than the base year; see Appendix II for details, including the year of the data. TH

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sKey indicatorsPopulation (millions) ............................................................................................................. 7.8GDP (US$ billions) .............................................................................................................. 303.8GDP per capita, PPP$ .................................................................................................... 35,658.7Income group .......................................................................................................... High incomeRegion.....................................................................................Northern Africa and Western Asia


Global Innovation Index (out of 141) ................................. 53.5 22Innovation Output Sub-Index ..................................................................................48.6 16Innovation Input Sub-Index .....................................................................................58.5 22Innovation Efficiency Ratio.........................................................................................0.8 20Global Innovation Index 2014 (out of 143) ..............................................................55.5 15

1 Institutions ....................................................67.9 541.1 Political environment ..........................................................................55.7 561.1.1 Political stability*....................................................................................37.1 118 1.1.2 Government effectiveness* ............................................................74.3 27



2 Human capital & research ..........................55.9 112.1 Education ...................................................................................................50.3 512.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP ...............................................5.6 382.1.2 Gov’t expenditure/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap .............15.5 84 2.1.3 School life expectancy, years .........................................................16.0 252.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science .............................474.1 362.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ......................................................9.8 27

2.2 Tertiary education .................................................................................31.5 722.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ............................................................67.9 282.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ....................................n/a n/a2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, % .............................................................1.2 79

2.3 Research & development (R&D)...................................................85.8 1 l

2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop. ...................................................... 8337.1 1 l

2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...............................................4.2 1 l

2.3.3 QS university ranking, average score top 3* ........................57.5 22


3.2 General infrastructure .........................................................................36.4 523.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap ...................................................... 7758.1 223.2.2 Logistics performance* .....................................................................56.1 393.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................19.5 96

3.3 Ecological sustainability ....................................................................47.9 353.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use, 2005 PPP$/kg oil eq .......................9.5 293.3.2 Environmental performance*........................................................65.8 383.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP ........2.9 35

4 Market sophistication .................................60.5 214.1 Credit .............................................................................................................46.8 294.1.1 Ease of getting credit* .......................................................................65.0 344.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP ..........................89.5 354.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP .................................................n/a n/a

4.2 Investment ................................................................................................58.9 114.2.1 Ease of protecting investors* .........................................................70.8 114.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................57.7 324.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP ..........................................26.2 284.2.4 Venture capital deals/tr PPP$ GDP ................................................0.8 3 l

4.3 Trade & competition ...........................................................................75.9 754.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean, % ........................................0.7 4 l

4.3.2 Intensity of local competition†.....................................................54.0 120

5 Business sophistication ..............................54.1 115.1 Knowledge workers .............................................................................61.1 215.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ....................................46.5 85.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ....................................18.6 93 5.1.3 GERD performed by business, % of GDP ..................................3.5 1 l

5.1.4 GERD financed by business, % ..................................................35.6 435.1.5 Females employed w/advanced degrees, % total ...........28.4 3 l

5.2 Innovation linkages .............................................................................64.9 1 l

5.2.1 University/industry research collaboration† ........................75.1 75.2.2 State of cluster development† .....................................................58.3 265.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % .....................................................48.8 65.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ....................................0.0 145.2.5 Patent families 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP ...................................3.0 5 l

5.3 Knowledge absorption ......................................................................36.5 565.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments, % total trade .................0.5 535.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % total trade ................9.4 425.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services imp., % total trade ..1.2 485.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .........................................................................4.1 37

6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........53.6 96.1 Knowledge creation ............................................................................56.5 96.1.1 Domestic resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP .......................4.7 226.1.2 PCT resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................................5.9 86.1.3 Domestic res utility model app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................n/a n/a6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP .........................46.4 116.1.5 Citable documents H index .........................................................456.0 15

6.2 Knowledge impact ...............................................................................47.1 306.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, % ...........................................1.7 536.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 .......................................................3.0 376.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP ........................................0.3 396.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP ..........................34.8 5 l

6.2.5 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, % .................30.8 37

6.3 Knowledge diffusion ...........................................................................57.2 96.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts, % total trade ......................1.1 146.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, % total trade ..............12.6 156.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services exp., % total trade ..4.9 6 l


7 Creative outputs ..........................................43.6 297.1 Intangible assets ....................................................................................42.4 86 7.1.1 Domestic res trademark app./bn PPP$ GDP ........................12.8 93 7.1.2 Madrid trademark app. holders/bn PPP$ GDP ......................1.0 307.1.3 ICTs & business model creation† .................................................68.1 217.1.4 ICTs & organizational model creation† ....................................62.4 27

7.2 Creative goods & services ................................................................39.1 207.2.1 Cultural & creative services exports, % total trade ..............0.9 167.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69.....................................11.0 157.2.3 Global ent. & media output/th pop. 15–69 ..........................27.8 237.2.4 Printing & publishing output manufactures, % .................2.5 187.2.5 Creative goods exports, % total trade.........................................1.7 28

7.3 Online creativity .....................................................................................50.3 217.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69 ............28.0 257.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69 ............................................19.1 367.3.3 Wikipedia edits/pop. 15–69 ...................................................... 7906.3 87.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69 .................................95.5 2 l

Israel


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sKey indicatorsPopulation (millions) ......................................................................................................... 322.6GDP (US$ billions) ......................................................................................................... 17,418.9GDP per capita, PPP$ .................................................................................................... 54,979.9Income group .......................................................................................................... High incomeRegion.............................................................................................................Northern America



1 Institutions ....................................................86.8 161.1 Political environment ..........................................................................80.6 221.1.1 Political stability*....................................................................................79.2 401.1.2 Government effectiveness* ............................................................82.0 17

1.2 Regulatory environment ..................................................................92.4 141.2.1 Regulatory quality* ..............................................................................81.3 211.2.2 Rule of law* ...............................................................................................88.5 181.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary weeks ...........................8.0 1 l

1.3 Business environment ........................................................................87.4 111.3.1 Ease of starting a business* ............................................................91.2 401.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency* ........................................................90.1 4 l

1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes* ..........................................................................80.8 42

2 Human capital & research ..........................54.0 142.1 Education ...................................................................................................52.1 422.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP ...............................................5.2 472.1.2 Gov’t expenditure/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap .............23.9 442.1.3 School life expectancy, years .........................................................16.4 162.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science .............................492.1 252.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ......................................................14.7 61

2.2 Tertiary education .................................................................................39.0 492.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ............................................................94.3 3 l

2.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ..................................16.0 752.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, % .............................................................3.5 49

2.3 Research & development (R&D)...................................................71.1 82.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop. ...................................................... 3978.7 222.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...........................................2.8 102.3.3 QS university ranking, average score top 3* ........................99.2 2 l


3.2 General infrastructure .........................................................................52.4 153.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap ................................................... 13492.7 83.2.2 Logistics performance* .....................................................................89.6 93.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................19.8 89



4.1 Credit .............................................................................................................79.2 1 l

4.1.1 Ease of getting credit* .......................................................................95.0 2 l

4.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP ..........................192.3 4 l

4.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP .................................................n/a n/a

4.2 Investment ................................................................................................76.7 2 l

4.2.1 Ease of protecting investors* .........................................................65.8 254.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP......................................................115.5 84.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP .......................................132.2 1 l


4.3 Trade & competition ...........................................................................88.5 114.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean, % ........................................1.5 414.3.2 Intensity of local competition†.....................................................82.3 8

5 Business sophistication ..............................55.4 95.1 Knowledge workers .............................................................................65.5 115.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ....................................38.0 265.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ......................................n/a n/a5.1.3 GERD performed by business, % of GDP ...............................1.9 115.1.4 GERD financed by business, % ..................................................59.1 145.1.5 Females employed w/advanced degrees, % total .............n/a n/a

5.2 Innovation linkages .............................................................................51.0 125.2.1 University/industry research collaboration† ........................80.8 2 l

5.2.2 State of cluster development† .....................................................73.6 45.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % ........................................................3.8 72 5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ....................................0.0 165.2.5 Patent families 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP ...................................1.5 11

5.3 Knowledge absorption ......................................................................49.6 155.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments, % total trade .....................1.6 145.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % total trade .............16.1 105.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services imp., % total trade .....1.4 415.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .........................................................................1.4 101

6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........58.0 4 l

6.1 Knowledge creation ............................................................................68.5 4 l

6.1.1 Domestic resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................17.2 1 l

6.1.2 PCT resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................................3.5 136.1.3 Domestic res utility model app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................n/a n/a6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP .........................20.6 396.1.5 Citable documents H index ...................................................... 1518.0 1 l

6.2 Knowledge impact ...............................................................................56.0 86.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, % ...........................................0.8 79 6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 ......................................................n/a n/a6.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP ........................................1.0 1 l

6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP .............................2.1 90 6.2.5 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, % .................43.3 14

6.3 Knowledge diffusion ...........................................................................49.5 186.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts, % total trade .........................5.1 3 l

6.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, % total trade .................6.8 266.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services exp., % total trade ......1.3 676.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP .....................................................................2.4 27

7 Creative outputs ..........................................47.8 237.1 Intangible assets ....................................................................................45.6 667.1.1 Domestic res trademark app./bn PPP$ GDP ........................20.3 82 7.1.2 Madrid trademark app. holders/bn PPP$ GDP ......................0.4 46 7.1.3 ICTs & business model creation† .................................................71.1 187.1.4 ICTs & organizational model creation† ....................................74.0 9

7.2 Creative goods & services ................................................................39.7 187.2.1 Cultural & creative services exports, % total trade ..............1.2 107.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69........................................3.2 487.2.3 Global ent. & media output/th pop. 15–69 ..........................67.7 47.2.4 Printing & publishing output manufactures, % .................1.9 307.2.5 Creative goods exports, % total trade.........................................1.7 29

7.3 Online creativity .....................................................................................60.3 177.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69 .........100.0 1 l

7.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69 ...............................................3.3 637.3.3 Wikipedia edits/pop. 15–69 ...................................................... 5148.4 257.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69 ..............................100.0 1 l

United States of America

2. Other Muslim States

THE

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Prof

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Key indicatorsPopulation (millions) ......................................................................................................... 252.8GDP (US$ billions) .............................................................................................................. 888.6GDP per capita, PPP$ ...................................................................................................... 5,499.0Income group ........................................................................................... Lower-middle incomeRegion.............................................................................................South East Asia and Oceania


Global Innovation Index (out of 141) ................................. 29.8 97Innovation Output Sub-Index ..................................................................................25.8 85Innovation Input Sub-Index .....................................................................................33.7 114Innovation Efficiency Ratio.........................................................................................0.8 42 l


1 Institutions ....................................................39.8 130 1.1 Political environment ..........................................................................43.4 861.1.1 Political stability*....................................................................................51.8 971.1.2 Government effectiveness* ............................................................35.0 84

1.2 Regulatory environment ..................................................................19.6 138 1.2.1 Regulatory quality* ..............................................................................42.6 851.2.2 Rule of law* ...............................................................................................32.9 941.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary weeks ........................57.8 137


2 Human capital & research ..........................24.3 872.1 Education ...................................................................................................32.9 1062.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP ...............................................3.6 982.1.2 Gov’t expenditure/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap .............10.7 952.1.3 School life expectancy, years .........................................................13.0 812.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science .............................384.4 59 2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ......................................................16.6 73

2.2 Tertiary education .................................................................................28.1 792.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ............................................................31.5 742.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ...............................21.7 402.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, % .............................................................0.1 108

2.3 Research & development (R&D)...................................................11.9 642.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop. ............................................................89.9 842.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...........................................0.1 109 2.3.3 QS university ranking, average score top 3* ........................32.9 41 l



3.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap .........................................................793.5 973.2.2 Logistics performance* .....................................................................47.0 513.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................33.4 13 l


3.3.2 Environmental performance*........................................................44.4 963.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP ........0.6 75


4.2 Investment ................................................................................................31.7 864.2.1 Ease of protecting investors* .........................................................60.8 414.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................45.3 424.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP ..........................................10.5 384.2.4 Venture capital deals/tr PPP$ GDP ................................................0.0 65


5 Business sophistication ..............................24.6 1245.1 Knowledge workers ................................................................................7.2 138 5.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % .......................................8.9 1025.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ....................................4.7 108 5.1.3 GERD performed by business, % of GDP ...............................0.0 795.1.4 GERD financed by business, % .......................................................n/a n/a5.1.5 Females employed w/advanced degrees, % total ..............3.9 79

5.2 Innovation linkages .............................................................................35.8 585.2.1 University/industry research collaboration† ........................59.1 29 l

5.2.2 State of cluster development† .....................................................58.8 24 l

5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % ...........................................................n/a n/a5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ....................................0.0 84 5.2.5 Patent families 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP ................................0.0 105

5.3 Knowledge absorption ......................................................................30.9 865.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments, % total trade .....................0.8 40 l

5.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % total trade ................8.4 525.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services imp., % total trade .....0.7 735.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .........................................................................2.1 79

6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........20.9 1006.1 Knowledge creation ...............................................................................2.9 1276.1.1 Domestic resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP .......................0.3 866.1.2 PCT resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................................0.0 98 6.1.3 Domestic res utility model app./bn PPP$ GDP .....................0.1 546.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP ............................0.6 137 6.1.5 Citable documents H index .........................................................126.0 56

6.2 Knowledge impact ...............................................................................37.6 676.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, % ...........................................3.6 21 l

6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 .......................................................0.3 926.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP ........................................0.3 446.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP .............................3.1 796.2.5 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, % ....................30.9 36

6.3 Knowledge diffusion ...........................................................................22.3 1026.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts, % total trade .........................0.0 806.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, % total trade .................3.1 436.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services exp., % total trade ......0.5 926.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP .....................................................................1.1 52

7 Creative outputs ..........................................30.8 787.1 Intangible assets ....................................................................................45.2 687.1.1 Domestic res trademark app./bn PPP$ GDP ........................18.1 877.1.2 Madrid trademark app. holders/bn PPP$ GDP .....................n/a n/a7.1.3 ICTs & business model creation† .................................................65.3 32 l

7.1.4 ICTs & organizational model creation† ....................................61.3 33 l

7.2 Creative goods & services ................................................................17.8 757.2.1 Cultural & creative services exports, % total trade .............n/a n/a7.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69 ....................................0.5 957.2.3 Global ent. & media output/th pop. 15–69 .............................1.8 507.2.4 Printing & publishing output manufactures, % ....................0.9 757.2.5 Creative goods exports, % total trade.........................................1.9 22 l

7.3 Online creativity .....................................................................................14.9 737.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69 ...............1.9 917.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69 ...............................................0.3 1087.3.3 Wikipedia edits/pop. 15–69 .........................................................260.6 1037.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69 .................................55.5 65

Indonesia

THE

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Prof

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Key indicatorsPopulation (millions) ........................................................................................................... 75.8GDP (US$ billions) .............................................................................................................. 806.1GDP per capita, PPP$ .................................................................................................... 15,767.3Income group ........................................................................................... Upper-middle incomeRegion.....................................................................................Northern Africa and Western Asia







2 Human capital & research ..........................35.9 502.1 Education ...................................................................................................47.7 582.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP ............................................2.9 111 2.1.2 Gov’t expenditure/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap ...............n/a n/a2.1.3 School life expectancy, years .........................................................14.5 492.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science .............................462.3 402.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ......................................................17.9 78

2.2 Tertiary education .................................................................................36.2 572.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ............................................................69.4 26 l

2.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ..................................20.9 492.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, % .............................................................0.9 85

2.3 Research & development (R&D)...................................................23.7 402.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop. ......................................................... 1188.7 452.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...............................................0.9 372.3.3 QS university ranking, average score top 3* ........................34.5 39


3.2 General infrastructure .........................................................................33.9 593.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap ...................................................... 3179.4 593.2.2 Logistics performance* .....................................................................68.3 29 l

3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................19.9 85




4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................39.1 504.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP ..........................................44.2 18 l


4.3 Trade & competition ...........................................................................86.4 18 l

4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean, % ....................................2.7 554.3.2 Intensity of local competition†.....................................................82.2 9 l

5 Business sophistication ..............................26.3 1175.1 Knowledge workers .............................................................................32.6 855.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ....................................19.2 765.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ....................................28.4 675.1.3 GERD performed by business, % of GDP ..................................0.5 345.1.4 GERD financed by business, % .....................................................48.9 21 l

5.1.5 Females employed w/advanced degrees, % total ..............7.4 71

5.2 Innovation linkages .............................................................................23.2 1105.2.1 University/industry research collaboration† ........................44.8 595.2.2 State of cluster development† .....................................................54.7 345.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % ............................................................0.8 91 5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ....................................0.0 81 5.2.5 Patent families 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP ...................................0.0 81

5.3 Knowledge absorption ......................................................................22.9 127 5.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments, % total trade .....................0.3 705.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % total trade ................8.1 535.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services imp., % total trade .....0.1 120 5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .........................................................................1.6 95

6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........27.2 606.1 Knowledge creation ............................................................................26.0 366.1.1 Domestic resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP .......................3.0 316.1.2 PCT resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................................0.5 386.1.3 Domestic res utility model app./bn PPP$ GDP .....................2.4 13 l

6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP .........................17.2 446.1.5 Citable documents H index .........................................................237.0 36

6.2 Knowledge impact ...............................................................................35.3 836.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, % .........................................-0.6 106 6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 .......................................................0.8 786.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP ........................................0.7 8 l

6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP .............................5.0 636.2.5 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, % .................28.2 42

6.3 Knowledge diffusion ...........................................................................20.4 1086.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts, % total trade ........................n/a n/a6.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, % total trade .................1.1 636.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services exp., % total trade ......0.2 115 6.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP .....................................................................0.4 70

7 Creative outputs ..........................................40.6 377.1 Intangible assets ....................................................................................57.7 17 l

7.1.1 Domestic res trademark app./bn PPP$ GDP .....................130.5 5 l

7.1.2 Madrid trademark app. holders/bn PPP$ GDP ......................0.9 347.1.3 ICTs & business model creation† .................................................62.1 427.1.4 ICTs & organizational model creation† ....................................56.2 56

7.2 Creative goods & services ................................................................24.1 527.2.1 Cultural & creative services exports, % total trade ..............0.5 357.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69........................................1.6 637.2.3 Global ent. & media output/th pop. 15–69 .............................5.9 427.2.4 Printing & publishing output manufactures, % .................1.1 687.2.5 Creative goods exports, % total trade.........................................2.6 17 l

7.3 Online creativity .....................................................................................23.0 597.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69 ............14.7 367.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69 ...............................................2.9 647.3.3 Wikipedia edits/pop. 15–69 .........................................................793.9 847.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69 .................................68.6 58

Turkey


E GL

OBAL

INNO

VATI

ON IN

DEX

2015

I: Co

untr

y/Ec

onom

y Pr

ofile

sKey indicatorsPopulation (millions) ........................................................................................................... 29.4GDP (US$ billions) .............................................................................................................. 752.5GDP per capita, PPP$ .................................................................................................... 32,340.1Income group .......................................................................................................... High incomeRegion.....................................................................................Northern Africa and Western Asia





1.3 Business environment ........................................................................67.9 771.3.1 Ease of starting a business* ............................................................82.7 891.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency* ........................................................21.7 136 1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes* ..........................................................................99.2 3 l

2 Human capital & research ..........................39.8 392.1 Education ...................................................................................................49.5 552.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP ............................................5.1 512.1.2 Gov’t expenditure/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap .........18.1 672.1.3 School life expectancy, years .........................................................16.3 21 l

2.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science ..................................n/a n/a2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ...................................................11.3 36

2.2 Tertiary education .................................................................................46.6 26 l

2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ............................................................57.5 432.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ..................................29.0 11 l

2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, % .............................................................4.6 38

2.3 Research & development (R&D)...................................................23.4 412.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop. .................................................................n/a n/a2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...........................................0.1 110 2.3.3 QS university ranking, average score top 3* ........................45.4 31

3 Infrastructure................................................50.2 343.1 Information & communication technologies (ICTs) ........63.0 373.1.1 ICT access* .................................................................................................70.4 443.1.2 ICT use* .......................................................................................................47.7 413.1.3 Government’s online service* .......................................................77.2 18 l

3.1.4 E-participation*.......................................................................................56.9 51


3.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap ...................................................... 9603.4 14 l

3.2.2 Logistics performance* .....................................................................50.4 473.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................30.8 20 l


4 Market sophistication .................................50.3 554.1 Credit .............................................................................................................31.0 684.1.1 Ease of getting credit* .......................................................................50.0 654.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP .............................40.3 834.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP .................................................n/a n/a

4.2 Investment ................................................................................................40.6 504.2.1 Ease of protecting investors* .........................................................57.5 604.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................50.9 374.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP ..........................................70.1 9 l



5 Business sophistication ..............................35.8 645.1 Knowledge workers .............................................................................33.8 825.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ....................................26.6 535.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ......................................n/a n/a5.1.3 GERD performed by business, % of GDP .................................n/a n/a5.1.4 GERD financed by business, % .......................................................n/a n/a5.1.5 Females employed w/advanced degrees, % total ..........4.4 78


5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % ...........................................................n/a n/a5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ....................................0.0 305.2.5 Patent families 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP ...................................0.0 71

5.3 Knowledge absorption ......................................................................31.2 845.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments, % total trade ....................n/a n/a5.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % total trade ................6.0 835.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services imp., % total trade ....n/a n/a5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .........................................................................1.2 105

6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........25.1 746.1 Knowledge creation ...............................................................................8.9 786.1.1 Domestic resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP .......................0.3 83 6.1.2 PCT resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ...................................n/a n/a6.1.3 Domestic res utility model app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................n/a n/a6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP ............................6.9 826.1.5 Citable documents H index .........................................................144.0 52

6.2 Knowledge impact ...............................................................................39.8 556.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, % ...........................................1.2 686.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 ......................................................n/a n/a6.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP ........................................0.3 296.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP .............................1.5 105 6.2.5 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, % .................35.9 27

6.3 Knowledge diffusion ...........................................................................26.6 756.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts, % total trade ........................n/a n/a6.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, % total trade .................0.1 111 6.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services exp., % total trade .....n/a n/a6.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP .....................................................................0.7 61

7 Creative outputs ..........................................42.9 30 l

7.1 Intangible assets ....................................................................................65.0 87.1.1 Domestic res trademark app./bn PPP$ GDP ..........................n/a n/a7.1.2 Madrid trademark app. holders/bn PPP$ GDP .....................n/a n/a7.1.3 ICTs & business model creation† .................................................65.9 29 l


7.2 Creative goods & services ................................................................18.2 727.2.1 Cultural & creative services exports, % total trade .............n/a n/a7.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69.......................................n/a n/a7.2.3 Global ent. & media output/th pop. 15–69 ..........................10.2 337.2.4 Printing & publishing output manufactures, % .................2.3 227.2.5 Creative goods exports, % total trade.........................................0.1 88

7.3 Online creativity .....................................................................................23.5 587.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69 ...............3.8 627.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69 ...............................................0.8 907.3.3 Wikipedia edits/pop. 15–69 ...................................................... 1469.8 677.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69 .................................78.5 39

Saudi Arabia


E GL

OBAL

INNO

VATI

ON IN

DEX

2015

I: Co

untr

y/Ec

onom

y Pr

ofile

sKey indicatorsPopulation (millions) ............................................................................................................. 9.4GDP (US$ billions) .............................................................................................................. 401.6GDP per capita, PPP$ .................................................................................................... 30,984.6Income group .......................................................................................................... High incomeRegion.....................................................................................Northern Africa and Western Asia


Global Innovation Index (out of 141) ................................. 40.1 47Innovation Output Sub-Index ..................................................................................23.3 99 Innovation Input Sub-Index .....................................................................................56.9 25Innovation Efficiency Ratio.........................................................................................0.4 133 Global Innovation Index 2014 (out of 143) ..............................................................43.2 36


1.2 Regulatory environment ..................................................................83.3 241.2.1 Regulatory quality* ..............................................................................68.5 371.2.2 Rule of law* ...............................................................................................64.7 381.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary weeks ...........................8.0 1 l

1.3 Business environment ........................................................................77.6 331.3.1 Ease of starting a business* ............................................................90.0 491.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency* ........................................................43.5 861.3.3 Ease of paying taxes* ..........................................................................99.4 1 l

2 Human capital & research ..........................53.9 152.1 Education ...................................................................................................70.6 32.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP ..............................................n/a n/a2.1.2 Gov’t expenditure/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap ...............n/a n/a2.1.3 School life expectancy, years ...........................................................n/a n/a2.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science .............................468.7 382.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ......................................................11.5 39


2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ..............................................................n/a n/a2.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ..................................26.0 192.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, % ..........................................................44.6 1 l

2.3 Research & development (R&D)...................................................22.9 422.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop. .................................................................n/a n/a2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...........................................0.5 632.3.3 QS university ranking, average score top 3* ........................34.5 40

3 Infrastructure................................................56.7 193.1 Information & communication technologies (ICTs) ........78.6 12 l

3.1.1 ICT access* .................................................................................................76.7 313.1.2 ICT use* .......................................................................................................65.1 213.1.3 Government’s online service* .......................................................88.2 12 l

3.1.4 E-participation*.......................................................................................84.3 13 l

3.2 General infrastructure .........................................................................47.1 233.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap ................................................... 10958.4 10 l

3.2.2 Logistics performance* .....................................................................70.3 263.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................22.3 63


4 Market sophistication .................................48.1 654.1 Credit .............................................................................................................31.7 654.1.1 Ease of getting credit* .......................................................................45.0 804.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP ..........................59.1 564.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP .................................................n/a n/a

4.2 Investment ................................................................................................27.9 105 4.2.1 Ease of protecting investors* .........................................................60.8 414.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................18.3 73 4.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP .............................................4.7 514.2.4 Venture capital deals/tr PPP$ GDP ................................................0.0 48

4.3 Trade & competition ...........................................................................84.8 294.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean, % ........................................3.8 624.3.2 Intensity of local competition†.....................................................82.6 7 l

5 Business sophistication ..............................45.2 295.1 Knowledge workers .............................................................................41.7 575.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ................................36.1 315.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ......................................n/a n/a5.1.3 GERD performed by business, % of GDP ...............................0.1 545.1.4 GERD financed by business, % .......................................................n/a n/a5.1.5 Females employed w/advanced degrees, % total .............n/a n/a

5.2 Innovation linkages .............................................................................62.6 2 l

5.2.1 University/industry research collaboration† ........................62.1 215.2.2 State of cluster development† .....................................................74.8 3 l

5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % ...........................................................n/a n/a5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ....................................0.1 1 l

5.2.5 Patent families 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP ...................................0.0 93

5.3 Knowledge absorption ......................................................................31.2 835.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments, % total trade ....................n/a n/a5.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % total trade ................5.5 91 5.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services imp., % total trade ....n/a n/a5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .....................................................................2.5 72

6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........12.0 134 6.1 Knowledge creation ...............................................................................3.8 114 6.1.1 Domestic resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP .......................0.0 109 6.1.2 PCT resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................................0.2 546.1.3 Domestic res utility model app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................n/a n/a6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP ............................2.7 119 6.1.5 Citable documents H index .........................................................100.0 71

6.2 Knowledge impact ...............................................................................31.7 97 6.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, % ...........................................1.2 696.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 .......................................................1.4 576.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP ........................................0.3 59 6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP .............................6.8 526.2.5 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, % ......................n/a n/a

6.3 Knowledge diffusion ..............................................................................0.4 137 6.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts, % total trade ........................n/a n/a6.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, % total trade .................0.1 114 6.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services exp., % total trade .....n/a n/a6.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP ....................................................................n/a n/a

7 Creative outputs ..........................................34.6 617.1 Intangible assets ....................................................................................52.6 377.1.1 Domestic res trademark app./bn PPP$ GDP ...........................9.3 96 7.1.2 Madrid trademark app. holders/bn PPP$ GDP .....................n/a n/a7.1.3 ICTs & business model creation† .................................................79.1 2 l


7.2 Creative goods & services ...................................................................6.1 115 7.2.1 Cultural & creative services exports, % total trade .............n/a n/a7.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69.......................................n/a n/a7.2.3 Global ent. & media output/th pop. 15–69 ..........................14.1 307.2.4 Printing & publishing output manufactures, % ...................n/a n/a7.2.5 Creative goods exports, % total trade .....................................0.1 97

7.3 Online creativity .....................................................................................27.1 487.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69 ............12.6 407.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69 ...............................................6.0 507.3.3 Wikipedia edits/pop. 15–69 ...................................................... 1889.2 557.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69 .................................75.9 44

United Arab Emirates

3. Neighboring Countries


E GL

OBAL

INNO

VATI

ON IN

DEX

2015

I: Co

untr

y/Ec

onom

y Pr

ofile

sKey indicatorsPopulation (millions) ......................................................................................................... 158.5GDP (US$ billions) .............................................................................................................. 185.4GDP per capita, PPP$ ...................................................................................................... 2,215.6Income group ........................................................................................................... Low incomeRegion................................................................................................ Central and Southern Asia





1.3 Business environment ........................................................................61.6 971.3.1 Ease of starting a business* ............................................................81.4 941.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency* ........................................................29.5 1241.3.3 Ease of paying taxes* ..........................................................................74.0 65 l

2 Human capital & research ..........................14.5 1262.1 Education ...................................................................................................20.7 135 2.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP ............................................2.2 1232.1.2 Gov’t expenditure/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap .............13.9 882.1.3 School life expectancy, years .....................................................10.0 1162.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science ..................................n/a n/a2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ......................................................32.2 111

2.2 Tertiary education .................................................................................17.3 1082.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ............................................................13.2 1032.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ..................................15.6 802.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, % .........................................................0.1 111

2.3 Research & development (R&D)......................................................5.6 802.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop. .................................................................n/a n/a2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ..............................................n/a n/a2.3.3 QS university ranking, average score top 3* ...........................5.6 67


3.2 General infrastructure .........................................................................28.3 783.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap .........................................................317.0 1093.2.2 Logistics performance* .....................................................................20.5 1013.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................29.2 24 l


3.3.2 Environmental performance*........................................................25.6 136 3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP ........0.1 125

4 Market sophistication .................................39.0 1154.1 Credit .............................................................................................................23.0 994.1.1 Ease of getting credit* .......................................................................30.0 1134.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP .............................41.8 814.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP ..................................................2.2 24 l


4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................13.1 804.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP .............................................9.4 40 l

4.2.4 Venture capital deals/tr PPP$ GDP ...............................................n/a n/a

4.3 Trade & competition ...........................................................................59.8 1294.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean, % .................................13.0 133 4.3.2 Intensity of local competition†.....................................................65.4 76

5 Business sophistication ..............................25.6 1225.1 Knowledge workers .............................................................................28.7 975.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ................................20.0 735.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ....................................21.9 875.1.3 GERD performed by business, % of GDP .................................n/a n/a5.1.4 GERD financed by business, % .......................................................n/a n/a5.1.5 Females employed w/advanced degrees, % total .............n/a n/a

5.2 Innovation linkages .............................................................................25.2 1005.2.1 University/industry research collaboration† ........................26.0 1265.2.2 State of cluster development† .....................................................47.5 635.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % ...........................................................n/a n/a5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ....................................0.0 735.2.5 Patent families 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP ...................................0.0 108

5.3 Knowledge absorption ......................................................................23.0 1265.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments, % total trade .................0.0 1135.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % total trade ................9.4 41 l

5.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services imp., % total trade ..0.1 121 5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .........................................................................1.2 108

6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........17.6 1166.1 Knowledge creation ...............................................................................5.1 1036.1.1 Domestic resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP .......................0.1 976.1.2 PCT resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ...................................n/a n/a6.1.3 Domestic res utility model app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................n/a n/a6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP ............................2.8 1176.1.5 Citable documents H index .........................................................112.0 65 l


6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 .......................................................0.1 101 6.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP ........................................0.2 72 6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP .............................0.5 1236.2.5 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, % .................10.9 74

6.3 Knowledge diffusion ...........................................................................18.3 1176.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts, % total trade ......................0.0 110 6.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, % total trade .................0.1 1026.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services exp., % total trade ..1.3 696.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP .....................................................................0.0 103


7.2 Creative goods & services ...................................................................8.7 1027.2.1 Cultural & creative services exports, % total trade ..............0.0 86 7.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69........................................0.5 947.2.3 Global ent. & media output/th pop. 15–69 ............................n/a n/a7.2.4 Printing & publishing output manufactures, % .................1.5 46 l

7.2.5 Creative goods exports, % total trade .....................................0.1 98


Bangladesh

THE

GLOB

AL IN

NOVA

TION

INDE

X 20

15I:

Coun

try/

Econ

omy

Prof

iles


Key indicatorsPopulation (millions) ...................................................................................................... 1,393.8GDP (US$ billions) ......................................................................................................... 10,380.4GDP per capita, PPP$ .................................................................................................... 10,694.7Income group ........................................................................................... Upper-middle incomeRegion.............................................................................................South East Asia and Oceania







2 Human capital & research ..........................43.1 312.1 Education ...................................................................................................70.8 2 l

2.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP ..............................................n/a n/a2.1.2 Gov’t expenditure/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap ...............n/a n/a2.1.3 School life expectancy, years .........................................................13.1 782.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science .............................587.5 1 l

2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ......................................................14.5 59

2.2 Tertiary education .................................................................................11.7 121 2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ............................................................26.7 822.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ....................................n/a n/a2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, % .............................................................0.3 103

2.3 Research & development (R&D)...................................................46.9 212.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop. ........................................................ 1,071.1 472.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...............................................2.1 172.3.3 QS university ranking, average score top 3* ........................78.5 11



3.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap ..................................................... 3,690.5 523.2.2 Logistics performance* .....................................................................69.9 273.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................47.7 4 l

3.3 Ecological sustainability ....................................................................35.0 823.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use, 2005 PPP$/kg oil eq .......................4.5 103 3.3.2 Environmental performance*........................................................43.0 1023.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP ........6.5 17

4 Market sophistication .................................49.2 594.1 Credit .............................................................................................................31.9 634.1.1 Ease of getting credit* .......................................................................50.0 654.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP ..........................140.0 164.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP ..................................................0.0 86

4.2 Investment ................................................................................................36.6 624.2.1 Ease of protecting investors* .........................................................45.0 114 4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................44.9 444.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP ..........................................70.8 84.2.4 Venture capital deals/tr PPP$ GDP ................................................0.1 34


5 Business sophistication ..............................44.9 315.1 Knowledge workers .............................................................................61.2 205.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ...................................7.4 104 5.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms .................................79.2 1 l

5.1.3 GERD performed by business, % of GDP ..................................1.6 135.1.4 GERD financed by business, % .....................................................74.6 3 l

5.1.5 Females employed w/advanced degrees, % total .............n/a n/a

5.2 Innovation linkages .............................................................................31.1 715.2.1 University/industry research collaboration† ........................56.7 315.2.2 State of cluster development† .....................................................59.3 235.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % ............................................................0.9 89 5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ....................................0.0 575.2.5 Patent families 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP ...................................0.3 29

5.3 Knowledge absorption ......................................................................42.6 325.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments, % total trade .....................0.9 355.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % total trade .............18.8 8 l

5.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services imp., % total trade .....0.3 112 5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .........................................................................3.8 40

6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........58.0 3 l

6.1 Knowledge creation ............................................................................64.1 6 l

6.1.1 Domestic resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................43.6 1 l

6.1.2 PCT resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................................1.4 276.1.3 Domestic res utility model app./bn PPP$ GDP ..................54.7 1 l

6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP .........................14.0 536.1.5 Citable documents H index .........................................................436.0 16

6.2 Knowledge impact ...............................................................................67.2 1 l

6.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, % ...........................................7.1 1 l

6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 ......................................................n/a n/a6.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP ........................................0.4 236.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP ..........................20.8 196.2.5 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, % ....................43.1 15

6.3 Knowledge diffusion ...........................................................................42.8 286.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts, % total trade .........................0.0 766.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, % total trade ..............28.4 1 l

6.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services exp., % total trade ......0.7 866.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP .....................................................................1.8 36

7 Creative outputs ..........................................35.1 547.1 Intangible assets ....................................................................................52.4 397.1.1 Domestic res trademark app./bn PPP$ GDP .....................107.2 117.1.2 Madrid trademark app. holders/bn PPP$ GDP ......................0.1 547.1.3 ICTs & business model creation† .................................................60.6 477.1.4 ICTs & organizational model creation† ....................................61.4 32

7.2 Creative goods & services ................................................................33.0 357.2.1 Cultural & creative services exports, % total trade ..............0.2 497.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69........................................0.6 89 7.2.3 Global ent. & media output/th pop. 15–69 .............................3.0 477.2.4 Printing & publishing output manufactures, % ....................0.5 91 7.2.5 Creative goods exports, % total trade......................................14.0 1 l


China


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2015

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sKey indicatorsPopulation (millions) ...................................................................................................... 1,267.4GDP (US$ billions) ........................................................................................................... 2,049.5GDP per capita, PPP$ ...................................................................................................... 4,306.9Income group ........................................................................................... Lower-middle incomeRegion................................................................................................ Central and Southern Asia






1.3 Business environment ........................................................................52.2 130 1.3.1 Ease of starting a business* ............................................................68.4 125 1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency* ........................................................32.6 1181.3.3 Ease of paying taxes* ..........................................................................55.5 120

2 Human capital & research ..........................20.0 1032.1 Education ...................................................................................................26.8 126 2.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP ...............................................3.8 902.1.2 Gov’t expenditure/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap .............15.5 822.1.3 School life expectancy, years .....................................................11.7 952.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science ..........................336.0 62 2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ...................................................25.9 97

2.2 Tertiary education .................................................................................10.5 123 2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ............................................................24.8 852.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ....................................n/a n/a2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, % .............................................................0.1 112

2.3 Research & development (R&D)...................................................22.6 442.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop. .........................................................159.9 752.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...........................................0.8 422.3.3 QS university ranking, average score top 3* ........................47.0 28 l


3.2 General infrastructure .........................................................................38.9 433.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap .........................................................911.8 943.2.2 Logistics performance* .....................................................................46.9 523.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................32.2 14 l

3.3 Ecological sustainability ....................................................................26.3 1173.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use, 2005 PPP$/kg oil eq .......................7.0 653.3.2 Environmental performance*........................................................31.2 126 3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP ........0.9 70


4.2 Investment ................................................................................................44.3 42 l

4.2.1 Ease of protecting investors* .........................................................72.5 7 l

4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................68.0 24 l

4.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP ..........................................33.5 25 l



5 Business sophistication ..............................26.4 1165.1 Knowledge workers .............................................................................13.7 132 5.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ......................................n/a n/a5.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms .................................15.9 98 5.1.3 GERD performed by business, % of GDP ...............................0.3 435.1.4 GERD financed by business, % .......................................................n/a n/a5.1.5 Females employed w/advanced degrees, % total .............n/a n/a


5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % ...........................................................n/a n/a5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ....................................0.0 515.2.5 Patent families 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP ...................................0.1 52

5.3 Knowledge absorption ......................................................................28.1 995.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments, % total trade .....................0.8 425.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % total trade ................6.7 705.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services imp., % total trade .....0.7 745.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .........................................................................1.5 98

6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........30.1 496.1 Knowledge creation ............................................................................15.2 596.1.1 Domestic resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP .......................1.6 536.1.2 PCT resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................................0.2 496.1.3 Domestic res utility model app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................n/a n/a6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP ............................7.5 776.1.5 Citable documents H index .........................................................341.0 23 l

6.2 Knowledge impact ...............................................................................35.0 846.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, % ...........................................2.4 386.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 .......................................................0.1 99 6.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP ........................................0.2 68 6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP .............................6.0 576.2.5 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, % .................32.5 32

6.3 Knowledge diffusion ...........................................................................40.1 34 l

6.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts, % total trade .........................0.1 576.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, % total trade .................3.5 39 l

6.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services exp., % total trade ...10.1 1 l



7.2 Creative goods & services ................................................................17.3 777.2.1 Cultural & creative services exports, % total trade ..............0.1 597.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69 ....................................1.5 657.2.3 Global ent. & media output/th pop. 15–69 .............................0.2 58 7.2.4 Printing & publishing output manufactures, % .................0.7 847.2.5 Creative goods exports, % total trade.........................................2.5 18 l

7.3 Online creativity .....................................................................................10.3 787.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69 ...............1.2 1047.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69 ...............................................0.7 927.3.3 Wikipedia edits/pop. 15–69 .........................................................264.6 1027.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69 .................................37.3 68

India


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2015

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sKey indicatorsPopulation (millions) ........................................................................................................... 78.5GDP (US$ billions) .............................................................................................................. 404.1GDP per capita, PPP$ .................................................................................................... 12,478.2Income group ........................................................................................... Upper-middle incomeRegion................................................................................................ Central and Southern Asia




1.2 Regulatory environment ..................................................................42.4 1251.2.1 Regulatory quality* .................................................................................7.9 137 1.2.2 Rule of law* ...............................................................................................21.5 1231.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary weeks ........................23.1 106

1.3 Business environment ........................................................................62.8 931.3.1 Ease of starting a business* ............................................................89.4 53 l

1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency* ........................................................32.4 1191.3.3 Ease of paying taxes* ..........................................................................66.8 98

2 Human capital & research ..........................37.1 46 l

2.1 Education ...................................................................................................35.6 972.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP ...............................................3.7 952.1.2 Gov’t expenditure/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap .............15.9 802.1.3 School life expectancy, years .........................................................15.1 41 l

2.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science ..................................n/a n/a2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ........................................................n/a n/a


2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ............................................................55.2 48 l

2.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ..................................47.2 1 l


2.3 Research & development (R&D)...................................................14.0 592.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop. .........................................................736.1 542.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...........................................0.7 462.3.3 QS university ranking, average score top 3* ........................15.6 56



3.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap ...................................................... 3327.3 553.2.2 Logistics performance* .......................................................................n/a n/a3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................43.0 6 l


4 Market sophistication .................................29.9 139 4.1 Credit .............................................................................................................23.8 954.1.1 Ease of getting credit* .......................................................................45.0 804.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP .............................12.2 133 4.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP .................................................n/a n/a

4.2 Investment ................................................................................................26.0 1164.2.1 Ease of protecting investors* .........................................................41.7 1234.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................28.0 604.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP .............................................4.4 524.2.4 Venture capital deals/tr PPP$ GDP ...............................................n/a n/a

4.3 Trade & competition ...........................................................................39.9 140 4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean, % .................................21.8 138 4.3.2 Intensity of local competition†.....................................................56.6 114

5 Business sophistication ..............................22.6 1305.1 Knowledge workers .............................................................................23.8 1095.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ................................16.0 905.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ......................................n/a n/a5.1.3 GERD performed by business, % of GDP ...............................0.1 645.1.4 GERD financed by business, % ..................................................30.9 485.1.5 Females employed w/advanced degrees, % total .............n/a n/a

5.2 Innovation linkages .............................................................................23.5 1075.2.1 University/industry research collaboration† ........................36.3 995.2.2 State of cluster development† .....................................................40.4 945.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % ...........................................................n/a n/a5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ....................................0.0 89 5.2.5 Patent families 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP ................................0.0 107

5.3 Knowledge absorption ......................................................................20.3 137 5.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments, % total trade .................0.2 905.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % total trade ................4.0 1115.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services imp., % total trade ..0.6 865.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .........................................................................0.8 116

6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........22.5 906.1 Knowledge creation ............................................................................37.7 246.1.1 Domestic resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP .......................8.9 8 l

6.1.2 PCT resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ...................................n/a n/a6.1.3 Domestic res utility model app./bn PPP$ GDP ....................n/a n/a6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP .........................20.0 40 l

6.1.5 Citable documents H index .........................................................158.0 44 l

6.2 Knowledge impact ...............................................................................27.5 1146.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, % .........................................-2.8 114 6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 ......................................................n/a n/a6.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP ........................................0.3 556.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP .............................2.0 936.2.5 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, % .................35.5 28 l

6.3 Knowledge diffusion ..............................................................................2.2 135 6.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts, % total trade ......................0.0 926.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, % total trade .................0.5 756.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services exp., % total trade ..0.2 114 6.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP ....................................................................n/a n/a

7 Creative outputs ..........................................21.5 1167.1 Intangible assets ....................................................................................35.5 1137.1.1 Domestic res trademark app./bn PPP$ GDP ..........................n/a n/a7.1.2 Madrid trademark app. holders/bn PPP$ GDP ......................0.0 65 7.1.3 ICTs & business model creation† .................................................46.0 1057.1.4 ICTs & organizational model creation† ....................................42.5 108

7.2 Creative goods & services ...................................................................7.7 1067.2.1 Cultural & creative services exports, % total trade .............n/a n/a7.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69........................................1.5 677.2.3 Global ent. & media output/th pop. 15–69 ............................n/a n/a7.2.4 Printing & publishing output manufactures, % .................0.2 97 7.2.5 Creative goods exports, % total trade .....................................0.5 57

7.3 Online creativity ........................................................................................7.3 857.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69 ...............2.1 867.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69 ...............................................4.4 567.3.3 Wikipedia edits/pop. 15–69 ...................................................... 2091.4 52 l

7.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69 ...................................n/a n/a

Iran, Islamic Republic of


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2015

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sKey indicatorsPopulation (millions) ............................................................................................................. 8.4GDP (US$ billions) .................................................................................................................. 9.2GDP per capita, PPP$ ...................................................................................................... 2,486.0Income group ........................................................................................................... Low incomeRegion................................................................................................ Central and Southern Asia




1.2 Regulatory environment ..................................................................51.0 1121.2.1 Regulatory quality* ..............................................................................19.4 1311.2.2 Rule of law* ...............................................................................................14.7 136 1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary weeks ........................15.5 69


2 Human capital & research ..........................25.5 862.1 Education ...................................................................................................43.4 752.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP ...............................................4.0 862.1.2 Gov’t expenditure/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap ...............n/a n/a2.1.3 School life expectancy, years .........................................................11.2 1032.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science ..................................n/a n/a2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ...................................................15.4 66

2.2 Tertiary education .................................................................................32.0 702.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ............................................................22.5 882.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ..................................25.5 21 l


2.3 Research & development (R&D)......................................................1.2 1122.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop. .................................................................n/a n/a2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...............................................0.1 1042.3.3 QS university ranking, average score top 3* ...........................0.0 73

3 Infrastructure................................................18.0 135 3.1 Information & communication technologies (ICTs) ...........9.0 138 3.1.1 ICT access* ...................................................................................................n/a n/a3.1.2 ICT use* .........................................................................................................n/a n/a3.1.3 Government’s online service* ..........................................................6.3 137 3.1.4 E-participation*.......................................................................................11.8 132

3.2 General infrastructure .........................................................................12.2 136 3.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap ...................................................... 2119.1 763.2.2 Logistics performance* .....................................................................18.7 1053.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................12.6 136


3.3.2 Environmental performance*........................................................31.3 1253.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP ........4.7 22 l


4.1 Credit .............................................................................................................33.1 61 l

4.1.1 Ease of getting credit* .......................................................................35.0 1024.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP .............................17.9 1194.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP ..................................................5.0 8 l


4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP...........................................................n/a n/a4.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP ............................................n/a n/a4.2.4 Venture capital deals/tr PPP$ GDP ...............................................n/a n/a


5 Business sophistication ..............................27.4 1085.1 Knowledge workers .............................................................................27.3 995.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ......................................n/a n/a5.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ....................................33.6 555.1.3 GERD performed by business, % of GDP .................................n/a n/a5.1.4 GERD financed by business, % .....................................................1.6 825.1.5 Females employed w/advanced degrees, % total .............n/a n/a

5.2 Innovation linkages .............................................................................24.8 1015.2.1 University/industry research collaboration† ........................37.9 885.2.2 State of cluster development† .....................................................38.6 1035.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % ............................................................0.2 98 5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ....................................0.0 26 l

5.2.5 Patent families 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP ..................................n/a n/a

5.3 Knowledge absorption ......................................................................30.1 925.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments, % total trade .................0.0 124 5.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % total trade ...............n/a n/a5.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services imp., % total trade ..1.1 54 l

5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .........................................................................1.3 104

6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........26.1 706.1 Knowledge creation ............................................................................21.3 46 l

6.1.1 Domestic resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP .......................0.1 1006.1.2 PCT resident patent app./bn PPP$ GDP ...................................n/a n/a6.1.3 Domestic res utility model app./bn PPP$ GDP .....................3.2 10 l

6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP ............................2.1 1266.1.5 Citable documents H index ............................................................24.0 137


6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 .......................................................0.3 956.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP .......................................n/a n/a6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP .............................0.2 136 6.2.5 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, % ....................2.4 95

6.3 Knowledge diffusion ...........................................................................23.2 986.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts, % total trade ......................0.0 896.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, % total trade ................n/a n/a6.3.3 Comm., computer & info. services exp., % total trade ..2.6 26 l

6.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP ....................................................................n/a n/a

7 Creative outputs ..........................................17.0 1307.1 Intangible assets ....................................................................................30.3 1277.1.1 Domestic res trademark app./bn PPP$ GDP ........................12.0 947.1.2 Madrid trademark app. holders/bn PPP$ GDP ......................0.0 617.1.3 ICTs & business model creation† .................................................51.2 877.1.4 ICTs & organizational model creation† ....................................48.9 81

7.2 Creative goods & services ...................................................................7.0 1117.2.1 Cultural & creative services exports, % total trade .............n/a n/a7.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69........................................1.8 607.2.3 Global ent. & media output/th pop. 15–69 ............................n/a n/a7.2.4 Printing & publishing output manufactures, % .................0.6 897.2.5 Creative goods exports, % total trade........................................n/a n/a

7.3 Online creativity ........................................................................................0.4 1177.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69 ...............0.1 133 7.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69 ...............................................0.6 1017.3.3 Wikipedia edits/pop. 15–69 ............................................................97.5 1157.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69 ...................................n/a n/a

Tajikistan

Shahroze Naeem is responsible for our digital, social and offline marketing activities. He is passionate about emerging technologies, innovation and B2B marketing. He tweets at @shaygittarius.

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Pakistan’s Potential to Disrupt - Arcana Info · GII 2015: Pakistan’s Potential to Disrupt Introduction This year, the Global Innovation Index for 2015 was released ranking Pakistan