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17.08.2009
1
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Manaus, Brasil
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Manaus, Brasil
Instituto Max Planck de Química- Biogeoquímica -
Mainz, Alemanha
Instituto Max Planck de Química- Biogeoquímica -
Mainz, Alemanha
How sustainable are forest managements in Central Amazonia?
An evaluation by tree-ring analysis
How sustainable are forest managements in Central Amazonia?
An evaluation by tree-ring analysisJochen Schöngart
The annual yield increased from 4 Mio m³ (1975) to 49.8 Mio m³ (2000)
(in Germany the annual yield in 2004 was 48.6 Mio m³)The annual yield increased from 4 Mio m³ (1975) to 49.8 Mio m³ (2000)
(in Germany the annual yield in 2004 was 48.6 Mio m³)
Selective LoggingSelective Logging
Courtesy INPE/OBT
Logging in the Brazilian AmazonLogging in the Brazilian Amazon
area
(ha)
Development of certified areas by Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
Development of certified areas by Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
Data www.certified-forests.org
Cer
tifie
d
Cer
tifie
dar
ea(M
ha)
States with major certified areas by FSC (September 2004)
Data www.certified-forests.org
Num
bero
fcer
tifie
dpr
ojec
ts
States with major number of projects certified by FSC (September 2004)
Silvicultural system Monocyclic Polycyclic
Example TSS Nigéria, Malayan Uniform System (MUS)
CELOS (Suriname), North Queensland
Harvest ± all commercial species Selective logging
Lamprecht (1989), Prahbu et al. (1993), Whitmore (1993), Brünig (1998), Dawkins & Philip (1998)
Forest management systems in the tropics
Minimum logging diameter – 40-76 cm
Interval Rotation periods of 50-70 years
Felling cycles of 15-40 yrs
Advantages Easy managementHigh income
Low impact on forests
Problems ± clearcut High costs
17.08.2009
2
Monocyclic system Polycylcic system
1
4
3
5
2
12
6
2221
2013
19
23
29
10 28
11
26
24
8
25
916
1715 27
18
14
7
30
Rotation period Felling cycle
05
101520253035
< 10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90Diameter classes (cm)
Tree
s ha
-1
MLD
Selective logging
Heavy harvesting
Uniform crop
Shade-intolerant species
Uneven-aged forest
Shade-tolerant species
Conventional logging
Paragominas Pará state, Brazil
Reduced impact logging (RIL)
Vidal (2004)
Financial and ecological indicators of reduced impact logging performance in the eastern AmazonFinancial and ecological indicators of reduced impact logging performance in the eastern Amazon
Holmes et al. (2002)
17.08.2009
3
• Distributed along white-water rivers over an area of 200.000 km²
• 50-75 % of the area is forested
• High diversity of partial endemic flora and fauna
• Food resource for fish species (protein supply of population)
• Distributed along white-water rivers over an area of 200.000 km²
• 50-75 % of the area is forested
• High diversity of partial endemic flora and fauna
• Food resource for fish species (protein supply of population)
White-water floodplains – várzeaWhite-water floodplains – várzea
• Fertile soils with high productivity
• Easy accessibility through natural traffic system
• Rich in natural resources
• Relatively high population density
• Endangered due to conversion into agriculture used areas and timber
exploitation
• Fertile soils with high productivity
• Easy accessibility through natural traffic system
• Rich in natural resources
• Relatively high population density
• Endangered due to conversion into agriculture used areas and timber
exploitation
Source
Pfähle, P
fostenB
rückenbauQ
uerbalkenS
chwellen
Schiffsbau
Werkzeugstiele
Bauholz
Stufen, P
arkettM
usikinstrumente
TischlerholzM
öbelbauFurniereB
ooteS
pielwaren
ZigarrenkistenS
treichhölzerInnenausbau
Kisten, V
erpackungZellulose
Schw
imm
träger
3,7,8,9,12
3,4,7,8,9,1287,8,9
3
3,5,6,12
UtilizationWD
Tree species Family Bras. Name (g cm-3)
Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. Leg.-Papilionoideae cumarú 0.95-1.14
Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Standl. Sapotaceaemaçaranduba, maparajuba 0.90-1.10
Lecointea paraensis Ducke Leg.-Caesalpinioideae paracuúba 0.92-1.10Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Olacaceae acariquara, acapú 0.85-1.04 Lecythis usiata Miers var. paraensis (Huber ex Ducke) R. Knuth Lecythidaceae castanha-sapucaia 0.80-1.02Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) K. Sch. Rubiaceae mulateiro 0.78-0.83
Timber species
High-density timbers
Timber species of the várzeaTimber species of the várzea
(1) Albernaz & Ayres (1999), (2) Carvalho (1994), (3) Chichignoud et al. (1990), (4) Gottwald (1958), (5) IEA (1993), (6) Lorenzi (1992), (7)Lorenzi (1998), (8) Loureiro & Silva (1968a,b), (9) Loureiro et al. (1979a,b), (10) Parotta et al. (1995), (11) Rizzini (1971), (12) Silva et al. (1977).
1,33,88,9 1,3,4,6,8,10,116,8,122,3,4,6,8,123,4,7,8,10,111,8,9,12
1,3
3,661,31,3,4,6,8,9,119
1,3,6,9,121,3,4,6,8,9,121,63,4,6,8,10,12
Copaifera sp. Leg.-Caesalpinioideae copaiba -Platymiscium ulei Huber Leg.-Papilionoideae macacaúba 0.70-0.80 Guarea trichiloides L. Meliaceae gitó 0.60-0.75Carapa guianensis Aubl. Meliaceae andiroba 0.64-0.75 Genipa americana L. Rubiaceae genipapo 0.68-0.71 Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. Clusiaceae jacareuba 0.60-0.75 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae cedro 0.40-0.66Ocotea cymbarum H.B.K. Lauraceae louro-inamuí 0.55-0.65
Sterculia elata Ducke Sterculiaceae tacacaçeiro 0,64Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae seringueira 0.45-0.65 Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae taperebá 0.48-0.51 Maquira coriacea (Karst.) C.C. Berg Moraceae muiratinga 0,47Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. Myristicaceae virola, ucuúba 0.41-0.55 Simarouba amara Aubl. Simaroubaceae marupá, tamanqueira 0.45-0.55
Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Lecythidaceaecastanha-de-macaco, macacaricuia 0.40-0.55
Hura crepitans L. Euphorbiaceae assacú 0.35-0.45 Pachira aquatica Aubl. Bombacaceae mungubarana 0,43Ceiba pentandra Gaertn. Bombacaceae sumauma 0.26-0.37
Low-density timbers
Ocotea cymbarum Calycophyllum spruceanum
Guarea guidoniaLauraceae spp.
Annonaceae sp.Piranhea trifoliata
Cedrela odorata Copaifera sp.
Calophyllum brasiliense Platymiscium ulei
Hura crepitansCouroupita subsessilis
Tree density of commercial tree species in the várzea of the middle Solimões River
Tree density of commercial tree species in the várzea of the middle Solimões River
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pachira insignaMyristicaceae spp.
Sterculia elataXylopia cf. calophylla
Virola surinamensisSchizolobium amazonicum
Ceiba pentandraMaquira coriacea
Tree density ha–1 (trees >45 cm diameter cutting limit)
average: 12.2 trees ha–1
Source GETHAL S.A. Kvist & Nebel (2001)
Location Rivers Madeira/Juruá/Purus Loreto (Peru) Ucayali (Peru)
Year – 1996Low-density timber species
Hura crepitans 13,368 m³ 18.5 % 3,191 m³ 1.9 % 26,719 m³ 21.6 %
Maquira coriacea 8,425 m³ 11.7 % 5,031 m³ 2.9 %
Ceiba pentandra 5,853 m³ 8.1 % 60,323 m³ 34.8 % 3,426 m³ 2.8 %
Virola spp. 2,062 m³ 2.9 % 27,884 m³ 16.1 % 17,247 m³ 14.0 %
Subtotal 28,708 m³ 41.0 % 96,429 m³ 55.7 % 47,392 m³ 38.4 %
Forest exploitation in the várzea of the Western Amazon basinForest exploitation in the várzea of the Western Amazon basin
Subtotal 28,708 m 41.0 % 96,429 m 55.7 % 47,392 m 38.4 %
High-density timber speciesManilkara amazonica 9,294 m³ 12.9 %
Cedrela odorata 187 m³ 0.3 % 27,154 m³ 15.7 % 25,670 m³ 20.8 %
Calycophyllum spruceanum 3,518 m³ 4.9 % 560 m³ 0.3 % 1,428 m³ 1.1 %
Calophyllum brasiliense 3,768 m³ 5.2 % 4,353 m³ 2.5 % 1,182 m³ 1.0 %
Copaifera spp. 3,489 m³ 4.8 % 8,295 m³ 4.8 % 19,686 m³ 15.9 %
Subtotal 20,256 m³ 28.1 % 28,482 m³ 23.3 % 47,966 m³ 38.8 %
Other timber species 22,310 m³ 30.9 % 36,392 m³ 21.0 % 28,089 m³ 22.8 %
TOTAL 72,274 m³ 100.0 % 173,183 m³ 100.0 % 123,447m³ 100.0 %
Schöngart (2003)
17.08.2009
4
Project MamirauáProject Mamirauáa model of integrated and participative resource management
in the Amazonian floodplainsa model of integrated and participative resource management
in the Amazonian floodplains
www.mamiraua.org.br
decreto N° 12.836, 9 March 1990
José Márcio Ayres (†2002)
Foundation Estação Ecológica Mamirauá
Lei estadual N° 2.411 (16 July 1996)
Foundation of the Mamirauá SustainableDevelopment Resrve
Cacajao calvus calvus
1992 ONG Sociedade Civil Mamirauá
1998 Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute
The Mamirauá and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves are part of the Natural Heritage of Humanity
(UNESCO 2000, 2003)
The Mamirauá and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves are part of the Natural Heritage of Humanity
(UNESCO 2000, 2003)
~5.766.000 km²
Central Amazon Conservation Complex
General objective
Protection of biodiversity and ecosystem services of the várzea floodplains by developing community based natural resource
management
• Improvement of existing resource use technologies
• Use of alternative natural resources (ornamental fishes, caimans)
• Sector of services (eco-turism, research)
17.08.2009
5
Community Forest Management Mamirauá
• Inventory of all commercial timber species
• Elaboration of a management plan
• Training in reduced-impact logging
• Authorisation through IBAMA & IPAAM g
Restrictions
• Minimum logging diameter 45 cm
• Minimum cutting cycle 25 yrs
• Maximum harvest 30 m³ ha–1
• Protection of timber species in extension
Schöngart et al. (in press)
Community forest management in the MSDRCommunity forest management in the MSDRCommunity forest management in the MSDRCommunity forest management in the MSDR
26 associations
17.08.2009
6
40
50
60
70
2
3
4
Ocotea cymbarum
Maquira coriacea
Hura crepitans
Exchange ratece
(R$
m-3
)Timber prices in the MSDR comparing unauthorized
(traditional) and controlled management (MFC)Timber prices in the MSDR comparing unauthorized
(traditional) and controlled management (MFC)
Traditional Community forest management (MFC)
0
10
20
30
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007Year
0
1
2 e (1US
$/1R$)
Woo
d pr
ic
Schöngart et al. (in press)
Comparison between the traditional timber harvesting in 1993 and the community forest management (MFC) in 2003 in the
MSDR
Traditional timber harvesting
Community forest management - MFC
Year 1993 2003
Extracted trees 6,897 2,108
Extracted volume (m³) 20 235 13 637
Data Albernaz and Ayres 1999; Worbes et al. 2001; Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development, IDSM/MFC
Extracted volume (m ) 20,235 13,637
People involved 300 98
Trees per person 23.0 21.5
Volume per person (m³) 67.5 139.2
Income per person (R$) 219.63 1,049.94
Schöngart et al. (in press)
Implementation of smallholder and community
forest management in
Amazonia
Implementation of smallholder and community
forest management in
Amazoniawww.iieb.org.br/diagnosticcomfc
Timber harvest (m³ ha–1 year–1) Harvested volume
Comparison of extracted volume (felling cycle of 25 years) and forest’s productivity
Comparison of extracted volume (felling cycle of 25 years) and forest’s productivity
( y )
0.55 – 2.43
Volume production (m³ ha–1 year–1)
Early successional stages 43.7–51.9
Late successional stages 10.1–16.2
Schöngart (2003), Schöngart et al. (in press)
Does community forest management and reduced impact logging guarantee sustainability?
Does community forest management and reduced impact logging guarantee sustainability?
Key question
What are the growth rates of tree species?
Key question
What are the growth rates of tree species?
17.08.2009
7
The growth rhythm of trees in Central Amazonian floodplain forest is triggered by the flood-pulse leading to
the formation of annual tree rings
The growth rhythm of trees in Central Amazonian floodplain forest is triggered by the flood-pulse leading to
the formation of annual tree rings
Tabebuia barbata (Bignoniaceae)
Worbes (1984,1986, 1996)
Cambial wounding (windows of Mariaux)
Macrolobium acaiifolium(Fabaceae)Macrolobium acaiifolium(Fabaceae)
60
80
100
• Ring-counting
• Ring-width measurement1 mm
• Sanding
• Wood anatomy
Forest inventory
Wood samples Tree-ring analyses
(cm
) 60
80
Growth d li
Growth d li
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
20
40
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
• DBH
• Tree Height
DBH (cm)
Tree
hei
ght (
m)
Age (years)
DB
H (
Age DBH Tree height Basal area Volumeyears cm cm cm² cm³
0 0 0 0 01 2,56 131,03 0,001 0,042 6,11 251,63 0,003 0,443 9,99 362,98 0,008 1,714 13,99 466,11 0,015 4,305 17,99 561,90 0,025 8,576 21,92 651,11 0,038 14,74
Volume growth model
0
20
40
0 50 100 150 200 250
n = 399
r = 0.92
Mean curvemodelingmodeling
Volume = basal area × tree height × 0.6 (Cannell 1984, Nebel et al. 2001)
Number of ring–width measurements and tree height measurements used to model age–diameter and diameter–height relationships of 12 timber species from the várzea for growth modelling. Parameter estimates for age–diameter relationships (DBH = a / (1 + (b/age)c) and
diameter–height relationships (H = DBH × d / (DBH + e) with standard deviations.
Number of ring–width measurements and tree height measurements used to model age–diameter and diameter–height relationships of 12 timber species from the várzea for growth modelling. Parameter estimates for age–diameter relationships (DBH = a / (1 + (b/age)c) and
diameter–height relationships (H = DBH × d / (DBH + e) with standard deviations.
Growth modelling
Number of
samples
Number of measurements Age–diameter relationship Diameter–height
relationship R² (P < 0.05)
Ring–width
Tree height a b c d e Age–
DBHDBH–height
Albizia subdimidiata 9 404 63
68.2018 ±9.2628
34.3210 ±4.1722
2.4826 ±0.4428
33.9638 ±0.6674
15.7564 ±0.8382 0.83 0.79
Ficus insipida18 277 54
119.5742 ±13.1913
18.4937 ±3.3550
1.2997 ±0.0788
28.6667 ±0.7424
16.1743 ±1.3022 0.62 0.55
Macrolobium acaciifolium 14 521 18
137.5987 ±9.2697
72.4934 ±4.9861
1.8257 ±0.0511
32.0676 ±1.8523
26.8365 ±3.4760 0.69 0.72
Luehea cymulosa 34 1,349 338
86.5839 ±7.9985
37.2305 ±4.4048
1.5818 ±0.0827
46.0880 ±0.7894
38.7428 ±1.0514 0.67 0.83
Pseudobomba 101.8435 ± 44.2009 ± 1.0507 ± 44.2589 ± 42.6987 ±x munguba 21 683 399 2.7307 2.0969 0.0127 0.6661 1.1402 0.71 0.92
Ilex inundata47 1,657 230
107.2910 ±17.2131
55.8769 ±6.7550
2.3162 ±0.1282
39.760 ±0.5244
24.8028 ±0.7075 0.76 0.90
Sloanea terniflora 14 719 49
135.7112 ±12.1825
93.1059 ±8.8556
1.9746 ±0.1156
39.3949 ±0.9865
28.0887 ±1.5729 0.83 0.92
Chrysophyllum argenteum 21 1,697 60
129.0611 ±17.0861
154.7658 ±20.3385
1.7954 ±0.0876
41.7222 ±0.9561
29.0724 ±1.4189 0.94 0.83
Eschweilera albiflora 23 2,078 49
156.3565 ±39.7620
214.0361 ±51.8604
1.7155 ±0.1144
40.5848 ±1.7031
32.4352 ±2.4191 0.79 0.87
Tabebuia barbata 10 1,187 24
125.8597 ±10.7838
199.1537 ±19.7898
1.4775 ±0.0401
32.6267 ±0.9274
15.6984 ±1.3845 0.62 0.96
Pouteria elegans 13 1,101 43
121.1704 ±18.3318
128.7794 ±20.4456
1.8654 ±0.1631
30.8071 ±0.8567
16.0890 ±1.1890 0.90 0.88
Piranhea trifoliata 46 4,757 60
129.3670 ±7.9906
197.8906 ±16.7651
1.3795 ±0.0399
40.9838 ±0.8856
26.0373 ±1.2283 0.77 0.76
Total 270 16,430 1,387
Schöngart (2008)
40
60
80
100
Dia
met
er (c
m)
MLD (50 cm)
Pseudobombax munguba
Luehea cymulosaMacrolobium acaciifolium
Ilex inundata
Albizia subdimidiata
Sloanea spp.Pouteria elegans
Chrysophyllum argenteumTabebuia barbataEschweilera albiflora
Mean diameter growth curves of timber species in the várzeaMean diameter growth curves of timber species in the várzea
Piranhea trifoliataFicus insipida
0
20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Low-density timbers
0.23-0.57 g cm-3
High density timbers
0.65-0.94 g cm-3
Age (years)
D
Wood density:
Schöngart (2008)
17.08.2009
8
40
50
60
70
r(cm
)
Wood density: 0.65 ± 0.07 g cm-3 (n = 7)
Wood density: 0.65 ± 0.07 g cm-3 (n = 7)
Wood density: 0.84 ± 0.10 g cm-3 (n = 12)
Wood density: 0.84 ± 0.10 g cm-3 (n = 12)
Early succession(~50 anos)
Late succession(> 200 anos)
Diameter growth of Tabebuia barbata (Bignoniaceae) in different successional stages
T-value: 4.59 (p<0.0001)
T-value: 4.59 (p<0.0001)
rPAR%: 10 ± 7 rPAR%: 5 ± 2
0
10
20
30
40
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Age (years)
Dia
met
er
25 yrs12 yrs
n = 3 n = 6
Schöngart et al. (in press)
me
(m³)
Luehea cymulosa
Macrolobium acaciifoliumIlex inundata
Albizia subdimidiata
Sloanea spp.
Pouteria elegans
Chrysophyllumargenteum
Piranhea trifoliata
Mean volume growth curves of timber species in the várzeaMean volume growth curves of timber species in the várzea
Ficus insipida8
10
12
14
Age (years)
Volu
m
Pseudobombax munguba Tabebuia barbata
Eschweilera albiflora
0
2
4
6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Schöngart (2008)
CAIV = CGWV(t+1) – CGWV(t)
MAIV =
Definition of management criteria
Definition of management criteria
Schöngart (2008)
Minimum logging diameter (MLD) = CAIV(max)
Felling cycle = Age(MLD) / MLD · 10
Preferred period for logging
volu
me
incr
emen
t (ye
ars)
r = 0.94
Preferred period to harvest timber species in the várzeaPreferred period to harvest timber species in the várzea
Preferred period to harvest200
300
400
Max
imum
v
n = 12
Wood density (g cm-3)
Current increment Mean increment
r = 0.93
0
100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Schöngart (2008)
Management criteria in várzea forestsManagement criteria in várzea forestsTree species Wood density
(g cm–3)MLD(cm)
Tree age at MLD (yrs) Felling cycle (yrs)
Low–density tree species
Ficus insipida 0.35 55 17.0 ± 3.6 3.3 (2.4–3.7)
Pseudobombax munguba 0.23 47 39.5 ± 2.4 8.2 (7.9–8.9)
Ilex inundata 0.38 59 61.0 ± 9.7 10.5 (8.7–12.0)
Macrolobium acaciifoilum 0.43 62 67.0 ± 5.6 10.5 (9.9–11.7)
Albizia subdimidiata 0.57 49 53.5 ± 7.1 10.5 (9.5–12.4)
Luehea cymulosa 0.39 61 68.5 ± 11.7 11.0 (9.3–13.1)
Sloanea terniflora 0.57 58 82.0 ± 9.1 13.9 (12.6–15.7)
High–density tree species
Pouteria elegans 0.65 54 120.0 ± 21.8 21.5 (18.2–26.3)
Chrysophyllum argenteum 0.73 58 144.0 ± 22.4 24.1 (21.0–28.7)
Eschweilera albiflora 0.83 53 164.5 ± 44.6 30.9 (22.6–39.5)
Tabebuia barbata 0.87 54 168.5 ± 19.8 30.6 (27.5–34.9)
Piranhea trifoliata 0.94 70 227.0 ± 23.5 32.1 (29.1–35.8)
Schöngart (2008)
17.08.2009
9
Floodplain forests of the igapóFloodplain forests of the igapó
Mamirauá Amanã
Manaus
Diameter growth of Tabebuia barbata (Bignoniaceae) and Vataireaguianensis (Fabaceae) in floodplain forests of igapó and várzea
Diameter growth of Tabebuia barbata (Bignoniaceae) and Vataireaguianensis (Fabaceae) in floodplain forests of igapó and várzea
ASDR
Study site
Igapó
Mean anual temperature = 26.9 °CMean anual rainfall = 3000 mm
Tefé
N
Mujuí
MSDR
10 kmVárzea
g pBacaba
Schöngart et al. (in press)
17.08.2009
10
0
20
40
60
80
0 200 400
237 anos
MLD
DB
H (c
m)
n = 17R² = 0.87
R 2 = 0.72
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
0 20 40 60 80
Woo
d de
nsity
(g c
m-3
)
n = 17
Growth model of C. brasilienseGrowth model of C. brasiliense
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80
0 200 400Age (years) DBH (cm)
DBH (cm)
Tree
hei
ght (
m)
DBH = 118.0945/(1+(314.6523/age)1.6316)
Tree height = (20.0148 • DBH)/(DBH+5.1801)
Basal area = (DBH/2)² • π
Volume = basal area • tree height • 0.6
Wod density = 0.004235 • DBH + 0.5108
Wood biomass = Volume • wood densityR² = 0.28
n = 20
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
4
6
8
10Tabebuia barbata (Bignoniaceae)Tabebuia barbata (Bignoniaceae) Vatairea guianensis (Fabaceae)Vatairea guianensis (Fabaceae)
men
t rat
es (m
m y
ear-1
)
igapó várzea igapó várzea
Diamater increment rates of as tree species differ significantly betweenigapó and várzea due to the contrasting nutrient status
T = -4.64; p <0.001
n = 20 n = 20 n = 20 n = 20
T = -3.45; p <0.01
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
4
6
8
10Macrolobium acaciifolium (Fabaceae)Macrolobium acaciifolium (Fabaceae) Calophyllum brasiliense (Clusiaceaae)Calophyllum brasiliense (Clusiaceaae)
Mea
n di
amet
er in
crem
igapó várzea igapó várzea
igapó várzea igapó várzeaSchöngart et al. (2005), Fonseca et al. (2009), Schöngart (in press)
n = 20 n = 20 n = 22 n = 9
T = -6.57; p <0.001
T = -14.22; p <0.001
Black-water floodplain forests (igapó) should be permanently excluded from the timber resource
management and permanently protected
Alternatives:• Sport and ornamental fishing• Ecotourism
Manejo florestal na terra firmeManejo florestal na terra firme
17.08.2009
11
ManausPW Amazon PW Pará
ManausManausAmazon RiverAmazon River
Precious Woods Amazon
Mil Madeireira Ltda.
Precious Woods Amazon
Mil Madeireira Ltda.
AM-010AM-010
0 km 50
Precious Woods AmazonÁrea florestal produtiva 67.008 ha 54,6 %
Zonas protegidas (igarapés) 16.122 ha 13,1 %
Área de preservação permanente 7.578 ha 5,8 %
Área florestal não produtiva 26.590 ha 21,7 %
Área total no ano de 2002 122.729 ha 100,0 %,
Área adicional no ano de 2003 189.000 ha
Volume de árvores > 5 cm DAP 290 m³/ha
Volume comercial > 50 cm DAP 80 m³/ha
Extração seletiva 30-35 m³/ha
Ciclo de corte 25 anos
Precious Woods Amazon
17.08.2009
12
Processamento na própria serraria
Produção de energiacom resíduosProdução de energiacom resíduos
Estudo piloto com quatro espécies madeireiras
Estudo piloto com quatro espécies madeireiras
Coleta de 137 discos de tronco das espécies madeireiras• Cariniana micrantha (Lecythidaceae)- tauarí vermelho• Caryocar villosum (Caryocaceae) - piquiá• Manilkara huberi (Sapotaceae) - massaranduba• Simarouba amara (Simaroubaceae) - marupá
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13
Caryocar villosum, Caryocarceae
C i i i th L thid
Manilkara huberi, Sapotac
Cariniana micrantha, Lecythida
Distinct tree ringsDistinct tree rings
Worbes & Schöngart (in prep.)
50 100
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
20
40
60
80
100
ume
(m³)
Vo
Caryocar villosumGrowth models to define
management criteria (minimum logging diameter - MLD) of timber species on Central
Amazonian terra firme forests
Growth models to define management criteria (minimum
logging diameter - MLD) of timber species on Central
Amazonian terra firme forests
MLD = 109.6 cm
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
20
40
60
80
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
20
40
60
80
100
Age (years)
Volu
olume increm
ent (dm³ year -1)
Carinianamicrantha
Manilkara huberiMLD = 98.4 cm
MLD = 62.4 cm
R2 = 0.94
40
50
60
70
terra firme
igapó
Felling cycles of timber species in floodplain forests and non-flooded forests (terra firme) in Central Amazonia
Felling cycles of timber species in floodplain forests and non-flooded forests (terra firme) in Central Amazonia
e (y
ears
)
n = 3
R2 = 0.90
R2 = 0.99
0
10
20
30
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
várzea
Wood density (g cm-3)
Felli
ng c
ycle
n = 4
n = 12
Concession/Project Area(ha)
Yield(m³ ha-1)
Felling cycle(yrs)
Annual yield(m³ ha-1 yr–1)
Polycyclic forest managements in the tropicsPolycyclic forest managements in the tropics
North Queensland, Australia 160 000 20 40 0.5
Celos Suriname 20 000 30 25 1.2
Precious Woods AmazonBrazil (terra firme) 435 000 30-35 30 1.0-1.2
PT. ITCI Kalimantan, Indonesia 601 750 57 35 1.6
Gethal S.A., Brazil (várzea) 43 000 37-78 30 1.7 (1.2-2.6)
Gethal S.A., Brazil (terra firme) 71 000 21-151 30 2.8 (0.7-5.0)
17.08.2009
14
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry- Biogeochemistry -
Mainz, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry- Biogeochemistry -
Mainz, Germany
National Institute for Amazon Research
Manaus, Brazil
National Institute for Amazon Research
Manaus, Brazil
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
FEPIM 044/2003FEPIM
044/2003
Stiftung zur Förderung der nachhaltigen Forstwirtschaft in
den Tropen
Stiftung zur Förderung der nachhaltigen Forstwirtschaft in
den Tropen
PRECIOUS WOODSAMAZON
PRECIOUS WOODSAMAZON
, y, y,,
Institute for Sustainable Development Mamirauá
Tefé, Brazil
Institute for Sustainable Development Mamirauá
Tefé, Brazil
University GöttingenUniversity Göttingen
