PALM BASED ANIMAL FEEDS

By:

Wan Nooraida Wan Muhammad, Miskandar Mat Sahri and

Abidah Mohd Noh

Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB)

POFP 2017, LE MERIDIEN PUTRAJAYA, 20-25 August

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Introduction

Feed Technology

Application of oil palm and the by-products in animal feed formulations

MPOB Animal Nutrition Research Facilities

Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Food Security

World population

6.5 Billion (2005) – 7.5 Billion (August 2017)

Keeps on increasing

Arable land for food is limited

Demands for efficient conversion of feed to food

Converting feed to food

Feed For Animals -General

Maintenance Growth Reproduction Lactation

Nutrients Functionalities

To keep the body warm

Replace old cells

Run the internal organs

For body movement

Protein and amino acids

Fats

Carbohydrates

Fibre

Mineral

Vitamins

Nutrient Requirements for Animal

Feed

10

Issues Facing Feed Industry Import dependent

• Insufficient capacity to produce raw ingredients

required for animals eg cattle, poultry and aquaculture

production;

• lack of arable land for feed crops

Price Fluctuation

• competing for sources

Unsuitable local agriculture by-products

• non-ruminants and aquaculture

Lacking of Intensive efforts in R&D

• use of alternative feedstuff and feed formulations

Competitive product

Cost effective

Good Performance

Raw materials

soybean

cottonseed

canola

Plant: seed oils

corn

Conventional sources of animal feeds -

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Oil Palm

Source of animal feeds – growing importance

Palm oil fractions and palm kernel meal

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Palm Kernel Meal

Oil Palm Fronds

Fresh Fruit Bunch

Oil Palm Trunks

Oil Palm Trees

10% oil

90% biomass

Crude Palm Oil

Palm Press Fibre

Empty Fruit Bunches

Crude Palm Kernel Oil

POME

Palm Kernel Meal

Source of animal feeds – growing importance

Oil palm products and by-products / biomass

▪ Successfully utilised as ruminant feedstuff

▪ Freshly chopped, silage or processed into cubes and pellets

▪ 45 % of crude fibre

▪ CP content in PKC between 12-18 %

▪ Suitable to be utilized as protein source for ruminant feed, mostly in beef and dairy cattle feed

▪ Widely used as organic mulch at plantation, pulp for making paper, wood composite products and fibreboard

▪ Contain 50 % crude fibre content

▪ Primary market of PFAD in livestock feed industry is in ruminant diets, either as hydrogenated fatty acids or as a calcium soap

▪ Practical and cost effective approach to produce high energy diet

OPF PKC

EFB PFAD

Oil palm products and by-products / biomass

4 4 5 7 7 8 7 8 8

14 15 15

46

48 49

13

26

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2010 2015 2020

PRO

DU

CTIO

N (

DRY W

EIG

HT,

MIL

L T

ON

NE)

PRODUCTION YEAR

Upper bund growth

Frond

Trunk

Fibre

EFB

Shell

Malaysia’s palm oil solid biomass production

Source: Malaysia, 2011

17

Importance of Fats In Animal Nutrition

High density energy component

2.25 x CHO,

secondary Energy for adult;

primary Energy for young animals & some farmed fish

Supply essential fatty acids

e.g. linoleic and linolenic acids

Carriers

fat soluble vitamins & cofactors

Reduce dusts

mash feed

Benefits in pelleting

lubricant & increase pellet quality

FEED TECHNOLOGY

Process flow chart for the production of animal feed pellet

Advantages of pellets against mash feed

Avoid animals from picking or choosing between ingredients

Easier to handle

Reduce feed dustiness

Enhance animal performances by improving feed intake

Improve starch gelatinization in feed ingredients

Prevent molds formation

Pellet Quality Good appearance

- Without cracks

- Uniform length

Dust free

Durable – sufficient only to withstand pressure during storage

PALM OIL / OIL PALM BY-PRODUCTS:

APPLICATIONS

Broiler Performance Fed with Palm-based Fat Products

Performance - details

PARAMETER C COM1 COM2 COM3 CPO

Weight at arrival (kg) 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044

Average weight gain day 18

(kg)

0.63a

± 0.03

0.63a

± 0.02

0.62a

± 0.01

0.61a

± 0.02

0.63a

± 0.01

Average feed intake day 18

(kg)

0.80b

± 0.01

0.81ab

± 0.02

0.84a

± 0.00

0.82ab

± 0.02

0.82ab

± 0.01

FCR Starter Period 1.27a 1.30a 1.36a 1.36a 1.30a

Average weight gain day 35

(kg)

1.85a

± 0.10

1.83a

± 0.03

1.84a

± 0.03

1.87a

± 0.02

1.91a

± 0.10

Average feed intake day 35

(kg)

2.84b

± 0.06

2.92ab

± 0.09

3.02a

± 0.07

2.96ab

± 0.10

2.93ab

± 0.08

FCR Grower Period 1.54ab 1.59ab 1.65a 1.58ab 1.53b

Broiler Performance Index 335.83 319.32 309.86 328.36 347.49

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = total dry feed intake (g) / wet weight gain (g) abMeans in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (P

Carcass analysis

PARAMETER C COM1 COM2 COM3 CPO

Live weight

(kg)

1.95a

± 0.05

1.95a

± 0.14

1.95a

± 0.05

1.90a

± 0.03

2.07a

± 0.08

Dressed

weight (kg)

1.79a

± 0.05

1.78a

± 0.12

1.79a

± 0.06

1.75a

± 0.03

1.91a

± 0.08

Meat (kg) 0.87a

± 0.02

0.85a

± 0.05

0.84a

± 0.04

0.83a

± 0.06

0.92a

± 0.04

Bone (kg) 0.41a

± 0.04

0.38ab

± 0.02

0.36b

± 0.02

0.36b

± 0.01

0.38ab

± 0.01

Fat (kg) 0.10b

± 0.01

0.11ab

± 0.02

0.12ab

± 0.01

0.14a

± 0.02

0.14a

± 0.01

Organ (kg) 0.15ab

± 0.01

0.14ab

± 0.02

0.15ab

± 0.01

0.13b

± 0.01

0.15ab

± 0.01

abMeans in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P

Profit margin

PARAMETER C COM1 COM2 COM3 CPO

Feed Price (RM) / bird 4.70 5.14 5.28 5.16 5.01

D.O.C. Price (RM) / bird 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80

Dressed weight (kg) / bird 1.79 1.78 1.79 1.75 1.90

Price dressed weight per kg

(RM) 6.20 6.20 6.20 6.20 6.20

Profit (RM) / bird 4.61 4.10 4.00 3.86 4.99

Note: USD 1=RM4.29 (10.8.17)

Growth Performance of Broiler Fed on Formulated Palm Kernel

Meal

Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of male COBB broiler on day 35

Parameters Treatments

Control 10% PKM 20% PKM 30% PKM

Weight (kg) at

day 0 0.048 0.048 0.049 0.049

Average weight

gain (kg)

1.98a ± 0.04

2.01a ± 0.02 1.39c ± 0.10 0.96e ± 0.11

Average feed

intake (kg)

3.23a ± 0.07

3.12a ± 0.03 2.67b ± 0.15 2.36c ± 0.23

FCR 1.63cd ±

0.06 1.55d ± 0.02

1.92bc ± 0.09

2.54a ± 0.36

abMeans in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (P

Feed Cost for Broiler Production

Treatment Feed cost (RM/bird)

Whole period

Live weight (kg/bird)

Feed cost (RM/kg live

weight)

Control 6.05 1.98 3.05

10% PKM 5.85 2.01 2.91 20% PKM 5.10 1.39 3.67

30% PKM 4.50 0.96 4.68

Note: USD 1=RM4.29 (10.8.17)

PKM is good for broiler

10% PKM showed the optimum growth

performance for male Cobb broiler in terms

of effective feed cost (RM/kg live weight)

Based on FCR value and feed cost during the 35 days of growing period compared to

other treatments.

PFAD-based MPOB formulated feed plus Tocotrienol Rich Fraction in Layer Chicken

PFAD based MPOB formulated feed=MPOB-HIE

Hen day production and egg quality of hens fed with different rations Parameter Std T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Egg Production (%) 80.96

± 13.41 78.63

± 12.03 79.96

± 11.77 77.15

± 11.40 78.30

± 12.77 74.80

± 10.90 76.48

± 11.12

FCR 2.36

± 0.91 2.22

± 0.27 2.21

± 0.15 2.28

± 0.15 2.24

± 0.23 2.33

± 0.24 2.28

± 0.21

Egg weight (g)

64.01 ± 5.52

61.98 ± 5.54

62.33 ± 5.94

62.46 ± 5.64

62.64 ± 5.32

62.53 ± 5.42

62.68 ± 5.57

HU Ranging

0-130 79.52 ± 9.27

79.59 ± 9.05

81.03 ± 9.65

80.46 ± 9.36

81.31 ± 8.76

80.56 ± 8.84

Shell thickness (mm)

- 0.39

± 0.02 0.39

± 0.02 0.39

± 0.02 0.38

± 0.02 0.40

± 0.02 0.40

± 0.02

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = total dry feed (g) / wet weight gain (g) HU = Haugh Unit (measurement of albumen quality; >72 Grade AA)

Tocopherol and Tocotrienol Contents in Egg Yolk

Treatment

Tocopherol content (ppm)

Tocotrienol content (ppm)

T1 19.32 ± 10.12 0.82 ± 2.84

T2 20.31 ± 10.34 0.93 ± 3.01

T3 20.12 ± 10.37 1.07 ± 4.41

T4 20.87 ± 10.10 1.24 ± 5.00

T5 21.34 ± 10.21 1.45 ± 5.33

T6 21.09 ± 10.26 1.45 ± 5.51

Accumulation of Tocopherol and Tocotrienol

Tocotrienol analysis showed eggs from hens fed with MPOB-HIE had higher tocotrienol content compared to commercial ration

There is a correlation between addition of TRF and accumulation of tocotrienol content in eggs

Palm Oil Products in Aqua feeds

Effects of Dietary Palm Oil Source on Growth Performance and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of Red

Hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis sp.

Osan Maroof Bahurmiz, Wing Keong Ng

(2006)

Ingredients of Experimental Diets

Ingredient T1 T2 T3 T4

Fish Oil 8.0 - - -

CPO - 8.0 - -

PFAD - - 8.0 -

RBDPO - - - 8.0

Fish Meal 20.4 20.4 20.4 20.4

Soybean Meal 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5

Others* 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1

* Includes corn starch (21%), vitamin mix (3%), mineral mix (2%), dicalcium phosphate (1%), carboxymethyl cellulose (1.5%), α-cellulose (11.6%) and chromic oxide (1%)

Proximate Composition of Experimental Diets

Proximate Composition

T1 T2 T3 T4

Moisture 9.8 8.9 11.6 9.5

Crude protein 30.0 29.7 29.9 30.1

Crude lipid 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4

Ash 6.6 6.4 6.5 6.5

Crude fiber 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.6

Growth Performance and FCR of Tilapia Fed Diets with Various Lipid Sources

Items T1 T2 T3 T4

Initial weight (g)

31.3a ± 0.1 31.3a ± 0.2 31.1a ± 0.1 31.3a ± 0.1

Final weight (g)

468.6a ± 7.7 436.6a ± 26.0 423.5a ± 17.6 414.3a ± 21.4

FCRb 1.31 1.45 1.35 1.44

aValues are mean ±S.E. of triplicate groups of fish. All values were not significantly different (P>0.05) bFeed conversion ratio = total dry feed (g) / wet weight gain (g)

Total substitution of fish oil to the three palm oil-based diets (CPO, PFAD, RBDPO) did not significantly influence growth performance and FCR

Confirmed the feasibility of using palm oil products in the commercial feeds of tilapia

Study on Palm Oil in Tilapia Fish indicated:

Beef Cattle Feed Pellet from Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)

Growth performance of beef cattle fed with different feed treatments for 3 months

0 1 2 3

comm 259 264.67 275 276.33

cont 248.33 245.67 243 237.33

20% EFB 274.67 288.33 299 309.33

40% EFB 281.33 290.67 301.33 309.33

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

Avera

ge W

eig

ht

(kg)

month

Initial weight, final weight, weight gain and daily weight gain of beef cattle fed with different feed treatments

Treatment Initial weight

(kg)

Final weight

(kg)

Weight gain

(kg)

Daily weight gain

(kg)

COMM 259.00 276.33a ± 40.00 17.33b ± 10.41 0.19b ± 0.12

CONT 248.33 237.33a ± 14.57 -11.00c ± 6.56 -0.12c ± 0.07

20% EFB 274.67 309.33a ± 40.50 34.67a ± 7.23 0.38a ± 0.08

40% EFB 281.33 309.33a ± 63.81 28.00ab ± 7.55 0.31ab ± 0.08

abc Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (P

EFB is a cattle feed source with high potentials

EFB is nutritionally feasible and potentially to be utilized as one of the ingredients in beef cattle feed

The utilization of EFB at 20 and 40% in beef cattle feed showed good growth performance of 34.67 and 28.00 kg of weight gain, respectively within 3 months of feeding trial

Adam L. Lock & Michael S. Allen

USE OF PALM OIL-DERIVED FATTY ACIDS IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY

Effects of palmitic acid supplementation on feed

intake and production responses of dairy cows

with a wide range of milk production

Lipid hydrolysis Unsaturated

FFA biohydrogenation

Saturated FFA

Rumen exit

TFA formation

Fats in plants are primarily unsaturated - Ruminant fats are saturated

Secreted in milk fat

• Dietary unsaturated FA toxic to rumen bacteria

• Rumen bacteria convert unsaturated FA to saturated FA

• Saturated FA are thus rumen inert

FA Supplements

Fatty Acid C16:0

Supplement C18:0

Supplement

g/100 g FA

C16:0 97.9 1.5

C18:0 1.5 97.4

C18:1 (n-9) 0.02 0.03

C18:2 (n-6)

Composition of the Diets

CONT PALM Ingredients, % of DM Corn silage 25.8 25.8 Alfalfa silage 7.34 7.34 Alfalfa hay 6.23 6.23 Dry ground corn 32.2 32.2 Soybean meal 12.5 12.5 Cottonseed with lint 3.64 3.64 Vitamin mineral mix 3.12 3.12 Soy hulls 9.20 7.20 Palmitic acid supplement (98% C16:0) - 2.00 Nutrient composition, % of DM DM 62.0 62.1 Starch 29.3 29.2 NDF 30.4 29.1 Forage NDF 19.4 19.4 CP 15.9 15.7 Total FA 2.52 4.47

Palmitic Acid Increased Milk

Yield & Feed Efficiency

CONT PALM SEM P-value

DMI, kg 27.8 27.8 0.54 0.98

Yield, kg/d

Milk 44.9 46.0 1.71 0.04

3.5% FCM 42.9 44.6 1.33 0.002

Feed Efficiency (3.5% FCM/DMI)* 1.54 1.60 0.03

Palmitic Acid Increased Milk Fat

Concentration & Yield

CONT PALM SEM P-value Yield, kg/d Fat 1.45 1.53 0.05 0.001 Protein 1.38 1.41 0.04 0.13 Lactose 2.19 2.23 0.09 0.12

Milk composition, % Fat 3.29 3.40 0.11 0.02 Protein 3.11 3.09 0.05 0.57 Lactose 4.85 4.83 0.03 0.28

Palmitic acid increased milk fat yield (80 g/d)

MPOB Facilities Supporting The

Animal Nutrition Research

Analysis Laboratory Climatic Control House

Animal Feed Pilot Plant

Facilities

Aqua Concrete Ponds

Goat’s Pen

Facilities (con’t)

Take Home Messages

Formulated feeds supplemented with oil palm-based products had performed as good as commercial feeds

Palm oil and palm oil by-products could become promising sources of plant-based raw materials for feed ration of various livestock

Converting feed to food

Product Development & Advisory Services Division MALAYSIAN PALM OIL BOARD