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Palmerston North City Council Awapuni Regional Biomass to Energy Project
(Organic Utilisation Project)
“A positive intervention in the carbon cycle”
Chris Pepper – Palmerston North City Council
Andrew Slack – TBL Solutions
October 2009
• Chris Pepper
Project Sponsor
Water and Waste Manager for Palmerston North City Council
• Phil Burt
Council Services Engineer
Project and Asset Manager – Waste Water Treatment Plant and Carbon Management
• Andrew Slack and Anne Billing
Project Development and Management Consultants
TBL (Triple Bottom Line) Solutions - Environmental focus linking to business, investment and project management
[email protected] and [email protected]
• Wayne King
Carbon Credits Consultant
Carbon Market Solutions (CMS) - Focus on project development, carbon markets and niche consulting
• Jurgen Thiele
Biomass, Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Consultant
Waste Solutions (part of CPG New Zealand)
Introduction to Project Team
Agenda
• Chris Pepper – Palmerston North City CouncilBackground
Organic Waste (Resource) in Region
Philosophy of Organic Resource Management
Waste Minimisation Options
Bio Energy Options
• Andrew Slack – TBL (Triple Bottom Line) SolutionsCarbon Credits and Management
Part 1
BackgroundSustainability Strategy
Waste Minimisation Plan and TargetsFocus on Organics
Part of “Sustainability” Strategy
• Over-arching strategy
• Long term
• Linked to sustainability goals
• Specific targets
• Over-arching brand
Waste Minimisation Targets – Revised 2009
• 75% diversion from landfills by 2015• Adopt 6 level waste hierarchy
Strategy 1 – Reduction and diversion of waste
Improve recycling collection with fortnightly kerbside wheelie bin (with separate glass collection)
Regional cooperation
Resource recovery park
Education
Strategy 2 – Residual rubbish collection
Review future options
Strategy 3 – Disposal of residual waste
Hazardous waste
Strategy 4 – Implementation and funding
Disposer pays
Waste levy
Waste Assessment Palmerston North - WMP2009
Organic32%
Kerbside pick-up
36%
Other32%
PaperPlasticsMetalsGlass
TextilesNappiesRubberC&DTimberHazardousOther
Green WasteFoodOther
Waste Minimisation Plan – Focus on Organics Utilisation
• There is a focus on organics
• At 32% “Organics” is the biggest single component of waste
• Funding to look at Organics Utilisation options starting 2010/2011CompostingEnergyOther
Current Systems – Organics Waste Minimisation
• Commercial food waste collection (2 tonne/day)
• Green waste collection and composting (15,000 m3/day)
• High quality composting• Biosolid composting • Hotrot composting of bio
solids and nappies• Effective microbe treatment
for odour control.
Part 2
Organic Resource (in region)Household
LiquidSolid
WWTP AD
The Carbon Cycle
• All living things are made of carbon. Carbon is also a part of the ocean, air, and some rocks.
• It is on the move!
• Man can alter the carbon balance in all parts of this cycle for the better (and worse).
Organic Waste (Resource)
• Food (Liquids and Solids) Fats Carbohydrates Sugars Protein Liquids should be 5 to 20%
• Minimise Contamination Metals Poisons (Chlorine based
chemicals) Foreign Bodies
Organic Resource – Awapuni Site
• Currently at Awapuni Site (Annual)10,000 m3 Green Waste2,000 m3 Wood Waste4,800m3 Municipal
Sludge (wet) and 1,200 m3 after de-watering
500m3 food wastePotential to increase 2 to
3 times from the region
Organic Resource - Household
• Food scraps are over 1/3rd
of household waste• Green waste can be taken
to Council site or two private transfer stations
• On-site use such as composting is promoted
• Solid waste needs to be munched up for use in biogas production.
Organic Resource – Commercial and Agricultural
• Dairy Industry
• Pig Farming
• Grease Trap
• Food Processing
Organic Resource – A Regional (Centralised) Approach
• Favour regional cooperation to achieve economies of scale and long term win-win
• Use PPP where appropriate
• Minimise long term costs for collection as disposal as other alternatives become more expensive.
• Work with consenting authority where appropriate.
Wood Waste
FoodProcessing
MeatProcessing
DairyFactory
FarmOrganicEffluent
CentralOrganics
Facility (s)
Looking for organic material in initially in 10km, 20km, 30km and 50km radius
• Costs are driven by:Distance
Volume
Consistency
Strength
Potential Contamination
Other alternatives
Sunk capital investment
Palmerston North is a a Distribution Hub
Part 3
Philosophy
A Positive Intervention in the Carbon Cycle
“Philosophy” of Organics
• Develop an integrated and flexible organics utilisation strategy that optimises the use of (local and regional) organic waste for the benefit of local soil improvement, food production and energy generation.
• Focus on sustainable, flexible systems that meet the short, medium and long term needs.
• Positive intervention in the carbon cycle.
Triple Bottom Line
• Multiple Benefits
• Triple Bottom Line
• Landfill Diversion
• Resource Recovery
• Renewable Energy Generation
• GHG Reduction
• Soil Improvement
• Long Term Sustainability
Biomass Assessment - Multi Criteria Analysis
Biomass AssessmentMulti-Criteria Analysis
1. Environmental Factors2. Community Factors3. Economic Factors
Environmental Factors1. Landfill Diversion2. Organic Utilisation3. GHG Emissions
4. Long term environmental affect
Community Factors1. Convenience and ease of handling
2. Resource Consents3. Health and Safety
Economic Factors1. Overall capital investment2. On-going operating costs
3. Relative short and long term cost4. System Wear and Tear
5. Economies of Scale
Part 4
OptionsIntegrated Organic Resource Strategy
Waste MinimisationBio EnergyIntegration
Current Organics Solutions
• Tend to be industry and waste specific
Dairy
Pig
Food processing
Municipal Biosolids• Requires resource consent• Common methods are:
Landfill
River disposal
Land spreading
Land drilling
Composting
Energy intensive drying systems (for municipal sludge)
On-site systems (energy and storage)• Unsustainable as increasing environmental
degradation to land and waterways
SmallOn-siteEnergy
Compost Landfill
RiversLakes
Sea
LandSpread
Drill
CurrentOrganics
Integrated Organic Resource Strategy
• Eliminate (or minimise) organics to Landfill, waterways and land disposal
• Based on local (and regional) needs for:
Soils and agriculture
Energy generation
• Use PPP (public private partnerships) where appropriate
• Flexible using multiple (complementary) solutions
• Cost effective using economies of scale
• Optimise soil improvement and bio-energy generation.
Compost Energy
Biochar
OrganicMatters
Organics Waste Minimisation - Collection
• Food waste is currently collected from:RestaurantsSuper marketsRest homesFood processors Other
• Around 2 tonnes per day• Users pays/cost neutral
Organic Waste Minimisation – Household solutions
• There is a focus in education on organic waste minimisation:Grow your own foodSupergransEERSTWormsCompostingSustainable living
programme
Organic “Waste” to Energy
• Within the context of the (local) Waste hierarchy you need to ask the question:- “What is the local need?”
• In some cases energy generation (recovery) maybe a better use of resources that other options higher up the hierarchy.
Renewable Energy Target
• Council has target to generate 100% of electricity needs (2.5MW) by 2012.
• Target generation is:
Landfill gas
Biomass
(Mini) Hydro
Wind
• There is existing 1MW LFG and 250kW Mini-hydro
• Biogas will replace LFG as it is depleted in next 15 to 20 years
Organic Waste to Energy Options
• WtE or EfW• Can be MSW or specific
such as organics• Thermal verses Non-thermal• With or without oxygen • Some relevant oWtE
technologies are: Anaerobic Digestion Gasification Pyrolysis
Generate Power
• The methane from Landfill gas and biogas can be used to generate electricity and heat.
• The syngas from pyrolysis and gasification can also be used to generate electricity and heat.
• Electricity can be used locally or sent to the grid.
• A local use of heat is a bonus.
Phase 1 - Awapuni Regional Biomass to Energy Project
• Regional
• Based on existing AD which will be modified
• Use mixed sources of biomass
• Part funded by carbon finance
Anaerobic Digesters
City Effluent100 m3/day2 to 4% organic
BIOGAS300 m3/hr (60%)METHANE180m3/hr
USAB?
AD180% City Effluent
20% Whey
AD220% City Effluent
20% Whey60% Mixed
Mix ControlFilter
Whey
Pig Manure Poultry Manure
Food WasteMeat Works
Mix Control
Biomass Processing, Mixing and Control
Grass LeachateGrass
Dairy Waste(DAF)
Storage
Solid WasteProcessing
Other TTSTrade Waste
Processing
Other
BIOMASS PROCESSING AND CONTROL(Biodigester Waste Reception)
DIGESTION BIOGAS
Existing
Biomass (30m3/day)6 tonnes dry matter10 to 20% organic
New (low strength)Biomass (50m3/day)
Electricity
Heat
Back-upfor CityEffluent
390 kWe heat is used for AD
Bio Filters
Bio Filters
Bio Filters
Fine Mesh FiltersFlow Control
Microbe Booster
Massey Research Project
Draft – Under Review
Anaerobic Digesters
City Effluent100 m3/day2 to 4% organic
BIOGAS300 m3/hr (60%)METHANE180m3/hr
USAB?
AD180% City Effluent
20% Whey
AD220% City Effluent
20% Whey60% Mixed
Mix ControlFilter
Whey
Pig Manure Poultry Manure
Food WasteMeat Works
Mix Control
Biomass Processing, Mixing and Control
Grass LeachateGrass
Dairy Waste(DAF)
Storage
Solid WasteProcessing
Other TTSTrade Waste
Processing
Other
BIOMASS PROCESSING AND CONTROL(Biodigester Waste Reception)
DIGESTION BIOGAS
Existing
Biomass (30m3/day)6 tonnes dry matter10 to 20% organic
New (low strength)Biomass (50m3/day)
Electricity
Heat
Back-upfor CityEffluent
390 kWe heat is used for AD
Bio Filters
Bio Filters
Bio Filters
Fine Mesh FiltersFlow Control
Microbe Booster
Massey Research Project
Draft – Under Review
Partnership with Transpacific Technical Services
• Transpacific Technical Services (TTS) is a long term partner in the collection of the liquid organic material.
• TTS also manages the customer contract.
• Because of the economies of scale there are some instances where it is cost effective to bring in liquid organic waste from outside the region.
Liquid Organic Processing and Control
• TTS manages the liquid organic waste reception for the Council.
Sampling
Mixing
Storage
• The AD and CHP facilities are managed by the Council.
• Risk Management is a joint responsibility starting out with a comprehensive risk assessment of each site/source.
Site
Waste Reception
OperateAD
OperateCHP
Feed Stock
Transport
Ris
k M
anag
emen
tM
onito
ring
and
Con
trol
Sampling
Sampling
BiogasTreatment
Customer
Inspection
Standards
PNCC
TTS
Key
Site
Waste Reception
OperateAD
OperateCHP
Feed Stock
Transport
Ris
k M
anag
emen
tM
onito
ring
and
Con
trol
Sampling
Sampling
BiogasTreatment
Customer
Inspection
Standards
PNCC
TTS
Key
Biogas Production - Anaerobic Digestion
• In Anaerobic digestion the organic material is converted to biogas by microbial activity
• Existing Asset• Move from 2 to 1 tank for City
effluent• Existing facility is upgraded with
improved mixing and efficiency• Target to generate 180 m3/hr
methane from 2 tanks within 3 years. The biogas has around 60% methane
Phase 2 - Pyrolysis and Biochar
• (Slow) Pyrolysis of organic material is a promising technology.
• Multiple benefits: Biochar Energy
• Possible option for municipal sludge disposal
• Currently undertaking a technology and financial review.
(Slow) Pyrolysis
Soil Improvement
• Good quality soil is a dwindling resource and is being diminished and degraded by urban sprawl and high input farming.
• There are a number of options for creation of soil improvement media: Compost Production Biochar Production Soilification Production Mix of above
Compost – from food waste (resource)
• Currently a high quality compost is made from food waste, horse stable waste and green waste.
• Use windrow system• The food waste is collected from
local restaurants, food producers, super markets etc at a rate of 2 to 3m3/day.
• This is a user pays collection service.
• Also use an in vessel Hot Rot for Biosolids and Nappies.
Biochar
• Biochar is a fine-grained charcoal high in organic carbon and largely resistant to decomposition. It is produced from the thermal decomposition of organic feedstocks – generally at relatively slow heating rates under oxygen- limited conditions (slow pyrolysis) It is planned to produce around 2,000 m3/year of Biochar from Slow Pyrolysis.
• This will be used in both research and commercial use.
• The Council has a PPP for commercial development of the PPP market.
Other Options - Soilification
• It is possible to create “soil” from a mix of organic material and added nutrients.
• The soil can be tailored to requirements and conditions.
• Has better water and nutrient retention properties than compost.
• Developed in Austria and commercial plants operating.
Part 5 – Andrew Slack
Carbon Management
Carbon Credits
Carbon Finance
Carbon Management
• The Council has measured its carbon footprint
• The Council is setting targets to reduce GHG emissions and develop a detailed sustainability strategy
Energy (Generation and Efficiency)
Transport
Waste Management
• The Council is member of ICLEI (Local Government for Sustainability)
Carbon Credits
• Carbon Credits are available from the voluntary market for: Renewable energy
generation Sometimes methane
destruction• Project must be: Additional Not “business as usual” and
required under regulation/legislation
“Sustainable” Accepted by local
community (via consultation)
Carbon Finance
• Value is around $15 to $25 per credit for high quality credits such as Swiss Gold Standard
• This carbon finance could push a project over the investment barrier
• There is approximately 5,000 carbon credits per 1MW of new renewable generation
• If methane credits are available this would generate an additional 30,000 credits per MW.
Final Words
• Organic waste is a resource• Many areas of New Zealand have a consistent and
abundant supply• Utilisation needs to take into account local and regional
needs for soil, farming and energy generation• A regional focus will result in better economies of scale• A long term collaborative model using a PPP could be
appropriate• A diversion of organic material from land disposal, water
disposal, landfill etc is beneficial to the wider community and environment.
Next Steps in integrated organics utilisationAnaerobic Digesters
City Effluent
Landfill Gas
Cogeneration750 Kwe
2MW or 4MW
Heat
Electricity and Heat
Biogas
Pyrolysis
Electricity and Heat
H2, CO
Sludge
Waste Wood
Waste Water
Biochar
OtherSludge
Forest on sand country
Excess Heat
Electricity to Grid
Organic MattersAwapuni Regional Biomass to Energy Plant
1MW
Waste Water
Sludge
Other Mixed Waste
PNCC
Massey/Local Retail
Organic Glass HouseSludge PasteurizationOther Options
WasteWood
AD1
AD2
AD3
AD4Transport
Anaerobic Digesters
City Effluent
Landfill Gas
Cogeneration750 Kwe
2MW or 4MW
Heat
Electricity and Heat
Biogas
Pyrolysis
Electricity and Heat
H2, CO
Sludge
Waste Wood
Waste Water
Biochar
OtherSludge
Forest on sand country
Excess Heat
Electricity to Grid
Organic MattersAwapuni Regional Biomass to Energy Plant
1MW
Waste Water
Sludge
Other Mixed Waste
PNCC
Massey/Local Retail
Organic Glass HouseSludge PasteurizationOther Options
WasteWood
AD1
AD2
AD3
AD4Transport
