PANCASILA AS AN IDEOLOGY Aloysius Prasetya Lecture-4

PANCASILA AS AN IDEOLOGY

Aloysius PrasetyaLecture-4

CONCEPT OF IDEOLOGY

• Ideology derives from the Greek word ideologia (idein = to see; logia = knowledge/theory).

• This term was coined by the French philosopher Antoine Destutt de Tracy ( 1754-1836) as ideologie: “the science of ideas”, an epistemological adaptation from John Locke’s view (“all science is empirical”).

● De Tracy was influenced by the English philosopher Francis Bacon, who thinks that all science has to serve the progress of humanity by freeing humans from prejudices while at the same time validating the authority of the human reason.

MEANING OF IDEOLOGY

• (Terminological perspective): an ideology is a way of life or a code of conduct or a thinking result which shows the characteristics of an individual or a group of people.

• the characteristics or the ideosyncracy of a group of people in a society or a political party.

CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEOLOGY

An ideology is characterised by being:

1.based on a fundamental rational thought.2.equipped with a particular system to administer the life of a group.3.containing a practical implementational method.

FUNCTIONS OF AN IDEOLOGY

An ideology generally :1.explains in a comprehensive way the relation between mankind and the world.2.provides a general direction for a political organization.3.directs the implementation of the programs through strife.4.not only attracts the attention of its adherents, but also instills a conviction in them to be committed to the strife.5.targets a vast public, but based on intellectual considerations.

VALUES OF AN IDEOLOGY

1. Objective values• Foundation for intersubjective values.• Political, objective, inherent and

transcendent 2. Intersubjective values

• Values that result from the confrontation of man’s awareness with objective values

3. Practical values• Values discovered after the

implementation of an ideology.

IDEOLOGY AND RELIGION

• An ideology is a conception or a way of thinking of an individual towards a certain thing. A religion is a doctrine.

• An ideology may easily be found in a religion, but a religion may not be existent in an ideology.

• There are a lot of differences between an ideology and a religion.

IDEOLOGY AND RELIGION

1. Religion: Arguments based on divine codes and dependent on transcendental power

• Ideology: the capacity of the human mind is conceived as being able to provide answers to the human problems logically.

2. Religion: gives a vision of a just and prosperous society but does not contain a political theory to achieve this state (prosperity).

• Ideology: provides a political theory which may give a guidance in all the political praxis.

3. Religion: points to the state of life’s purity by fostering religious consciousness and even ascetic, sacrificial practices

• Ideology: gives aggressive directions and implementational steps in the form of practical political actions which sometimes involve revolutionary measures.

IDEOLOGY AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

• A political philosophy is at the origin of an ideology. Thus, an ideology can be traced back to its roots by looking at the political philosophy which grounds it. • A political philosophy emphasizes the necessity of continually criticising an ideology so as to avoid a blind conviction and allegiance to an ideology. • A political philosophy provides a variety of ways to interpret an ideology, so that there can be no monopoly of interpretation.

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: Ex.1• The Italian philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli (1469 –

1527) was a modern ideologist. He was a Florentine historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer during the Renaissance.

• He was for many years an official in the Florentine Republic, with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs. He was a founder of modern political science, and more specifically political ethics.

• His masterpiece, The Prince, conveys his views on the importance of a strong ruler who was not afraid to be harsh with his subjects and enemies.

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: Ex.1• “Machiavellianism” is a widely used negative term

to characterize unscrupulous politicians of the sort Machiavelli described in The Prince.

• The book itself gained enormous notoriety and wide readership because the author seemed to be endorsing behavior often deemed as evil and immoral.

• Because of this, "Machiavellian" is often associated with deceit, deviousness, ambition, and brutality.

• Machiavelli emphasized the occasional need for the methodical exercise of brute force or deceit including extermination of entire noble families to head off any chance of a challenge to the prince's authority.

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: Ex.2• John Locke (1632 –1704) was an English philosopher

regarded as the "Father of Classical Liberalism“. He is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.

• Nowadays, all political systems and actions may be justified through the degree of observance of democracy, elaborations of the human rights, equality of chance for a decent living. All these concepts are derived from the initial ideas of John Locke’s philosophy.

STATE AND IDEOLOGY

• An ideology provides legitimacy for the founding of a new state. A state is founded on the basis of systematic concepts to which all the citizens adhere. These concepts are values like peace, prosperity, and security.

• But an ideology also “needs” a state. It has to be buttressed by a state’s power, in the sense that the state adheres to it and founds all its measures and actions on the ideology it adheres to. The support is needed as a state can enforce it so that all the citizens come to adhere to it.

• An ideology is like an abstract program of a state, to be implemented through concrete legislation. So, an ideology and a state are complimentary to one another.

IDEOLOGIES OF THE WORLD

1. Liberalism-capitalism2. Marxism-communism3. Social Democracy4. Fascism


Liberalism-capitalism•Liberalism is an ideology, a philosophical view, or a political tradition which is founded on the conception that freedom is the capital political value. •The ideas of orthodox liberalism exerted a strong influence on the thoughts of The Founding Fathers of America, such as George Wythe, Patrick Henry, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson.

IDEOLOGIES OF THE WORLD1. Characteristics of liberal ideology :2. Democracy is the better form of government3. Citizens enjoy full intellectual freedom, including freedom of

speech, of religion and freedom of press.4. The government regulates the life of the community only in a

restricted way. Only a few decisions are made on behalf of the people, so as to enable the people to make their own decisions.

5. Authority of an individual over another is not considered good.6. The whole of the society is said to be content, when each

individual or the majority of the individuals is content.7. Certain rights remain unalienable and unoverridable by any

authority.


• Capitalism may be understood as an economic system, in which the production and distribution means are owned by the private sector and economic growth depends on the accumulation and investment of profit in the free market.

• On the other hand, capitalism can be understood in a political sense as a social system which relies on the principle of private ownership.

• Adam Smith is known as the father of liberalism.

Capitalism

• Adam Smith of Scotland discovered a powerful unseen force in economics known as the “invisible hand.” If government allows free enterprise to flourish on its own without interfer-ence, then an “invisible hand” harnesses the power of self-interest for the overall good of society. Companies are guided by this “invisible hand” to work in a way that is beneficial to others, and the overall wealth and progress of society will increase. This is what Adam Smith wrote in the influential The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776.

Capitalism

• He explained how the basis of wealth is found in a free economy with an unregulated exchange of goods, whereby the supply of goods and services responds in an efficient way to the demand of the public without government intervention. He advocated the concept of laissez faire, which means “allow to do” or, more simply, “hands off” by government.

Capitalism

• “Capitalism” became the prevailing economic theory in Britain as a result of the insights of Adam Smith and others. The Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines capitalism as follows: “an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.”

IDEOLOGIES OF THE WORLDMarxism-communism•Marxism is a conception which derives from the thinking of Karl Marx.•Marx constructed a macro theory which has a bearing on the economic, social, and political system.•Adherents to this theory are known as Marxists•The thinking of Karl Marx divides into two parts:

1. First, “the young Marx” when he propounded his theory about “the human estrangement”

2. Second, “the older Marx” when he arrived at the maturity of this theory about political economy.


• Karl Heinrich Marx (1818 –1883) was a German philosopher, and an expert in political economy and a theorician of community life.

• Communism was a major world ideology. • Features of Communist ideology:

1. Communism is based on atheism, a view that rejects faith in God. A communist thinks that God does not exist, when he thinks that God does not exist. But if he thinks that God exists, then God exists. Thus, the existence of God depends on mankind.

2. Communism has no appreciation for the human dignity as an individual. Man is a machine. When he is old, worn out, he is just as good as remains of a machine.

Marxism

• Marxism is a worldview and method of societal analysis that focuses on class relations and societal conflict, that uses a materialis interpretation of historical development, and a dialectical view of social transformation.

• Marxist methodology uses economic and socio-political inquiry and applies that to the critique and analysis of the development of capitalism and the role of class struggle in systemic economic change.

Marxism

• Marxism builds on a materialist understanding of societal development, taking as its starting point the necessary economic activities required to satisfy the material needs of human society.

• The form of economic organization or mode of production is understood to give rise to, or at least directly influences, most other social phenomena – including social relations, political and legal systems, morality and ideology.

• Thus, the economic system and social relations are called a base and superstructure.

Marxism• As the forces of production (most notably technology)

improve, existing forms of social organization become inefficient and stifle further progress. These inefficiencies manifest themselves as social contradictions in the form of class struggle.

• Marxism has developed into different branches and schools of thought. Different schools place a greater emphasis on certain aspects of classical Marxism while de-emphasizing or rejecting other aspects of Marxism, sometimes combining Marxist analysis with non-Marxian concepts.

Communism• Communism (from Latin communis – common,

universal) is a socioeconomic system structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and characterized by the absence of social classes, money, and the state; as well as a social, political and economic ideology and movement that aims to establish this social order.

• Communism is represented by a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include Marxism, anarchism and the political ideologies grouped around both.

Communism• All these hold in common the analysis that the current

order of society stems from its economic system, capitalis, that in this system, there are two major social classes: the proletariat - who must work to survive, and who make up a majority of society - and the capitalist class - a minority who derive profit from employing the proletariat, through private ownership of the means of production, and that political, social and economic conflict between these two classes will trigger a fundamental change in the economic system, and by extension a wide-ranging transformation of society. The primary element which will enable this transformation, according to communism, is the social ownership of the means of production.


Social Democracy•The philosopher credited with the propagation of the idea of social democracy is Edward Bernstein with his book Evolutionary Socialism (published in 1899).•Social democracy ia a political ideology which combines socialism and elements from capitalism that are deemed suitable.


Fascism •Fascism is a modern ideology which attempts to give a direction to the socio-economic and cultural life of a state on the basis of a heightened nationalistic feeling. •Fascism involves also a government structure.•A state administered under fascistic ideology is charact-erised by a separation of the society on the basis of a superficial quality or belief system. •Fascism derives from the Italian word fascia, meaning a bunch.

THE PANCASILA IDEOLOGY

Pancasila, the founding philosophy of Indonesia, is an ideology, as it bears the characteristics of an ideology. An ideology may be understood by:1.Analyzing the paradigms used in the philosophy of Pancasila, so that its coherence becomes evident when it becomes an ideology.2.Examining the Constitution as a reflection of the relationship between the state and the Pancasila ideology.3.Examining the state’s policy and positive law.

THE PANCASILA IDEOLOGY

• Pancasila functions as an ideology, because Pancasila contains fundamental and rational philosophical values.

• Pancasila is also the embodiment of the Indonesian national consensus, because the actual Indonesian state is a modern state design that was agreed upon by the founders of the Indonesian Republic, while its philosophical contents will be passed on from generation to generation.

PANCASILA AS AN OPEN IDEOLOGY

• Viewed from its basic charateristics, Pancasila can be understood as an open ideology.

• As an open ideology, Pancasila reflects the dimensions of ideality, normativity and reality.

• The characteristics of an open ideology is that the aims that the community wants to achieve does not come from outside or imposed by a certain entrepreneurial elite group. It remains open to external changes, yet preserves the freedom and integrity to determine which external values shall affect and change the existing fundamental values and which values shall remain unchanged.

PANCASILA AS AN OPEN IDEOLOGY

Dimension of ideology :•1.Idealisticity

– This dimension includes the intersubjective values held as the ideals of the Indonesian citizens in their civic life.

•2.Practicality– This dimension encompasses the implementation of the

intersubjective values as the guidance for the daily civic life of the Indonesian citizens.

•3.Flexibility– This spatial dimension enables the ideology to be

interpreted fairly freely, so that it becomes highly contextual.

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PANCASILA AS AN IDEOLOGY Aloysius Prasetya Lecture-4